166:
155:
112:
137:
98:
37:
542:. Cardwell's letter says that 87 Americans were killed in all, including General Crabb, though other accounts say 77 Americans were killed in the massacre itself, not including those who died during the fighting. He includes a list of 55 of the Americans who died and says that among them were California's most respectable citizens. Cardwell wrote that the Mexicans lost 189 men out of about 1,200. This number included dozens of O'odham.
147:
597:", these twenty recruits successfully made it back across the border. A squad of sixteen other recruits was not so fortunate, and after crossing the border were intercepted by the same 200 men who had encountered Major Wood and Captain Oury. These men (among whom was Freeman McKinney, the San Jose law partner of the notorious
604:
Of the
Americans who participated in the Battle of Caborca, only one or two men survived, including the fourteen-year-old Evans. Accounts differ as to the existence of a second survivor. In California and New Mexico Territory, news of the massacre created a clamor for revenge against the Mexicans but
525:
of Altar a message saying that he had come in peace but the message was either ignored or failed to arrive in time to influence the situation. At
Caborca, the Americans became involved in a skirmish that took eight days to finish according to George N. Cardwell who wrote an account of the affair in a
552:
General Crabb was allowed to write a letter to his wife before being executed by a firing squad of 100 men. After his execution, his head was cut off and preserved in a jar. The letter was given to one of two men who left the expedition before it crossed the international border between
Arizona and
468:
officer, but his journey to Mexico in 1857, known as the Crabb
Expedition, was of a private nature and did not involve the United States government or its military. In the fall of 1856, after Crabb's loss in an election to decide the next senator of California, he came into contact with Pesqueira
472:
Crabb accepted
Pesqueira's offer which authorized the general to bring 1,000 colonists to Sonora. By the time the expedition left for Mexico, the general had recruited only about 100 men. Other volunteers organized to follow Crabb into Sonora either abandoned the march or were attacked by the
549:, who had received instructions from Pesqueira to shoot the prisoners, refused to carry out his orders and left with a fourteen-year-old American boy named Evans. Evans was raised by Gabilondo and later became a Mexican customs inspector at the international border with the United States.
435:
The idea of an
American intervention was unpopular among Pesqueira's supporters, and when Crabb arrived in Mexico, his command was attacked and defeated by Pesqueira's liberal forces. About 50 of the 85 men survived the battle only to be executed by the Mexicans, including Crabb himself.
521:, having diverged from Altar, their original destination. Now that he no longer needed the colonists from the U.S., Pesqueira was criticized by his followers for accepting American aid in the war. Because of this, the liberals decided to destroy the expedition. Crabb sent the
509:, where they met with Pesqueira and his rebels. By the time Crabb reached Sonora, the liberals had already defeated Gándara's conservative troops and forced him into exile. Gándara later sought refuge in Tucson.
807:
Execution of
Colonel Crabb and associates: Message from the President of the United States communicating official information and correspondence in relation to the execution of Colonel Crabb and his associates
883:
538:, an associate of some of the expedition's members, wrote that at the conclusion of the battle, 25 U.S. citizens had been killed and the remaining 58 were separated into groups of ten and
557:
organized to conquer
Mexican territory, despite being sanctioned by the liberal government in Mexico which eventually won the Reform War in 1861. Cardwell himself wrote that "
593:
of Tucson, the rescue party was on the
Mexican side of the border when about 200 Mexicans attacked them near the location where the four sickly men had been captured. After "
225:
923:
581:" after the Caborca affair, a group of 20 Mexicans crossed the border, from San Juan, into Arizona and captured four men of Crabb's party who were resting in a
585:
due to illness. These four were also executed. Shortly thereafter, twenty of Crabb's volunteers launched an expedition to relieve
General Crabb. Led by Major
838:
878:
918:
908:
893:
823:
605:
the incident was eventually put aside and forgotten. Sometime later, Gabilondo, who had refused to kill the American colonists, was nearly
218:
690:
848:
843:
534:
Crabb's men took up positions inside an adobe building but it was later set on fire by an O'odham warrior, forcing their surrender.
117:
70:
913:
372:
312:
307:
211:
267:
868:
287:
452:
factions. Ignacio Pesqueira fought for the liberals in Sonora, against the state soldiers of the conservative Governor
642:
888:
898:
863:
858:
833:
828:
453:
322:
257:
367:
873:
297:
647:
590:
539:
332:
317:
282:
853:
553:
Sonora. At the time, the Crabb Expedition was regarded by many Mexicans and Americans as being an outfit of
292:
252:
342:
554:
362:
337:
546:
347:
170:
357:
535:
482:
478:
272:
262:
903:
563:, and settling there; but really intending to conquer Sonora, and in process of time add it to the
327:
277:
785:
637:
465:
400:
allies against irregular forces from the United States in April 1857. Due to the outbreak of the
302:
586:
694:
417:
405:
397:
159:
122:
36:
734:
657:
598:
560:
498:
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622:
502:
352:
409:
146:
141:
817:
582:
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457:
103:
764:
559:
Mr. Crabb left here about January last, ostensibly for the purpose of mining in the
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445:
413:
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area to recruit more men. From Tucson, the expedition continued further south to
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461:
449:
401:
235:
28:
610:
494:
474:
425:
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486:
62:
429:
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393:
66:
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in Mexico between conservatives and liberals (1858-1860), the rebel
601:) surrendered without a fight, but were executed like the others.
497:
for several weeks. The location of the camp is now known as the
444:
The Reform War was a Mexican civil war, between Mexico's rival
207:
203:
517:
The Crabb expedition first made contact with the rebels at
477:, California in January 1857, the expedition went to the
765:"Guide to the Filibuster Expeditions Collection MS 161"
735:"Henry A. Crabb, Filibuster, and the San Diego Herald"
613:, but survived apparently because of his innocence.
424:. The colonists could help Pesqueira fight in the
884:19th-century military history of the United States
577:The conflict was not over. Cardwell writes that "
805:United States Department of State (1857–1861).
21:
675:
673:
41:Map Showing the location of the Crabb Massacre
16:Culmination of the eight day Battle of Caborca
219:
8:
715:United States Department of State, pg. 69-70
679:United States Department of State, pg. 69-72
689:Thomas Edwin Farish, `Arizona Historian'.
226:
212:
204:
35:
18:
754:United States Department of State, pg. 72
724:United States Department of State, pg. 71
669:
924:19th-century prisoner of war massacres
526:letter to his brother J. W. Cardwell.
388:was the culmination of the eight-day
7:
501:. In March, they went south for the
839:Battles involving the United States
14:
691:"Chapter XX. The Crabb Massacre"
164:
153:
145:
135:
110:
96:
879:American filibusters (military)
489:, and headed directly for the
1:
919:Massacres committed by Mexico
909:1857 murders in North America
894:Massacres by Native Americans
456:. General Crabb was a former
473:Mexicans. Starting out from
408:invited the U.S. politician
824:Military history of Arizona
643:William Walker (filibuster)
940:
469:through his Mexican wife.
849:1857 in the United States
243:
189:
176:
128:
89:
45:
34:
26:
844:Battles involving Mexico
648:Capture of Tucson (1846)
591:Granville Henderson Oury
540:executed by firing squad
392:. It was fought between
545:The Mexican commander,
420:region in the state of
914:1857 murders in Mexico
464:, as well as a former
129:Commanders and leaders
786:"War-Time in Arizona"
373:San Felipe del Obraje
313:Estancia de las Vacas
198:189 killed or wounded
190:Casualties and losses
809:. James B. Steedman.
493:where they gathered
483:New Mexico Territory
479:Lower Colorado River
454:Manuel María Gándara
869:Massacres in Mexico
638:Republic of Sonora
466:United States Army
308:Loma de las Ánimas
899:April 1857 events
864:Massacres in 1857
859:Conflicts in 1857
834:American frontier
829:History of Sonora
547:Hilario Gabilondo
481:and then entered
406:Ignacio Pesqueira
390:Battle of Caborca
381:
380:
202:
201:
171:Hilario Gabilonda
160:Ignacio Pesqueira
85:
84:
931:
874:Arizona folklore
810:
797:
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693:. Archived from
686:
680:
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658:Parker H. French
609:in Tucson by an
599:Parker H. French
561:Gadsden purchase
499:Filibusters Camp
428:and against the
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19:
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728:
723:
719:
714:
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688:
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683:
678:
671:
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653:Crawford Affair
633:Mier expedition
628:Dawson massacre
623:Goliad massacre
619:
595:severe fighting
575:
536:George Cardwell
532:
515:
442:
382:
377:
368:2nd Guadalajara
333:Lagos de Moreno
288:1st Guadalajara
239:
234:
232:
165:
163:
162:
154:
152:
136:
134:
121:
111:
109:
108:
97:
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81:Mexican victory
73:
53:April 1–8, 1857
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
937:
935:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
889:Tohono O'odham
886:
881:
876:
871:
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854:1857 in Mexico
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
816:
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811:
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756:
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697:on 27 May 2013
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531:
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441:
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410:Henry A. Crabb
386:Crabb Massacre
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142:Henry A. Crabb
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123:Tohono O'odham
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24:
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22:Crabb Massacre
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13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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584:
583:general store
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566:
562:
556:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
529:
527:
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512:
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508:
507:Altar, Sonora
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476:
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467:
463:
459:
458:State Senator
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
433:
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427:
423:
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416:the northern
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323:Antón Lizardo
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104:United States
94:
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64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
806:
789:. Retrieved
780:
768:. Retrieved
759:
750:
738:. Retrieved
729:
720:
711:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
684:
603:
594:
589:and Captain
578:
576:
565:slave states
558:
551:
544:
533:
516:
471:
446:conservative
443:
434:
389:
385:
383:
318:2nd Veracruz
293:1st Veracruz
268:La Albarrada
247:
90:Belligerents
27:Part of the
791:11 December
770:11 December
740:11 December
701:11 December
555:filibusters
363:Calpulalpan
343:Juanacatlán
283:San Joaquín
904:Reform War
818:Categories
664:References
587:R. N. Wood
491:Gila River
462:California
440:Background
402:Reform War
396:and their
273:Ixtlahuaca
263:Atenquique
236:Reform War
29:Reform War
611:angry mob
579:some days
573:Aftermath
495:livestock
475:San Diego
426:civil war
328:Loma Alta
278:Ahualulco
258:Salamanca
195:87 killed
617:See also
530:Massacre
513:Conflict
418:frontier
414:colonize
348:Peñuelas
338:Carretas
303:Tlatempa
298:Tacubaya
177:Strength
58:Location
607:lynched
523:prefect
519:Caborca
487:Arizona
450:liberal
398:O'odham
248:Caborca
63:Caborca
503:Tucson
485:, now
430:Apache
422:Sonora
394:Mexico
358:Oaxaca
253:Celaya
144:
118:Mexico
115:
101:
78:Result
71:Mexico
67:Sonora
460:from
353:Silao
185:1,200
182:1,000
793:2014
772:2014
742:2014
703:2014
448:and
384:The
50:Date
432:.
412:to
820::
672:^
569:"
69:,
65:,
795:.
774:.
744:.
705:.
567:.
227:e
220:t
213:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
