701:(July 2011) will help preserve cultural heritage while increasing the circulation of creative works inside and outside the EU. The programme will play a consequential role in stimulating cross border co-operation, promoting peer learning and making these sectors more professional. The Commission will then propose a financial instrument run by the European Investment Bank to provide debt and equity finance for cultural and creative industries. The role of the non-state actors within the governance regarding Medias will not be neglected anymore. Therefore, building a new approach extolling the crucial importance of a European level playing field industry may boost the adoption of policies aimed at developing a conducive environment, enabling European companies as well as citizens to use their imagination and creativity – both sources of innovation -, and therefore of competitiveness and sustainability. It supposes to tailor the regulatory and institutional frameworks in supporting private-public collaboration, in particular in the Medias sector. The EU therefore plans to develop clusters, financing instruments as well as foresight activities to support this sector. The European Commission wishes to assist European creators and audiovisual enterprises to develop new markets through the use of digital technology, and asks how policy-making can best help achieve this. A more entrepreneurial culture will have to take hold with a more positive attitude towards risk-taking, and a capacity to innovate anticipating future trends. Creativity plays an important role in human resource management as artists and creative professionals can
797:(2009) put it, 'the harnessing of creativity brings with it the potential of new wealth creation, the cultivation of local talent and the generation of creative capital, the development of new export markets, significant multiplier effects throughout the broader economy, the utilisation of information communication technologies and enhanced competitiveness in an increasingly global economy'. A key driver of interest in creative industries and development is the acknowledgement that the value of creative production resides in ideas and individual creativity, and developing countries have rich cultural traditions and pools of creative talent which lay a basic foundation for creative enterprises. Reflecting the growing interest in the potential of creative industries in developing countries, in October 2011 a Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy was created within the Indonesian government with well-known economist
718:
suggest artists' skill sets allow them to "work beyond existing markets and create entirely new opportunities for themselves and others". Specifically, Lingo and Tepper suggest artistic workers are "catalysts of change and innovation" because they "face special challenges managing ambiguity, developing and sustaining a relative identity, and forming community in the context of an individually based enterprise economy" (2013). Because of these adaptive skills, the suggestion is that "studying how artists cope with uncertainty and the factors that influence their success should be relevant for understanding these broader social and
5377:
5401:
5389:
336:, non-profits, and larger businesses, and between those who receive state subsidies (e.g., film) and those who do not (e.g., computer games). The inclusion of the antiques trade often comes into question, since it does not generally involve production (except of reproductions and fakes). The inclusion of all computer services has also been questioned.
725:
This view of artist-as-change-agent changes the questions researchers ask of creative economies. Old research questions would focus on topics like "skills, work practices, contracts, wage differentials, employment incentives, formal credentials, employment pipelines, and labor flows of differentiated
688:
There may be a tendency for publicly funded creative industries development services to inaccurately estimate the number of creative businesses during the mapping process. There is also imprecision in nearly all tax code systems that determine a person's profession, since many creative people operate
470:
The properties described by Caves have been criticized for being too rigid (Towse, 2000). Not all creative workers are purely driven by 'art for art's sake'. The 'ars longa' property also holds for certain noncreative products (i.e., licensed products). The 'time flies' property also holds for large
121:. Some scholars consider that the education industry, including public and private services, are forming a part of the creative industries. There remain, therefore, different definitions of the sector. Last few years delegation from UNESCO want add to Protection of cultural heritage in register .
717:
on artists in the US workforce, the guest editors argue that by examining the work lives of artists, one can identify characteristics and actions that help both individual workers and policy makers adapt to changing economic conditions. Elizabeth Lingo and Steven Tepper cite multiple sources to
297:
do not appear on this list, that emerged from the DCMS reports. This was due, probably, to the fact that engineers occupy relevant positions in "non-cultural" corporations, performing activities of project, management, operation, maintenance, risk analysis and supervision, among others. However,
692:
The creative industries in Europe make a significant contribution to the EU economy, creating about 3% of EU GDP – corresponding to an annual market value of billion – and employing about 6 million people. In addition, the sector plays a crucial role in fostering innovation, in particular for
136:
Various commentators have provided varying suggestions on what activities to include in the concept of "creative industries", and the name itself has become a contested issue – with significant differences and overlap between the terms "creative industries", "cultural industries" and "creative
405:
All workers that are creatively occupied, and are not employed in creative industries (for example, a piano teacher in a school). This includes people whose second job is creative, for example somebody who does weekend gigs, writes books, or produces artwork in their spare
361:
Others have suggested a distinction between those industries that are open to mass production and distribution (film and video; videogames; broadcasting; publishing), and those that are primarily craft-based and are meant to be consumed in a particular place and moment
390:
The primary purpose of this is to quantify – for example it can be used to count the number of firms, and the number of workers, creatively employed in any given location, and hence to identify places with particularly high concentrations of creative activities.
585:(WIPO) assisted in the preparation of national studies that measured the size of over 50 copyright industries around the world. Findings from the recompilation of these studies indicate that the GDP contribution to national economies vary between 2% and 11%.
358:(IDB) has denominated them for Latin America and the Caribbean as the Orange Economy which is defined as the "group of linked activities through which ideas are transformed into cultural goods and services whose value is determined by intellectual property."
918:
1082:
793:(UNCTAD) XI High Level Panel on Creative Industries and Development commissioned several studies to identify challenges and opportunities facing the growth and development of creative industries in developing industries. As Cunningham
378:
The DCMS classifies enterprises and occupations as creative according to what the enterprise primarily produces, and what the worker primarily does. Thus, a company which produces records would be classified as belonging to the music
450:: Skills are vertically differentiated. Artists are ranked on their skills, originality, and proficiency in creative processes and/or products. Small differences in skills and talent may yield huge differences in (financial) success.
5055:
444:: Products are differentiated by quality and uniqueness; each product is a distinct combination of inputs leading to infinite variety options (e.g., works of creative writing, whether poetry, novel, screenplays or otherwise).
5070:
573:
are said to have accounted for around 4% of the world's economic output in 1999, which is the last year for which comprehensive collated figures are currently available. Estimates of the output corresponding to scientific
1049:
438:: For relatively complex creative products (e.g., films), the production requires diversely skilled inputs. Each skilled input must be present and perform at some minimum level to produce a valuable outcome.
394:
It leads to some complications which are not immediately obvious. For example, a security guard working for a music company would be classified as a creative employee, although not as creatively occupied.
298:
historically and presently, several tasks of engineers can be regarded as highly creative, inventive and innovative. The contribution of engineering is represented by new products, processes and services.
156:"those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property"
1477:
5041:
915:
1305:
782:
as a specific area for study and research. Indeed, UK government figures reveal that the UK's creative industries account for over a million jobs and brought in billion to the UK economy (DCMS
513:
concerns. Thus cultural industries are more concerned about delivering other kinds of value—including cultural wealth and social wealth—rather than primarily providing monetary value. (See also
578:
suggest that an additional 4-9% might be attributable to the sector if its definition is extended to include such activities, though the figures vary significantly between different countries.
332:
The DCMS list has proven influential, and many other nations have formally adopted it. It has also been criticised. It has been argued that the division into sectors obscures a divide between
1074:
1373:
Cunningham, Stuart, Ryan, Mark David, Keane, Michael & Ordonez, Diego (2008), ‘Financing
Creative Industries in Developing Countries’, in Diana Barrowclough and Zeljka Kozul-Wright eds,
705:. Moreover, new jobs requiring new skills created in the post-crisis economy should be supported by labour mobility to ensure that people are employed wherever their skills are needed.
402:
All workers employed in creative industries, whether or not creatively occupied (e.g. all musicians, security guards, cleaners, accountants, managers, etc. working for a record company)
1704:
128:
is the ultimate economic resource", and that "the industries of the twenty-first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge through creativity and innovation".
1684:
351:'s classifications, which divide up the creative industries according to who owns the copyrights at various stages during the production and distribution of creative content.
1038:
790:
432:: Workers care about originality, technical professional skill, harmony, etc. of creative goods and are willing to settle for lower wages than offered by 'humdrum' jobs.
5048:
1159:
745:
How do creative workers broker and synthesize across occupational, genre, geographic, and industry boundaries to create new possibilities? (Tepper & Lingo, 2013)
1628:
689:
simultaneously in multiple roles and jobs. Both these factors mean that official statistics relating to the
Creative Industries should be treated with caution.
5433:
5060:
549:. In a study of why particular US cities such as San Francisco seem to attract creative producers, Florida argues that a high proportion of workers from the '
471:
construction projects. Creative industries are therefore not unique, but they score generally higher on these properties relative to non-creative industries.
666:'s collective share of GDP between 2014 and 2016, when calculated across these 450 economic classes, totaled R$ 2,1 trillion Reais or 44,2% of Brazil's GDP.
1744:
1486:
4033:
1309:
1283:
1137:
329:. His definition only includes those industries that create "texts"' or "cultural artefacts" and which engage in some form of industrial reproduction.
582:
5080:
2995:
694:
149:
662:
found that 450 of Brazil's 673 economic classes could be classified as IP-intensive sectors which collectively employed 19,3 million people. The
1456:
742:
How do artistic workers create and manage planned serendipity—the spaces and exchanges that produce unexpected collaborations and opportunities?
485:. Cultural industries are best described as an adjunct-sector of the creative industries. Cultural industries include industries that focus on
1240:
Santos, F. F. S.; Pinheiro, F. C.; Marques, V. (29 October 2021). "Trademark protection and geographical indication in the Cachaça industry".
5090:
2990:
1668:
1615:
697:
the second highest TV viewing figures globally, producing more films than any other region in the world. In that respect, the newly proposed
612:. In terms of employment and depending on the definition of activities included, the sector is a major employer of between 4-6% of the UK's
1780:
140:
Lash and Urry suggest that each of the creative industries has an "irreducible core" concerned with "the exchange of finance for rights in
2287:
1690:
561:
in the cities concerned, for example the existence of a significant public gay community, ethnic and religious variety, and tolerance.
426:: Demand uncertainty exists because the consumers' reaction to a product are neither known beforehand, nor easily understood afterward.
5065:
3845:
1592:
1574:
1556:
1535:
1439:
5085:
3091:
789:
In recent years, creative industries have become 'increasingly attractive to governments outside the developed world'. In 2005, the
1357:
1337:
4803:
2778:
1399:
553:' provide a key input to creative production, which enterprises seek out. He seeks to quantitatively establish the importance of
592:
as an example, in the context of other sectors, the creative industries make a far more significant contribution to output than
5438:
2536:
355:
4073:
124:
The creative industries have been seen to become increasingly important to economic well-being, proponents suggesting that "
5380:
2938:
1803:
1712:
514:
1637:
1377:
4187:
3008:
1445:
833:, a theoretical incipient period in which creativity and imagination will become the primary creators of economic value
4038:
3896:
3416:
3398:
3050:
815:
663:
42:(especially in Europe) or the creative economy, and most recently they have been denominated as the Orange Economy in
778:
will be their greatest asset; in support of this argument, a number of universities in the UK have started to offer
4103:
3018:
2783:
810:
1075:"Does cuisine have a place in the Creative Economy and what role does Creative Leadership play in its production?"
4900:
4356:
3906:
3891:
3864:
3514:
3344:
779:
5247:
4988:
4155:
4048:
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570:
283:
94:
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1129:
5028:
4720:
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3835:
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3339:
2865:
1897:
1275:
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5331:
5242:
5237:
4276:
4202:
3708:
3703:
3448:
2978:
2262:
2257:
825:
229:
5392:
5187:
5102:
4836:
4713:
4432:
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3911:
3669:
3533:
3055:
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2973:
2307:
2130:
1944:
1153:
655:
322:
208:
141:
1219:
888:
5262:
4694:
4550:
4263:
3758:
3652:
3268:
3025:
2968:
2963:
2344:
2107:
1790:
1462:
233:
3555:
1449:
34:
refers to a range of economic activities which are concerned with the generation or exploitation of
5428:
5404:
5346:
5321:
5204:
4935:
4895:
4861:
4595:
4562:
4420:
4234:
4214:
3946:
3774:
3753:
3509:
3241:
2664:
1766:
836:
616:, though this is still significantly less than employment due to traditional areas of work such as
479:
There is often a question about the boundaries between creative industries and the similar term of
509:, and a variety of 'way of life' activities that arguably range from local pet shows to a host of
5299:
5294:
5107:
4940:
4467:
4445:
4440:
4398:
4371:
4331:
3785:
3679:
3633:
3545:
3504:
3487:
3370:
3365:
3086:
3067:
3035:
2880:
2804:
2568:
2424:
2369:
2364:
2058:
1544:
1257:
1039:"Department for Culture, Media & Sport – Creative Industries Economic Estimates January 2015"
763:
719:
613:
506:
333:
730:
How do artists both create changes in the labor market itself and the way cultural work is done?
627:
Within the creative industries sector, and again taking the UK as an example, the three largest
1220:"Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright Industries 2015 Revised Edition"
673:
in the creative industries sometimes make it challenging to calculate accurate figures for the
5167:
4983:
4957:
4945:
4930:
4841:
4689:
4516:
4415:
4346:
4028:
4023:
3963:
3956:
3921:
3684:
3499:
3407:
3155:
3108:
2985:
2845:
2835:
2800:
2790:
2758:
2701:
2696:
2599:
1887:
1845:
1664:
1624:
1611:
1588:
1570:
1552:
1531:
1435:
846:
820:
767:
759:
677:
by each sub-sector. This is particularly the case for the service-focused sub-sectors such as
674:
659:
530:
490:
481:
380:
237:
39:
537:' (his own term) to include nearly all those offering professional knowledge-based services.
5269:
5197:
5192:
4760:
4738:
4698:
4674:
4638:
4610:
4590:
4538:
4383:
4323:
4118:
3901:
3869:
3857:
3738:
3623:
3540:
3482:
3261:
3118:
3113:
3077:
2916:
2659:
2644:
2621:
2594:
2165:
2137:
1961:
1932:
1865:
1745:
Creative
Networks and the City: towards a Cultural Political Economy of Aesthetic Production
1427:
1249:
702:
558:
554:
486:
416:
343:, have preferred to shape their policy around a tighter focus on copyright ownership in the
125:
1195:
456:: When coordinating complex projects with diversely skilled inputs, time is of the essence.
5326:
5274:
4905:
4768:
4623:
4533:
4523:
4511:
4490:
4366:
4351:
4133:
4128:
3968:
3879:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3524:
3438:
3219:
3062:
3042:
2748:
2501:
2292:
2225:
2001:
1949:
1912:
1630:
The Eriba Model – an effective and successful policy framework for the creative industries
1523:
1381:
1361:
1341:
922:
830:
698:
628:
526:
367:
264:
86:
1528:
The Rise of the
Creative Class. And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure and Everyday Life
1354:
1334:
5304:
5227:
4993:
4878:
4856:
4643:
4630:
4573:
4506:
4494:
4388:
4229:
4197:
4098:
3852:
3824:
3789:
3730:
3288:
3283:
3251:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3081:
3030:
2924:
2840:
2616:
2555:
2429:
2282:
2277:
2220:
2195:
2112:
1981:
1872:
1860:
1830:
775:
589:
550:
534:
326:
314:
260:
199:
195:
191:
145:
82:
1403:
774:. It is often argued that, in future, the ideas and imagination of countries like the
5422:
5341:
4851:
4605:
4486:
4296:
4113:
4108:
3973:
3810:
3794:
3662:
3648:
3529:
3492:
3423:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3229:
3214:
3122:
2773:
2626:
2609:
2589:
2563:
2404:
2349:
2185:
1971:
1855:
1261:
798:
755:
670:
621:
310:
78:
43:
1655:
545:
Florida's focus leads him to pay particular attention to the nature of the creative
5284:
5219:
5172:
4868:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4393:
4251:
3978:
3933:
3803:
3799:
3767:
3657:
3579:
3550:
3475:
3470:
3360:
3278:
3209:
3164:
3013:
2895:
2875:
2860:
2824:
2819:
2795:
2711:
2604:
2481:
2302:
2142:
2097:
2087:
2053:
1954:
1751:
Gielen, Pascal (2013) "Creativity and other
Fundamentalisms". Mondriaan: Amsterdam.
1602:
306:
275:
177:
58:
1375:"Creative Industries and Developing Countries: Voice, Choice and Economic Growth"
754:
As some first world countries struggle to compete in traditional markets such as
301:
Hesmondhalgh reduces the list to what he terms "the core cultural industries" of
5336:
5316:
5289:
5115:
4873:
4773:
4471:
4460:
4455:
4403:
4281:
4271:
4140:
3840:
3596:
3565:
3560:
3519:
3428:
3204:
3179:
3174:
3143:
2900:
2855:
2763:
2743:
2476:
2399:
2359:
2247:
2102:
1991:
1976:
1966:
1922:
1902:
1822:
1461:(2 ed.), London, UK: Department of Culture, Media and Sport, archived from
678:
601:
593:
363:
344:
302:
294:
268:
251:
224:
216:
168:
54:
17:
1716:
5279:
5209:
5179:
5162:
5140:
4950:
4883:
4820:
4815:
4528:
4476:
4301:
4224:
4123:
4018:
3696:
3606:
3591:
3574:
3570:
3327:
3246:
3096:
2830:
2726:
2706:
2637:
2471:
2444:
2230:
2121:
2117:
2092:
2006:
1907:
1850:
1374:
841:
640:
636:
318:
287:
242:
212:
118:
110:
90:
1729:
786:
2001), although the data sets underlying these figures are open to question.
5311:
5257:
5157:
5135:
5120:
4922:
4653:
4545:
4481:
4378:
4291:
4246:
4182:
4167:
4013:
3884:
3674:
3601:
3465:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3101:
2890:
2870:
2753:
2716:
2496:
2409:
2384:
2374:
2210:
2125:
2011:
1986:
1253:
681:, whereas it is more straightforward in product-focused sub-sectors such as
605:
597:
546:
463:
340:
255:
172:
47:
35:
647:. Together these account for around 75% of revenues and 50% of employment.
1713:"Immaterial Civil War: Prototypes of Conflict within Cognitive Capitalism"
5252:
4962:
4890:
4578:
4306:
4286:
4207:
4043:
3998:
3941:
3874:
3643:
3402:
3273:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
2814:
2738:
2486:
2439:
2414:
2394:
2200:
2070:
2045:
2033:
739:
How do different network structures produce different opportunity spaces?
609:
398:
The total number of creative employees is then calculated as the sum of:
384:
98:
1506:
Developing
Cultural Industries: Learning from the Palimpsest of Practice
1128:
Felipe, Buitrago
Restrepo, Pedro; Iván, Duque Márquez (1 October 2013).
569:
Globally, Creative
Industries excluding software and general scientific
5147:
5130:
4910:
4778:
4708:
4684:
4583:
4219:
4145:
3780:
3720:
3713:
3628:
3586:
3433:
3412:
3393:
3375:
3317:
3256:
3224:
3169:
2885:
2809:
2669:
2649:
2578:
2506:
2419:
2312:
2267:
2240:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2147:
2065:
2028:
2016:
771:
510:
498:
74:
419:, creative industries are characterized by seven economic properties:
5232:
4618:
4501:
4341:
4150:
4093:
4003:
3983:
3618:
3460:
3443:
3072:
2731:
2721:
2684:
2674:
2654:
2573:
2511:
2491:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2389:
2322:
2317:
2272:
2077:
1840:
1835:
1355:'Looking Back, Looking Forward: Arts-Based Careers and Creative Work'
1335:'Looking Back, Looking Forward: Arts-Based Careers and Creative Work'
682:
651:
632:
617:
502:
494:
247:
187:
182:
70:
66:
1485:, London, UK: Department of Culture, Media and Sport, archived from
1758:
1504:
5152:
5125:
4679:
4450:
4313:
4177:
4085:
3988:
3691:
3308:
2235:
2205:
1937:
1927:
1892:
1882:
736:
What is the nature of their work and the resources they draw upon?
644:
220:
114:
758:, many now see the creative industry as a key component in a new
4831:
4648:
4336:
4239:
4192:
3611:
3322:
2689:
2679:
2454:
2354:
2252:
2215:
2021:
1996:
1877:
914:
Kultur & Kommunikation for Nordic
Innovation Centre (2007),
348:
279:
204:
106:
5016:
4801:
4071:
2534:
1801:
1762:
3993:
3312:
3234:
2943:
2082:
1917:
1479:
Creative
Industries Statistical Estimates Statistical Bulletin
925:; Mœglin, Pierre (2001), Les Industries éducatives, Paris, Puf
152:(DCMS) definition which describes the creative industries as:
102:
62:
726:
occupational categories". Examples of new questions include:
466:
protection, allowing a creator or performer to collect rents.
462:: Some creative products have durability aspects that invoke
1229:. 2015 – via World Intellectual Property Organisation.
525:
Some authors, such as the American urban studies theorist
1705:
T-Shirts and Suits: A Guide to the Business of Creativity
1196:"The Economic Performance of Copyright-Based Industries"
383:, and a worker who plays piano would be classified as a
286:
in science and technology. It has also been argued that
1432:
Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce
916:"Creative Industries Education in the Nordic Countries"
1730:
MyCreativity Reader: A Critique of Creative Industries
1567:
The Creative Economy: How People Make Money From Ideas
1423:. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank 2013
801:
appointed as the first minister to hold the position.
766:, often through initiatives linked to exploitation of
1227:
World Intellectual Property Organisation Publications
898:
896:
1514:
De Beukelaer, Christiaan; Spence, Kim-Marie (2019),
5218:
5101:
5027:
4971:
4921:
4814:
4664:
4604:
4561:
4431:
4322:
4262:
4166:
4084:
3932:
3823:
3729:
3386:
3154:
2954:
2554:
2547:
2337:
2158:
2044:
1821:
1814:
1402:. BusinessWeek magazine. 2000-08-28. Archived from
1306:"Economic warfare on the silver screen - FRANCE 24"
733:
What is their process of innovation and enterprise?
282:and games, also including the much broader area of
791:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
1732:, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2007.
1353:Lingo, Elizabeth L. and Tepper, Steven J (2013),
1333:Lingo, Elizabeth L. and Tepper, Steven J (2013),
38:. They may variously also be referred to as the
961:
713:In the introduction to a 2013 special issue of
160:As of 2015 the DCMS definition recognizes nine
1774:
1739:, Journal of Political Economy, 110: 234-237.
1728:. In: Lovink, Geert and Rossiter, Ned (eds).
1384:, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 65-110.
1130:"The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity"
529:, argue for a wider focus on the products of
8:
1158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1115:
1103:
997:
977:
934:
865:
722:facing today's (and tomorrow's) workforce."
1601:Landry, Charles; Bianchini, Franco (1995),
1420:The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity
5024:
5013:
4811:
4798:
4081:
4068:
2551:
2544:
2531:
1818:
1811:
1798:
1781:
1767:
1759:
1636:, The Knowledge Foundation, archived from
1458:Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001
600:and deliver four times the output due to
475:Difference from the 'cultural industries'
1344:, in Work and Occupations 40(4) 337-363.
1013:
583:World Intellectual Property Organization
1329:
1327:
1276:"Creative Europe - European Commission"
1242:Revista Indicação Geográfica e Inovação
1183:
981:
949:
902:
877:
858:
150:Department for Culture, Media and Sport
1364:in Work and Occupations 40(4) 337-363.
1151:
1001:
985:
1172:
1055:from the original on 10 February 2015
654:, for example, a 2021 study into the
7:
5434:Economics of the arts and literature
5388:
1686:Creative Industries – UNESCO Culture
1140:from the original on 10 January 2014
1025:
973:
938:
784:Creative Industries Mapping Document
53:Howkins' creative economy comprises
1417:Buitrago, Pedro & Duque, Iván.
1737:Book Review of Creative Industries
1286:from the original on 30 April 2016
474:
25:
1503:De Beukelaer, Christiaan (2015),
5399:
5387:
5376:
5375:
762:, capable perhaps of delivering
541:The creative class and diversity
374:How creative workers are counted
5400:
2935:Outdoors & sports equipment
1085:from the original on 3 May 2018
356:Inter-American Development Bank
1509:, European Cultural Foundation
1:
2939:Personal protective equipment
515:cultural institutions studies
411:Properties or characteristics
1710:Pasquinelli, Matteo (2006).
1585:Economies of Sign and Space
962:Landry & Bianchini 1995
816:Creative industry in Brazil
699:'Creative Europe' programme
664:Brazilian creative industry
5455:
811:Cognitive-cultural economy
693:devices and networks. The
5370:
5023:
5012:
4810:
4797:
4080:
4067:
2543:
2530:
1810:
1797:
1583:Lash, S; Urry, J (1994),
889:Buitrago & Duque 2013
780:creative entrepreneurship
658:intensive sectors in the
36:knowledge and information
5248:Mergers and acquisitions
4989:Research and development
3354:Chemical & hormonal
3009:Communications equipment
1748:. Bielefeld: Transcript.
1689:, UNESCO, archived from
770:that leads to increased
576:Research and Development
571:research and development
327:video and computer games
290:belongs in such a list.
284:research and development
4039:Painting and decorating
3063:Medical imaging systems
2996:Parts & peripherals
1703:Parrish, David (2005).
1657:Creative Economy Report
1549:The Cultural Industries
1516:Global Cultural Economy
1434:, Harvard Univ. Press,
1254:10.51722/ingi.v5.i4.175
5439:Industries (economics)
5352:State-owned enterprise
5332:Nonprofit organization
5243:Horizontal integration
3056:Scientific instruments
3019:Network infrastructure
1565:Howkins, John (2001),
1400:"The Creative Economy"
826:Entertainment industry
424:Nobody knows principle
370:; cultural heritage).
293:The various fields of
4695:Private investigation
1742:Van Heur, Bas (2010)
656:Intellectual Property
565:Economic contribution
436:Motley crew principle
323:electronic publishing
142:intellectual property
5263:Vertical integration
3269:Speciality chemicals
3109:Electrical equipment
3026:Consumer electronics
1735:Towse, Ruth (2002).
1321:with Violaine Hacker
1014:Lash & Urry 1994
715:Work and Occupations
339:Some areas, such as
5347:Sole proprietorship
5322:Joint-stock company
4596:Veterinary medicine
4421:Property management
4215:Passenger transport
3242:Commodity chemicals
3068:Optical instruments
3036:Video game consoles
2929:Musical instruments
2770:Media reproduction
1545:Hesmondhalgh, David
1406:on October 18, 2000
1048:. 13 January 2015.
984:, pp. 88–117;
837:Publishing industry
482:cultural industries
144:". This echoes the
40:cultural industries
32:creative industries
5295:Putting-out system
4804:Information sector
4725:Personal services
4332:Financial services
3804:offshore platforms
3653:advanced materials
3634:Ready-mix concrete
3087:Laser construction
3047:Clocks and watches
2881:Injection moulding
2852:Other fabrication
2805:household hardware
1707:, Merseyside ACME.
1380:2016-03-04 at the
1360:2015-05-06 at the
1340:2015-05-06 at the
1000:, pp. 11–14;
921:2015-05-18 at the
764:urban regeneration
650:In economies like
614:working population
521:The creative class
507:outdoor activities
430:Art for art's sake
334:lifestyle business
5416:
5415:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5193:Natural resources
5038:Production-based
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4946:Vocational school
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4024:Electrical wiring
4010:Specialty trades
3964:Civil engineering
3819:
3818:
3493:Vulcanized rubber
3289:Cleaning products
3129:Electric lighting
2846:Surface finishing
2836:Powder metallurgy
2791:Metal fabrication
2537:Industrial sector
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2425:Rare-earth metals
2333:
2332:
1670:978-0-9816619-0-2
1617:978-1-898309-16-1
1604:The Creative City
1428:Caves, Richard E.
1116:Hesmondhalgh 2002
1104:Hesmondhalgh 2002
998:Hesmondhalgh 2002
978:Hesmondhalgh 2002
935:Hesmondhalgh 2002
905:, pp. 88–117
866:Hesmondhalgh 2002
847:Creative services
821:Cultural industry
768:cultural heritage
760:knowledge economy
675:gross value added
660:Brazilian economy
533:, and judge the '
531:knowledge workers
381:industrial sector
347:. They adopt the
238:computer services
16:(Redirected from
5446:
5403:
5402:
5391:
5390:
5379:
5378:
5275:Enforced breakup
5270:Decentralization
5198:Physical capital
5025:
5014:
4812:
4799:
4675:Customer service
4591:Residential care
4539:Public relations
4347:Financial advice
4324:Asset management
4119:Department store
4082:
4069:
4049:Site preparation
3897:Telecom networks
3865:Waste management
3841:Gas distribution
3525:Synthetic fibers
3252:Industrial gases
2991:Computer systems
2925:Medical supplies
2552:
2545:
2532:
1962:Animal husbandry
1933:Medicinal plants
1819:
1812:
1799:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1700:
1699:
1698:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1609:
1597:
1579:
1561:
1540:
1524:Florida, Richard
1519:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1444:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1351:
1345:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1248:(4): 1418–1432.
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:, pp. 12–14
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
995:
989:
988:, pp. 11–12
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
932:
926:
912:
906:
900:
891:
886:
880:
875:
869:
863:
559:multiculturalism
487:cultural tourism
442:Infinite variety
417:Richard E. Caves
162:creative sectors
126:human creativity
21:
18:Creative economy
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5358:
5327:Nationalization
5214:
5184:Primary inputs
5105:
5097:
5030:
5029:Classification
5019:
5000:
4967:
4917:
4901:Social networks
4818:
4806:
4785:
4769:Business travel
4671:Administrative
4660:
4644:Amusement parks
4608:
4600:
4574:Dentist offices
4557:
4427:
4394:Pension funding
4367:Risk management
4352:Holding company
4318:
4258:
4170:
4162:
4134:Specialty store
4129:Online shopping
4076:
4055:
3928:
3815:
3725:
3382:
3340:Pharmaceuticals
3284:Aroma compounds
3220:Petroleum jelly
3150:
3139:Home appliances
3134:Electric motors
3082:spotting scopes
3043:Instrumentation
2956:
2950:
2932:Office supplies
2539:
2518:
2502:Dimension stone
2436:Other minerals
2381:Mining of ores
2329:
2154:
2040:
1987:Other livestock
1873:Permanent crops
1806:
1793:
1787:
1756:
1754:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1654:UNCTAD (2008),
1653:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1625:Nielsén, Tobias
1623:
1618:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1559:
1543:
1538:
1530:, Basic Books,
1522:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1426:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1382:Wayback Machine
1372:
1368:
1362:Wayback Machine
1352:
1348:
1342:Wayback Machine
1332:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1280:Creative Europe
1274:
1273:
1269:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1081:. 18 May 2011.
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
996:
992:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
933:
929:
923:Wayback Machine
913:
909:
901:
894:
887:
883:
876:
872:
864:
860:
855:
831:Imagination age
807:
752:
720:economic trends
711:
703:think laterally
567:
543:
527:Richard Florida
523:
477:
413:
376:
368:performing arts
313:, internet and
305:and marketing,
134:
87:performing arts
28:
27:Economic sector
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5397:
5385:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5305:Temporary work
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5228:Centralization
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5112:
5110:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4994:Basic research
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4524:Legal services
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4495:system testing
4484:
4479:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Money transfer
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Passenger rail
4227:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Moving company
4195:
4190:
4185:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Consumer goods
4101:
4099:Car dealership
4090:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4074:Service sector
4072:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3792:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3731:Heavy industry
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3670:Metal refining
3667:
3666:
3665:
3663:Synthetic gems
3660:
3655:
3646:
3640:Other mineral
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3530:Thermoplastics
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:contraceptives
3352:
3350:Blood products
3347:
3337:
3335:Fine chemicals
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Petrochemicals
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2979:Semiconductors
2976:
2974:Circuit boards
2971:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:Prefabrication
2838:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Cassette tapes
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:Vegetable oils
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2583:Dairy products
2581:
2576:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2556:Light industry
2549:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2138:Wild mushrooms
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2115:
2113:Natural rubber
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Tropical fruit
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1831:Arable farming
1827:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1804:Natural sector
1802:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1708:
1701:
1680:
1669:
1651:
1621:
1616:
1598:
1594:978-0803984714
1593:
1580:
1576:978-0141977034
1575:
1562:
1558:978-1526424099
1557:
1541:
1537:978-1541617742
1536:
1520:
1511:
1500:
1473:
1452:
1441:978-0674001640
1440:
1424:
1415:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1346:
1323:
1297:
1267:
1232:
1211:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1066:
1030:
1018:
1006:
990:
980:, p. 12;
976:, p. 04;
966:
954:
952:, p. xiii
942:
937:, p. 12;
927:
907:
892:
881:
870:
857:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
823:
818:
813:
806:
803:
776:United Kingdom
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
710:
707:
566:
563:
551:creative class
542:
539:
535:creative class
522:
519:
476:
473:
468:
467:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
412:
409:
408:
407:
403:
375:
372:
272:
271:
258:
245:
240:
227:
209:TV productions
202:
200:fashion design
185:
180:
175:
158:
157:
133:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5451:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5408:
5407:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Privatization
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:Externalities
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:Market-based
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5011:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:Audio-visual
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4606:Entertainment
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Payment cards
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Food delivery
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Drink service
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:& Storage
4169:
4165:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Grocery store
4112:
4110:
4109:General store
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Rail vehicles
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:wind turbines
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Machine tools
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:Carbon fibers
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Illegal drugs
3364:
3362:
3361:Generic drugs
3359:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Agrochemicals
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:Pure elements
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Synthetic oil
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Lens grinding
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Mobile phones
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:storage media
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:& optical
2953:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:Optical discs
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Bottled water
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:Manufacturing
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Sea cucumbers
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
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1878:Apples et al.
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1765:
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1757:
1750:
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1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1719:on 2015-03-29
1718:
1714:
1709:
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1702:
1693:on 2009-08-26
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1658:
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1643:on 2016-03-03
1639:
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1492:on 2007-06-14
1488:
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1480:
1476:DCMS (2006),
1474:
1465:on 2008-07-27
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:DCMS (2001),
1453:
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1076:
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756:manufacturing
749:
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622:manufacturing
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591:
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500:
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492:
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465:
461:
458:
455:
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446:
443:
440:
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425:
422:
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420:
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410:
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289:
285:
281:
277:
274:To this list
270:
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226:
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5381:
5300:Spinning-off
5285:Homesteading
5238:Conglomerate
5220:Organization
5173:Raw material
5168:Intermediate
5047:
5046:
4978:
4869:Broadcasting
4774:Cruise lines
4744:Maid service
4734:Dry cleaning
4705:Maintenance
4468:Architecture
4433:Professional
4252:Self storage
4156:Distribution
3934:Construction
3779:Other heavy
3704:Formed metal
3658:Mineral wool
3580:Safety glass
3551:Fused quartz
3546:Borosilicate
3210:Paraffin wax
3165:oil refining
3144:Transformers
2910:Other goods
2896:Stonemasonry
2876:Glassblowing
2861:Blow molding
2820:Locksmithing
2796:Boilermaking
2345:Fossil fuels
2143:Fungiculture
2098:Gutta-percha
2088:Frankincense
2083:Tree tapping
2054:Silviculture
2034:Fur trapping
1945:Horticulture
1893:Stone fruits
1755:
1743:
1736:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1695:, retrieved
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1656:
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1638:the original
1629:
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1566:
1548:
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1494:, retrieved
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1478:
1467:, retrieved
1463:the original
1457:
1431:
1418:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1369:
1349:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1200:www.wipo.int
1199:
1190:
1184:Florida 2002
1179:
1168:
1154:cite journal
1142:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1118:, p. 13
1111:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1045:
1033:
1028:, p. 04
1021:
1009:
1004:, p. 12
993:
982:Howkins 2001
969:
957:
950:Florida 2002
945:
930:
910:
903:Howkins 2001
884:
878:Howkins 2001
873:
868:, p. 14
861:
794:
788:
783:
753:
724:
714:
712:
691:
687:
669:The complex
668:
649:
626:
587:
580:
568:
544:
524:
480:
478:
469:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
414:
397:
393:
389:
377:
360:
353:
338:
331:
317:industries,
307:broadcasting
300:
292:
276:John Howkins
273:
178:Architecture
161:
159:
139:
137:economy" l.
135:
123:
59:architecture
52:
31:
29:
5337:Partnership
5317:Cooperative
5290:Outsourcing
5280:Freelancing
5158:Commodities
4862:Video games
4837:Periodicals
4714:Landscaping
4649:Fairgrounds
4551:Advertising
4472:engineering
4456:Bookkeeping
4411:Real estate
4404:Reinsurance
4302:Restaurants
4272:Foodservice
4264:Hospitality
4247:Warehousing
4235:Ridesharing
4225:Car rentals
3957:Residential
3892:Remediation
3775:Automobiles
3597:Earthenware
3566:Glass fiber
3561:Float glass
3371:Supplements
3345:Antibiotics
3247:Fertilizers
3205:Mineral oil
3180:Diesel fuel
3163:Coal &
3123:fiber optic
3097:Microscopes
3051:GPS devices
3031:Televisions
2964:Electronics
2955:Electrical
2901:Woodworking
2856:3D printing
2815:Gunsmithing
2779:Phonographs
2764:Typesetting
2744:Bookbinding
2707:Dressmaking
2702:Accessories
2634:Soft drinks
2569:Animal feed
2360:Natural gas
2248:Aquaculture
2231:Sea urchins
2103:Maple syrup
1977:Fur farming
1967:Beef cattle
1903:Viticulture
1851:Fiber crops
1823:Agriculture
1569:, Penguin,
1518:, Routledge
1446:Description
1002:UNCTAD 2008
986:UNCTAD 2008
964:, p. 4
679:advertising
629:sub-sectors
602:agriculture
594:hospitality
588:Taking the
364:visual arts
345:value chain
303:advertising
295:engineering
269:visual arts
225:photography
169:Advertising
148:Government
132:Definitions
119:video games
55:advertising
5429:Creativity
5423:Categories
5210:Technology
5180:Innovation
5141:Well-being
4951:University
4884:Television
4821:Mass media
4816:Publishing
4654:Nightclubs
4563:Healthcare
4534:Consulting
4529:Management
4477:Inspection
4461:Tax advice
4441:Accounting
4372:Securities
4188:Intermodal
4124:Mail order
4019:Demolition
3952:Industrial
3947:Commercial
3870:Collection
3721:Cast metal
3607:Refractory
3575:fiberglass
3571:Glass wool
3534:thermosets
3510:Engineered
3439:Engineered
3434:Sawmilling
3328:Toiletries
3299:Explosives
3119:Electrical
3102:Telescopes
2969:Components
2727:Shoemaking
2445:Phosphorus
2338:Geological
2288:Microalgae
2131:Pine resin
2118:Palm sugar
2093:Gum arabic
2007:Beekeeping
1846:Vegetables
1791:industries
1723:2015-05-16
1697:2009-11-24
1676:2009-11-28
1663:, UNCTAD,
1647:2013-02-11
1496:2007-05-26
1469:2007-05-26
1410:2006-08-18
1316:2015-05-23
1205:2021-12-29
1173:Caves 2000
853:References
842:Smart city
750:Wider role
695:EU records
641:television
637:publishing
454:Time flies
288:gastronomy
278:would add
265:performing
243:Publishing
164:, namely:
91:publishing
5312:Ownership
5258:Monopsony
5136:Pollution
5121:Community
5031:standards
4936:Secondary
4923:Education
4906:Streaming
4579:Hospitals
4570:Medicine
4546:Marketing
4482:Surveying
4446:Assurance
4416:Brokerage
4379:Insurance
4307:Teahouses
4292:Fast food
4183:Air cargo
4168:Transport
4151:Brokerage
4141:Wholesale
4029:Elevators
4014:Cabinetry
3942:Buildings
3922:Telephone
3917:Satellite
3885:Recycling
3880:Hazardous
3846:Renewable
3825:Utilities
3786:Aerospace
3754:Hydraulic
3744:Conveyors
3739:Machinery
3644:Abrasives
3602:Porcelain
3556:Soda-lime
3515:Specialty
3505:Commodity
3466:Cardboard
3449:Composite
3387:Materials
3304:Fireworks
3294:Cosmetics
3274:Adhesives
3156:Chemicals
3114:Batteries
2986:Computers
2921:Jewellery
2907:Furniture
2891:Sintering
2871:Extrusion
2825:Machining
2801:Builders'
2754:Engraving
2749:Embossing
2732:Tailoring
2717:Hatmaking
2617:Beverages
2600:Preserved
2497:Limestone
2467:Quarrying
2440:Gemstones
2410:Palladium
2375:Tar sands
2370:Petroleum
2365:Oil shale
2211:Swordfish
2171:Anchovies
2012:Cochineal
1610:, Demos,
1262:240303360
1026:DCMS 2001
974:DCMS 2001
939:DCMS 2006
709:In the US
606:fisheries
598:utilities
555:diversity
547:workforce
499:libraries
464:copyright
460:Ars longa
341:Hong Kong
256:libraries
252:galleries
173:marketing
48:Caribbean
5382:Category
5253:Monopoly
5205:Services
4984:Language
4979:Creative
4963:Tutoring
4941:Tertiary
4911:Websites
4891:Internet
4842:Software
4828:Written
4749:Pet care
4709:Janitors
4699:security
4690:Staffing
4619:Gambling
4512:Interior
4493:, &
4487:Physical
4399:Property
4287:Catering
4220:Airlines
4208:Trucking
4044:Plumbing
3999:Dredging
3974:Railways
3907:Internet
3902:Cable TV
3836:Electric
3781:vehicles
3680:Aluminum
3587:Ceramics
3500:Plastics
3413:Currying
3403:deliming
3376:Vaccines
3318:Perfumes
3257:Pigments
3200:Kerosene
3195:Jet fuel
3190:Gasoline
3185:Fuel oil
2917:Bicycles
2831:smithing
2739:Printing
2697:Clothing
2665:Spinning
2645:Textiles
2595:Prepared
2415:Platinum
2385:Aluminum
2313:Scallops
2226:Lobsters
2201:Mackerel
2181:Sardines
2148:Truffles
2124:, &
2071:Firewood
2046:Forestry
1856:Oilseeds
1683:UNESCO,
1627:(2006),
1587:, SAGE,
1551:, SAGE,
1547:(2002),
1526:(2002),
1450:preview.
1430:(2000),
1378:Archived
1358:Archived
1338:Archived
1284:Archived
1138:Archived
1134:iadb.org
1083:Archived
1050:Archived
919:Archived
805:See also
610:forestry
511:hobbyist
491:heritage
385:musician
234:software
99:software
46:and the
5406:Outline
5394:Commons
5148:Funding
5131:Culture
5108:outputs
5018:Related
4958:Testing
4931:Primary
4896:Hosting
4779:Tourism
4765:Travel
4761:Poverty
4739:Funeral
4721:Repairs
4685:Renting
4680:Leasing
4639:Arcades
4635:Venues
4611:leisure
4584:Nursing
4517:Product
4507:Fashion
4491:product
4337:Banking
4146:Auction
4004:Harbors
3984:Tunnels
3969:Bridges
3875:Dumping
3811:Weapons
3629:Plaster
3520:Pellets
3408:Tanning
3394:Leather
3225:Propane
3170:Bitumen
3073:Cameras
2913:Baggage
2886:Pottery
2866:Drawing
2810:Cutlery
2675:Carpets
2670:Weaving
2650:Carding
2579:Canning
2507:Granite
2430:Uranium
2420:Lithium
2293:Seaweed
2278:Oysters
2273:Mussels
2268:Abalone
2263:Tilapia
2258:Catfish
2241:Whaling
2196:Pollock
2191:Haddock
2176:Herring
2166:Fishing
2159:Aquatic
2066:Logging
2029:Hunting
2017:Shellac
2002:Poultry
1950:Flowers
1883:Berries
1866:Tobacco
1841:Legumes
1836:Cereals
1392:Sources
772:tourism
495:museums
248:Museums
196:graphic
192:product
95:R&D
75:fashion
5233:Cartel
5106:&
5103:Inputs
5042:ANZSIC
4819:&
4729:Beauty
4697:&
4624:Online
4609:&
4502:Design
4470:&
4384:Health
4342:Credit
4314:Hotels
4094:Retail
3989:Canals
3912:Mobile
3858:Sewage
3832:Power
3802:&
3788:&
3766:&
3714:Forged
3709:Rolled
3692:Alloys
3685:Copper
3651:&
3624:Mortar
3619:Cement
3573:&
3532:&
3483:Rubber
3476:Tissue
3461:Sizing
3444:Lumber
3429:Drying
3417:oiling
3415:&
3401:&
3399:Liming
3311:&
3309:Paints
3125:cables
3121:&
3080:&
3000:Blank
2829:Other
2803:&
2759:Secure
2722:Sewing
2685:Linens
2660:Prints
2655:Dyeing
2631:Liquor
2605:Sweets
2574:Baking
2512:Marble
2492:Gypsum
2472:Gravel
2460:Sulfur
2450:Potash
2405:Silver
2390:Copper
2323:Shrimp
2318:Salmon
2283:Pearls
2108:Mastic
2078:Rattan
2059:Bamboo
1982:Horses
1938:Spices
1928:Olives
1913:Coffee
1888:Citrus
1815:Biotic
1789:Major
1667:
1614:
1591:
1573:
1555:
1534:
1438:
1260:
1059:16 May
1046:gov.uk
795:et al.
683:crafts
652:Brazil
639:, and
633:design
618:retail
503:sports
325:, and
188:Design
183:Crafts
117:, and
71:design
67:crafts
5188:Labor
5163:Final
5153:Goods
5126:Crime
5071:UKSIC
5061:NAICS
4972:Other
4879:Radio
4857:Music
4832:Books
4665:Other
4631:Sport
4451:Audit
4282:Cafés
4240:Taxis
4178:Cargo
4086:Sales
3979:Roads
3853:Water
3800:Ships
3790:space
3764:Power
3749:Heavy
3697:Steel
3592:Brick
3541:Glass
3488:Tires
3456:Paper
2586:Flour
2482:Chalk
2303:Clams
2299:Both
2236:Squid
2221:Crabs
2206:Shark
2122:syrup
1955:Seeds
1908:Cocoa
1861:Sugar
1661:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1634:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1490:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1290:3 May
1258:S2CID
1223:(PDF)
1144:3 May
1089:3 May
1053:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
645:radio
319:print
315:music
261:Music
221:radio
217:video
115:radio
107:games
83:music
5091:TRBC
5081:GICS
5056:NACE
5049:ISIC
4874:News
4852:Film
4389:Life
4203:Rail
4193:Mail
4034:HVAC
3994:Dams
3675:Iron
3612:Tile
3471:Pulp
3424:Wood
3323:Soap
3313:inks
3175:Coke
2944:Toys
2712:Furs
2690:Rope
2680:Lace
2638:Wine
2622:Beer
2590:Meat
2564:Food
2487:Clay
2477:Sand
2455:Salt
2400:Gold
2395:Iron
2355:Peat
2350:Coal
2253:Carp
2216:Tuna
2126:wine
2022:Silk
1997:Wool
1923:Nuts
1665:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1448:and
1436:ISBN
1292:2018
1160:link
1146:2018
1091:2018
1061:2015
643:and
631:are
620:and
608:and
557:and
505:and
497:and
489:and
406:time
354:The
349:WIPO
321:and
311:film
280:toys
267:and
254:and
236:and
223:and
205:Film
198:and
171:and
113:and
105:and
103:toys
79:film
30:The
5086:ICB
5066:SIC
4754:Sex
3235:Tar
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