815:'—a derivation of the word Acadian, indicating French Canadian settlers as ancestors. The distinction between "Cajuns" and "Creoles" is stronger today than it was in the past because American racial ideologies have strongly influenced the meaning of the word "Creole" to the extent that there is no longer unanimous agreement among Louisianians on the word's precise definition. Today, many assume that any francophone person of European descent is Cajun and any francophone of African descent is Creole—a false assumption that would not have been recognized in the nineteenth century. Some assert that "Creole" refers to aristocratic urbanites whereas "Cajuns" are agrarian members of the francophone working class, but this is another relatively recent distinction. Creoles may be of any race and live in any area, rural or urban. The Creole culture of Southwest Louisiana is thus more similar to the culture dominant in Acadiana than it is to the Creole culture of New Orleans. Though the land areas overlap around New Orleans and down river, Cajun/Creole culture and language extend westward all along the southern coast of Louisiana, concentrating in areas southwest of New Orleans around Lafayette, and as far as Crowley, Abbeville, and into the rice belt of Louisiana nearer Lake Charles and the Texas border.
735:
ethnic background—white, African, or any mixture thereof—from
European immigrants and slaves imported from Africa. Later, the term was racialized after newly arrived Anglo-Americans began to associate créolité, or the quality of being Creole, with racially mixed ancestry. This caused many white Creoles to eventually abandon the label out of fear that the term would lead mainstream Americans to believe them to be of racially mixed descent (and thus endanger their livelihoods or social standing). Later writers occasionally make distinctions among French Creoles (of European ancestry), Creoles of Color (of mixed ethnic ancestry), and occasionally, African Creoles (of primarily African descendant); these categories, however, are later inventions, and most primary documents from the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries make use of the word "Creole" without any additional qualifier. Creoles of Spanish and German descent also exist, and Spanish Creoles survive today as
699:
681:
926:
819:
398:“A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding the main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.”
846:, who were preceded by another order, the sisters of the Sacred Heart, with whom they lived until their first convent could be built with monies from the French Crown. (Both orders still educate girls in 2010). The "fiery Latin temperament" described by early scholars on New Orleans culture made sweeping generalizations to accommodate Creoles of Spanish heritage as well as the original French. The mixed-race Creoles, descendants of mixing of European colonists, slaves, and Native Americans or sometimes
664:
1284:
1395:
727:. Both the word and the ethnic group derive from a similar usage, beginning in the Caribbean in the 16th century, which distinguished people born in the French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies from the various new arrivals born in their respective, non-Caribbean homelands. Some writers from other parts of the country have mistakenly assumed the term to refer only to people of mixed racial descent, but this is not the traditional
1042:
857:, a word from the Spanish language meaning "created" and used in the post-French governance period to distinguish the two groups of New Orleans area and down river Creoles. Both mixed race and European Creole groups share many traditions and language, but their socio-economic roots differed in the original period of Louisiana history. Actually, the French word Créole is derived from the Portuguese word
140:
184:. Often involuntarily separated from their ancestral homelands, these populations were forced to adapt and create a new way of life. Through a process of cultural amalgamation, they selectively adopted and merged desirable elements from their varied heritages. This resulted in the emergence of novel social norms, languages, and cultural practices that transcended their individual origins.
33:
842:
cultivated the land, keeping the ill-equipped French
Colonists from starvation during the Colonial Period and adopting commonly spoken French and creole (arriving with the exiles) as a language of trade. Creoles are largely Roman Catholic and influenced by traditional French and Spanish culture left from the first Colonial Period, officially beginning in 1722 with the arrival of the
2747:
248:
850:(free men and women of colour), first appeared during the colonial periods with the arrival of slave populations. Most Creoles, regardless of race, generally consider themselves to share a collective culture. Non-Louisianans often fail to appreciate this and assume that all Creoles are of mixed race, which is historically inaccurate.
1458:, since the 16th century. During the early Spanish colonial period the Spaniards had a policy selecting promising assimilationist Indigenous to educate and indoctrinate. They were accepted into the colonial leadership but sometimes remained in Spain. Among the descendants of these assimilated sons of chiefs are the Aztec descended
547:
200:
beget"; which is also the source of the
English word "create". It originally referred to the descendants of European colonists who had been born in the colony. Creole is also known by cognates in other languages, such as crioulo, criollo, creolo, créole, kriolu, criol, kreyol, kreol, kriol, krio, and kriyoyo.
1508:
A typical Creole person from the
Caribbean has French, Spanish, Portuguese, British, or Dutch ancestry, mixed with sub-Saharan African ethnicities, and sometimes mixed with Native Indigenous peoples of the Americas. As workers from Asia entered the Caribbean, Creole people of colour intermarried with
841:
have drifted into popular culture. Traditional creole is spoken among those families determined to keep the language alive or in regions below New
Orleans around St. James and St. John Parishes where German immigrants originally settled (also known as 'the German Coast', or La CĂ´te des Allemands) and
1504:
In many parts of the
Southern Caribbean, the term Creole people is used to refer to the mixed-race descendants of Europeans and Africans born in the islands. Over time, there was intermarriage with Amerindians and residents from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America as well. They eventually formed
963:
Black Texas
Creoles have been present in Texas ever since the 1600s; they served as soldiers in Spanish garrisons of eastern Texas. Generations of Black Texas Creoles, also known as "Black Tejanos", played a role in later phases of Texas history: Mexican Texas, Republic of Texas, and American Texas.
734:
In
Louisiana, the term "Creole" was first used to describe people born in Louisiana, who used the term to distinguish themselves from newly arrived immigrants. It was not a racial or ethnic identifier; it was simply synonymous with "born in the New World," meant to separate native-born people of any
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led to the importation of
Indonesian, East African and Southeast Asian slaves, who intermingled with Dutch settlers and the indigenous population leading to the development of a creolized population in the early 1700s. Additionally, Portuguese traders mixed with African communities, in what is now
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of Canada are also
Creoles in a strict sense, and there are many historical examples of people of full European ancestry and with Acadian surnames, such as the influential Alexandre and Alfred Mouton, being explicitly described as "Creoles." Today, however, the descendants of the Acadians are more
199:
The English word creole derives from the French créole, which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo, a diminutive of cria meaning a person raised in one's house. Cria is derived from criar, meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare, meaning "to make, bring forth, produce,
1390:
could've gotten away with passing as criollo because their features would be strikingly European and so many of them would assume such identity in passing, mainly for economic reasons. "Criollo" came to refer to things distinctive of the region, as it is used today, in expressions such as "comida
273:
of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged in Africa:
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who are of Mauritian ancestry or those who are both racially mixed and Christian. The Mauritian Constitution identifies four communities namely, Hindu, Muslim, Chinese and the General Population. Creoles are included in the General Population category along with white Christians.
803:. The children of slaves brought primarily from Western Africa were also considered Creoles, as were children born of unions between Native Americans and non-Natives. Creole culture in Louisiana thus consists of a unique blend of European, Native American, and African cultures.
837:. (There is a distinction between "Creole" people and the "creole" language. Not all Creoles speak creole—many speak French, Spanish, or English as primary languages.) Spoken creole is dying with continued 'Americanization' in the area. Most remaining Creole
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and Malagueños, both found in southern Louisiana. However, all racial categories of Creoles - from Caucasian, mixed racial, African, to Native American - tended to think and refer to themselves solely as Creole, a commonality in many other
1168:. They often had Portuguese names and were sometimes mixed race. Their knowledge of different cultures made them skilled traders and negotiators, but some were enslaved and arrived in the Chesapeake Colonies as the Charter Generation of
1489:
Although many of the Spanish Americans in the islands were also persons of pure Spanish descent, they, along with many Mestizos and Castizos from Spanish America living in the East Indies were also classified as "Americanos".
1434:
currently is used for people whose ancestors were already present in the territory in the colonial period, regardless their ethnicity. The exception are dark-skinned African people and current indigenous groups.
2320:
1509:
Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Javanese, Filipinos, Koreans, and Hmongs. The latter combinations were especially common in Guadeloupe. The foods and cultures are the result of creolization of these influences.
680:
211:
parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use as in the name for languages started from 1879, while as an adjective for languages, its use began around 1748.
2635:
Ethnologue codes Guadeloupean French Creole (spoken in Guadeloupe and Martinique) and Saint Lucian Creole French (spoken in Dominica and Saint Lucia) distinctly, with the respective ISO 639-3 codes:
763:
to describe a broad cultural group of people of all races who share a colonial Louisianian background. Louisianians who identify themselves as "Creole" are most commonly from historically
640:). Also, during the early settlement of the colonies, children born of immigrants in the colonies were often referred to as "Creole". This is found more often in the Chesapeake Colonies.
911:. A community known as Creoletown is located in Pascagoula, with its history on record. Many in this location are Catholic and have also used the Creole, French. and English languages.
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698:
925:
153:
Creole peoples represent a diverse array of ethnicities, each possessing a distinct cultural identity that has been shaped over time. It is crucial to distinguish the emergence of
2436:
2486:
232:, the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In
1845:
2316:
566:
Alaskan Creole, sometimes colloquially spelled "Kriol" in English (from Russian креол), are a unique people who first came about through the intermingling of
756:'s various cultures. This racial neutrality persists to the modern day, as many Creoles do not use race as a factor for being a part of the ethno-culture.
1423:") over Criollos for the top military, administrative, and religious offices due to the former mismanagement of the colonies on a previous Habsburg era.
1141:. Now often considered to be part of the wider Yoruba ethnicity, the Saros have been prominent in politics, the law, religion, the arts, and journalism.
1135:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - where many of them had ancestral ties - subsequently caused the creation of an offshoot in that country, the
977:
Unlike the Americas, the term coloured is preferred in Southern Africa to refer to mixed people of African and European descent. The colonisation of the
1006:
and Makonde. Today, mixed race communities exist across the region, notably so in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. In colonial era Zambia, the term
628:
before 1660. Some had lived and worked in Europe or the Caribbean before coming (or being transported) to North America. Examples of such men included
1470:
eventually led the Spanish American Criollo elite to rebel against the Spanish rule. With the support of the lower classes, they engaged Spain in the
2601:
221:
refers to the descendants of Europeans born in the Americas, but also in some countries, to describe something local or very typical of a particular
1010:
was often used though it has largely fallen out of use in the modern era and is no longer recognized at the national level. Today, South African
1867:
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1471:
625:
2594:"Vista de Sobre Mark A. Burkholder y D. S. Chandler, from impotence to authority. The Spanish crown and the American audiencias, 1687-1808"
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937:) distinguished old-world Africans and Europeans from their descendants born in the new world, Creoles; they composed the citizen class of
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a common culture based on their experience of living together in countries colonized by the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British.
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favouritism and political and economic activity. Their influence in the modern republic remains considerable, and their language
1065:
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1474:(1810–1826), which ended with the break-up of the former Spanish Empire in the Americas into a number of independent republics.
50:
2291:
150:
may refer to various ethnic groups around the world. The term's meaning exhibits regional variations, often sparking debate.
97:
54:
1265:
1156:
to describe a group of people from Angola and Central Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries with cultural or ethnic ties to
608:
to describe a group of people from Angola and Central Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries with cultural or ethnic ties to
1386:, descent. Those with mostly European descent were considered on the basis of their “passing” for white. For example, many
1033:
is used in Angola and Mozambique to refer to mixed race people, who enjoyed a certain privilege during the Portuguese era.
69:
1800:. In: Hemer, O., Povrzanović Frykman, M., Ristilammi, PM. (eds) Conviviality at the Crossroads. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
1459:
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2643:. However, it notes that their rate of comprehension is 90%, which would qualify them as dialects of a single language.
1192:
818:
310:
896:
715:, the words "Louisiana Creole" refers to people of any race or mixture thereof who are descended from colonial French
663:
76:
2032:
1183:
of mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several major ethnic groups in Africa, especially in
1975:
833:
Louisiana Creoles historically spoke a variety of languages; today, the most prominent include Louisiana French and
2201:
1518:
1110:
1093:
513:
2119:
43:
2787:
2751:
2356:"Featured Article: Creole Policy and Practice in Russian America – Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest"
1300:
508:
191:, is characterized by rapid social change that ultimately leads to the formation of a distinct Creole identity.
83:
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The War Before the War Fugitive Slaves and the Struggle for America's Soul from the Revolution to the Civil War
1663:
982:
518:
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Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist
2064:
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area," but this, too, is not historically accurate. People all across the Louisiana territory, including the
2777:
2772:
1323:, Mauritian Creoles will be identified based on both ethnicity and religion. Mauritian Creoles being either
1296:
908:
760:
649:
495:
483:
263:
133:
2433:"Two histories, one future: Louisiana sugar planters, their slaves, and the Anglo-Creole schism, 1815-1865"
1319:
The usage of creole in the islands of the southwest of the Indian Ocean varies according to the island. In
65:
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1105:
in their methods, the Creoles established a comfortable dominance in the country through a combination of
1084:- over several generations in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to the eventual creation of the
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of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in
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Cohen, Robin (2007). "Creolization and Cultural Globalization: The Soft Sounds of Fugitive Power".
1616:
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2317:"Creoles of Alaska – Kreol explores their fascinating history | International Magazine Kreol"
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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
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956:, who established a number of settlements in southeastern Texas and western Louisiana (e.g.
870:
834:
653:
559:
488:
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366:
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244:
the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European lifestyle.
154:
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The extension of these Sierra Leoneans' business and religious activities to neighbouring
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880:
764:
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633:
601:
584:
430:
236:, the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In
1760:
1041:
2717:
2623:"insular | Definición | Diccionario de la lengua española | RAE - ASALE"
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1633:
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1398:
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1374:
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settlers before the Louisiana region became part of the United States in 1803 with the
620:. Some of these people arrived in the Chesapeake Colonies as the Charter Generation of
571:
446:
420:
378:
291:
217:
416:
The following ethnic groups have been historically characterized as "Creole" peoples:
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1188:
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342:
338:
283:
188:
139:
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women in the late 18th century and assumed a prominent position in the economy of
240:, the term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans and in neighboring
207:, the term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or
2235:
Whiteness in Africa: Americo-Liberians and the Transformative Geographies of Race
1653:
1137:
1077:
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994:, who were loyal to the Portuguese crown and served to advance its interests in
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358:
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173:
32:
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1601:
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Creolization history, ethnography, theory. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
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comprising people born in the colonies with total or mostly European, mainly
17:
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784:
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229:
204:
998:. A legacy of this era are the numerous Portuguese words that have entered
875:
identified as Creoles, as evidenced by the continued existence of the term
2746:
2682:
St. Lucian Kwéyòl on Saint Croix: A Study of Language Choice and Attitudes
2483:"Creoletown: Name, racial identity of community lost in Pascagoula's past"
2281:, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
2024:
1724:
1967:
1673:
1596:
1387:
1122:
987:
807:
768:
237:
157:, frequently associated with Creole ethnicity, as a separate phenomenon.
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262:
In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the
247:
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2091:
1678:
1668:
1621:
1169:
1132:
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177:
1968:"creole | Origin and meaning of creole by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1937:
Louisiana's 'Creoles of Color': Ethnicity, Marginality, and Identity,
1212:
1161:
1157:
812:
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and Canada. Many Louisiana Creole families arrived in Louisiana from
772:
771:
communities. Some of their ancestors came to Louisiana directly from
613:
609:
580:
337:, the term Creole applies to all people born on the island, while in
314:
181:
2257:
Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
2224:. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164
2107:
1527:"Kreyòl" or "Kwéyòl" or "Patois/Patwa" refers to the French-lexicon
861:, which described people born in the Americas as opposed to Spain.
795:, along with other immigrants from Caribbean colonial centers like
2056:
1462:. By the 19th century, this discrimination and the example of the
1393:
1379:
1365:
1282:
1040:
817:
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138:
1725:"Creole | History, Culture & Language | Britannica"
1955:
A History of the Old South: The Emergence of a Reluctant Nation,
1824:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 12–23.
546:
129:
Ethnic groups formed from mixed cultural and linguistic ancestry
1919:
White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana.
783:, while others came via the French and Spanish colonies in the
748:
cultures, who tend to lack strict racial separations common in
341:, the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with
2757:
26:
2622:
1996:
1378:(implying "native born") historically denoted a class in the
895:
region has a significant population of Creoles—especially in
1454:
The racially-based caste system was in force throughout the
1997:"Criollo, criolla | Diccionario de la lengua española"
1482:
Persons of pure Spanish descent born in the islands of the
1409:
In the latter period of settlement of Latin America called
1242:
in the local language; the language itself is also called "
1339:
the term creole applies to all people born on the island.
864:
The term is often used to mean simply "pertaining to the
829:
daughter; late 18th-century collage painting, New Orleans
160:
In specific historical contexts, particularly during the
952:(cowboys) of African, Spaniard, or Mestizo descent, and
2167:
2165:
1342:
In all three societies, creole also refers to the new
759:
Contemporary usage has again broadened the meaning of
2542:
2540:
1892:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 1–25.
345:
settlers, later produced a creolized population. The
2577:
Lawrence Clayton; Jim Hoy; Jerald Underwood (2010).
2342:"Alutiiq Word of the Week Archive - People - Creole"
1219:. Only a few of these groups have retained the name
2551:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 100.
1413:, the Bourbon Spanish Crown preferred Spanish-born
986:present day Mozambique and Zimbabwe, to create the
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2258:
1939:Social Science Quarterly 73, No. 3, 1992: 615-623.
1331:The term also indicates the same to the people of
2549:Emily D. West and the "Yellow Rose of Texas" Myth
2506:
2504:
2265:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1486:were called Insulares ("islanders") or Criollos.
180:backgrounds who converged upon newly established
2524:
2522:
2237:(2013). Theses and Dissertations--History. 23.
752:and other countries with large populations from
329:are both either African or ethnically mixed and
395:
172:. These movements involved people from diverse
2566:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 416.
1921:New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986.
187:This process of cultural amalgamation, termed
2685:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 22.
2564:Los Adaes, the First Capital of Spanish Texas
2139:
2137:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1442:is the origin and cognate of the French word
8:
2758:International Organization of Creole Peoples
2459:"Attakapas Post Spanish Militia Rolls, 1792"
2383:First Generations: Women in Colonial America
2222:Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast
2178:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Dialektologie und Linguistik
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1820:Baron, Robert A., and Cara, Ana C. (2011).
1802:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9_3
1287:Women at the Seychelles Creole Festival in
1057:, the mingling of newly freed Africans and
1018:form the majority of the population in the
853:Louisiane Creoles were also referred to as
811:commonly referred to as, and identify as, '
2239:https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23
2051:
2049:
1405:celebrating independence from Spain, 1821.
1364:In regions that were formerly colonies of
2718:"Ethnologue report for language code:acf"
2085:
2083:
2081:
1957:third edition. New York: Macmillan, 1975.
1798:Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality
1391:criolla" ("country" food from the area).
1029:In addition to Coloured people, the term
409:Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2515:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 190.
924:
215:In Spanish-speaking countries, the word
2581:. University of Texas Press. p. 2.
2019:
2017:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1695:
948:" (Creole ranches), attended mostly by
944:Texas Creole culture revolved around "'
806:Louisianians descended from the French
1837:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1719:
1717:
933:In colonial Texas, the term "Creole" (
168:applies to ethnicities formed through
2489:from the original on 22 November 2018
1472:Spanish American wars of independence
1456:Spanish viceroyalties in the Americas
636:(his surname was likely derived from
626:European colonization of the Americas
7:
2419:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
2146:Creolization of Language and Culture
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2122:from the original on March 31, 2022
1822:Creolization as Cultural Creativity
1575:(Surinamese Creole), among others.
1430:, in an ambiguous ethnoracial way,
1346:and incorporating other languages.
373:resulted from the intermingling of
2174:"Afrikaans: Creole or Non-Creole?"
1234:the dominant ethnic group, called
704:New Orleans Creole Matias Alpuente
25:
2660:from the original on 2 April 2014
2654:"The Creole Language of Dominica"
2745:
2579:Vaqueros, Cowboys, and Buckaroos
2471:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1068:from the Western hemisphere and
697:
679:
662:
451:Spanish colonies in the Americas
170:large-scale population movements
31:
2724:from the original on 2005-04-28
2699:from the original on 2017-06-11
2604:from the original on 2019-09-06
2439:from the original on 2021-08-04
2400:from the original on 2023-03-20
2362:from the original on 2022-04-12
2323:from the original on 2022-10-22
2204:from the original on 2021-08-02
2067:from the original on 2022-08-17
2035:from the original on 2022-06-27
2003:from the original on 2021-02-26
1978:from the original on 2019-05-01
1870:from the original on 2022-06-20
1128:spoken throughout the country.
1045:Portrait of a Creole family in
449:(European diaspora born in the
42:needs additional citations for
2547:Phillip Thomas Tucker (2014).
2533:. Free Press. pp. 63, 64.
1152:is a term coined by historian
604:is a term coined by historian
1:
2090:Berlin, Ira (April 1, 1996).
1344:languages derived from French
1115:English-based creole language
879:in the critically endangered
2679:Mitchell, Edward S. (2010).
1578:People speak French-lexicon
1531:in the Caribbean, including
2592:Sudo, Takako (April 1979).
587:and the North Pacific Rim.
2811:
2380:Carol Berkin (July 1997).
2172:Markey, Thomas L. (1982).
2144:Robert Chaudenson (2001).
2096:William and Mary Quarterly
1582:in the following islands:
1519:Languages of the Caribbean
1516:
1497:
1353:
1304:
1294:
954:Tlaxcalan Nahuatl settlers
929:Spanish Creoles from Texas
918:
690:girls in fashionable dress
647:
594:
539:
533:
514:Sierra Leone Creole people
131:
2562:Francis X. Galan (2020).
2529:William C. Davis (2017).
2421:, Oxford University Press
2148:. CRC press. p. 11.
1888:Stewart, Charles (2016).
1769:10.1080/14747730701532492
1301:Seychellois Creole people
1291:celebrate their heritage.
1174:Transatlantic Slave Trade
509:Seychellois Creole people
457:Fernandino Creole peoples
347:Fernandino Creole peoples
2783:African diaspora history
2511:Andrew Delbanco (2019).
2092:"From Creole to African"
1664:McGill family (Monrovia)
1543:. Creole also refers to
1419:(literally "born in the
983:Dutch East India Company
519:Surinamese Creole people
1917:Dominguez, Virginia R.
1708:www.merriam-webster.com
1533:Antillean French Creole
1350:Former Spanish colonies
1297:Mauritian Creole people
1022:and a plurality in the
650:Louisiana Creole people
496:Mauritian Creole people
484:Louisiana Creole people
421:Afro-Brazilian Crioulos
254:signs on Cafe Kreol in
143:Map of Creole languages
1796:Eriksen, T.H. (2020).
1704:"Definition of CREOLE"
1406:
1292:
1050:
930:
893:Mississippi Gulf Coast
830:
563:
479:Liberian Creole people
405:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
401:
321:. The French-speaking
259:
195:Etymology and overview
144:
1864:www.sciencedirect.com
1498:Further information:
1460:Moctezuma de Tultengo
1397:
1380:colonial caste system
1286:
1266:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1223:or variations of it:
1101:in their manners and
1044:
928:
919:Further information:
821:
791:as refugees from the
750:United States History
721:Louisiana (New Spain)
719:and colonial Spanish
549:
536:Alaskan Creole people
474:Afro-Honduran Creoles
462:Haitian Creole people
436:Belizean Kriol people
361:and English-speaking
250:
162:European colonial era
142:
2754:at Wikimedia Commons
2457:Landry, Christophe.
2417:Fowler, H.W. (1926)
2319:. 17 February 2016.
1164:, and sometimes the
616:, and sometimes the
371:Sierra Leone Creoles
182:colonial territories
132:For other uses, see
51:improve this article
2292:"Creoles in Alaska"
2233:Murray, Robert P.,
2057:"Creoles of Africa"
1761:2007Glob....4..369C
1731:. 15 December 2023.
1617:Trinidad and Tobago
1513:Caribbean Languages
1484:Spanish Philippines
1478:Spanish Philippines
1464:American Revolution
1193:SĂŁo TomĂ© e PrĂncipe
996:southeastern Africa
941:'s Tejas province.
823:Free woman of color
597:Chesapeake Colonies
591:Chesapeake Colonies
327:Seychellois Creoles
311:SĂŁo TomĂ© e PrĂncipe
2244:2022-06-14 at the
2061:www.geography.name
2029:www.britannica.com
1972:www.etymonline.com
1807:2023-03-20 at the
1729:www.britannica.com
1639:Creole nationalism
1569:Trinidadian Creole
1541:Trinidadian Creole
1466:and the ideals of
1407:
1360:Creole nationalism
1315:Seychellois Creole
1293:
1070:Liberated Africans
1051:
931:
831:
793:Haitian Revolution
725:Louisiana Purchase
564:
375:African Recaptives
363:Liberated Africans
260:
145:
2750:Media related to
2692:978-1-4438-2147-6
2598:Historia Mexicana
2276:978-0-8020-7402-7
2155:978-0-203-44029-2
1935:Dormon, James H.
1565:Tobagonian Creole
1468:the Enlightenment
1421:Iberian Peninsula
1197:Equatorial Guinea
1145:Portuguese Africa
1126:national language
1091:now known as the
871:pays des Illinois
761:Louisiana Creoles
383:African Americans
367:Americo-Liberians
351:Equatorial Guinea
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2800:
2788:African diaspora
2749:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2531:Lone Star Rising
2526:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2485:. 9 April 2012.
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2294:. Archived from
2288:
2282:
2280:
2264:
2254:
2248:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1964:
1958:
1953:Eaton, Clement.
1951:
1940:
1933:
1922:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1612:Saint-Barthélemy
1580:Antillean Creole
1529:Creole languages
1307:Mauritian Creole
1201:AnnobĂłn Province
1107:British colonial
1066:Jamaican Maroons
835:Louisiana Creole
701:
688:Louisiana Creole
683:
666:
654:Creoles of color
560:Aleutian Islands
489:Creoles of color
431:Atlantic Creoles
412:
399:
280:African American
155:creole languages
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
66:"Creole peoples"
59:
35:
27:
21:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2763:
2762:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2431:Buman, Nathan.
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2246:Wayback Machine
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2108:10.2307/2947401
2089:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:Wayback Machine
1795:
1784:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1659:Kristang people
1630:
1561:Jamaican Patois
1557:Guyanese Creole
1553:Belizean Creole
1549:Bahamian Creole
1525:
1523:Creole language
1515:
1502:
1496:
1480:
1452:
1450:Spanish America
1362:
1354:Main articles:
1352:
1317:
1303:
1295:Main articles:
1281:
1150:Atlantic Creole
1147:
1039:
975:
973:Southern Africa
970:
923:
917:
889:
881:Missouri French
848:Gens de Couleur
754:Northern Europe
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:
702:
693:
692:
691:
684:
675:
674:
673:
667:
656:
648:Main articles:
646:
634:Emanuel Driggus
602:Atlantic Creole
599:
593:
585:Russian America
544:
538:
532:
527:
426:Aku Krio people
414:
403:
397:
269:era, with some
197:
137:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Creole culture
2775:
2773:Creole peoples
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2752:Creole peoples
2741:
2740:External links
2738:
2735:
2734:
2709:
2691:
2671:
2645:
2628:
2614:
2584:
2569:
2554:
2536:
2518:
2500:
2474:
2449:
2423:
2410:
2392:
2372:
2347:
2333:
2308:
2283:
2275:
2249:
2226:
2214:
2184:(2): 169–207.
2161:
2154:
2133:
2077:
2045:
2013:
1988:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1860:"Creolization"
1851:
1830:
1812:
1782:
1755:(3): 369–384.
1749:Globalizations
1734:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Blanqueamiento
1641:
1636:
1634:Criollo people
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1537:Haitian Creole
1514:
1511:
1500:Afro-Caribbean
1495:
1492:
1479:
1476:
1451:
1448:
1356:Criollo people
1351:
1348:
1311:RĂ©union Creole
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1146:
1143:
1072:- such as the
1059:mixed heritage
1049:, early 1900s.
1038:
1035:
974:
971:
969:
966:
916:
913:
897:Pass Christian
888:
885:
789:Saint-Domingue
703:
696:
695:
694:
685:
678:
677:
676:
668:
661:
660:
659:
658:
657:
645:
642:
595:Main article:
592:
589:
572:promyshlenniki
568:Sibero-Russian
556:Alaskan Creole
534:Main article:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
502:RĂ©union Creole
493:
492:
491:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
459:
454:
447:Criollo people
444:
438:
433:
428:
423:
394:
379:Afro-Caribbean
223:Latin American
209:mixed heritage
196:
193:
148:Creole peoples
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2393:9780809016068
2389:
2386:. p. 9.
2385:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2298:on 2011-07-24
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:9781598742787
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1831:9781617031069
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:Guinea-Bissau
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Guinea-Bissau
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:before 1660.
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:lingua franca
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:. Thoroughly
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Yoruba people
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Nova Scotians
1060:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1024:Northern Cape
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Luso-Africans
989:
984:
980:
972:
967:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
927:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
872:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
844:Ursuline Nuns
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
809:
804:
802:
798:
797:Santo Domingo
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:Iberoamerican
743:
738:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:United States
700:
689:
682:
672:
665:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
569:
561:
558:woman in the
557:
553:
548:
543:
537:
529:
525:United States
524:
520:
517:
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40:This article
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18:Creole people
2726:. Retrieved
2712:
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1649:Creolisation
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1573:Sranan Tongo
1545:Bajan Creole
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1089:ethnic group
1086:aristocratic
1055:Sierra Leone
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1047:Sierra Leone
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1020:Western Cape
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2600:: 618–620.
2493:22 November
1654:Indo people
1172:during the
1099:westernized
1078:Igbo people
1037:West Africa
979:Cape Colony
887:Mississippi
866:New Orleans
765:Francophone
742:Francophone
671:New Orleans
624:during the
392:concludes:
381:people and
359:Emancipados
355:Afro-Cubans
164:, the term
107:August 2023
2767:Categories
2728:2022-12-17
2703:2022-12-17
2608:2019-09-06
2443:2019-07-23
2404:2016-10-03
2366:2022-04-12
2327:2022-04-12
2302:2010-07-30
2208:2021-08-02
2102:(2): 266.
2071:2022-06-14
2039:2022-06-14
2007:2022-06-14
1982:2019-04-29
1874:2022-06-23
1690:References
1607:St. Martin
1602:Guadeloupe
1592:Martinique
1517:See also:
1411:La Colonia
1333:Seychelles
1305:See also:
1228:Cape Verde
1217:Mozambique
1205:Ziguinchor
1185:Cape Verde
1154:Ira Berlin
1016:Cape Malay
1008:Eurafrican
909:Pascagoula
827:mixed-race
686:Bourgeois
630:John Punch
606:Ira Berlin
542:Starozhily
540:See also:
467:Affranchis
443:(Crioulos)
319:Mozambique
303:Cape Verde
276:Portuguese
256:Cape Verde
252:Trilingual
174:linguistic
77:newspapers
2793:Ethnonyms
2190:0044-1449
1840:cite book
1587:St. Lucia
1494:Caribbean
1438:The word
1428:Argentina
1403:Guatemala
1321:Mauritius
1209:Casamance
1166:Caribbean
1117:- is the
1103:bourgeois
1012:Coloureds
958:Los Adaes
939:New Spain
785:Caribbean
729:Louisiana
644:Louisiana
638:Rodrigues
618:Caribbean
575:men with
323:Mauritian
230:Caribbean
205:Louisiana
2722:Archived
2697:Archived
2664:31 March
2658:Archived
2602:Archived
2487:Archived
2466:Archived
2437:Archived
2398:Archived
2360:Archived
2321:Archived
2242:Archived
2202:Archived
2198:40501733
2120:Archived
2065:Archived
2033:Archived
2025:"Creole"
2001:Archived
1976:Archived
1868:Archived
1805:Archived
1777:54814946
1628:See also
1597:Dominica
1399:Criollos
1388:castizos
1289:Victoria
1273:Crioulos
1259:Crioulos
1181:Crioulos
1123:de facto
988:Prazeros
950:vaqueros
901:Gulfport
855:criollos
808:Acadians
769:Hispanic
552:Aleutian
299:Crioulos
267:colonial
264:European
238:Suriname
234:Trinidad
225:region.
178:cultural
2126:June 6,
2116:2947401
1757:Bibcode
1679:Mulatto
1669:Mestizo
1622:Grenada
1440:criollo
1432:criollo
1384:Spanish
1375:criollo
1370:Spanish
1337:RĂ©union
1236:Kriolus
1221:crioulo
1133:Nigeria
1094:Creoles
1031:mestiço
981:by the
946:ranchos
935:criollo
921:Tejanos
859:Crioulo
839:lexemes
781:Germany
737:Isleños
731:usage.
711:In the
335:RĂ©union
292:British
228:In the
218:Criollo
91:scholar
2689:
2390:
2273:
2269:–114.
2196:
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2114:
1896:
1828:
1775:
1539:, and
1444:creole
1368:, the
1325:people
1313:, and
1244:Creole
1240:Kriols
1213:Angola
1170:slaves
1162:Europe
1158:Africa
1080:, and
1004:Tsonga
968:Africa
907:, and
905:Biloxi
877:Créole
813:Cajuns
801:Havana
773:France
622:slaves
614:Europe
610:Africa
581:Eskimo
530:Alaska
411:(2020)
407:,
315:Angola
288:French
166:Creole
134:Creole
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2469:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2194:JSTOR
2112:JSTOR
1773:S2CID
1685:Notes
1674:MĂ©tis
1372:word
1366:Spain
1335:. On
1138:Saros
1113:- an
1000:Shona
915:Texas
825:with
779:, or
777:Spain
577:Aleut
500:also
377:with
357:with
343:Dutch
333:. On
284:Dutch
98:JSTOR
84:books
2687:ISBN
2666:2014
2639:and
2495:2018
2388:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2186:ISSN
2150:ISBN
2128:2022
1894:ISBN
1846:link
1826:ISBN
1571:and
1521:and
1358:and
1299:and
1179:The
1121:and
1111:Krio
1074:Akan
1064:and
1014:and
990:and
891:The
799:and
767:and
744:and
652:and
632:and
579:and
369:and
325:and
317:and
297:The
290:and
176:and
70:news
2641:acf
2637:gcf
2104:doi
1765:doi
1426:In
1401:in
1238:or
1211:),
1203:),
1053:In
960:).
550:An
349:of
271:mix
203:In
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