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284:, beheading her and throwing her body down the side of Coatepec: "He pierced Coyolxauhqui, and then quickly struck off her head. It stopped there at the edge of Coatepetl. And her body came falling below; it fell breaking to pieces; in various places her arms, her legs, her body each fell." As for his brothers, the Centzon Huitxnahuas, he scattered them in all directions from the top of Coatepec. He pursued them relentlessly, and those who escaped went south.
428:
within the circular composition. Scallop-shaped carving line the points of decapitation and dismemberment at her neck, shoulders, and hip joints. In this representation, Coyolxauhqui is nearly naked, barring her serpent loincloth. She wears only the ritual attire of bells in her hair, a bell symbol on her cheek, and a feathered headdress. These objects identify her as
Coyolxauhqui. She wears a skull tied to a belt of snakes around her waist and an
440:
494:, particularly during the feast of Panquetzaliztli (Banner Raising). The feast takes place in the 15th month of the Aztec calendar and is dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. During the ceremony, captives’ hearts were cut out and their bodies were thrown down the temple stairs to the Coyolxauhqui stone. There, they were decapitated and dismembered, just as Coyolxauhqui was by Huitzilopochtli on Coatepec.
404:
1156:
1082:
479:. According to Aztec history, female deities such as Coyolxauhqui were the first Aztec enemies to die in war. In this, Coyolxauhqui came to represent all conquered enemies. Her violent death was a warning for the fate of those who crossed the Mexica people. Richard Townsend notes that the disk represented the defeat of the Aztecs' enemies at large.
391:
Eduardo Matos
Moctezuma first noted that the placement of the monument at the bottom of the Templo Mayor commemorated the history of Huitzilopochtli defeating Coyolxauhqui in the battle on Mount Coatepetel. Matos Moctezuma has argued that the section of the Huēyi Teōcalli dedicated to Huitzilopochtli
383:
The
Coyolxauhqui stone sat at the base of the stairs of the Huēyi Teōcalli, the primary temple of the Mexica in Tenochtitlan, on the side dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. The stone laid in the center of a platform that extended from the foot of the stairway. The temple is dedicated to Huitzilopochtli
427:
On the disk, Coyolxauhqui lies on her back, with her head, arms and legs severed from her body. Her head faces upwards, away from her torso and in profile view, with her mouth open. Her dismembered torso lies flat on her back. Her breasts sag downward. Her body is neatly yet dynamically organized
339:
On
February 21, 1978, a group of workers for the Mexico City electric-power company came across a large shield-shaped stone covered in reliefs while digging. The stone they uncovered depicts the narrative of Coyolxauhqui's defeat at Coatepec, shown at left. The discovery renewed the interest in
260:
Her miraculous pregnancy embarrassed
Coatlicue's other children, including her eldest daughter, Coyolxauhqui. Hearing of her pregnancy, the Centzon Huitznahuas, led by Coyolxauhqui, decided to kill Coatlicue. As they prepared for battle and gathered at the base of Coatepec, one of the Centzon
257:("Serpent Mountain"), sat a shrine for Coatlicue, the maternal Earth deity. One day, as she swept her shrine, a ball of hummingbird feathers fell from the sky. She "snatched them up; she placed them at her waist." Thus, she became pregnant with the Aztec deity Huitzilopochtli.
415:
out of a single large stone, 3.25 meters in diameter. Aztec historian
Richard Townsend describes it as one of the most powerfully expressive sculptures of Mesoamerican art, using "an assurance of design and a technical virtuosity not previously seen at the pyramids."
455:
In the image to the right, which represents the original colors of the stone, Coyolxauhqui's yellow body lies before a red background. Bright blue colors her headdress and various details in the carving. White bones emerge from the scalloped dismembered body parts.
388:, the Aztec rain deity. Scholars believe that Mexica artists and builders incorporated images of the Coatepec narrative into the Huēyi Teōcalli during a major renovation from the years 4 Reed to 8 Reed (1483–1487) under the rule of Ahuitzotl.
291:, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night, and that her scattered brothers became the Southern Star deities. It is difficult to verify these variations of the narrative with 16th century sources.
163:
Huitzilopochtli springs from
Coatlicue's womb fully armed and defends himself and his mother against Coyolxauhqui. He dismembers his sister, and fights his 400 brothers, the Centzon Huitznahuas
467:
as it was one of his names, creates a tie between the siblings. Coyolxauhqui's joints being restrained by
Maquizcoatl is both symbolic in her duty to serve a warning, as well as identifying.
302:
The display of
Coyolxauhqui's severed head served this same purpose in a different way, as it was different than the common full body sculptures and art created by the Mexica.
310:
Gold ornaments adorn the face of Coyolxāuhqui in the form of earrings and bell pendants. The ear ornaments are made up of the trapeze-ray sign symbolic of the tail of
1783:
1998:
299:
The Templo Mayor stone disk served as a cautionary sign to foes of
Tenochtitlán. This is exemplified by the dismemberment of her body and its restraints.
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2003:
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Sacrificial victims crossed this stone before walking up the stairs of the temple to the block in front of Huitzilopochtli's shrine.
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159:
491:
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1948:
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Archaeologists of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia working at the place were the stone was discovered, 1978.
828:
MATOS MOCTEZUMA, EDUARDO (December 1985). "Archaeology & Symbolism in Aztec Mexico: The Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan".
1106:
261:
Huitznahuas, Quauitlicac, warned Huitzilopochtli of the attack while he was in utero. Hearing of the attack, the pregnant
371:
This relief is one of the best known Aztec monuments and one of the few great Aztec monuments to have been found fully
340:
excavating the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, underneath Mexico City. This led to the excavation of the Huēyi Teōcalli (
2043:
2013:
35:
1848:
1808:
490:
Scholars also believe that the decapitation and destruction of Coyolxauhqui is reflected in the pattern of warrior
267:
miraculously gave birth to a fully grown and armed Huitzilopochtli who sprang from her womb, wielding "his shield,
367:). As usual, she is shown decapitated and with closed eyelids, as she was beheaded by her brother, Huitzilopochtli
2018:
1893:
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Some authors have written that Huitzilopochtli tossed Coyolxauhqui's head into the sky where it became the
1968:
728:
León-Portilla, Miguel (October 1983). "The Ethnohistorical Record for the Huey Teocalli of Tenochtitlan".
508:
1144:
395:
The Coyolxauhqui stone was located in what was named Phase IV of the Templo Mayor during its excavation.
2048:
460:
448:
245:
stone suggests the importance of her defeat by Huitzilopochtli in Aztec religion and national identity.
1933:
1583:
913:
Aveni, A. (April 1988). "Myth, Environment, and the Orientation of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan".
671:
2078:
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210:, when they learned she was pregnant, convinced she dishonored them all. The attack is thwarted by
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represents the sacred mountain of Coatepec where Huitzilopochtli was born and Coyolxauhqui died.
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In 1978, workers at an electric company accidentally discovered a large stone relief depicting
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Cacería, Sacrificio y Poder en Mesoamérica: Tras las Huellas de Mixcóatl, 'Serpiente de Nube'
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1978:
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1332:
1273:
922:
864:
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184:
117:
50:
1352:
618:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202.
568:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202.
463:, also known as Maquizcoatl were negative omens that could indicate death. Associated with
314:
the fire serpent. Thus, making them identifiers as they create a direct tie to her brother
1928:
1858:
1823:
1644:
1417:
1239:
1224:
1122:
503:
217:
107:
40:
Disk depicting a dismembered Coyolxāuhqui, which was found during construction in 1978 in
1537:
239:, to unearth the Huēyi Teōcalli (Templo Mayor in Spanish). The prominent position of the
1015:
1008:
439:
1973:
1843:
1803:
1768:
1618:
1492:
1437:
1347:
1136:
513:
168:
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1993:
1838:
1613:
1532:
1432:
1427:
1397:
1392:
1357:
1278:
1070:
In-depth interactive exploring Coyolxauhqui and her story by the J. Paul Getty Museum
942:
876:
204:("Four Hundred Huitznahua"). She led her brothers in an attack against their mother,
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1913:
1798:
1788:
1664:
1628:
1557:
1497:
1487:
1298:
1266:
1186:
1181:
959:
Klein, Cecilia (1994). "Fighting with femininity: Gender and war in Aztec Mexico".
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476:
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2008:
1983:
1953:
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The Coyolxauhqui stone would have served as a cautionary sign to the enemies of
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41:
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1623:
1603:
1578:
1362:
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1722:
1608:
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1422:
1033:
407:
Original coloration of the stone disk, based on chemical traces of pigments.
311:
95:
1649:
1256:
385:
1155:
1081:
1076:, found near the Templo Mayor, Mexico City. Museo Nacional de Antropología
895:
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (October 1983). "Symbolism of the Templo Mayor".
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1462:
1457:
1442:
1337:
1327:
1229:
1195:
91:
1507:
1467:
1447:
1377:
1322:
419:
The stone was likely created under the rule of Axayacatl (1469–1481).
356:
934:
765:
Durán, Fray Diego (1964). Heyden, Doris; Horcasitas, Fernando (eds.).
1552:
1472:
433:
412:
151:
141:
926:
1091:
438:
402:
350:
330:
158:
75:
855:
Boone, Elizabeth (1999). "The "Coatlicues" at the Templo Mayor".
436:
year sign. Snake, skull, and earth monster imagery surround her.
1512:
288:
55:
1095:
249:
Birth of Huitzilopochtli and Coyolxauqui's defeat at Coatepec
44:. Its discovery led to the excavation of the Huēyi Teōcalli.
196:("Serpent Skirt"). She was the leader of her brothers, the
985:(3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 159.
789:(3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 158.
702:(3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 149.
650:(3rd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 57.
411:
The artist of the Coyolxauhqui stone carved this disk in
810:
Pillsbury, Joanne; Potts, Timothy; Richter, Kim (2017).
279:
262:
240:
230:
224:
211:
205:
197:
189:
173:
897:
The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks
730:
The Aztec Templo Mayor: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks
188:, "Painted with Bells") is a daughter of the goddess
1741:
1713:
1637:
1571:
1205:
1163:
1129:
812:
Golden Kingdoms Luxury Arts in the Ancient Americas
235:stone led to a large-scale excavation, directed by
147:
137:
132:
124:
102:
87:
82:
71:
61:
49:
21:
1007:
767:The Aztecs: The History of the Indies of New Spain
271:, and his darts and his blue dart thrower, called
443:Double-headed serpents restraining the joints of
1107:
8:
672:"The Legend of Coatlicue & Coyolxauhqui"
830:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1114:
1100:
1092:
593:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica.
34:
1999:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
556:
1014:. London: Thames and Hudson. pp.
183:
18:
976:
974:
954:
952:
908:
906:
890:
888:
886:
823:
821:
780:
778:
776:
318:, who used Xiuhcoatl as his weapon.
229:in Mexico City. The discovery of the
220:, the national deity of the Mexicas.
7:
814:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 264.
745:
743:
741:
739:
723:
721:
719:
693:
691:
641:
639:
637:
635:
546:, a theory named after the goddess
355:Head of Coyolxauhqui; circa 1500;
248:
14:
1894:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
1139:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
1154:
1080:
2069:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1949:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1899:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
361:National Museum of Anthropology
1909:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
616:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
566:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
1:
981:Townsend, Richard F. (2009).
785:Townsend, Richard F. (2009).
698:Townsend, Richard F. (2009).
646:Townsend, Richard F. (2009).
2044:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1904:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
769:. Orion Press. p. 347.
750:Sahagún, Bernadino (1569).
2126:
2004:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1784:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
1006:Townsend, Richard (1992).
961:Estudios de cultura náhuat
614:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
564:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
280:
263:
241:
231:
225:
212:
206:
198:
190:
174:
2019:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1809:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1779:Codices Becker I & II
1152:
869:10.1017/s0956536199102098
842:10.1093/jaarel/liii.4.797
33:
26:
1959:Plano en papel de maguey
1769:Codices Azoyú I & II
589:Guilhem Olivier (2015).
1754:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1047:Juan, de Tovar (1585).
752:Florentine Codex Book 3
544:Coyolxauhqui imperative
346:Eduardo Matos Moctezuma
322:Templo Mayor stone disk
278:Huitzilopochtli killed
237:Eduardo Matos Moctezuma
1889:Lienzo Antonio de León
509:Stone of Motecuhzoma I
452:
408:
368:
336:
185:[kojoɬˈʃaːʍki]
181:Nahuatl pronunciation:
164:
2049:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
1989:Relación de Michoacán
1939:Códice Maya de México
1924:Matrícula de Tributos
1849:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1294:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
1089:at Wikimedia Commons
461:double-headed serpent
447:next to reference of
442:
406:
354:
334:
162:
2079:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
2029:Anales de Tlatelolco
1919:Codex Magliabechiano
1169:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1074:Head of Coyolxauhqui
306:Identifying Elements
1969:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1964:Primeros Memoriales
1879:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1874:Humboldt fragment 1
1864:Códice de Huichapan
1774:Badianus Manuscript
1728:The Stinking Corpse
857:Ancient Mesoamerica
359:; 80 x 80 x 65 cm;
28:Goddess of the moon
1934:Crónica Mexicayotl
1819:Codex Chimalpopoca
1408:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1388:Huitztlampaehecatl
1249:Tezcatlipoca (see
1215:Lords of the Night
915:American Antiquity
539:Centzon Huitnahuas
453:
409:
369:
337:
216:'s other brother,
200:Centzon Huitznahua
165:
114:(Codex Florentine)
112:Centzon Huitznahua
98:(Codex Florentine)
2087:
2086:
2064:Codex Vaticanus B
2024:Tira de Tepechpan
1869:Codex Huexotzinco
1814:Codex Chimalpahin
1733:Use of entheogens
1700:Tlillan-Tlapallan
1594:Centzon Tōtōchtin
1589:Centzonhuītznāhua
1315:Acuecueyotl (see
1170:
1085:Media related to
992:978-0-500-28791-0
796:978-0-500-28791-0
709:978-0-500-28791-0
657:978-0-500-28791-0
600:978-607-16-3216-6
486:Role in sacrifice
253:On the summit of
157:
156:
2117:
2034:Codex Tlatelolco
1854:Codex Florentine
1794:Codex Borbonicus
1764:Codex Azcatitlan
1759:Aubin Tonalamatl
1690:Thirteen Heavens
1453:Mictlanpachecatl
1413:Itzpapalotltotec
1333:Chalchiuhtotolin
1274:Lords of the Day
1168:
1158:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1003:
997:
996:
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968:
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947:
946:
910:
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846:
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816:
815:
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771:
770:
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756:
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668:
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629:
611:
605:
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579:
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492:ritual sacrifice
465:Huitizilopochtli
316:Huitizilopochtli
295:Imagery in Poses
283:
282:
266:
265:
244:
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215:
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182:
177:
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138:Greek equivalent
118:Centzon Mimixcoa
78:, Mexica (Nahua)
38:
19:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:Magic goddesses
2105:Lunar goddesses
2100:Aztec goddesses
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
1929:Codex Mexicanus
1859:Codex Huamantla
1834:Codex Cozcatzin
1824:Codex Colombino
1737:
1715:
1709:
1633:
1584:Centzonmīmixcōa
1567:
1418:Itztlacoliuhqui
1317:Chalchiuhtlicue
1240:Piltzintecuhtli
1225:Chalchiuhtlicue
1201:
1177:Huītzilōpōchtli
1167:
1159:
1150:
1125:
1123:Aztec mythology
1120:
1072:. Features the
1066:
1057:
1056:
1049:The Tovar Codex
1046:
1045:
1041:
1026:
1005:
1004:
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993:
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979:
972:
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904:
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849:
827:
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797:
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749:
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710:
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534:Panquetzaliztli
524:Huitzilopochtli
504:Aztec sun stone
500:
488:
473:
425:
401:
381:
344:), directed by
329:
324:
308:
297:
251:
218:Huitzilopochtli
180:
148:Maya equivalent
120:(Codex Ramirez)
115:
108:Huitzilopochtli
45:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2091:
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2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Anales de Tula
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Mapa Quinatzin
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Codex Boturini
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
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1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1665:Huēyi Teōcalli
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
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1634:
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1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
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1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Malinalxochitl
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
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16:Aztec goddess
2074:Codex Xolotl
2054:Codex Tudela
2039:Mapa Tloztin
1914:Codex Madrid
1799:Codex Borgia
1789:Codex Bodley
1714:Beliefs and
1673:
1629:Xiuhtotontli
1558:Yacatecuhtli
1538:Xōchiquetzal
1498:Tlacotzontli
1488:Temazcalteci
1483:Tēcciztēcatl
1383:Huēhuecoyōtl
1373:Coyolxāuhqui
1372:
1343:Chicomecōātl
1316:
1299:Tlaltecuhtli
1267:Xiuhtecuhtli
1251:Creator gods
1250:
1187:Tezcatlipoca
1182:Quetzalcoatl
1165:Creator gods
1087:Coyolxauhqui
1079:
1073:
1048:
1042:
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1001:
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679:. Retrieved
675:
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615:
609:
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584:
565:
559:
519:Templo Mayor
489:
481:
477:Tenochtitlan
474:
458:
454:
445:Coyolxāuhqui
444:
432:showing the
426:
418:
410:
394:
390:
382:
372:
370:
342:Templo Mayor
338:
309:
301:
298:
286:
281:Coyolxāuhqui
277:
272:
268:
259:
252:
242:Coyolxāuhqui
232:Coyolxāuhqui
226:Coyolxāuhqui
222:
213:Coyolxāuhqui
175:Coyolxāuhqui
172:
166:
72:Ethnic group
22:Coyolxauhqui
2009:Selden Roll
1984:Codex Reese
1954:Paris Codex
1944:Codex Osuna
1844:Codex Durán
1829:Codex Cospi
1749:Aubin Codex
1685:Teotihuacan
1660:Chicomoztoc
1619:Tiānquiztli
1563:Zacatzontli
1543:Xochitlicue
1503:Tlalocayotl
1493:Tepoztēcatl
1403:Ītzpāpālōtl
1289:Nanahuatzin
1262:Tlazōlteōtl
1245:Tepēyōllōtl
1130:Primordials
449:Maquizcoatl
413:high relief
365:Mexico City
133:Equivalents
66:Mesoamerica
42:Mexico City
2094:Categories
1994:Codex Ríos
1884:Codex Laud
1680:Tamoanchan
1674:Underworld
1655:Cemanahuac
1624:Tzitzimitl
1604:Cihuateteo
1579:Ahuiateteo
1533:Xōchipilli
1363:Cipactonal
1353:Cihuacōātl
1279:Citlālicue
1192:Xipe Totec
1025:0500021139
1010:The Aztecs
983:The Aztecs
863:(2): 189.
787:The Aztecs
700:The Aztecs
681:2015-10-29
648:The Aztecs
551:References
451:sculpture.
1723:Five Suns
1609:Civateteo
1523:Tonantzin
1518:Toltecatl
1423:Ixtlilton
1368:Cōātlīcue
943:162323851
877:161679253
732:: 79, 81.
327:Discovery
312:Xiuhcoatl
273:xinatlatl
269:teueuelli
264:Cōātlīcue
207:Cōātlīcue
192:Cōātlīcue
96:Coatlicue
83:Genealogy
1716:practice
1695:Tlālōcān
1599:Cintēteo
1478:Patecatl
1463:Opochtli
1458:Mixcoatl
1443:Mayahuel
1348:Chīmalmā
1338:Chantico
1328:Atlacoya
1304:Tōnatiuh
1230:Cinteotl
1220:Centeōtl
1196:Camaxtle
1137:Ōmeteōtl
1034:26265803
529:Coatepec
498:See also
399:Creation
379:Location
255:Coatepec
110:and the
103:Siblings
92:Mixcoatl
1742:Codices
1670:Mictlān
1645:Anahuac
1528:Xilonen
1508:Tlilhua
1468:Oxomoco
1448:Metztli
1378:Ehecatl
1323:Atlahua
1207:Deities
430:ear tab
423:Imagery
373:in situ
357:diorite
125:Consort
88:Parents
1705:Tōllān
1650:Aztlán
1638:Places
1572:Groups
1553:Xolotl
1548:Xocotl
1473:Painal
1257:Tláloc
1032:
1022:
989:
941:
935:281020
933:
899:: 192.
875:
793:
706:
654:
622:
597:
572:
434:Mexica
386:Tlaloc
152:Awilix
142:Selene
116:• the
62:Region
51:Planet
1672:(The
967:: 22.
939:S2CID
931:JSTOR
873:S2CID
76:Aztec
1513:Toci
1194:(or
1143:and
1030:OCLC
1020:ISBN
987:ISBN
791:ISBN
704:ISBN
652:ISBN
620:ISBN
595:ISBN
570:ISBN
471:Uses
459:The
384:and
289:Moon
128:None
94:and
56:Moon
1016:161
923:doi
865:doi
838:doi
275:."
167:In
2096::
1028:.
1018:.
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106:•
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363:(
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179:(
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