383:
simply, treated everyone courteously, and walked humbly before God. Modest even to the verge of timidity, he could be stern and bold, and utterly forgetful of self, if responsibility had to be met, or danger confronted. Gentle, forbearing, faithful to every wise instinct, he kept the covenant of a heart's true love until his days were numbered. He had strength of will and power of endurance. The minor heroisms which make up so large a share of a physician's experience, and of which the world knows so little, wrote many a paragraph in the annals of his life. We shall give the manly virtues of
Christian integrity of Crawford Long a dwelling place where so many of the elect of our life already gathered."
357:
388:
321:
Ascertaining this fact, through negligence I have now permitted a much longer time to elapse than I designed, or than my professional friends with whom I consulted advised; but as no account has been published, (so far as I have been able to ascertain), of the inhalation of ether being used to prevent pain in surgical operations as early as March 1842. My friends think I would be doing myself injustice, not to notify my brethren of the medical profession of my priority of the use of ether by inhalation in surgical practice.
190:
347:
until Marion Sims, a New York surgeon, published the first major article about Long's contribution. Today, the majority of scholars concur that Long performed the first successful surgery using anesthesia. In fact, Long administered ether to 7 patients, none of whom felt any pain during their operations, several years prior to Morton's 1846 public exposition. One of Long's letters is very revealing as to the origins of Morton's ideas. He wrote,
370:
contribution to surgery. The men included Morton, Horace Wells of
Hartford, Connecticut, and Charles J. Jackson. Throughout what became known as the "ether controversy", the men vied for a reward of $ 200,000 from the US Congress. Initially, it appears as though many were reluctant to give Long any credit. William Welch reportedly said,
158:
364:
Reportedly, Long failed to publish his findings until 1849 for two reasons. Firstly, he wished to confirm the results of his experiments several times before propagating his ideas. Secondly, he wished to wait to see if another medical practitioner came forward to counter Morton's claims to discovery,
271:
from the neck of a patient, James M. Venable. He administered sulfuric ether on a towel and simply had the patient inhale. He performed many other surgeries using this technique during the next few years, introducing the technique to his obstetrics practice as well. Long subsequently removed a second
346:
Long was the first obstetric anesthetist. In 1845, he had his wife inhale while she was giving birth. Until recently, his practice of using inhalation anesthesia dominated obstetrics. In 1849, Long announced his discovery in a small local magazine. However, he did not receive significant recognition
337:
on June 16, 1878, shortly after helping to deliver a baby. He is buried alongside his wife in Oconee Hill
Cemetery in Athens, Georgia. Throughout his professional career, Long was strongly convinced of his calling to serve humanity. He said that his profession was a "ministry from God" and that "his
382:
Standing here in the presence of his remains, I am this day but the voice of the church, of his professional brethren, and of this whole community when I say in Dr. Long's death we have lost an excellent man. He assumed nothing, and was thoroughly truthful in looks, tone, manner and action; lived
351:
Permit me to say then, that a
Dentist and a surgeon from Boston, Mass. were in Jefferson Jackson County in 1842, 3 or 4 and remained for several weeks. The dentist practiced his profession & the surgeon operated for strabismus-I have always thought it probable, that the Dentist was Morton or
310:
which alerted Long to this other claim. Furthermore, the
January 1847 issue of the editorial featured more evidence and etherization experiments. Although Long had informed several surgical colleagues who had similarly administered ether in their practices, and performed six additional surgeries
369:
Long began asking his patients to submit affidavits corroborating his discovery. Long almost certainly discovered the anesthetic powers of ether before Morton demonstrated its ability to dull pain during surgery to the general public, but several other men sought credit for their supposed joint
332:
Long married
Caroline Swain in 1842 and together they had twelve children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. The family moved to Atlanta in 1850, then again to Athens in 1851 to be closer to friends and family. Here, Long and his brother Robert opened a private practice and pharmacy on Broad
320:
A controversy soon ensued between Messrs. Jackson, Morton and Wells, in regard to who was entitled to the honor of being the discoverer of the anaesthetic powers of ether, and a considerable time elapsed before I was able to ascertain the exact period when their first operations were performed.
311:
since his initial discovery, Morton is generally credited with the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia. After these articles surfaced, Long began documenting the details of his experiments, collecting patient accounts, and notarizing their letters. He reported his own findings to the
352:
Wells, & that a knowledge of my use of ether in surgical operations was obtained at that time. I have not been able to ascertain the name of the dentist, if you know the history of Dr. Wells, you can possibly asertain (sic) whether he travelled South at the time mentioned."
315:
in 1849. While he was in
Augusta, he learned of two additional physicians staking an ether claim – Charles Jackson and Horace Wells. It was at this time that his findings were finally published. He addressed the controversy in his first publication:
272:
tumor from
Venable and used ether as an anesthetic in amputations and childbirth. Despite his continued use of the ether anesthetic, Long did not immediately publish his findings. The results of these trials were eventually published in 1849 in
1386:
1219:
1509:
426:, Georgia was named in his honor in 1931 and retained that name for 78 years. In 2009 the hospital was renamed "Emory University Hospital Midtown". References to Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital are retained on exterior monuments.
240:. Here, Long was able to study under Benjamin Dudley, a revered surgeon. He observed and participated in many surgeries and noted the effects of operating without anesthesia. Long transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in
329:, a U.S. Senator, to present his claims of ether anesthesia discovery to the attention of Congress. Despite his extensive petitioning and documented proof, he never received full credit for his discovery during his lifetime.
881:
Men of Mark in
Georgia: A Complete and Elaborate History of the State from Its Settlement to the Present Time, Chiefly Told in Biographies and Autobiographies of the Most Eminent Men of Each Period of Georgia's Progress and
467:
934:
1340:
Some personal recollections and private correspondence of Dr. Crawford
Williamson Long, discoverer of anæsthesia with sulphuric ether; together with documentary proofs of his priority in this wonderful
404:
On August 14, 1920, the Georgia state legislature proposed a constitutional amendment to create a new county from the western portions of Liberty County, to be named after Long. The amendment creating
398:
In 1879, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that Long was the official discoverer of anesthesia. "Doctors Day" is celebrated on March 30 every year to commemorate Long's contributions.
333:
Street, just across from campus. During the Civil War, he joined a militia unit in Athens, but was never called to duty. Instead he served there as a surgeon to soldiers on both sides. He died of a
245:
205:, Georgia on November 1, 1815, to James and Elizabeth Long. His father was a state senator, a merchant and a planter, and named his son after his close friend and colleague, Georgia statesman
378:
In 1879, a year after Long's death, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that he was the official discoverer of anesthesia. At Long's funeral, Chancellor Andrew Lipscomb said:
430:
374:
We cannot assign to him any influence upon the historical development of our knowledge of surgical anesthesia or any share in its introduction to the world at large."
244:
after spending only a year at Transylvania College, and was exposed to some of the most advanced medical technology of the time. He received his M.D. degree at the
1081:
1529:
1524:
1278:
1539:
1549:
356:
401:
The University of Pennsylvania memorialized Crawford W. Long in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 1912, with a bulletin and bronze medallion.
1499:
312:
1494:
602:
944:
665:
632:
44:
1018:
868:"Crawford W. Long's First Publication concerning His Use of Ether for Anesthesia", JLR Medical Group. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017.
456:
392:
277:
1159:
1544:
1534:
303:
787:
Long, CW (1849). "An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations".
284:
225:
726:
Anaya-Prado, Roberto; Schadegg-Peña, Daniel (2015). "Crawford Williamson Long: The True Pioneer of Surgical Anesthesia".
1085:
419:
576:
1504:
477:
365:
a physician who potentially discovered anesthesia prior to himself. After reading about Morton's demonstration in the
387:
1489:
111:
1475:
Crawford W. Long Collection at Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Historical Collections, Emory University
1189:
1059:
523:– dentist who demonstrated the use of ether in surgery prior to the time Long's activities were generally known
444:, has been in operation since 1957. A monument in honor of Long was unveiled in Jefferson on April 21, 1910.
251:
After an 18-month internship in New York, Long returned to Georgia. He took over a rural medical practice in
903:
532:
437:
256:
202:
157:
514:
851:
807:"The first patient to whom Crawford Williamson Long administered s[ulphuric] ether c. 1854–1910"
471:
452:
448:
326:
288:
213:
198:
107:
68:
1519:
1514:
702:
520:
405:
299:
233:
1457:
189:
237:
206:
843:
751:
460:
441:
252:
229:
221:
982:
822:"Surgical History: Crawford Long, Alfred Blalock, Louis Wright, and Georgia's Surgical Heritage"
1392:
1373:
1326:
1309:
1295:
1264:
1233:
1225:
1140:
1034:
1014:
940:
886:
743:
661:
655:
526:
409:
610:
1365:
1344:
1318:
1287:
1256:
1130:
1120:
833:
735:
416:
259:, in 1841. After observing the same physiological effects with diethyl ether ("ether") that
1435:
217:
87:
1160:"Imagining in time. Documenting the discovery of anesthesia: the Crawford W. Long Museum"
1135:
1108:
1356:
Keys, T. E. (1972). "Historical vignettes. Dr. Crawford Williamson Long (1815–1878)".
1483:
1369:
879:
264:
174:
125:
847:
755:
1429:
1348:
292:
260:
241:
212:
By the age of fourteen, he had graduated from the local academy and applied to the
1322:
983:"Bulletin of memorial to Crawford W. Long, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1912 April"
739:
463:). Crawford Long Middle School, in Atlanta, Georgia, was also named in his honor.
855:
1456:
1260:
517:– claimed to be the first to discover the anesthetic properties of diethyl ether
17:
1307:
Das, Sakti; Nation Earl F. (2004). "Hugh Hampton Young, the anesthesiologist".
1190:"Dr. Crawford W. Long Monument. Unveiled at Jefferson, Georgia. April 21, 1910"
838:
821:
306:
in Boston, Massachusetts. His work was published in the December 1846 issue of
1425:
178:
170:
121:
1125:
492:
479:
298:
On October 16, 1846, unaware of Long's prior work with ether during surgery,
1291:
1237:
1396:
1330:
1144:
747:
338:
highest ambition was to do good and leave the world better by his labors."
267:
in 1800, Long used ether for the first time on March 30, 1842, to remove a
1463:
1377:
1299:
1268:
43:
1474:
1082:"Emory Crawford Long Hospital Renamed Emory University Hospital Midtown"
423:
1005:
334:
1510:
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
1084:(Press release). Emory Healthcare. February 13, 2009. Archived from
806:
1276:"Crawford W. Long (1815–1878) discoverer of ether for anesthesia".
455:
as one of the two designated monuments to represent Georgia in the
704:
The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans
386:
355:
268:
188:
1247:
1229:
1411:
1039:. Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1925. p. 150
302:
administered ether anesthesia before a medical audience at the
169:(November 1, 1815 – June 16, 1878) was an American surgeon and
232:. In 1835, he received his A.M. degree. He began his study at
1245:
Crawford, WM (February 1984). "More on the ether operation".
885:. Vol. 2. Atlanta, Georgia: A. B. Caldwell. pp.
433:" of postage stamps in 1940, and in 1978 with a postcard.
570:
568:
470:
on December 6, 1977. It is on Crawford W. Long Street in
1388:
Crawford W. Long & the Discovery of Ether Anesthesia
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
1462:
408:
was ratified on November 2, 1920. The county seat is
276:. An original copy of this publication is held in the
939:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 121.
701:
Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard, eds. (1904).
898:
896:
150:
138:
117:
103:
95:
76:
50:
34:
878:Northen, William J.; Graves, John Temple (1910).
707:. Vol. VII. Boston: The Biographical Society
1224:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
1221:The first anesthetic: the story of Crawford Long
1113:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
936:The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long
1450:– via Athens Historic Newspapers Archive.
291:. Long was also a cousin of the western legend
1007:Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins
609:. Southern Medical Association. Archived from
1455:Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.).
8:
295:, and may have operated on Doc's cleft lip.
220:. It was here he met and shared a room with
1470:. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
633:"Crawford Long Birthsite historical marker"
529:– first physician to use general anesthesia
1158:Murdock, Eugene J.; Deaver, Susan (1996).
971:. Wood Library – Museum of Anesthesiology.
42:
31:
1134:
1124:
1013:. Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 135.
837:
657:Historical Gazetteer of the United States
274:The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal
1109:"A Philatelic History of Anesthesiology"
173:best known for his first use of inhaled
1194:Historic Postcard Collection, RG 48-2-5
1060:"Hospital name change enhances mission"
544:
466:Long's childhood home was added to the
535:, courthouse, site of a statue of Long
928:
926:
924:
789:Southern Medical and Surgical Journal
7:
1530:Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
1058:Goodwin, Sarah (February 16, 2009).
769:
767:
765:
468:National Register of Historic Places
459:(the other is his college roommate,
1525:People from Madison County, Georgia
969:The History of Surgical Anesthesia
654:Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013).
575:Madden, M. Leslie (May 14, 2004).
283:Crawford Long was a member of the
25:
1458:"Long, Crawford Williamson"
1391:. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.
1062:(Press release). Emory University
457:National Statuary Hall Collection
393:National Statuary Hall Collection
278:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1540:19th-century American physicians
1442:. Athens, Georgia. June 16, 1901
1370:10.1213/00000539-197211000-00011
728:Journal of Investigative Surgery
691:. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017.
193:Crawford Long U.S. postage stamp
156:
1550:Burials at Oconee Hill Cemetery
809:. National Library of Medicine.
777:. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017
224:, future Vice President of the
27:19th-century American physician
1436:"The Discovery of Anaesthesia"
360:Crawford Long Bronze Medallion
304:Massachusetts General Hospital
1:
1412:"The Crawford W. Long Museum"
1385:Taylor, Frances Long (1928).
1323:10.1016/j.urology.2003.10.057
740:10.3109/08941939.2015.1061826
715:– via Internet Archive.
583:. University of Georgia Press
285:Demosthenian Literary Society
226:Confederate States of America
1500:University of Georgia alumni
1465:American Medical Biographies
985:. Digital Library of Georgia
933:Boland, Frank Kells (2009).
635:. Digital Library of Georgia
1261:10.1056/NEJM198402233100824
1036:Georgia's Official Register
1004:Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975).
577:"Crawford Long (1815–1878)"
451:stands in the crypt of the
1566:
1495:American anesthesiologists
839:10.1177/000313481608200209
660:. Routledge. p. 227.
313:Medical College of Georgia
246:University of Pennsylvania
112:University of Pennsylvania
1047:– via Google Books.
820:Nakayama, Don K. (2016).
429:Long was honored in the "
420:Crawford W. Long Hospital
417:Emory-University-operated
155:
146:
131:
41:
1343:. Atlanta: Jos. Jacobs.
1126:10.4103/0970-9185.105788
908:Architect of the Capitol
581:New Georgia Encyclopedia
325:In 1854, Long requested
167:Crawford Williamson Long
55:Crawford Williamson Long
1349:2027/mdp.39015078655415
1338:Jacobs, Joseph (1919).
1292:10.1001/jama.194.9.1008
533:Madison County, Georgia
438:Crawford W. Long Museum
287:while a student at the
236:in the fall of 1836 in
1107:Sekhar, K. C. (2013).
515:Charles Thomas Jackson
474:. Its coordinates are
431:Famous American Series
395:
385:
376:
361:
354:
323:
194:
1545:History of anesthesia
1535:19th-century surgeons
967:Keys, Thomas (1961).
493:34.12611°N 83.22444°W
472:Danielsville, Georgia
453:United States Capitol
390:
380:
372:
359:
349:
327:William Crosby Dawson
318:
289:University of Georgia
214:University of Georgia
192:
108:University of Georgia
1088:on February 26, 2009
687:"Crawford W. Long."
613:on February 13, 2015
521:William T. G. Morton
300:William T. G. Morton
234:Transylvania College
1440:Athens Daily Banner
1286:(9): 1008–9. 1965.
1218:Boland, FK (1950).
773:Crawford W. Long."
498:34.12611; -83.22444
489: /
238:Lexington, Kentucky
207:William H. Crawford
1505:History of Atlanta
1196:. Georgia Archives
904:"Crawford W. Long"
603:"Crawford W. Long"
461:Alexander Stephens
442:Jefferson, Georgia
396:
362:
263:had described for
230:American Civil War
222:Alexander Stephens
195:
1490:American surgeons
367:Medical Examiner,
197:Long was born in
164:
163:
133:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1557:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1400:
1381:
1352:
1334:
1303:
1272:
1241:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
979:
973:
972:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
930:
919:
918:
916:
914:
900:
891:
890:
875:
869:
866:
860:
859:
841:
826:American Surgeon
817:
811:
810:
803:
797:
796:
784:
778:
771:
760:
759:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
698:
692:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
629:
623:
622:
620:
618:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
572:
504:
503:
501:
500:
499:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
391:Statue of Long,
308:Medical Examiner
160:
83:
65:November 1, 1815
64:
62:
46:
32:
21:
18:Crawford W. Long
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1480:
1479:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1384:
1355:
1337:
1306:
1275:
1244:
1217:
1214:
1212:Further reading
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1010:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
981:
980:
976:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
947:
932:
931:
922:
912:
910:
902:
901:
894:
877:
876:
872:
867:
863:
819:
818:
814:
805:
804:
800:
786:
785:
781:
772:
763:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
700:
699:
695:
686:
682:
672:
670:
668:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
631:
630:
626:
616:
614:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
574:
573:
546:
542:
511:
497:
495:
491:
488:
483:
480:
478:
476:
475:
344:
187:
110:
104:Alma mater
91:
85:
81:
72:
66:
60:
58:
57:
56:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1452:
1432:
1423:
1406:
1405:External links
1403:
1402:
1401:
1382:
1353:
1335:
1304:
1273:
1242:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1181:
1150:
1099:
1073:
1050:
1026:
1019:
996:
974:
959:
946:978-0820334363
945:
920:
892:
870:
861:
812:
798:
779:
761:
734:(4): 181–187.
718:
693:
680:
667:978-1135948597
666:
646:
624:
594:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
527:Hanaoka Seishū
524:
518:
510:
507:
449:statue of Long
343:
340:
257:Jackson County
203:Madison County
186:
183:
175:sulfuric ether
162:
161:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
128:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
84:(aged 62)
78:
74:
73:
67:
54:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:Crawford Long
1424:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:(3): 628–30.
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:0-915430-00-2
1016:
1009:
1008:
1000:
997:
984:
978:
975:
970:
963:
960:
948:
942:
938:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
888:
884:
883:
874:
871:
865:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
802:
799:
794:
790:
783:
780:
776:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
706:
705:
697:
694:
690:
684:
681:
669:
663:
659:
658:
650:
647:
634:
628:
625:
612:
608:
604:
598:
595:
582:
578:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
545:
539:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
502:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
421:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
368:
358:
353:
348:
341:
339:
336:
330:
328:
322:
317:
314:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
270:
266:
265:nitrous oxide
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
191:
185:Life and work
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
80:June 16, 1878
79:
75:
70:
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:Crawford Long
33:
30:
19:
1464:
1446:February 13,
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:Find a Grave
1417:February 18,
1415:. Retrieved
1387:
1361:
1358:Anesth Analg
1357:
1339:
1314:
1308:
1283:
1277:
1252:
1246:
1220:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1164:AANA Journal
1163:
1153:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1092:February 13,
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1076:
1066:February 13,
1064:. Retrieved
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1035:
1029:
1006:
999:
987:. Retrieved
977:
968:
962:
950:. Retrieved
935:
911:. Retrieved
907:
880:
873:
864:
829:
825:
815:
801:
792:
788:
782:
775:SMA Alliance
774:
731:
727:
721:
709:. Retrieved
703:
696:
689:SMA Alliance
688:
683:
673:November 30,
671:. Retrieved
656:
649:
637:. Retrieved
627:
617:February 13,
615:. Retrieved
611:the original
607:Doctors' Day
606:
597:
585:. Retrieved
580:
465:
446:
440:in downtown
435:
428:
422:in downtown
414:
403:
400:
397:
381:
377:
373:
366:
363:
350:
345:
331:
324:
319:
307:
297:
293:Doc Holliday
282:
273:
261:Humphry Davy
250:
242:Philadelphia
211:
199:Danielsville
196:
166:
165:
132:
82:(1878-06-16)
69:Danielsville
29:
1520:1878 deaths
1515:1815 births
882:Development
496: /
406:Long County
228:during the
124:induced by
96:Nationality
1484:Categories
1364:(6): 865.
1255:(8): 534.
1174:August 15,
856:1784460895
795:: 705–713.
540:References
484:83°13′28″W
481:34°07′34″N
179:anesthetic
171:pharmacist
122:Anesthesia
61:1815-11-01
1341:discovery
1119:(1): 22.
832:(2): 90.
253:Jefferson
248:in 1839.
151:Signature
90:, Georgia
71:, Georgia
1331:15351622
1238:14654575
1230:50007365
1145:23492850
852:ProQuest
848:20903529
756:39396647
748:26268419
509:See also
410:Ludowici
142:Medicine
99:American
1397:1848152
1378:4564633
1310:Urology
1300:5321288
1269:6363934
1200:June 1,
1170:(1): 60
1136:3590535
989:June 1,
952:June 1,
913:June 1,
639:June 1,
424:Atlanta
1467:
1395:
1376:
1329:
1298:
1267:
1236:
1228:
1143:
1133:
1043:May 9,
1017:
943:
854:
846:
754:
746:
711:May 9,
664:
587:May 9,
342:Legacy
335:stroke
218:Athens
177:as an
139:Fields
88:Athens
1011:(PDF)
889:–136.
844:S2CID
752:S2CID
269:tumor
126:ether
1448:2015
1419:2015
1393:OCLC
1374:PMID
1327:PMID
1296:PMID
1279:JAMA
1265:PMID
1248:NEJM
1234:OCLC
1226:LCCN
1202:2016
1176:2016
1141:PMID
1094:2015
1068:2015
1045:2022
1015:ISBN
991:2016
954:2016
941:ISBN
915:2016
744:PMID
713:2022
675:2013
662:ISBN
641:2016
619:2015
589:2022
436:The
415:The
77:Died
51:Born
1428:at
1366:doi
1345:hdl
1319:doi
1288:doi
1284:194
1257:doi
1253:310
1131:PMC
1121:doi
887:131
834:doi
736:doi
216:in
1486::
1461:.
1438:.
1372:.
1362:51
1360:.
1325:.
1315:64
1313:.
1294:.
1282:.
1263:.
1251:.
1232:.
1192:.
1168:64
1166:.
1162:.
1139:.
1129:.
1117:29
1115:.
1111:.
923:^
906:.
895:^
850:.
842:.
830:82
828:.
824:.
791:.
764:^
750:.
742:.
732:28
730:.
605:.
579:.
547:^
505:.
447:A
412:.
280:.
255:,
209:.
201:,
181:.
1421:.
1399:.
1380:.
1368::
1351:.
1347::
1333:.
1321::
1302:.
1290::
1271:.
1259::
1240:.
1204:.
1178:.
1147:.
1123::
1096:.
1070:.
1023:.
993:.
956:.
917:.
858:.
836::
793:5
758:.
738::
677:.
643:.
621:.
591:.
63:)
59:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.