1289:. However, there is no direct evidence that the existence of large Carnivora caused the extinction of these taxa, and in many cases (in Africa throughout the Early and Middle Miocene, and in North America and Eurasia during much of the Oligocene), hyaenodonts thrived in environments in which large carnivorans such as nimravids and (later) larger amphicyonids were also present as competitors. Theories that suggest they were outcompeted by the Carnivora include that their smaller brains limited their intelligence, but carnivoran brain sizes have not always been consistently large throughout their evolution, and the importance of brain size as a factor in intelligence has been vastly overestimated in the past when these ideas were published. Other speculations focus on their limb structure, which limited leg movement to a vertical plane, as in ungulates; they were unable to turn their wrists and forearms inward to trip, slash, or grab prey as some modern carnivores can. Creodonts had to depend entirely on their jaws to capture prey, which may be why creodonts generally had a larger head size in relation to their bodies than carnivores of similar stature. However, many carnivorans, such as large
830:
846:
798:. One pair performed the largest cutting function (either M1/m2 or M2/m3). This arrangement is unlike modern carnivorans, which use P4 and m1 for carnassials. This difference suggests convergent evolution among meat-eaters, with a separate evolutionary history and an order-level distinction, given that different teeth evolved as the carnassials both between creodonts and carnivorans, and between oxyaenids and hyaenodonts. Carnassials are also known in other flesh-eating mammal clades, such as in the extinct
960:
177:
981:
926:
1070:
909:
858:
1037:
998:
124:
1225:
1055:
1308:, allowing the rearmost molar teeth to evolve adaptations for feeding on non-meat foods. In creodonts, either the first upper and second lower molars, or the second upper and third lower molars, were the primary carnassials, and the rear teeth formed a carnassial series. This structure committed them to eating meat almost exclusively, which may have limited their ability to exploit
943:
756:. M2 and m3 form the carnassials. M3 is present in most species, while m3 is always present. Manus and pes range from plantigrade to digitigrade. The fibula articulates with the calcaneum, while the astragalar-cuboid articulation is reduced or absent. Terminal phalanges are compressed and fissured at the tip.
1316:
ecological niches. These differences may have caused environmental changes to affect hyaenodonts and oxyaenids differently than they did many carnivorans, as the former would have been restricted to largely or entirely faunivorous diets, while many (though not all) carnivoran lineages were/are able
1134:
seen in other mammal genera. A proposed explanation for this phenomenon is that the increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere directly affected carnivores through increased temperature and aridity and also indirectly affected them by reducing the size of their herbivorous prey through the
666:
between oxyaenids and hyaenodontids is a large metastylar blade on the first molar (M1), but he believes that that feature is common for all basal eutheria. Separating
Oxyaenidae from Hyaenodontidae would also comport with biogeographic evidence, since the first oxyaenid is known from the North
593:
Over time, various groups and species were removed from this order. It stabilized in the mid-20th century as representing oxyaenids, hyaenodonts, mesonychids, and arctocyonids, which were understood as the major groups of flesh-eating placental mammals that were not members of the
Carnivora. It
816:
Different molars were involved in the two major groups of creodonts. In the
Oxyaenidae, M1 and m2 that form the carnassials. Among the hyaenodontids, it is M2 and m3. Unlike most modern carnivorans, in which the carnassials are the sole shearing teeth, other creodont molars have a subordinate
791:, but later forms often had reduced numbers of incisors, premolars and/or molars. The canines are always large and pointed. The lateral incisors are large, while the medial incisors are usually small. Premolars are primitive, with one primary cusp and various secondary cusps.
478:, but are not their direct ancestors. It is still unclear how closely the two families are related to each other. In general, classification is complicated by the fact that relationships among fossil mammals are usually decided by similarities in the teeth, but the teeth of
1461:
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the
Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae".
1193:, one of the most common carnivorous mammals in early Eocene North America, developed a more open trigonid on M3 over the course of the Early Eocene, increasing the shearing ability of the carnassials. A similar development can be seen by comparing
651:) in the other. However, some phylogenetic analysis recover them as a natural group, such as a phylogenetic analysis of Paleocene mammals published in 2015 that supported the monophyly of Creodonta, and placed the group as relatives of clade
1183:. Small forms had somewhat strong postmetacrista-metastellar crests suggesting that they were probably opportunistic feeders, eating such things as eggs, birds, small mammals, insects and possibly plant matter as well, possibly like extant
419:. The first large, obviously carnivorous mammals appeared with the radiation of the oxyaenids in the late Paleocene. During the Paleogene, "creodont" species were the most abundant terrestrial carnivores in the Old World. In
1381:
Kenneth E. Kinman (1994.) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable
Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88
1293:, are also dependent on their jaws alone to capture prey yet do so effectively even in situations where they must tackle large prey alone, so this also fails to provide a satisfactory explanation.
1020:
Creodonts had generalized postcranial skeletons. Their limbs were mesaxonic (with the axis of the foot provided by the middle of their five digits). Their method of locomotion ranged from
1897:
Solé, Floréal; Ladevèze, Sandrine (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars".
698:) within Hyaenodontidae. Gunnell is agnostic whether Limnocyonidae is a group within Hyaenodontidae (although a sister group to the rest of hyaenodontids) or entirely separate.
896:(which were probably derived features for the group). Many creodonts had proportionately large heads. In primitive forms, the auditory bullae was not ossified. Generally the
495:, a scissors-like modification of upper and lower cheek teeth that was used to slice muscle tissue. This adaptation is also seen in other clades of predatory mammals.
2516:
2411:"New Earliest Wasatchian Mammalian Fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: Composition and Diversity in a Rarely Sampled High-Floodplain Assemblage"
2363:
2572:
1529:
Janis, Christine M.; Baskin, Jon A.; Berta, Annalisa; Flynn, John J.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Hunt, Robert M. Jr.; Martin, Larry D.; Munthe, Kathleen (1998).
1429:
Kretzoi, N. (1929.) "Materialien zur phylogenetischen
Klassifikation der Aeluroïdeen. X Congres International de Zoologie, Budapest 1927., 2, 1293–1355.
430:"Creodont" groups had an extensive range, both geographically and temporally. They are known from the late Paleocene through the late Oligocene in
1404:
Miklos
Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.
2134:
1148:
collected in the
Bridger Basin of southern Wyoming was the size of a full-grown black bear with a head almost the size of an adult male lion.
2454:
2301:
2276:
1616:
1542:
1508:
405:, not a natural group. Oxyaenids are first known from the Palaeocene of North America, while hyaenodonts hail from the Palaeocene of Africa.
1941:"Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
1151:
During the
Central Asia Expedition of 1930 by the American Museum of Natural History, the largest creodont ever discovered was collected:
2106:
1099:. The larger animals, however, were not known until late in the Paleocene with the radiation of the oxyaenids, such as the puma-sized
1393:"Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science"
2318:
2005:"The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian"
1418:
1272:
1958:, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya"
1451:
Trouessart, E. L. (1879.) "Catalogue des mammifères vivants et fossiles. III. Insectivora." Rev. Mag. Zool. 3è ser. 7: 219 – 285.
2319:"Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming"
1285:
Several theories have suggested that hyaenodonts and oxyaenids became extinct because they were outcompeted by the newly-evolved
1131:
759:
The limnocyonids had the following features according to
Gunnell: M3/m3 were reduced or absent, other teeth were unreduced. The
2340:
1250:
692:. Wortman had even erected a subfamily of Limnocyoninae within the oxyaenids. Van Valen nests the same subfamily (including
880:
Creodonts had long, narrow skulls with small brains. The skull narrowed considerably behind the eyes, producing a distinct
829:
2567:
455:
Though often assumed to have been outcompeted by carnivorans, there is little empirical support for this. The last genus,
2385:
571:"Inadaptive Creodonta" (Creodonta inadaptiva), group that includes "Pseudocreodi" (oxyaenids and hyaenodontids) and the
845:
1537:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–90.
1392:
1235:
1246:
868:
fossils: (1) Right upper cheek teeth, P2-M2; (2) Left ramus of mandible (p2-m2); (3) Right ramus of mandible (c-m2)
176:
1254:
1239:
1372:
T. C. Winkler (1893.) "De Gewervelde Dieren van Het Verleden." Palaeontologische Studiën in Telyer's Museum 1-291
1866:"Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)"
1787:
Russell, Loris S. (1954). "Evidence of Tooth Structure on the Relationships of the Early Groups of Carnivora".
1611:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–109.
701:
According to Gunnell, the defining features of the oxyaenids include: A small braincase low in the skull. The
2045:
1865:
578:"Adaptive Creodonta" (Creodonta adaptiva), made up of the miacids and the taxa included in the wastebasket "
556:. In 1884, however, he regarded them as a basal group from which both carnivorans and insectivorans arose.
2469:
2261:
Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph F.; Krajewski, Carey (2015).
972:
744:
Likewise, Gunnell's list of defining features of hyaenodontids includes: Long, narrow skull with a narrow
560:
537:
1669:
670:
Complicating this arrangement is the tentative endorsement by Gunnell of the erection of a third family,
2529:
1179:
Early creodonts (both oxyaenids and hyaenodontids) displayed the tribosphenic molars common for basal
609:
assemblage of carnivorous placental mammals (and not a natural group), and members of Creodonta being
423:
Africa, hyaenodonts were the dominant group of large flesh-eaters, persisting until the middle of the
2226:
1969:
1337:
483:
1101:
817:
shearing functions. The difference in which teeth form the carnassials is a major argument for the
667:
American early Paleocene and the first hyaenodontids are from very late Paleocene of North Africa.
504:
246:
1413:
Romer, A. S. (1966.) "Vertebrate Paleontology." University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 3rd edition
586:
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2004:
1985:
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1914:
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1538:
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452:, one of the largest mammalian land predators of all time, weighing an estimated 800 kg.
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1953:
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Creodonts ranged in size from the size of a small cat to the 800-kilogram (1,800 lb)
980:
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714:
652:
354:
2507:
2156:
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1973:
1670:"Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction"
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2238:
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2294:
Evolving Eden: An Illustrated Guide to the Evolution of the African Large-Mammal Fauna
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73:
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2119:
1565:
The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and relationships of the major extant clades
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1187:. Larger forms had greater shearing capacity and the capacity increased over time.
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398:
394:
157:
1981:
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489:"Creodonts" share with the Carnivora, and many other predatory mammal clades, the
123:
2339:
Chester, Stephen G. B.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Secord, Ross; Boyer, Doug M. (2010).
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151:
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48:
2328:. Ann Arbor: Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. pp. 141–180.
2135:"A further study of the lower Eocene mammalian faunas of southwestern Wyoming"
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508:
358:
269:
93:
58:
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389:. Originally thought to be a single group of animals ancestral to the modern
2446:
1637:"A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators"
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1918:
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2217:
Denison, Robert Howland (October 1937). "The Broad-Skulled Pseudocreodi".
786:
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wide at base and narrowing dorsally (to give it a triangular shape). The
656:
602:. By 1969, Creodonta contained only the oxyaenids and the hyaenodontids.
599:
525:
208:
136:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
446:. While most were small-to-medium sized mammals, among their number was
17:
1816:
1641:
1607:. In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).
1533:. In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).
1290:
1195:
702:
674:. The group includes taxa that were once considered oxyaenids, such as
613:
to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives) within clade
424:
410:
370:
114:
103:
78:
2064:
1910:
1712:
807:, as well as highly unrelated taxa such as the flesh-eating marsupial
463:
2326:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2172:
1850:
1773:
1737:
1699:
Cope, E. D. (March–December 1880). "On the Genera of the Creodonta".
1180:
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makes a semicircular expansion on the face. The mandibles have heavy
443:
435:
416:
386:
378:
218:
198:
163:
132:
2463:
2197:"Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum"
1800:
1440:"The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene."
1758:"The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene"
2345:(Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum"
965:
Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of the skull of the hyaenodontid
851:
Upper teeth of creodonts from Middle Eocene Bridger Basin, Wyoming
763:
was elongated. The animals themselves were small to medium-sized.
618:
614:
228:
2417:(28). Ann Arbor: Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan.
1882:
2044:
Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015).
1211:
with the smaller, more generalized feeders among the creodonts.
836:
605:
More recently, "Creodonta" had been considered to be a nonvalid
559:
Hyaenodontidae was not included among the creodonts until 1909.
439:
382:
2467:
1162:
to which it bore many similarities. It has been estimated that
471:
Most modern paleontologists agree both "creodont" families are
2317:
Gunnell, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (September 30, 1991).
2157:"A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas"
1339:
On the Supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains
1218:
1130:) seem to have experienced the dwarfing phenomenon during the
799:
713:. M1 and m2 form the carnassials, while M3/m3 are absent. The
2046:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
585:
and "Primitive Creodonta" (Creodonta primitiva), made up of
1609:
Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals
1535:
Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals
1442:
Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
1166:
attained the body mass of twice the largest American lion.
2104:
Polly, P. D. (1994). "What, if anything, is a creodont?".
2003:
Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020).
1497:
Lambert, David; et al. (The Diagram Group) (1985).
1158:. Its dimensions were described as 50% greater than the
1668:
Muizon, Christian; Lange-Badré, Brigitte (2007-03-29).
2144:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Museum. pp. 1–98.
1751:
1749:
1747:
27:
Former order of extinct flesh-eating placental mammals
2267:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
1732:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1729:
The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West
442:, and from the late Paleocene to the late Miocene in
408:
Creodonts were the dominant carnivorous mammals from
2442:
The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores
2386:"A Giant oxyaenid from the Upper Eocene of Mongolia"
2364:"Osteology of Patriofelis, a Middle Eocene Creodont"
524:. In 1880. he expanded the term to include families
2476:
2296:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 77.
1395:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
594:became increasingly clear that arctocyonids were a
2161:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1839:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
438:, from the late Paleocene through late Miocene in
2155:Matthew, William Diller; Granger, Walter (1915).
1762:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
1701:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1563:Rose, Kenneth David; Archibald, J. David (2005).
598:and mesonychids might be more closely related to
415:, peaking in diversity and prevalence during the
2404:
2402:
1939:Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018).
1567:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1598:
1596:
1594:
1630:
1628:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
552:. Cope originally placed creodonts within the
486:, to deal with the mechanics of eating meat.
434:, the early Eocene through late Oligocene in
8:
1952:Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019).
1864:Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017).
1828:
1826:
1524:
1522:
1520:
2371:Bulletin American Museum of Natural History
1558:
1556:
1554:
1331:
1329:
1253:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1048:from the American Museum of Natural History
1028:. The terminal phalanges were fused claws.
931:Lateral outline and front view of skull of
2464:
2219:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2212:
2210:
563:regarded Creodonta as a suborder of order
482:species may evolve similar shapes through
122:
31:
2264:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
2177:In this paper the authors rename Marsh's
2133:Gazin, Charles Lewis (January 17, 1962).
2080:
2020:
1881:
1273:Learn how and when to remove this message
1105:and the probably bone-crushing scavenger
662:Polly has argued that the only available
393:, this order is now usually considered a
1503:. New York: Facts on File Publications.
888:segments of the cranium. They had large
741:are compressed and fissured at the tip.
397:assemblage of two different groups, the
1835:"Deltatheridia, a New Order of Mammals"
1756:Matthew, William Diller (August 1909).
1325:
1138:The largest North American creodont is
721:are plantigrade or subplantigrade. The
291:
2292:Turner, Alan; Antón, Mauricio (2004).
1355:
1345:
2142:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
1075:Mounted skeleton of the hyaenodontid
839:and typical hyaenodontid and oxyaenid
794:Creodonts have two or three pairs of
7:
1317:to subsist on plant matter as well.
1251:adding citations to reliable sources
2251:(Subscription or payment required.)
1500:The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life
1464:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2384:Granger, Walter (April 21, 1938).
2239:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1937.tb55483.x
2107:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1962:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1686:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x
835:Comparison of carnassial teeth of
25:
2573:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
2439:Macdonald, David (January 1992).
1342:. Vol. 27. pp. 444–449.
1296:In the Carnivora, the last upper
2185:and include it among the miacids
1655:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x
1635:Sorkin, Boris (December 2008) .
1223:
1132:Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
1068:
1053:
1035:
996:
979:
958:
941:
924:
907:
856:
844:
828:
629:plus its stem-relatives (family
175:
2341:"A New Small-Bodied Species of
2195:Wortman, J. Lewis (July 1902).
2022:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13
748:and a high narrow occiput. The
2349:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2120:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592
776:Among primitive creodonts the
621:), split in two groups: order
1:
2409:Gingerich, Philip D. (1989).
1982:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
1391:Arthur Sperry Pearse, (1936)
1336:Cope, Edward Drinker (1875).
1833:Van Valen, Leigh M. (1966).
1476:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196
2201:American Journal of Science
1899:Evolution & Development
659:and their stem-relatives).
567:, divided in three groups:
507:in 1875. Cope included the
353:("meat teeth") is a former
2589:
2362:Wortman, Jacob L. (1894).
1870:Palaeontologia Electronica
1603:Gunnell, Gregg F. (1998).
1135:same selective pressures.
528:(including Viverravidae),
503:"Creodonta" was coined by
365:that lived from the early
2393:American Museum Novitates
284:
277:
259:
254:
172:Scientific classification
170:
131:Various creodonts of the
130:
121:
34:
950:Sarkastodon mongoliensis
934:Sarkastodon mongoliensis
752:are concave between the
1956:Simbakubwa kutokaafrika
625:as one group and order
499:Systematics and history
466: million years ago
461:, became extinct about
2415:Papers on Paleontology
1438:W. D. Matthew (1909.)
973:Henry Fairfield Osborn
968:Apterodon macrognathus
561:William Diller Matthew
2530:Paleobiology Database
1531:"Carnivorous mammals"
733:articulates with the
725:articulates with the
2568:Obsolete mammal taxa
1726:Cope, E. D. (1884).
1300:and the first lower
1247:improve this section
1016:Postcranial skeleton
538:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
484:convergent evolution
2373:. pp. 129–164.
2351:. pp. 227–243.
2231:1937NYASA..37..163D
2183:Didymictis protenus
1974:2019JVPal..39E0222B
1114:Certain creodonts (
917:Machaeroides eothen
505:Edward Drinker Cope
2179:Limnocyon protenus
2053:Biological Reviews
1081:from Bridger Basin
1060:Reconstruction of
1042:Mount of oxyaenid
989:Hyaenodon horridus
914:Skull of oxyaenid
892:and usually broad
411:55 to 35
340:(Trouessart, 1879)
2545:
2544:
2470:Taxon identifiers
2456:978-0-563-20844-0
2303:978-0-231-11944-3
2278:978-0-8018-8695-9
2203:. pp. 17–23.
2065:10.1111/brv.12242
1911:10.1111/ede.12219
1618:978-0-521-35519-3
1544:978-0-521-35519-3
1510:978-0-8160-1125-4
1283:
1282:
1275:
1062:Patriofelis ferox
1045:Patriofelis ferox
900:were very broad.
596:wastebasket taxon
413:million years ago
363:placental mammals
348:
347:
288:list of synonyms:
250:
16:(Redirected from
2580:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2465:
2460:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1738:10.3133/70038954
1723:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1600:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1333:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1227:
1219:
1175:Diet and feeding
1144:. A specimen of
1072:
1057:
1039:
1000:
983:
962:
945:
928:
911:
882:splanchnocranium
860:
848:
832:
796:carnassial teeth
790:
789:
788:
785:
520:but omitted the
492:carnassial shear
480:hypercarnivorous
467:
414:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
302:Creodontiformes
299:
245:
240:
180:
179:
126:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2472:
2457:
2438:
2435:
2433:Further reading
2430:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2395:. pp. 1–5.
2388:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2015:(13): 185–214.
2002:
2001:
1997:
1968:(1): e1570222.
1951:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1801:10.2307/2405640
1786:
1785:
1781:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1602:
1601:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1244:
1228:
1217:
1177:
1172:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:Limnocyon verus
1001:
993:
992:
984:
976:
975:
963:
954:
953:
952:
946:
938:
937:
929:
921:
920:
912:
898:temporal fossae
890:sagittal crests
878:
873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
861:
853:
852:
849:
841:
840:
833:
782:
781:
774:
769:
754:orbital regions
653:Pholidotamorpha
501:
462:
409:
344:
339:
334:(Matthew, 1909)
333:
328:(Kretzoi, 1929)
327:
321:
316:(Kretzoi, 1945)
315:
309:
303:
298:(Winkler, 1893)
297:
290:
289:
244:
238:
174:
117:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2498:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2398:
2376:
2354:
2331:
2309:
2302:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2225:(1): 163–255.
2206:
2187:
2147:
2125:
2096:
2059:(1): 521–550.
2036:
1995:
1944:
1932:
1889:
1856:
1822:
1795:(2): 166–171.
1779:
1743:
1718:
1707:(107): 76–82.
1691:
1680:(4): 353–366.
1660:
1649:(4): 333–347.
1624:
1617:
1570:
1550:
1543:
1516:
1509:
1489:
1470:(3): 303–322.
1453:
1444:
1431:
1422:
1406:
1397:
1384:
1374:
1365:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1281:
1280:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1017:
1014:
1002:
995:
994:
985:
978:
977:
964:
957:
956:
955:
947:
940:
939:
930:
923:
922:
913:
906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
877:
874:
862:
855:
854:
850:
843:
842:
834:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:
821:of Creodonta.
778:dental formula
773:
770:
768:
765:
591:
590:
583:
576:
522:Hyaenodontidae
500:
497:
346:
345:
343:
342:
336:
330:
326:Paracarnivora
324:
318:
312:
310:(Pearse, 1936)
306:
304:(Kinman, 1994)
300:
294:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
273:
272:
266:
264:Hyaenodontidae
257:
256:
252:
251:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
168:
167:
128:
127:
119:
118:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
41:63.3–8.8
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2585:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2423:2027.42/48628
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Geodiversitas
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:0-7167-1822-7
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:mesocarnivore
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:This section
1230:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:Dipsalidictis
1098:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1007:
999:
991:
990:
982:
974:
970:
969:
961:
951:
944:
936:
935:
927:
919:
918:
910:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
867:
866:
859:
847:
838:
831:
822:
820:
814:
812:
811:
806:
805:
801:
797:
792:
779:
771:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:frontal bones
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:lacrimal bone
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
672:Limnocyonidae
668:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:(in mirorder
616:
615:Pan-Carnivora
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
588:
584:
581:
580:Arctocyonidae
577:
574:
570:
569:
568:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:Ambloctonidae
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Arctocyonidae
527:
523:
519:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
474:
469:
465:
460:
459:
453:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:North America
428:
426:
422:
418:
412:
406:
404:
403:hyaenodontids
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:North America
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
338:Subdidelphia
337:
332:Pseudocreodi
331:
325:
322:(Romer, 1966)
320:Hyaenodontia
319:
313:
307:
301:
296:Creodontidae
295:
292:
283:
280:
276:
271:
267:
265:
261:
260:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
169:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
141:United States
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
2477:
2441:
2414:
2392:
2379:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2343:Palaeonictis
2342:
2334:
2325:
2312:
2293:
2287:
2263:
2256:
2222:
2218:
2200:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2141:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1935:
1905:(2): 56–68.
1902:
1898:
1892:
1883:10.26879/776
1873:
1869:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1765:
1761:
1728:
1721:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1646:
1640:
1608:
1564:
1534:
1499:
1492:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1409:
1400:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1338:
1295:
1284:
1269:
1260:
1245:Please help
1233:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1156:mongoliensis
1152:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1127:Palaeonictis
1125:
1122:Prolimnocyon
1121:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1078:Sinopa rapax
1076:
1061:
1043:
1019:
1004:
987:
966:
949:
932:
915:
886:neurocranium
879:
863:
815:
808:
802:
793:
775:
758:
743:
700:
693:
689:Prolimnocyon
687:
681:
675:
669:
664:synapomorphy
661:
646:
640:
634:
623:Oxyaenodonta
607:polyphyletic
604:
592:
587:Oxyclaenidae
558:
550:Mesonychidae
515:
502:
490:
488:
470:
456:
454:
447:
429:
407:
395:polyphyletic
369:to the late
361:carnivorous
350:
349:
308:Creodontina
241:
162:
158:Machaeroides
156:
150:
144:
143:. From top:
29:
2502:Wikispecies
1768:: 289–576.
1605:"Creodonta"
1356:|work=
1306:carnassials
1164:Sarkastodon
1160:Patriofelis
1154:Sarkastodon
1141:Patriofelis
1096:Sarkastodon
1026:digitigrade
1022:plantigrade
804:Necromantis
746:basicranium
735:cuboid bone
636:Altacreodus
633:and genera
631:Wyolestidae
627:Hyaenodonta
611:sister taxa
573:mesonychids
554:Insectivora
534:Leptictidae
458:Dissopsalis
449:Sarkastodon
293:Creodontia
152:Patriofelis
146:Tritemnodon
2552:Categories
1876:(3): 55A.
1321:References
1215:Extinction
1202:Prototomus
1108:Dipsalodon
810:Thylacoleo
767:Morphology
731:astragalus
729:, and the
695:Oxyaenodon
648:Tinerhodon
642:Simidectes
542:Oxyaenidae
517:Didymictis
513:viverravid
473:related to
373:epochs in
314:Creophaga
270:Oxyaenidae
225:Mirorder:
2558:Creodonta
2508:Creodonta
2478:Creodonta
2447:BBC Books
2247:129936019
2173:2246/1373
2167:: 4–103.
2073:1464-7931
2031:219585388
1990:145972918
1851:2246/1126
1809:0014-3820
1789:Evolution
1774:2246/5744
1358:ignored (
1348:cite book
1287:Carnivora
1263:June 2024
1234:does not
1208:Limnocyon
1185:viverrids
1003:Skull of
986:Skull of
819:polyphyly
772:Dentition
739:phalanges
727:calcaneum
711:symphysis
683:Thinocyon
677:Limnocyon
657:pangolins
600:ungulates
565:Carnivora
509:oxyaenids
476:Carnivora
421:Oligocene
399:oxyaenids
391:Carnivora
367:Paleocene
351:Creodonta
255:Families
242:Creodonta
195:Kingdom:
189:Eukaryota
111:Paleocene
35:Creodonta
2487:Wikidata
2091:28075073
1927:46774007
1919:28181377
1484:84475034
1314:omnivore
1304:are the
1298:premolar
1181:therians
1146:P. ferox
948:Head of
894:mastoids
526:Miacidae
511:and the
401:and the
279:Synonyms
219:Mammalia
209:Chordata
205:Phylum:
199:Animalia
185:Domain:
137:Colorado
113:to Late
18:Creodont
2493:Q691406
2227:Bibcode
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2082:6849585
1970:Bibcode
1817:2405640
1674:Lethaia
1642:Lethaia
1255:removed
1240:sources
1196:Oxyaena
1170:Biology
876:Cranium
787:3.1.4.3
784:3.1.4.3
761:rostrum
703:occiput
425:Miocene
371:Miocene
359:extinct
235:Order:
215:Class:
115:Miocene
2453:
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865:Sinopa
737:. The
723:fibula
444:Africa
436:Europe
417:Eocene
387:Africa
379:Europe
249:, 1875
164:Sinopa
161:, and
133:Eocene
109:Early
2563:Ferae
2535:40902
2522:12202
2517:IRMNG
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2367:(PDF)
2322:(PDF)
2243:S2CID
2138:(PDF)
2049:(PDF)
2027:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1923:S2CID
1813:JSTOR
1709:JSTOR
1480:S2CID
1382:pages
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1190:Arfia
1117:Arfia
715:manus
619:Ferae
536:(now
355:order
229:Ferae
2451:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2087:PMID
2069:ISSN
1915:PMID
1805:ISSN
1613:ISBN
1539:ISBN
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1415:ISBN
1360:help
1312:and
1238:any
1236:cite
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1089:Size
884:and
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247:Cope
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2269:356
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2169:hdl
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2061:doi
2017:doi
1978:doi
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