690:(July 2011) will help preserve cultural heritage while increasing the circulation of creative works inside and outside the EU. The programme will play a consequential role in stimulating cross border co-operation, promoting peer learning and making these sectors more professional. The Commission will then propose a financial instrument run by the European Investment Bank to provide debt and equity finance for cultural and creative industries. The role of the non-state actors within the governance regarding Medias will not be neglected anymore. Therefore, building a new approach extolling the crucial importance of a European level playing field industry may boost the adoption of policies aimed at developing a conducive environment, enabling European companies as well as citizens to use their imagination and creativity – both sources of innovation -, and therefore of competitiveness and sustainability. It supposes to tailor the regulatory and institutional frameworks in supporting private-public collaboration, in particular in the Medias sector. The EU therefore plans to develop clusters, financing instruments as well as foresight activities to support this sector. The European Commission wishes to assist European creators and audiovisual enterprises to develop new markets through the use of digital technology, and asks how policy-making can best help achieve this. A more entrepreneurial culture will have to take hold with a more positive attitude towards risk-taking, and a capacity to innovate anticipating future trends. Creativity plays an important role in human resource management as artists and creative professionals can
786:(2009) put it, 'the harnessing of creativity brings with it the potential of new wealth creation, the cultivation of local talent and the generation of creative capital, the development of new export markets, significant multiplier effects throughout the broader economy, the utilisation of information communication technologies and enhanced competitiveness in an increasingly global economy'. A key driver of interest in creative industries and development is the acknowledgement that the value of creative production resides in ideas and individual creativity, and developing countries have rich cultural traditions and pools of creative talent which lay a basic foundation for creative enterprises. Reflecting the growing interest in the potential of creative industries in developing countries, in October 2011 a Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy was created within the Indonesian government with well-known economist
707:
suggest artists' skill sets allow them to "work beyond existing markets and create entirely new opportunities for themselves and others". Specifically, Lingo and Tepper suggest artistic workers are "catalysts of change and innovation" because they "face special challenges managing ambiguity, developing and sustaining a relative identity, and forming community in the context of an individually based enterprise economy" (2013). Because of these adaptive skills, the suggestion is that "studying how artists cope with uncertainty and the factors that influence their success should be relevant for understanding these broader social and
5366:
5390:
5378:
325:, non-profits, and larger businesses, and between those who receive state subsidies (e.g., film) and those who do not (e.g., computer games). The inclusion of the antiques trade often comes into question, since it does not generally involve production (except of reproductions and fakes). The inclusion of all computer services has also been questioned.
714:
This view of artist-as-change-agent changes the questions researchers ask of creative economies. Old research questions would focus on topics like "skills, work practices, contracts, wage differentials, employment incentives, formal credentials, employment pipelines, and labor flows of differentiated
677:
There may be a tendency for publicly funded creative industries development services to inaccurately estimate the number of creative businesses during the mapping process. There is also imprecision in nearly all tax code systems that determine a person's profession, since many creative people operate
459:
The properties described by Caves have been criticized for being too rigid (Towse, 2000). Not all creative workers are purely driven by 'art for art's sake'. The 'ars longa' property also holds for certain noncreative products (i.e., licensed products). The 'time flies' property also holds for large
110:. Some scholars consider that the education industry, including public and private services, are forming a part of the creative industries. There remain, therefore, different definitions of the sector. Last few years delegation from UNESCO want add to Protection of cultural heritage in register .
706:
on artists in the US workforce, the guest editors argue that by examining the work lives of artists, one can identify characteristics and actions that help both individual workers and policy makers adapt to changing economic conditions. Elizabeth Lingo and Steven Tepper cite multiple sources to
286:
do not appear on this list, that emerged from the DCMS reports. This was due, probably, to the fact that engineers occupy relevant positions in "non-cultural" corporations, performing activities of project, management, operation, maintenance, risk analysis and supervision, among others. However,
681:
The creative industries in Europe make a significant contribution to the EU economy, creating about 3% of EU GDP – corresponding to an annual market value of billion – and employing about 6 million people. In addition, the sector plays a crucial role in fostering innovation, in particular for
125:
Various commentators have provided varying suggestions on what activities to include in the concept of "creative industries", and the name itself has become a contested issue – with significant differences and overlap between the terms "creative industries", "cultural industries" and "creative
394:
All workers that are creatively occupied, and are not employed in creative industries (for example, a piano teacher in a school). This includes people whose second job is creative, for example somebody who does weekend gigs, writes books, or produces artwork in their spare
350:
Others have suggested a distinction between those industries that are open to mass production and distribution (film and video; videogames; broadcasting; publishing), and those that are primarily craft-based and are meant to be consumed in a particular place and moment
379:
The primary purpose of this is to quantify – for example it can be used to count the number of firms, and the number of workers, creatively employed in any given location, and hence to identify places with particularly high concentrations of creative activities.
574:(WIPO) assisted in the preparation of national studies that measured the size of over 50 copyright industries around the world. Findings from the recompilation of these studies indicate that the GDP contribution to national economies vary between 2% and 11%.
347:(IDB) has denominated them for Latin America and the Caribbean as the Orange Economy which is defined as the "group of linked activities through which ideas are transformed into cultural goods and services whose value is determined by intellectual property."
907:
1071:
782:(UNCTAD) XI High Level Panel on Creative Industries and Development commissioned several studies to identify challenges and opportunities facing the growth and development of creative industries in developing industries. As Cunningham
367:
The DCMS classifies enterprises and occupations as creative according to what the enterprise primarily produces, and what the worker primarily does. Thus, a company which produces records would be classified as belonging to the music
439:: Skills are vertically differentiated. Artists are ranked on their skills, originality, and proficiency in creative processes and/or products. Small differences in skills and talent may yield huge differences in (financial) success.
5044:
433:: Products are differentiated by quality and uniqueness; each product is a distinct combination of inputs leading to infinite variety options (e.g., works of creative writing, whether poetry, novel, screenplays or otherwise).
5059:
562:
are said to have accounted for around 4% of the world's economic output in 1999, which is the last year for which comprehensive collated figures are currently available. Estimates of the output corresponding to scientific
1038:
427:: For relatively complex creative products (e.g., films), the production requires diversely skilled inputs. Each skilled input must be present and perform at some minimum level to produce a valuable outcome.
383:
It leads to some complications which are not immediately obvious. For example, a security guard working for a music company would be classified as a creative employee, although not as creatively occupied.
287:
historically and presently, several tasks of engineers can be regarded as highly creative, inventive and innovative. The contribution of engineering is represented by new products, processes and services.
145:"those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property"
1466:
5030:
904:
1294:
771:
as a specific area for study and research. Indeed, UK government figures reveal that the UK's creative industries account for over a million jobs and brought in billion to the UK economy (DCMS
502:
concerns. Thus cultural industries are more concerned about delivering other kinds of value—including cultural wealth and social wealth—rather than primarily providing monetary value. (See also
567:
suggest that an additional 4-9% might be attributable to the sector if its definition is extended to include such activities, though the figures vary significantly between different countries.
321:
The DCMS list has proven influential, and many other nations have formally adopted it. It has also been criticised. It has been argued that the division into sectors obscures a divide between
1063:
1362:
Cunningham, Stuart, Ryan, Mark David, Keane, Michael & Ordonez, Diego (2008), ‘Financing
Creative Industries in Developing Countries’, in Diana Barrowclough and Zeljka Kozul-Wright eds,
694:. Moreover, new jobs requiring new skills created in the post-crisis economy should be supported by labour mobility to ensure that people are employed wherever their skills are needed.
391:
All workers employed in creative industries, whether or not creatively occupied (e.g. all musicians, security guards, cleaners, accountants, managers, etc. working for a record company)
1693:
117:
is the ultimate economic resource", and that "the industries of the twenty-first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge through creativity and innovation".
1673:
340:'s classifications, which divide up the creative industries according to who owns the copyrights at various stages during the production and distribution of creative content.
1027:
779:
421:: Workers care about originality, technical professional skill, harmony, etc. of creative goods and are willing to settle for lower wages than offered by 'humdrum' jobs.
5037:
1148:
734:
How do creative workers broker and synthesize across occupational, genre, geographic, and industry boundaries to create new possibilities? (Tepper & Lingo, 2013)
1617:
678:
simultaneously in multiple roles and jobs. Both these factors mean that official statistics relating to the
Creative Industries should be treated with caution.
5422:
5049:
538:. In a study of why particular US cities such as San Francisco seem to attract creative producers, Florida argues that a high proportion of workers from the '
460:
construction projects. Creative industries are therefore not unique, but they score generally higher on these properties relative to non-creative industries.
655:'s collective share of GDP between 2014 and 2016, when calculated across these 450 economic classes, totaled R$ 2,1 trillion Reais or 44,2% of Brazil's GDP.
1733:
1475:
4022:
1298:
1272:
1126:
318:. His definition only includes those industries that create "texts"' or "cultural artefacts" and which engage in some form of industrial reproduction.
571:
5069:
2984:
683:
138:
651:
found that 450 of Brazil's 673 economic classes could be classified as IP-intensive sectors which collectively employed 19,3 million people. The
1445:
731:
How do artistic workers create and manage planned serendipity—the spaces and exchanges that produce unexpected collaborations and opportunities?
474:. Cultural industries are best described as an adjunct-sector of the creative industries. Cultural industries include industries that focus on
1229:
Santos, F. F. S.; Pinheiro, F. C.; Marques, V. (29 October 2021). "Trademark protection and geographical indication in the Cachaça industry".
5079:
2979:
1657:
1604:
686:
the second highest TV viewing figures globally, producing more films than any other region in the world. In that respect, the newly proposed
601:. In terms of employment and depending on the definition of activities included, the sector is a major employer of between 4-6% of the UK's
1769:
129:
Lash and Urry suggest that each of the creative industries has an "irreducible core" concerned with "the exchange of finance for rights in
2276:
1679:
550:
in the cities concerned, for example the existence of a significant public gay community, ethnic and religious variety, and tolerance.
415:: Demand uncertainty exists because the consumers' reaction to a product are neither known beforehand, nor easily understood afterward.
5054:
3834:
1581:
1563:
1545:
1524:
1428:
5074:
3080:
778:
In recent years, creative industries have become 'increasingly attractive to governments outside the developed world'. In 2005, the
1346:
1326:
4792:
2767:
1388:
542:' provide a key input to creative production, which enterprises seek out. He seeks to quantitatively establish the importance of
581:
as an example, in the context of other sectors, the creative industries make a far more significant contribution to output than
5427:
2525:
344:
4062:
113:
The creative industries have been seen to become increasingly important to economic well-being, proponents suggesting that "
5369:
2927:
1792:
1701:
503:
1626:
1366:
4176:
2997:
1434:
822:, a theoretical incipient period in which creativity and imagination will become the primary creators of economic value
4027:
3885:
3405:
3387:
3039:
804:
652:
31:(especially in Europe) or the creative economy, and most recently they have been denominated as the Orange Economy in
767:
will be their greatest asset; in support of this argument, a number of universities in the UK have started to offer
4092:
3007:
2772:
799:
1064:"Does cuisine have a place in the Creative Economy and what role does Creative Leadership play in its production?"
4889:
4345:
3895:
3880:
3853:
3503:
3333:
768:
5236:
4977:
4144:
4037:
3905:
1762:
564:
559:
272:
83:
1408:
1118:
5017:
4709:
3940:
3824:
3444:
3328:
2854:
1886:
1264:
5340:
5320:
5231:
5226:
4265:
4191:
3697:
3692:
3437:
2967:
2251:
2246:
814:
218:
5381:
5176:
5091:
4825:
4702:
4421:
4399:
4350:
3900:
3658:
3522:
3044:
2990:
2962:
2296:
2119:
1933:
1142:
644:
311:
197:
130:
1208:
877:
5251:
4683:
4539:
4252:
3747:
3641:
3257:
3014:
2957:
2952:
2333:
2096:
1779:
1451:
222:
3544:
1438:
23:
refers to a range of economic activities which are concerned with the generation or exploitation of
5417:
5393:
5335:
5310:
5193:
4924:
4884:
4850:
4584:
4551:
4409:
4223:
4203:
3935:
3763:
3742:
3498:
3230:
2653:
1755:
825:
605:, though this is still significantly less than employment due to traditional areas of work such as
468:
There is often a question about the boundaries between creative industries and the similar term of
498:, and a variety of 'way of life' activities that arguably range from local pet shows to a host of
5288:
5283:
5096:
4929:
4456:
4434:
4429:
4387:
4360:
4320:
3774:
3668:
3622:
3534:
3493:
3476:
3359:
3354:
3075:
3056:
3024:
2869:
2793:
2557:
2413:
2358:
2353:
2047:
1533:
1246:
1028:"Department for Culture, Media & Sport – Creative Industries Economic Estimates January 2015"
752:
708:
602:
495:
322:
719:
How do artists both create changes in the labor market itself and the way cultural work is done?
616:
Within the creative industries sector, and again taking the UK as an example, the three largest
1209:"Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright Industries 2015 Revised Edition"
662:
in the creative industries sometimes make it challenging to calculate accurate figures for the
5156:
4972:
4946:
4934:
4919:
4830:
4678:
4505:
4404:
4335:
4017:
4012:
3952:
3945:
3910:
3673:
3488:
3396:
3144:
3097:
2974:
2834:
2824:
2789:
2779:
2747:
2690:
2685:
2588:
1876:
1834:
1653:
1613:
1600:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1520:
1424:
835:
809:
756:
748:
666:
by each sub-sector. This is particularly the case for the service-focused sub-sectors such as
663:
648:
519:
479:
470:
369:
226:
28:
526:' (his own term) to include nearly all those offering professional knowledge-based services.
5258:
5186:
5181:
4749:
4727:
4687:
4663:
4627:
4599:
4579:
4527:
4372:
4312:
4107:
3890:
3858:
3846:
3727:
3612:
3529:
3471:
3250:
3107:
3102:
3066:
2905:
2648:
2633:
2610:
2583:
2154:
2126:
1950:
1921:
1854:
1734:
Creative
Networks and the City: towards a Cultural Political Economy of Aesthetic Production
1416:
1238:
691:
547:
543:
475:
405:
332:, have preferred to shape their policy around a tighter focus on copyright ownership in the
114:
1184:
445:: When coordinating complex projects with diversely skilled inputs, time is of the essence.
5315:
5263:
4894:
4757:
4612:
4522:
4512:
4500:
4479:
4355:
4340:
4122:
4117:
3957:
3868:
3752:
3737:
3732:
3513:
3427:
3208:
3051:
3031:
2737:
2490:
2281:
2214:
1990:
1938:
1901:
1619:
The Eriba Model – an effective and successful policy framework for the creative industries
1512:
1370:
1350:
1330:
911:
819:
687:
617:
515:
356:
253:
75:
1517:
The Rise of the
Creative Class. And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure and Everyday Life
1343:
1323:
5293:
5216:
4982:
4867:
4845:
4632:
4619:
4562:
4495:
4483:
4377:
4218:
4186:
4087:
3841:
3813:
3778:
3719:
3277:
3272:
3240:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3070:
3019:
2913:
2829:
2605:
2544:
2418:
2271:
2266:
2209:
2184:
2101:
1970:
1861:
1849:
1819:
764:
578:
539:
523:
315:
303:
249:
188:
184:
180:
134:
71:
1392:
763:. It is often argued that, in future, the ideas and imagination of countries like the
5411:
5330:
4840:
4594:
4475:
4285:
4102:
4097:
3962:
3799:
3783:
3651:
3637:
3518:
3481:
3412:
3344:
3338:
3323:
3218:
3203:
3111:
2762:
2615:
2598:
2578:
2552:
2393:
2338:
2174:
1960:
1844:
1250:
787:
744:
659:
610:
299:
67:
32:
1644:
534:
Florida's focus leads him to pay particular attention to the nature of the creative
5273:
5208:
5161:
4857:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4382:
4240:
3967:
3922:
3792:
3788:
3756:
3646:
3568:
3539:
3464:
3459:
3349:
3267:
3198:
3153:
3002:
2884:
2864:
2849:
2813:
2808:
2784:
2700:
2593:
2470:
2291:
2131:
2086:
2076:
2042:
1943:
1740:
Gielen, Pascal (2013) "Creativity and other
Fundamentalisms". Mondriaan: Amsterdam.
1591:
295:
264:
166:
47:
1364:"Creative Industries and Developing Countries: Voice, Choice and Economic Growth"
743:
As some first world countries struggle to compete in traditional markets such as
290:
Hesmondhalgh reduces the list to what he terms "the core cultural industries" of
5325:
5305:
5278:
5104:
4862:
4762:
4460:
4449:
4444:
4392:
4270:
4260:
4129:
3829:
3585:
3554:
3549:
3508:
3417:
3193:
3168:
3163:
3132:
2889:
2844:
2752:
2732:
2465:
2388:
2348:
2236:
2091:
1980:
1965:
1955:
1911:
1891:
1811:
1450:(2 ed.), London, UK: Department of Culture, Media and Sport, archived from
667:
590:
582:
352:
333:
291:
283:
257:
240:
213:
205:
157:
43:
1705:
5268:
5198:
5168:
5151:
5129:
4939:
4872:
4809:
4804:
4517:
4465:
4290:
4213:
4112:
4007:
3685:
3595:
3580:
3563:
3559:
3316:
3235:
3085:
2819:
2715:
2695:
2626:
2460:
2433:
2219:
2110:
2106:
2081:
1995:
1896:
1839:
1363:
830:
629:
625:
307:
276:
231:
201:
107:
99:
79:
1718:
775:
2001), although the data sets underlying these figures are open to question.
5300:
5246:
5146:
5124:
5109:
4911:
4642:
4534:
4470:
4367:
4280:
4235:
4171:
4156:
4002:
3873:
3663:
3590:
3454:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3090:
2879:
2859:
2742:
2705:
2485:
2398:
2373:
2363:
2199:
2114:
2000:
1975:
1242:
670:, whereas it is more straightforward in product-focused sub-sectors such as
594:
586:
535:
452:
329:
244:
161:
36:
24:
636:. Together these account for around 75% of revenues and 50% of employment.
1702:"Immaterial Civil War: Prototypes of Conflict within Cognitive Capitalism"
5241:
4951:
4879:
4567:
4295:
4275:
4196:
4032:
3987:
3930:
3863:
3632:
3391:
3262:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
2803:
2727:
2475:
2428:
2403:
2383:
2189:
2059:
2034:
2022:
728:
How do different network structures produce different opportunity spaces?
598:
387:
The total number of creative employees is then calculated as the sum of:
373:
87:
1495:
Developing
Cultural Industries: Learning from the Palimpsest of Practice
1117:
Felipe, Buitrago
Restrepo, Pedro; Iván, Duque Márquez (1 October 2013).
558:
Globally, Creative
Industries excluding software and general scientific
5136:
5119:
4899:
4767:
4697:
4673:
4572:
4208:
4134:
3769:
3709:
3702:
3617:
3575:
3422:
3401:
3382:
3364:
3306:
3245:
3213:
3158:
2874:
2798:
2658:
2638:
2567:
2495:
2408:
2301:
2256:
2229:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2136:
2054:
2017:
2005:
760:
499:
487:
63:
408:, creative industries are characterized by seven economic properties:
5221:
4607:
4490:
4330:
4139:
4082:
3992:
3972:
3607:
3449:
3432:
3061:
2720:
2710:
2673:
2663:
2643:
2562:
2500:
2480:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2378:
2311:
2306:
2261:
2066:
1829:
1824:
1344:'Looking Back, Looking Forward: Arts-Based Careers and Creative Work'
1324:'Looking Back, Looking Forward: Arts-Based Careers and Creative Work'
671:
640:
621:
606:
491:
483:
236:
176:
171:
59:
55:
1474:, London, UK: Department of Culture, Media and Sport, archived from
1747:
1493:
5141:
5114:
4668:
4439:
4302:
4166:
4074:
3977:
3680:
3297:
2224:
2194:
1926:
1916:
1881:
1871:
725:
What is the nature of their work and the resources they draw upon?
633:
209:
103:
747:, many now see the creative industry as a key component in a new
4820:
4637:
4325:
4228:
4181:
3600:
3311:
2678:
2668:
2443:
2343:
2241:
2204:
2010:
1985:
1866:
903:
Kultur & Kommunikation for Nordic
Innovation Centre (2007),
337:
268:
193:
95:
5005:
4790:
4060:
2523:
1790:
1751:
3982:
3301:
3223:
2932:
2071:
1906:
1468:
Creative
Industries Statistical Estimates Statistical Bulletin
914:; Mœglin, Pierre (2001), Les Industries éducatives, Paris, Puf
141:(DCMS) definition which describes the creative industries as:
91:
51:
715:
occupational categories". Examples of new questions include:
455:
protection, allowing a creator or performer to collect rents.
451:: Some creative products have durability aspects that invoke
1218:. 2015 – via World Intellectual Property Organisation.
514:
Some authors, such as the American urban studies theorist
1694:
T-Shirts and Suits: A Guide to the Business of Creativity
1185:"The Economic Performance of Copyright-Based Industries"
372:, and a worker who plays piano would be classified as a
275:
in science and technology. It has also been argued that
1421:
Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce
905:"Creative Industries Education in the Nordic Countries"
1719:
MyCreativity Reader: A Critique of Creative Industries
1556:
The Creative Economy: How People Make Money From Ideas
1412:. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank 2013
790:
appointed as the first minister to hold the position.
755:, often through initiatives linked to exploitation of
1216:
World Intellectual Property Organisation Publications
887:
885:
1503:
De Beukelaer, Christiaan; Spence, Kim-Marie (2019),
5207:
5090:
5016:
4960:
4910:
4803:
4653:
4593:
4550:
4420:
4311:
4251:
4155:
4073:
3921:
3812:
3718:
3375:
3143:
2943:
2543:
2536:
2326:
2147:
2033:
1810:
1803:
1391:. BusinessWeek magazine. 2000-08-28. Archived from
1295:"Economic warfare on the silver screen - FRANCE 24"
722:
What is their process of innovation and enterprise?
271:and games, also including the much broader area of
780:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
1721:, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2007.
1342:Lingo, Elizabeth L. and Tepper, Steven J (2013),
1322:Lingo, Elizabeth L. and Tepper, Steven J (2013),
27:. They may variously also be referred to as the
950:
702:In the introduction to a 2013 special issue of
149:As of 2015 the DCMS definition recognizes nine
1763:
1728:, Journal of Political Economy, 110: 234-237.
1717:. In: Lovink, Geert and Rossiter, Ned (eds).
1373:, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 65-110.
1119:"The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity"
518:, argue for a wider focus on the products of
8:
1147:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1104:
1092:
986:
966:
923:
854:
711:facing today's (and tomorrow's) workforce."
1590:Landry, Charles; Bianchini, Franco (1995),
1409:The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity
5013:
5002:
4800:
4787:
4070:
4057:
2540:
2533:
2520:
1807:
1800:
1787:
1770:
1756:
1748:
1625:, The Knowledge Foundation, archived from
1447:Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001
589:and deliver four times the output due to
464:Difference from the 'cultural industries'
1333:, in Work and Occupations 40(4) 337-363.
1002:
572:World Intellectual Property Organization
1318:
1316:
1265:"Creative Europe - European Commission"
1231:Revista Indicação Geográfica e Inovação
1172:
970:
938:
891:
866:
847:
139:Department for Culture, Media and Sport
1353:in Work and Occupations 40(4) 337-363.
1140:
990:
974:
1161:
1044:from the original on 10 February 2015
643:, for example, a 2021 study into the
7:
5423:Economics of the arts and literature
5377:
1675:Creative Industries – UNESCO Culture
1129:from the original on 10 January 2014
1014:
962:
927:
773:Creative Industries Mapping Document
42:Howkins' creative economy comprises
1406:Buitrago, Pedro & Duque, Iván.
1726:Book Review of Creative Industries
1275:from the original on 30 April 2016
463:
14:
1492:De Beukelaer, Christiaan (2015),
5388:
5376:
5365:
5364:
751:, capable perhaps of delivering
530:The creative class and diversity
363:How creative workers are counted
5389:
2924:Outdoors & sports equipment
1074:from the original on 3 May 2018
345:Inter-American Development Bank
1498:, European Cultural Foundation
1:
2928:Personal protective equipment
504:cultural institutions studies
400:Properties or characteristics
1699:Pasquinelli, Matteo (2006).
1574:Economies of Sign and Space
951:Landry & Bianchini 1995
805:Creative industry in Brazil
688:'Creative Europe' programme
653:Brazilian creative industry
5444:
800:Cognitive-cultural economy
682:devices and networks. The
5359:
5012:
5001:
4799:
4786:
4069:
4056:
2532:
2519:
1799:
1786:
1572:Lash, S; Urry, J (1994),
878:Buitrago & Duque 2013
769:creative entrepreneurship
647:intensive sectors in the
25:knowledge and information
5237:Mergers and acquisitions
4978:Research and development
3343:Chemical & hormonal
2998:Communications equipment
1737:. Bielefeld: Transcript.
1678:, UNESCO, archived from
759:that leads to increased
565:Research and Development
560:research and development
316:video and computer games
279:belongs in such a list.
273:research and development
4028:Painting and decorating
3052:Medical imaging systems
2985:Parts & peripherals
1692:Parrish, David (2005).
1646:Creative Economy Report
1538:The Cultural Industries
1505:Global Cultural Economy
1423:, Harvard Univ. Press,
1243:10.51722/ingi.v5.i4.175
5428:Industries (economics)
5341:State-owned enterprise
5321:Nonprofit organization
5232:Horizontal integration
3045:Scientific instruments
3008:Network infrastructure
1554:Howkins, John (2001),
1389:"The Creative Economy"
815:Entertainment industry
413:Nobody knows principle
359:; cultural heritage).
282:The various fields of
4684:Private investigation
1731:Van Heur, Bas (2010)
645:Intellectual Property
554:Economic contribution
425:Motley crew principle
312:electronic publishing
131:intellectual property
5252:Vertical integration
3258:Speciality chemicals
3098:Electrical equipment
3015:Consumer electronics
1724:Towse, Ruth (2002).
1310:with Violaine Hacker
1003:Lash & Urry 1994
704:Work and Occupations
328:Some areas, such as
5336:Sole proprietorship
5311:Joint-stock company
4585:Veterinary medicine
4410:Property management
4204:Passenger transport
3231:Commodity chemicals
3057:Optical instruments
3025:Video game consoles
2918:Musical instruments
2759:Media reproduction
1534:Hesmondhalgh, David
1395:on October 18, 2000
1037:. 13 January 2015.
973:, pp. 88–117;
826:Publishing industry
471:cultural industries
133:". This echoes the
29:cultural industries
21:creative industries
5284:Putting-out system
4793:Information sector
4714:Personal services
4321:Financial services
3793:offshore platforms
3642:advanced materials
3623:Ready-mix concrete
3076:Laser construction
3036:Clocks and watches
2870:Injection moulding
2841:Other fabrication
2794:household hardware
1696:, Merseyside ACME.
1369:2016-03-04 at the
1349:2015-05-06 at the
1329:2015-05-06 at the
989:, pp. 11–14;
910:2015-05-18 at the
753:urban regeneration
639:In economies like
603:working population
510:The creative class
496:outdoor activities
419:Art for art's sake
323:lifestyle business
5405:
5404:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5182:Natural resources
5027:Production-based
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4935:Vocational school
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4013:Electrical wiring
3999:Specialty trades
3953:Civil engineering
3808:
3807:
3482:Vulcanized rubber
3278:Cleaning products
3118:Electric lighting
2835:Surface finishing
2825:Powder metallurgy
2780:Metal fabrication
2526:Industrial sector
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2414:Rare-earth metals
2322:
2321:
1659:978-0-9816619-0-2
1606:978-1-898309-16-1
1593:The Creative City
1417:Caves, Richard E.
1105:Hesmondhalgh 2002
1093:Hesmondhalgh 2002
987:Hesmondhalgh 2002
967:Hesmondhalgh 2002
924:Hesmondhalgh 2002
894:, pp. 88–117
855:Hesmondhalgh 2002
836:Creative services
810:Cultural industry
757:cultural heritage
749:knowledge economy
664:gross value added
649:Brazilian economy
522:, and judge the '
520:knowledge workers
370:industrial sector
336:. They adopt the
227:computer services
5435:
5392:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5368:
5367:
5264:Enforced breakup
5259:Decentralization
5187:Physical capital
5014:
5003:
4801:
4788:
4664:Customer service
4580:Residential care
4528:Public relations
4336:Financial advice
4313:Asset management
4108:Department store
4071:
4058:
4038:Site preparation
3886:Telecom networks
3854:Waste management
3830:Gas distribution
3514:Synthetic fibers
3241:Industrial gases
2980:Computer systems
2914:Medical supplies
2541:
2534:
2521:
1951:Animal husbandry
1922:Medicinal plants
1808:
1801:
1788:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1704:. Archived from
1689:
1688:
1687:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1598:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1529:
1513:Florida, Richard
1508:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1433:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1374:
1360:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1237:(4): 1418–1432.
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:, pp. 12–14
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
984:
978:
977:, pp. 11–12
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
921:
915:
901:
895:
889:
880:
875:
869:
864:
858:
852:
548:multiculturalism
476:cultural tourism
431:Infinite variety
406:Richard E. Caves
151:creative sectors
115:human creativity
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5347:
5316:Nationalization
5203:
5173:Primary inputs
5094:
5086:
5019:
5018:Classification
5008:
4989:
4956:
4906:
4890:Social networks
4807:
4795:
4774:
4758:Business travel
4660:Administrative
4649:
4633:Amusement parks
4597:
4589:
4563:Dentist offices
4546:
4416:
4383:Pension funding
4356:Risk management
4341:Holding company
4307:
4247:
4159:
4151:
4123:Specialty store
4118:Online shopping
4065:
4044:
3917:
3804:
3714:
3371:
3329:Pharmaceuticals
3273:Aroma compounds
3209:Petroleum jelly
3139:
3128:Home appliances
3123:Electric motors
3071:spotting scopes
3032:Instrumentation
2945:
2939:
2921:Office supplies
2528:
2507:
2491:Dimension stone
2425:Other minerals
2370:Mining of ores
2318:
2143:
2029:
1976:Other livestock
1862:Permanent crops
1795:
1782:
1776:
1745:
1743:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1685:
1683:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1649:
1643:UNCTAD (2008),
1642:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:Nielsén, Tobias
1612:
1607:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1548:
1532:
1527:
1519:, Basic Books,
1511:
1502:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1415:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1371:Wayback Machine
1361:
1357:
1351:Wayback Machine
1341:
1337:
1331:Wayback Machine
1321:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1269:Creative Europe
1263:
1262:
1258:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1070:. 18 May 2011.
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
922:
918:
912:Wayback Machine
902:
898:
890:
883:
876:
872:
865:
861:
853:
849:
844:
820:Imagination age
796:
741:
709:economic trends
700:
692:think laterally
556:
532:
516:Richard Florida
512:
466:
402:
365:
357:performing arts
302:, internet and
294:and marketing,
123:
76:performing arts
17:
16:Economic sector
12:
11:
5:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5294:Temporary work
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5217:Centralization
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5101:
5099:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:Basic research
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4604:
4602:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4513:Legal services
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4484:system testing
4473:
4468:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Money transfer
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Passenger rail
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:Moving company
4184:
4179:
4174:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Consumer goods
4090:
4088:Car dealership
4079:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4063:Service sector
4061:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3724:
3722:
3720:Heavy industry
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3659:Metal refining
3656:
3655:
3654:
3652:Synthetic gems
3649:
3644:
3635:
3629:Other mineral
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3519:Thermoplastics
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:contraceptives
3341:
3339:Blood products
3336:
3326:
3324:Fine chemicals
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Petrochemicals
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2968:Semiconductors
2965:
2963:Circuit boards
2960:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2830:Prefabrication
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Cassette tapes
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:Vegetable oils
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2572:Dairy products
2570:
2565:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2545:Light industry
2538:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2127:Wild mushrooms
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2104:
2102:Natural rubber
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Tropical fruit
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1820:Arable farming
1816:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1793:Natural sector
1791:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1697:
1690:
1669:
1658:
1640:
1610:
1605:
1587:
1583:978-0803984714
1582:
1569:
1565:978-0141977034
1564:
1551:
1547:978-1526424099
1546:
1530:
1526:978-1541617742
1525:
1509:
1500:
1489:
1462:
1441:
1430:978-0674001640
1429:
1413:
1404:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1335:
1312:
1286:
1256:
1221:
1200:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1055:
1019:
1007:
995:
979:
969:, p. 12;
965:, p. 04;
955:
943:
941:, p. xiii
931:
926:, p. 12;
916:
896:
881:
870:
859:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
812:
807:
802:
795:
792:
765:United Kingdom
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
699:
696:
555:
552:
540:creative class
531:
528:
524:creative class
511:
508:
465:
462:
457:
456:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
401:
398:
397:
396:
392:
364:
361:
261:
260:
247:
234:
229:
216:
198:TV productions
191:
189:fashion design
174:
169:
164:
147:
146:
122:
119:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5440:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5397:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Privatization
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:Externalities
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:Market-based
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:Audio-visual
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4595:Entertainment
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Payment cards
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Food delivery
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Drink service
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:& Storage
4158:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Grocery store
4101:
4099:
4098:General store
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Rail vehicles
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:wind turbines
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Machine tools
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:Carbon fibers
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Illegal drugs
3353:
3351:
3350:Generic drugs
3348:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Agrochemicals
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:Pure elements
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Synthetic oil
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Lens grinding
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Mobile phones
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:storage media
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:& optical
2942:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Optical discs
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Bottled water
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:Manufacturing
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Sea cucumbers
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
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1867:Apples et al.
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1720:
1708:on 2015-03-29
1707:
1703:
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1682:on 2009-08-26
1681:
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1670:
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1628:
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1481:on 2007-06-14
1477:
1470:
1469:
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1463:
1454:on 2008-07-27
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:DCMS (2001),
1442:
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481:
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435:
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420:
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410:
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274:
270:
266:
263:To this list
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5289:Spinning-off
5274:Homesteading
5227:Conglomerate
5209:Organization
5162:Raw material
5157:Intermediate
5036:
5035:
4967:
4858:Broadcasting
4763:Cruise lines
4733:Maid service
4723:Dry cleaning
4694:Maintenance
4457:Architecture
4422:Professional
4241:Self storage
4145:Distribution
3923:Construction
3768:Other heavy
3693:Formed metal
3647:Mineral wool
3569:Safety glass
3540:Fused quartz
3535:Borosilicate
3199:Paraffin wax
3154:oil refining
3133:Transformers
2899:Other goods
2885:Stonemasonry
2865:Glassblowing
2850:Blow molding
2809:Locksmithing
2785:Boilermaking
2334:Fossil fuels
2132:Fungiculture
2087:Gutta-percha
2077:Frankincense
2072:Tree tapping
2043:Silviculture
2023:Fur trapping
1934:Horticulture
1882:Stone fruits
1744:
1732:
1725:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1684:, retrieved
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1674:
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1645:
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1393:the original
1358:
1338:
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1299:the original
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1189:www.wipo.int
1188:
1179:
1173:Florida 2002
1168:
1157:
1143:cite journal
1131:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1107:, p. 13
1100:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1034:
1022:
1017:, p. 04
1010:
998:
993:, p. 12
982:
971:Howkins 2001
958:
946:
939:Florida 2002
934:
919:
899:
892:Howkins 2001
873:
867:Howkins 2001
862:
857:, p. 14
850:
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777:
772:
742:
713:
703:
701:
680:
676:
658:The complex
657:
638:
615:
576:
569:
557:
533:
513:
469:
467:
458:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
403:
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382:
378:
366:
349:
342:
327:
320:
306:industries,
296:broadcasting
289:
281:
265:John Howkins
262:
167:Architecture
150:
148:
128:
126:economy" l.
124:
112:
48:architecture
41:
20:
18:
5326:Partnership
5306:Cooperative
5279:Outsourcing
5269:Freelancing
5147:Commodities
4851:Video games
4826:Periodicals
4703:Landscaping
4638:Fairgrounds
4540:Advertising
4461:engineering
4445:Bookkeeping
4400:Real estate
4393:Reinsurance
4291:Restaurants
4261:Foodservice
4253:Hospitality
4236:Warehousing
4224:Ridesharing
4214:Car rentals
3946:Residential
3881:Remediation
3764:Automobiles
3586:Earthenware
3555:Glass fiber
3550:Float glass
3360:Supplements
3334:Antibiotics
3236:Fertilizers
3194:Mineral oil
3169:Diesel fuel
3152:Coal &
3112:fiber optic
3086:Microscopes
3040:GPS devices
3020:Televisions
2953:Electronics
2944:Electrical
2890:Woodworking
2845:3D printing
2804:Gunsmithing
2768:Phonographs
2753:Typesetting
2733:Bookbinding
2696:Dressmaking
2691:Accessories
2623:Soft drinks
2558:Animal feed
2349:Natural gas
2237:Aquaculture
2220:Sea urchins
2092:Maple syrup
1966:Fur farming
1956:Beef cattle
1892:Viticulture
1840:Fiber crops
1812:Agriculture
1558:, Penguin,
1507:, Routledge
1435:Description
991:UNCTAD 2008
975:UNCTAD 2008
953:, p. 4
668:advertising
618:sub-sectors
591:agriculture
583:hospitality
577:Taking the
353:visual arts
334:value chain
292:advertising
284:engineering
258:visual arts
214:photography
158:Advertising
137:Government
121:Definitions
108:video games
44:advertising
5418:Creativity
5412:Categories
5199:Technology
5169:Innovation
5130:Well-being
4940:University
4873:Television
4810:Mass media
4805:Publishing
4643:Nightclubs
4552:Healthcare
4523:Consulting
4518:Management
4466:Inspection
4450:Tax advice
4430:Accounting
4361:Securities
4177:Intermodal
4113:Mail order
4008:Demolition
3941:Industrial
3936:Commercial
3859:Collection
3710:Cast metal
3596:Refractory
3564:fiberglass
3560:Glass wool
3523:thermosets
3499:Engineered
3428:Engineered
3423:Sawmilling
3317:Toiletries
3288:Explosives
3108:Electrical
3091:Telescopes
2958:Components
2716:Shoemaking
2434:Phosphorus
2327:Geological
2277:Microalgae
2120:Pine resin
2107:Palm sugar
2082:Gum arabic
1996:Beekeeping
1835:Vegetables
1780:industries
1712:2015-05-16
1686:2009-11-24
1665:2009-11-28
1652:, UNCTAD,
1636:2013-02-11
1485:2007-05-26
1458:2007-05-26
1399:2006-08-18
1305:2015-05-23
1194:2021-12-29
1162:Caves 2000
842:References
831:Smart city
739:Wider role
684:EU records
630:television
626:publishing
443:Time flies
277:gastronomy
267:would add
254:performing
232:Publishing
153:, namely:
80:publishing
5301:Ownership
5247:Monopsony
5125:Pollution
5110:Community
5020:standards
4925:Secondary
4912:Education
4895:Streaming
4568:Hospitals
4559:Medicine
4535:Marketing
4471:Surveying
4435:Assurance
4405:Brokerage
4368:Insurance
4296:Teahouses
4281:Fast food
4172:Air cargo
4157:Transport
4140:Brokerage
4130:Wholesale
4018:Elevators
4003:Cabinetry
3931:Buildings
3911:Telephone
3906:Satellite
3874:Recycling
3869:Hazardous
3835:Renewable
3814:Utilities
3775:Aerospace
3743:Hydraulic
3733:Conveyors
3728:Machinery
3633:Abrasives
3591:Porcelain
3545:Soda-lime
3504:Specialty
3494:Commodity
3455:Cardboard
3438:Composite
3376:Materials
3293:Fireworks
3283:Cosmetics
3263:Adhesives
3145:Chemicals
3103:Batteries
2975:Computers
2910:Jewellery
2896:Furniture
2880:Sintering
2860:Extrusion
2814:Machining
2790:Builders'
2743:Engraving
2738:Embossing
2721:Tailoring
2706:Hatmaking
2606:Beverages
2589:Preserved
2486:Limestone
2456:Quarrying
2429:Gemstones
2399:Palladium
2364:Tar sands
2359:Petroleum
2354:Oil shale
2200:Swordfish
2160:Anchovies
2001:Cochineal
1599:, Demos,
1251:240303360
1015:DCMS 2001
963:DCMS 2001
928:DCMS 2006
698:In the US
595:fisheries
587:utilities
544:diversity
536:workforce
488:libraries
453:copyright
449:Ars longa
330:Hong Kong
245:libraries
241:galleries
162:marketing
37:Caribbean
5371:Category
5242:Monopoly
5194:Services
4973:Language
4968:Creative
4952:Tutoring
4930:Tertiary
4900:Websites
4880:Internet
4831:Software
4817:Written
4738:Pet care
4698:Janitors
4688:security
4679:Staffing
4608:Gambling
4501:Interior
4482:, &
4476:Physical
4388:Property
4276:Catering
4209:Airlines
4197:Trucking
4033:Plumbing
3988:Dredging
3963:Railways
3896:Internet
3891:Cable TV
3825:Electric
3770:vehicles
3669:Aluminum
3576:Ceramics
3489:Plastics
3402:Currying
3392:deliming
3365:Vaccines
3307:Perfumes
3246:Pigments
3189:Kerosene
3184:Jet fuel
3179:Gasoline
3174:Fuel oil
2906:Bicycles
2820:smithing
2728:Printing
2686:Clothing
2654:Spinning
2634:Textiles
2584:Prepared
2404:Platinum
2374:Aluminum
2302:Scallops
2215:Lobsters
2190:Mackerel
2170:Sardines
2137:Truffles
2113:, &
2060:Firewood
2035:Forestry
1845:Oilseeds
1672:UNESCO,
1616:(2006),
1576:, SAGE,
1540:, SAGE,
1536:(2002),
1515:(2002),
1439:preview.
1419:(2000),
1367:Archived
1347:Archived
1327:Archived
1273:Archived
1127:Archived
1123:iadb.org
1072:Archived
1039:Archived
908:Archived
794:See also
599:forestry
500:hobbyist
480:heritage
374:musician
223:software
88:software
35:and the
5395:Outline
5383:Commons
5137:Funding
5120:Culture
5097:outputs
5007:Related
4947:Testing
4920:Primary
4885:Hosting
4768:Tourism
4754:Travel
4750:Poverty
4728:Funeral
4710:Repairs
4674:Renting
4669:Leasing
4628:Arcades
4624:Venues
4600:leisure
4573:Nursing
4506:Product
4496:Fashion
4480:product
4326:Banking
4135:Auction
3993:Harbors
3973:Tunnels
3958:Bridges
3864:Dumping
3800:Weapons
3618:Plaster
3509:Pellets
3397:Tanning
3383:Leather
3214:Propane
3159:Bitumen
3062:Cameras
2902:Baggage
2875:Pottery
2855:Drawing
2799:Cutlery
2664:Carpets
2659:Weaving
2639:Carding
2568:Canning
2496:Granite
2419:Uranium
2409:Lithium
2282:Seaweed
2267:Oysters
2262:Mussels
2257:Abalone
2252:Tilapia
2247:Catfish
2230:Whaling
2185:Pollock
2180:Haddock
2165:Herring
2155:Fishing
2148:Aquatic
2055:Logging
2018:Hunting
2006:Shellac
1991:Poultry
1939:Flowers
1872:Berries
1855:Tobacco
1830:Legumes
1825:Cereals
1381:Sources
761:tourism
484:museums
237:Museums
185:graphic
181:product
84:R&D
64:fashion
5222:Cartel
5095:&
5092:Inputs
5031:ANZSIC
4808:&
4718:Beauty
4686:&
4613:Online
4598:&
4491:Design
4459:&
4373:Health
4331:Credit
4303:Hotels
4083:Retail
3978:Canals
3901:Mobile
3847:Sewage
3821:Power
3791:&
3777:&
3755:&
3703:Forged
3698:Rolled
3681:Alloys
3674:Copper
3640:&
3613:Mortar
3608:Cement
3562:&
3521:&
3472:Rubber
3465:Tissue
3450:Sizing
3433:Lumber
3418:Drying
3406:oiling
3404:&
3390:&
3388:Liming
3300:&
3298:Paints
3114:cables
3110:&
3069:&
2989:Blank
2818:Other
2792:&
2748:Secure
2711:Sewing
2674:Linens
2649:Prints
2644:Dyeing
2620:Liquor
2594:Sweets
2563:Baking
2501:Marble
2481:Gypsum
2461:Gravel
2449:Sulfur
2439:Potash
2394:Silver
2379:Copper
2312:Shrimp
2307:Salmon
2272:Pearls
2097:Mastic
2067:Rattan
2048:Bamboo
1971:Horses
1927:Spices
1917:Olives
1902:Coffee
1877:Citrus
1804:Biotic
1778:Major
1656:
1603:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1523:
1427:
1249:
1048:16 May
1035:gov.uk
784:et al.
672:crafts
641:Brazil
628:, and
622:design
607:retail
492:sports
314:, and
177:Design
172:Crafts
106:, and
60:design
56:crafts
5177:Labor
5152:Final
5142:Goods
5115:Crime
5060:UKSIC
5050:NAICS
4961:Other
4868:Radio
4846:Music
4821:Books
4654:Other
4620:Sport
4440:Audit
4271:Cafés
4229:Taxis
4167:Cargo
4075:Sales
3968:Roads
3842:Water
3789:Ships
3779:space
3753:Power
3738:Heavy
3686:Steel
3581:Brick
3530:Glass
3477:Tires
3445:Paper
2575:Flour
2471:Chalk
2292:Clams
2288:Both
2225:Squid
2210:Crabs
2195:Shark
2111:syrup
1944:Seeds
1897:Cocoa
1850:Sugar
1650:(PDF)
1630:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1279:3 May
1247:S2CID
1212:(PDF)
1133:3 May
1078:3 May
1042:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
634:radio
308:print
304:music
250:Music
210:radio
206:video
104:radio
96:games
72:music
5080:TRBC
5070:GICS
5045:NACE
5038:ISIC
4863:News
4841:Film
4378:Life
4192:Rail
4182:Mail
4023:HVAC
3983:Dams
3664:Iron
3601:Tile
3460:Pulp
3413:Wood
3312:Soap
3302:inks
3164:Coke
2933:Toys
2701:Furs
2679:Rope
2669:Lace
2627:Wine
2611:Beer
2579:Meat
2553:Food
2476:Clay
2466:Sand
2444:Salt
2389:Gold
2384:Iron
2344:Peat
2339:Coal
2242:Carp
2205:Tuna
2115:wine
2011:Silk
1986:Wool
1912:Nuts
1654:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1437:and
1425:ISBN
1281:2018
1149:link
1135:2018
1080:2018
1050:2015
632:and
620:are
609:and
597:and
546:and
494:and
486:and
478:and
395:time
343:The
338:WIPO
310:and
300:film
269:toys
256:and
243:and
225:and
212:and
194:Film
187:and
160:and
102:and
94:and
92:toys
68:film
19:The
5075:ICB
5055:SIC
4743:Sex
3224:Tar
3067:Gun
2175:Cod
1981:Pig
1907:Tea
1239:doi
585:or
506:.)
52:art
5414::
4478:,
2109:,
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