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into the cycle, potentially by using off-cuts from the rubber soles to make more soles instead of merely disposing of them; this is dependent on the technical materials not losing their quality as they are reused. Once the shoes have been manufactured, they are distributed to retail outlets where the customer buys the shoe at a reduced price because the customer is only paying for the use of the materials in the shoe for the period of time that they will be wearing them. When they outgrow the shoe or it is damaged, they return it to the manufacturer. When the manufacturer separates the sole from the upper parts (separating the technical and biological nutrients), the biological nutrients are returned to the natural environment while the technical nutrients can be used to create the sole of another shoe.
283:, the planting of Sedum (stonecrop) vegetation on assembly plant roofs retains and cleanses rain water. It also moderates the internal temperature of the building in order to save energy. The roof is part of an $ 18 million rainwater treatment system designed to clean 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m) of rainwater annually. This saved Ford $ 30 million that would otherwise have been spent on mechanical treatment facilities. Following C2C design principles, product manufacture can be designed to cost less for the producer and consumer. Theoretically, they can eliminate the need for
46:
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ppm. For wood, the forest source is required. The risk for each material is assessed against criteria and eventually ranked on a scale with green being materials of low risk, yellow being those with moderate risk but are acceptable to continue to use, red for materials that have high risk and need to be phased out, and grey for materials with incomplete data. The method uses the term 'risk' in the sense of hazard (as opposed to consequence and likelihood).
38:
5104:
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812:) the entire life cycle of a product or service has to be evaluated, not only the material itself. For many goods e.g. in transport, the use phase has the most influence on the environmental footprint. For example, the more lightweight a car or a plane the less fuel it consumes and consequently the less impact it has. Braungart fully ignores the use phase.
368:(synthetic materials) that cannot be recycled or reintroduced to the natural environment is dealt with in C2C design. The materials that can be reused and retain their quality can be used within the technical nutrient cycles while other materials are far more difficult to deal with, such as plastics in the Pacific Ocean.
80:. The term itself is a play on the popular corporate phrase "cradle to grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations—from the birth, or "cradle", of one generation to the next generation, versus from birth to death, or "grave", within the same generation.
781:
McDonough and
Braungart responded to this criticism by giving control of the certification protocol to a non-profit, independent Institute called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. McDonough said the new institute "will enable our protocol to become a public certification program and
380:
Another example of C2C design is a disposable cup, bottle, or wrapper made entirely out of biological materials. When the user is finished with the item, it can be disposed of and returned to the natural environment; the cost of disposal of waste such as landfill and recycling is greatly reduced. The
376:
One potential example is a shoe that is designed and mass-produced using the C2C model. The sole might be made of "biological nutrients" while the upper parts might be made of "technical nutrients". The shoe is mass-produced at a manufacturing plant that utilizes its waste material by putting it back
126:
The term "Cradle to Cradle" is a registered trademark of McDonough
Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) consultants. The Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Program began as a proprietary system; however, in 2012 MBDC turned the certification over to an independent non-profit called the Cradle to Cradle
760:
Obviously, disassembling products is not feasible at currently designed civic amenity sites, and a better method would be to send back the broken products to the manufacturer, so that the manufacturer can disassemble the product. These disassembled product can then be used for making new products or
266:
and other dangerous chemicals) from current life cycles. If the materials we come into contact with and are exposed to on a daily basis are not toxic and do not have long term health effects, then the health of the overall system can be better maintained. For example, a fabric factory can eliminate
188:
are strictly limited to non-toxic, non-harmful synthetic materials that have no negative effects on the natural environment; they can be used in continuous cycles as the same product without losing their integrity or quality. In this manner these materials can be used over and over again instead of
228:
Material health, which involves identifying the chemical composition of the materials that make up the product. Particularly hazardous materials (e.g. heavy metals, pigments, halogen compounds etc.) have to be reported whatever the concentration, and other materials reported where they exceed 100
756:
and other materials uneconomical (at recycling sites, products typically get crushed after which the materials are extracted by means of magnets, chemicals, special sorting methods, ...) and thus optimal recycling of, for example metals is impossible (an optimal recycling method for metals would
777:
Criticism has been advanced on the fact that McDonough and
Braungart previously kept C2C consultancy and certification in their inner circle. Critics argued that this lack of competition prevented the model from fulfilling its potential. Many critics pleaded for a public-private partnership
769:. Also, the European Training Network for the Design and Recycling of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators in Hybrid and Full Electric Vehicles (ETN-Demeter) makes designs of electric motors of which the magnets can be easily removed for recycling the rare earth metals.
160:
for cradle-to-cradle design that gives specific details of how to achieve the model. The model has been implemented by many companies, organizations and governments around the world. Cradle-to-cradle design has also been the subject of many documentary films such as
211:
into the soil, providing food for small life forms without affecting the natural environment. This is dependent on the ecology of the region; for example, organic material from one country or landmass may be harmful to the ecology of another country or
807:
approaches. Quantitative methodologies (LCAs) and more adapted tools (regarding the product type which is considered) could be used in tandem. The C2C concept ignores the use phase of a product. According to variants of life-cycle assessment (see:
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A major constraint in the optimal recycling of materials is that at civic amenity sites, products are not disassembled by hand and have each individual part sorted into a bin, but instead have the entire product sorted into a certain bin.
253:
Currently, many human beings come into contact or consume, directly or indirectly, many harmful materials and chemicals daily. In addition, countless other forms of plant and animal life are also exposed. C2C seeks to remove dangerous
793:, called his assertion that the "old" environmental movement had hindered innovation with its pessimist approach "pseudo-psychological humbug". Schmidt-Bleek said of the Cradle-to-Cradle seat cushions Braungart developed for the
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at least to have the components sent separately to recycling sites (for proper recycling, by the exact type of material). At present though, few laws are put in place in any country to oblige manufacturers to
782:
global standard". The new
Institute announced the creation of a Certification Standards Board in June 2012. The new board, under the auspices of the Institute, will oversee the certification moving forward.
591:
Fashion
Positive, an initiative to assist the fashion world in implementing the cradle-to-cradle model in five areas: material health, material reuse, renewable energy, water stewardship and social fairness.
797:: "I can feel very nice on Michael's seat covers in the airplane. Nevertheless I am still waiting for a detailed proposal for a design of the other 99.99 percent of the Airbus 380 after his principles."
547:
While the C2C model has influenced the construction or redevelopment of smaller sites, several large organizations and governments have also implemented the C2C model and its ideas and concepts:
355:
materials becoming food for bugs, insects and other small forms of life who can feed on it, decompose it and return it to the natural environment which we then indirectly use for food ourselves.
127:
Products
Innovation Institute. Independence, openness, and transparency are the Institute's first objectives for the certification protocols. The phrase "cradle to cradle" itself was coined by
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The C2C concept foresees its own certification of its analysis and therefore is in contradiction to international publishing standards (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044) for
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Assessment of energy required for production, which for the highest level of certification needs to be based on at least 40% renewable energy for all parts and subassemblies.
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based on C2C principles, utilising the rooftops for agriculture. This project is largely criticized as a failure to meet the desires & constraints of the local people.
544:, started to feature C2C assessed and certified materials and, in collaboration with MBDC and EPEA, the company now offers C2C Certification, and C2C product development.
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31:
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or synthetic materials manufactured by humans—such as plastics and metals—that can be used many times over without any loss in quality, staying in a continuous cycle.
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approach to the design of products and systems that models human industry on nature's processes, where materials are viewed as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe
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that can decompose into the natural environment, soil, water, etc. without affecting it in a negative way, providing food for bacteria and microbiological life.
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to help promote and disseminate C2C design principles by providing greater global access to C2C material information, certification and product development.
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are usually referred to as the building blocks of other materials, such as the dyes used in colouring fibers or rubbers used in the sole of a shoe.
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668:, which has been designed to cope with analyses of recycle systems. The cradle-to-cradle model in some implementations is closely linked with the
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by carefully reconsidering what chemicals they use in their dyes to achieve the colours they need and attempt to do so with fewer base chemicals.
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765:, nor are there even such obligations for manufacturers of cradle-to-cradle products. One process where this is happening is in the EU with the
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and nature's biological metabolism while also maintaining a safe, productive technical metabolism for the high-quality use and circulation of
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is a play on the phrase "cradle to grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.
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Initially defined by McDonough and
Braungart, the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute's five certification criteria are:
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The C2C model shows high potential for reducing the financial cost of industrial systems. For example, in the redesign of the
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95:, economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially
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in Brazil for biomass nutrient recycling of effluent to produce agricultural products and clean water as a byproduct.
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The two types of materials each follow their own cycle in the regenerative economy envisioned by Keunen and
Huizing.
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is a perfect example where different re-use models are used, including cradle-to-cradle design and permaculture.
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In 2009 Schmidt-Bleek stated that it is out of the question that the concept can be realized on a bigger scale.
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is the reuse of materials into lesser products. For example, a plastic computer case could be downcycled into a
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It is safe to say that every production step or resource-transformation step needs a certain amount of energy.
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Allocation in recycle systems: an integrated model for the analyses of environmental impact and economic value
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Products that adhere to all steps may be eligible to receive C2C certification. Other certifications such as
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The current economic system, the current solution (the 3Rs), and the C2C framework as an alternative solution
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The Lyle Center for
Regenerative Studies incorporates holistic & cyclic systems throughout the center.
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overseeing the C2C concept, thus enabling competition and growth of practical applications and services.
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In the cradle-to-cradle model, all materials used in industrial or commercial processes—such as metals,
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whereas an independent external review is needed in order to obtain comparative and resilient results.
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1770:"C2C Product Certification Overview - Get Certified - Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute"
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585:(NIOO-KNAW) planned to make its laboratory and office complex completely cradle-to-cradle compliant.
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Create "passive positive" lists—lists of materials used categorised according to their safety level
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Experts in the field of environment protection have questioned the practicability of the concept.
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1826:"ISO 14044:2006 – Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines"
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1889:"William McDonough & Michael Braungart (1998): "The Next Industrial Revolution" (article)"
1800:"ISO 14040:2006 – Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework"
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The cradle-to-cradle model can be viewed as a framework that considers systems as a whole or
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redevelopment, cleaning 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m) of rainwater annually.
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in the 1970s. The current model is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by
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In 2007, MBDC and the EPEA formed a strategic partnership with global materials consultancy
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503:(BREEAM) can be used to qualify for certification, and vice versa in the case of BREEAM.
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Material reutilization, which is about recovery and recycling at the end of product life.
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require to sort all similar alloys together rather than mixing plain iron with alloys).
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plants are facilities that may create fertiliser from sewage sludge. This approach is
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1661:"Method, Steelcase Join New Standards Board at Cradle to Cradle – Sustainable Brands"
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1270:""Materials Innovators Engage Cradle to Cradle Protocol", GreenSource, January 2008"
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The gray list—problematic substances that are not so urgently in need of phasing out
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user could also potentially return the item for a refund so it can be used again.
1717:"Guidelines for critical review of life cycle assessments - 2.-0 LCA consultants"
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C2C principles were first applied to systems in the early 1990s by
Braungart's
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The P list—the "positive" list, substances actively defined as safe for use
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As of January 2008, Material ConneXion's Materials Libraries in New York,
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1983:
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181:—fall into one of two categories: "technical" or "biological" nutrients.
92:
1692:"Ă–kologisch-industrielle Revolution: Der Umweltretter Michael Braungart"
1539:"Stella McCartney, Amber Valletta and Alysia Reiner on Fashion Positive"
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Some claim that C2C certification may not be entirely sufficient in all
660:. It can be applied to many aspects of human society, and is related to
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1304:
1244:""New Clout for Cradle to Cradle Design", BusinessWeek, September 2007"
1179:
720: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
628: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The C2C model can be applied to almost any system in modern society:
425:
packaging and insulation made from waste by binding it together with
959:"Ask the Experts: Why Hasn't Cradle-to-Cradle Design Caught On Yet?"
1639:"Green Guru William McDonough Must Change, Demand His Biggest Fans"
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for the current (inefficient) system of organic waste disposal; as
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that, once used, can be disposed of in any natural environment and
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1090:"Architectural Record - News, Continuing Ed, Products, Green Bldg"
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337:, which then becomes a park bench, etc.; this eventually leads to
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115:; it can be applied to many aspects of human civilization such as
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Several private houses and communal buildings in the Netherlands.
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1996:
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1203:"Creation, execution and implementation of the Transition Plan"
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Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
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1613:"Cradle to Cradle urgently needs a Dutch private partnership"
1556:
1060:"Resources - Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute"
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983:"Cradle to Cradle Marketplace | Frequently asked Questions"
341:. In conventional understanding, this is no different from
241:
Social responsibility, which assesses fair labor practices.
854: – the opposite of durable, no waste design
30:"Cradle to Cradle" redirects here. For the 2002 book, see
1936:
139:(EPEA) in the 1990s and explored through the publication
41:
Cradle to Cradle concept by M. Braungart and W. McDonough
364:
The question of how to deal with the countless existing
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UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
1913:"Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)"
466:
The X list—substances that must be phased out, such as
345:
that produces a supply of the same product or material.
1426:
Rainwater, Giles D.; Coe, Debora Silver (2012-06-11).
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in agriculture within or near urban environments. An
1340:"Winning Entries in the C2C Home Design Competition"
107:, the model in its broadest sense is not limited to
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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
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is arguably the foundation for the trademarked C2C.
83:C2C suggests that industry must protect and enrich
1297:"Interdisciplinary Breast Cancer Training Program"
891:
894:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
451:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
153:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
32:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things
1877:"Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute"
1852:"International Organization for Standardization"
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951:
238:Water, particularly usage and discharge quality.
1901:"Cradle to Cradle – The Product-Life Institute"
1580:J.G. Vogtländer, Ch. F. Hendriks, J.C. Brezet;
890:McDonough, William; Braungart, Michael (2002).
567:contributed to the construction of the city of
141:A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment
5044:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1377:"China's first eco-village proves a hard sell"
664:. See for instance the LCA-based model of the
4146:
3848:
1952:
885:
883:
881:
879:
497:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
137:Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency
99:. Building off the whole systems approach of
27:Biomimetic approach to the design of products
8:
1375:Mary-Anne Toy; Huangbaiyu (26 August 2006).
193:" into lesser products, ultimately becoming
5115:
4153:
4139:
4131:
3855:
3841:
3833:
3518:
3247:
3221:
2666:
2004:
1993:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1924:
491:Reinvent—the redesign of the former system
5055:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
1584:, Int. J. of LCA, Vol. 6 (6), pp 344–355,
736:Learn how and when to remove this message
644:Learn how and when to remove this message
5083:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
4085:Earth systems engineering and management
3476:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
763:take back their products for disassembly
44:
36:
875:
4653:Corporate environmental responsibility
1460:"NIOO KNAW cradle to cradle buildings"
1321:
1310:
1115:"IEHN — Case Studies: Rohner Textiles"
413:are a better approach in the long run.
3481:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
1537:Friedman, Arthur (15 November 2014).
1428:"Psychological/Social History Report"
1295:Lamartiniere, Coral A. (2004-09-01).
1010:"Circular Economy Schools Of Thought"
810:Life-cycle assessment § Variants
7:
5026:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
1004:
1002:
977:
975:
718:adding citations to reliable sources
626:adding citations to reliable sources
460:Follow informed personal preferences
396:, a cradle-to-cradle alternative to
4668:Environmental full-cost accounting
3903:Environmental full-cost accounting
3425:American Institute of Graphic Arts
676:in the building industry and with
449:, etc. Five steps are outlined in
390:Rohner Textile AG Climatex-textile
25:
4602:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
3435:Design and Industries Association
987:www.cradletocradlemarketplace.com
91:and technical nutrients. It is a
5114:
5103:
5102:
5072:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
4019:Extended producer responsibility
1738:"Cradle to Cradle Certification"
1014:www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
695:
603:
583:Netherlands Institute of Ecology
4658:Corporate social responsibility
4587:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4526:Community-supported agriculture
4211:Human impact on the environment
3913:Environmental management system
3908:Environmental impact assessment
1690:Unfried, Peter (7 March 2009).
705:needs additional citations for
613:needs additional citations for
4898:Socially responsible marketing
3430:Chartered Society of Designers
596:Coordination with other models
1:
5089:Sustainable Development Goals
4893:Socially responsible business
3501:Prince Philip Designers Prize
2144:Architectural lighting design
1917:acceleratecirculareconomy.org
1403:. August 2001. Archived from
1209:, Elsevier, pp. 97–136,
752:This makes the extraction of
258:(synthetic materials such as
3307:Electronic design automation
3290:Virtual home design software
2262:Automotive suspension design
1352:10.5040/9781501371745.ch-006
1344:Cradle to Cradle Home Design
847:Modular construction systems
457:Get "free of" known culprits
360:Existing synthetic materials
4918:Sustainability organization
4703:Standards and certification
4294:Social return on investment
3928:Integrated chain management
2166:Environmental impact design
1094:archrecord.construction.com
512:The Environmental Institute
119:, buildings, economics and
5201:
4343:Systemic change resistance
3994:Eco-industrial development
3445:International Forum Design
2815:Engineering design process
930:Lovins, L. Hunter (2008).
842:List of environment topics
837:Ellen MacArthur Foundation
488:Activate the positive list
29:
5098:
4521:Climate-smart agriculture
4168:
3780:
3528:
3517:
3246:
3220:
2676:
2665:
2567:Integrated circuit design
2489:Stage/set lighting design
2378:Hardware interface design
2294:Hardware interface design
2003:
1992:
1974:
1934:
1929:Links to related articles
4663:Environmental accounting
4412:Sustainable architecture
4402:Environmental technology
4095:Ecological modernization
4004:Ecological modernization
3943:Life-cycle cost analysis
3402:Industrial design rights
3390:Fashion design copyright
3302:Design quality indicator
2751:Creative problem-solving
2542:Electrical system design
2398:Sonic interaction design
2309:Photographic lens design
2183:Healthy community design
1215:10.1533/9781908818409.97
1201:Smart, Nigel J. (2013),
576:Ford River Rouge Complex
508:Hamburger Umweltinstitut
281:Ford River Rouge Complex
150:published a book called
4536:Sustainable agriculture
4110:Sustainable development
4100:Environmental economics
4039:Precautionary principle
4034:Polluter pays principle
3979:Cradle-to-cradle design
3598:New product development
3563:Enterprise architecture
3491:IF Product Design Award
3450:Design Research Society
3002:Reliability engineering
943:State of the World 2008
787:Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek
403:Sewage sludge treatment
146:In 2002, Braungart and
54:Cradle-to-cradle design
5079:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
4948:Sustainable management
4933:Urban drainage systems
4673:Environmental planning
4637:Water recycling shower
4627:Tidal stream generator
4422:Sustainable industries
4381:Sustainable population
4366:Demographic transition
4348:Tragedy of the commons
4080:Design for environment
3948:Material flow analysis
3054:Top-down and bottom-up
2403:User experience design
2304:Packaging and labeling
2277:Electric guitar design
2215:Landscape architecture
1320:Cite journal requires
832:Appropriate technology
773:Criticism and response
351:is a basic concept of
163:Waste = Food
135:and colleagues at the
50:
42:
4971:Humanistic capitalism
4786:Environmental finance
4427:Sustainable packaging
4024:Industrial metabolism
3938:Life-cycle assessment
3883:Cost–benefit analysis
3583:Innovation management
3466:European Design Award
3232:Intellectual property
3049:Theory of constraints
3012:Responsibility-driven
2852:For manufacturability
2756:Creativity techniques
2594:Nuclear weapon design
2408:User interface design
2272:Corrugated box design
2193:Interior architecture
1696:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
1665:sustainablebrands.com
1207:Lean Biomanufacturing
932:Rethinking production
820:life-cycle assessment
789:, head of the German
662:life-cycle assessment
551:Major implementations
419:large scale batteries
372:Hypothetical examples
56:(also referred to as
48:
40:
5185:Sustainable building
5175:Environmental design
4938:Urban infrastructure
4632:Water heat recycling
4455:Conservation biology
4299:Steady-state economy
4274:Micro-sustainability
4259:Ecological footprint
4216:Planetary boundaries
4090:Ecological economics
4029:Industrial symbiosis
4009:Efficient energy use
3958:Stakeholder analysis
3898:Ecological footprint
3628:Unintelligent design
3608:Philosophy of design
3322:Design specification
3275:Comprehensive layout
2847:For behaviour change
2820:Probabilistic design
2582:Power network design
2119:Visual merchandising
2076:Instructional design
2054:Postage stamp design
1512:"Private C2C houses"
1299:. Fort Belvoir, VA.
1250:on November 29, 2007
1070:on 19 September 2011
852:Planned obsolescence
714:improve this article
674:passive solar design
622:improve this article
398:expanded polystyrene
313:Biological nutrients
201:Biological nutrients
5039:Earth Summit (1992)
4693:Metrics and indices
4546:Sustainable fishery
4465:Holocene extinction
4284:Product stewardship
4254:Earth Overshoot Day
3999:Eco-industrial park
3548:Creative industries
3471:German Design Award
3380:Design infringement
3265:Architectural model
2604:Organization design
2599:Nucleic acid design
2547:Experimental design
2100:Traffic sign design
1705:– via taz.de.
1619:on 28 February 2010
1172:"BREEAM : 404"
791:Wuppertal Institute
754:rare-earth elements
565:Government of China
558:Regenerative design
366:technical nutrients
303:Technical nutrients
287:such as landfills.
269:technical nutrients
256:technical nutrients
186:Technical nutrients
105:regenerative design
70:regenerative design
5180:Industrial ecology
5170:Sustainable design
4498:Sustainable energy
4460:Endangered species
4417:Sustainable design
4331:Consumer behaviour
4075:Cleaner production
4059:Waste valorization
4054:Waste minimisation
3923:Input–output model
3864:Industrial ecology
3613:Process simulation
3588:Intelligent design
2912:Intelligence-based
2907:Integrated topside
2837:Framework-oriented
2522:Behavioural design
2393:Information design
2071:Information design
1641:. 26 February 2009
1543:Women's Wear Daily
1440:10.1037/t05059-000
1305:10.21236/ada430072
1276:on 9 February 2009
937:2008-04-10 at the
519:Material ConneXion
439:urban environments
411:composting toilets
315:and materials are
117:urban environments
51:
43:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5077:Earth Summit 2002
5060:Lisbon Principles
5032:Our Common Future
4710:Sustainable yield
4516:Civic agriculture
4269:Green consumption
4206:Global governance
4128:
4127:
3984:Dematerialization
3878:Agent-based model
3830:
3829:
3776:
3775:
3543:Conceptual design
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3496:James Dyson Award
3352:Website wireframe
3342:Technical drawing
3216:
3215:
3064:Transgenerational
2805:Ecological design
2681:Activity-centered
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2639:Spacecraft design
2433:Public art design
2371:Video game design
2349:Experience design
2319:Production design
2299:Motorcycle design
2257:Automotive design
2161:Ecological design
2039:Film title design
1595:"DEMETER project"
1432:PsycTESTS Dataset
1346:: 103–122. 2012.
900:North Point Press
746:
745:
738:
670:car-free movement
654:
653:
646:
385:Finished products
317:organic materials
205:organic materials
148:William McDonough
133:Michael Braungart
109:industrial design
16:(Redirected from
5192:
5118:
5117:
5106:
5105:
5050:Agenda 21 (1992)
5021:
4986:Natural resource
4873:Organic movement
4848:Impact investing
4567:Hydroelectricity
4541:Sustainable diet
4493:Renewable energy
4488:Carbon footprint
4470:Invasive species
4407:Natural building
4358:World population
4319:Marketing myopia
4279:Over-consumption
4249:Circular economy
4244:Anti-consumerism
4201:Environmentalism
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4120:Urban metabolism
3974:Circular economy
3857:
3850:
3843:
3834:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3519:
3396:Geschmacksmuster
3370:Community design
3248:
3222:
2982:Process-centered
2778:Design–bid–build
2746:Cradle-to-cradle
2726:Concept-oriented
2667:
2644:Strategic design
2614:Processor design
2589:Mechanism design
2557:Geometric design
2517:Algorithm design
2457:Jewellery design
2388:Immersive design
2282:Furniture design
2227:Landscape design
2005:
1994:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1905:product-life.org
1896:
1884:
1881:c2ccertified.org
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:. 12 August 2014
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:. 12 August 2014
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:. 12 August 2014
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:. Archived from
1774:c2ccertified.org
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1743:. Archived from
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:. Archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:Fashion Positive
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:on 1 August 2012
1514:. Archived from
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:. Archived from
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:. Archived from
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1385:
1384:
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1330:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1272:. Archived from
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:. Archived from
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1145:. Archived from
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:. Archived from
1064:c2ccertified.org
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:on 20 March 2012
1036:. Archived from
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1006:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
955:
946:
928:
922:
921:
897:
887:
859:The Blue Economy
741:
734:
730:
727:
721:
699:
692:
649:
642:
638:
635:
629:
607:
600:
423:Ecovative Design
297:Cradle to cradle
129:Walter R. Stahel
21:
18:Cradle-to-cradle
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5094:
5019:
5011:
5010:Agreements and
5005:
4942:
4746:Climate finance
4714:
4641:
4597:Reclaimed water
4550:
4502:
4474:
4431:
4385:
4371:Family planning
4352:
4225:
4182:
4164:
4159:
4129:
4124:
4105:Green chemistry
4063:
4049:Waste hierarchy
3962:
3866:
3861:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3772:
3573:Futures studies
3524:
3505:
3454:
3413:
3362:
3356:
3242:
3241:
3212:
3118:Value sensitive
3108:User innovation
2987:Public interest
2952:Object-oriented
2672:
2653:
2634:Software design
2624:Research design
2577:Physical design
2532:Database design
2506:
2504:
2498:
2474:Property design
2469:Game art design
2423:
2417:
2340:
2333:
2248:
2241:
2198:Interior design
2149:Building design
2130:
2123:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1970:
1965:
1930:
1911:
1899:
1895:. October 1998.
1893:theatlantic.com
1887:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1780:on 30 July 2013
1768:
1767:
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1721:
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1700:
1698:
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1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 24 June 2017
1659:
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1644:
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1611:
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1554:
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1535:
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1521:
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1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:on 24 July 2011
1484:
1483:
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1469:
1467:
1466:on 24 July 2011
1458:
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1200:
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1185:
1183:
1182:on 22 June 2012
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1152:on 24 July 2011
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973:
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949:
939:Wayback Machine
929:
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66:cradle 2 cradle
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5112:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5085:(Rio+20, 2012)
5080:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5052:
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5041:
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5028:
5023:
5015:
5013:
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4850:
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4838:
4833:
4831:Infrastructure
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Eco-capitalism
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4678:Sustainability
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4646:Accountability
4643:
4642:
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4321:
4316:
4311:
4304:Sustainability
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Anthropization
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4162:Sustainability
4160:
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4135:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
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4097:
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4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4068:Related fields
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Rebound effect
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3079:Design for All
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3007:Research-based
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2972:Platform-based
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1870:External links
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1750:on 18 May 2016
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1599:etn-demeter.eu
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1407:on May 5, 2007
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4956:Environmental
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4771:Eco-investing
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4531:Cultured meat
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2696:Brainstorming
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Social design
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
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2607:
2605:
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2597:
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2575:
2573:
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2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Filter design
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Boiler design
2525:
2523:
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2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Scenic design
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Floral design
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
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2171:Garden design
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2167:
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2162:
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2155:
2154:Passive solar
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
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2132:
2129:Environmental
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
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2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Retail design
2089:
2087:
2084:
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2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
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2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:Communication
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1926:
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1455:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:"Think Green"
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:9781501371745
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1226:
1224:9781907568787
1220:
1216:
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1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1148:
1141:
1135:
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1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1069:
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1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
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1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
988:
984:
978:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:
927:
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919:
915:
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905:
901:
896:
895:
886:
884:
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880:
876:
870:
866:
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861:
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845:
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821:
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811:
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779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
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755:
750:
740:
737:
729:
719:
715:
709:
708:
703:This section
701:
698:
694:
693:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
648:
645:
637:
627:
623:
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616:
611:This section
609:
606:
602:
601:
595:
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587:
584:
580:
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573:
570:
566:
562:
559:
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535:
531:
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502:
498:
490:
487:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
462:
459:
456:
455:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:manufacturing
441:, buildings,
440:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
417:Aquion Energy
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
378:
371:
369:
367:
359:
354:
353:organic waste
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:plastic waste
336:
332:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
288:
286:
282:
274:
272:
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261:
257:
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202:
199:
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166:
164:
159:
155:
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144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
113:manufacturing
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5107:
5031:
4796:Construction
4719:Applications
4437:Biodiversity
4196:Anthropocene
3978:
3623:STEAM fields
3593:Lean startup
3578:Indie design
3394:
3361:Intellectual
3113:Value-driven
3091:Use-centered
2997:Regenerative
2977:Policy-based
2937:Mind mapping
2842:For assembly
2783:Design–build
2745:
2701:By committee
2686:Adaptive web
2484:Sound design
2442:glass design
2440: /
2425:applied arts
2366:Level design
2237:Urban design
2188:Hotel design
2139:Architecture
2114:Video design
2107: /
2098: /
2066:Illustration
2059:Print design
2029:Brand design
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1856:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:22 September
1834:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1810:22 September
1808:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1598:
1589:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1454:
1443:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1398:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1343:
1334:
1313:cite journal
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1238:
1228:, retrieved
1206:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1175:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1119:www.iehn.org
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:
990:. Retrieved
986:
962:. Retrieved
945:, pp. 38–40.
942:
926:
898:. New York:
893:
857:
817:
814:
802:
799:
784:
780:
776:
759:
751:
747:
732:
723:
712:Please help
707:verification
704:
678:permaculture
658:holistically
655:
640:
631:
620:Please help
615:verification
612:
546:
523:
516:
505:
494:
476:carcinogenic
450:
436:
379:
375:
365:
363:
349:Waste = Food
348:
328:
322:
312:
302:
296:
278:
268:
267:all harmful
264:heavy metals
255:
252:
244:
223:
215:
200:
185:
172:
169:Introduction
162:
151:
145:
140:
136:
125:
101:John T. Lyle
82:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
5012:conferences
4883:Procurement
4826:Development
4726:Advertising
4688:Measurement
4622:Tidal power
4617:Small hydro
4582:Micro hydro
4445:Biosecurity
4397:Appropriate
4326:Sustainable
4309:Advertising
4231:Consumption
4221:Development
3661:competition
3618:Slow design
3568:Form factor
3538:Concept art
3347:HTML editor
3027:Sustainable
2862:For testing
2706:By contract
2562:Work design
2537:Drug design
2509:engineering
2383:Icon design
2361:Game design
2339:Interaction
2287:Sustainable
2220:Sustainable
2109:Type design
2086:Photography
2081:News design
2024:Book design
2019:Advertising
1998:Disciplines
1486:"C2C house"
688:Constraints
499:(LEED) and
468:teratogenic
335:plastic cup
330:Downcycling
291:Definitions
262:materials,
78:metabolisms
5164:Categories
4903:Sanitation
4858:Livelihood
4781:Ecovillage
4766:Eco-cities
4683:Accounting
4592:Pico hydro
4572:Hydropower
4390:Technology
4188:Principles
3953:MET Matrix
3821:Wiktionary
3814:Wikisource
3768:technology
3738:principles
3337:Storyboard
3163:management
3158:leadership
3123:Privacy by
2962:Parametric
2932:Metadesign
2902:Integrated
2892:High-level
2877:Generative
2872:Functional
2741:Continuous
2736:Contextual
2711:C-K theory
2671:Approaches
2413:Web design
2267:CMF design
2247:Industrial
2105:Typography
1445:2022-06-18
1400:Metropolis
1230:2022-06-18
1019:2020-01-07
992:2020-01-07
909:0865475873
871:References
805:eco-design
795:Airbus 380
569:Huangbaiyu
510:(HUI) and
191:downcycled
97:waste free
85:ecosystems
74:biomimetic
4996:Recycling
4991:Planetary
4981:Materials
4976:Landscape
4961:Fisheries
4928:Transport
4853:Landscape
4836:Marketing
4811:Gardening
4751:Community
4698:Reporting
4562:Footprint
4450:Biosphere
3933:ISO 14000
3807:Wikiquote
3793:Wikibooks
3743:rationale
3708:knowledge
3683:education
3603:OODA loop
3327:Prototype
3312:Flowchart
3270:Blueprint
3138:computing
3074:Universal
3022:Safe-life
2927:Low-level
2917:Iterative
2897:Inclusive
2882:Geodesign
2773:Defensive
2721:Co-design
2691:Affective
1140:"Biofoam"
865:Upcycling
682:earthship
666:eco-costs
472:mutagenic
343:recycling
323:Materials
307:inorganic
275:Economics
260:mutagenic
220:Structure
212:landmass.
209:decompose
158:manifesto
5109:Category
4908:Sourcing
4843:Greening
4736:Business
4612:Security
4607:Scarcity
3967:Concepts
3893:Ecolabel
3800:Wikinews
3733:paradigm
3713:language
3693:engineer
3688:elements
3678:director
3363:property
3208:thinking
3198:strategy
3183:research
3143:controls
3101:Empathic
3032:Systemic
2992:Rational
2947:New Wave
2761:Critical
1984:Designer
1858:21 March
1411:June 30,
935:Archived
918:47623923
826:See also
427:mycelium
93:holistic
5142:Degrees
5135:Studies
5128:Science
4923:Tourism
4816:Geopark
4806:Finance
4801:Fashion
4376:Control
4264:Ethical
4173:Outline
3918:EIO-LCA
3786:Commons
3758:studies
3703:history
3671:student
3656:classic
3644:Design
3558:.design
3486:Graphex
3188:science
3178:pattern
3173:methods
3148:culture
3131:Design
2942:Modular
2795:Diffuse
2716:Closure
2438:Ceramic
2096:Signage
1979:Outline
1830:iso.org
1804:iso.org
1784:26 July
1754:26 July
1722:26 July
1701:26 July
1675:26 July
1645:26 July
1623:26 July
1566:26 July
1522:26 July
1496:26 July
1470:26 July
1381:The Age
1280:26 July
1254:26 July
1186:26 July
1156:26 July
1124:26 July
1099:26 July
1074:26 July
1044:26 July
964:26 July
534:Bangkok
530:Cologne
394:Biofoam
189:being "
89:organic
72:) is a
5091:(2015)
5068:(2000)
5062:(1997)
5046:(1992)
5034:(1987)
4966:Forest
4868:Market
4863:Living
4480:Energy
4336:Market
4014:Exergy
3763:studio
3748:review
3728:museum
3651:change
3459:Awards
3332:Sketch
3317:Mockup
3297:CAutoD
3238:Awards
3203:theory
3193:sprint
3168:marker
3133:choice
2507:&
2505:design
2341:design
2249:design
2131:design
2049:Motion
2011:design
1968:Design
1557:"Home"
1358:
1221:
916:
906:
249:Health
175:fibers
5121:Lists
5001:Waste
4913:Space
4821:Green
4555:Water
4314:Brand
4178:Index
3888:DPSIR
3871:Tools
3646:brief
3533:Agile
3252:Tools
3229:Tools
2867:For X
2503:Other
2422:Other
1748:(PDF)
1741:(PDF)
1150:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
542:Korea
538:Daegu
526:Milan
195:waste
68:, or
4741:City
4508:Food
3723:load
3718:life
3698:firm
3285:CAID
3153:flow
3069:TRIZ
2957:Open
1860:2019
1838:2019
1812:2019
1786:2017
1756:2017
1724:2017
1703:2017
1677:2017
1647:2017
1625:2017
1568:2017
1524:2017
1498:2017
1472:2017
1413:2007
1356:ISBN
1326:help
1282:2017
1256:2017
1219:ISBN
1188:2017
1158:2017
1126:2017
1101:2017
1076:2017
1046:2017
966:2017
914:OCLC
904:ISBN
581:The
574:The
563:The
536:and
203:are
179:dyes
156:, a
111:and
58:2CC2
4731:Art
3280:CAD
3260:AAD
3037:SOD
3017:RWD
2887:HCD
2354:EED
2203:EID
1436:doi
1348:doi
1301:doi
1211:doi
941:in
716:by
624:by
103:'s
62:C2C
5166::
1915:.
1903:.
1891:.
1879:.
1828:.
1802:.
1772:.
1694:.
1663:.
1597:.
1559:.
1541:.
1434:.
1430:.
1397:.
1379:.
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1311:{{
1217:,
1205:,
1174:.
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1907:.
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1328:)
1324:(
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