Creator in Buddhism - Knowledge (XXG)

1565: 1721: 890: 1564: 1908: 1062: 1931:, the essential nature of the mind" and that this seems to imply "that all phenomena, samsara and nirvana, arise from this clear and luminous source". This doctrine of an "ultimate source", says the Dalai Lama, seems close to the notion of a Creator, since all phenomena, whether they belong to samsara or nirvana, originate therein". However, he warns that we not think of this as a Creator God, since the clear light is not "a sort of collective clear light, analogous to the non-Buddhist concept of 1186:

caused implies there to be change also in its causal basis, for a changeless cause cannot explain alteration in the result. The hypothesis of a creator god, therefore, either fails to explain our changing world, or else God himself must be subject to change and corruption, and hence cannot be eternal. Creation, in other words, entails the impermanence of the creator. Theism, the Buddhist philosophers concluded, could not as a system of thought be saved from such contradictions.

1077:(MN 49). In this sutta, the Buddha displays his superior knowledge by explaining how a high god named Baka Brahma, who believes himself to be supremely powerful, actually does not know of certain spiritual realms. The Buddha also demonstrates his superior psychic power by disappearing from Baka Brahma's sight, to a realm that he cannot reach, and then challenges him to do the same. Baka Brahma fails in this, demonstrating the Buddha's superiority. The text also depicts 1658:, which he explains as a "positive foundation" and "a pure essence residing in temporarily obscured sentient beings". He compares various Mahayana interpretations of Buddha-nature (Tibetan and East Asian) with a pantheist view that sees all things as divine and that "undoes the duality between the divine and the world". In a similar fashion, Eva K. Neumaier compares Mahayana Buddha-nature teachings that point to a source of all things with the theology of 1597: 1347: 1977:

enlightenment by means of imperishable bliss, and when it asserts the necessity of acquiring merit and knowledge in order to attain perfect Buddhahood, it is referring to the actual realization of one's own innate gnosis. Thus, one could say that in the Kalacakra tradition, Adibuddha refers to the ultimate nature of one's own mind and to the one who has realized the innate nature of one's own mind by means of purificatory practices.

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that they arise successively". The theist responds that things arise in succession because of the power of God's wishes; he thus wills things to arise in succession. The Buddhist responds: "then things do not arise from a single cause, because the desires (of God) are multiple". Furthermore, these desires would have to be simultaneous, but since God is not multiple, things would all arise at the same time.

6291: 7323: 3689: 3676: 678: 3666: 1081:, an evil trickster figure, as attempting to support the Brahma's misconception of himself. As noted by Michael D. Nichols, MN 49 seems to show that "belief in an eternal creator figure is a devious ploy put forward by the Evil One to mislead humanity, and the implication is that Brahmins who believe in the power and permanence of Brahma have fallen for it." 1845:". He writes: "a careful analysis of Vajrayana Buddhist cosmogony, specifically as presented in the Atiyoga (Dzogchen) tradition of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, which presents itself as the culmination of all Buddhist teachings, reveals a theory of a transcendent ground of being and a process of creation that bear remarkable similarities with views presented in 1755:, meanwhile, has written that the idea of the Buddha's "cosmic body", who is both the cosmos and its creator, "is very close to the idea of God in the theistic religions". Similarly, Lin Weiyu writes that the Huayan school interprets Vairocana as "omnipresent, omnipotent and identical to the universe itself". According to Lin, the Huayan commentator 1333:'God is the cause of the world.' Tell me, who is God? The elements? Then why all the trouble about a mere word? (119) Besides, the elements are manifold, impermanent, without intelligence or activity; without anything divine or venerable; impure. Also such elements as earth, etc., are not God.(120) Neither is space God; space lacks activity, nor is 25: 1985:, i.e., the primordial Buddha) of Dzogchen thought and its companion deities "are not gods, but are symbols for different aspects of our primordial enlightenment. Kunjed Gyalpo is our timeless Pure Perfect Presence beyond cause and effect. Sattvavajra is our ordinary, analytical, judgmental presence inside time that depends upon cause and effect." 982:"So, then, owing to the creation of a supreme deity, men will become murderers, thieves, unchaste, liars, slanderers, abusive, babblers, covetous, malicious and perverse in view. Thus for those who fall back on the creation of a god as the essential reason, there is neither desire nor effort nor necessity to do this deed or abstain from that deed." 1058:

Buddhist texts, is then shared by other gods. Eventually, however, one of the gods dies and is reborn as human, with the power to remember his previous life. He teaches what he remembers from his previous life in lower heaven, that Mahabrahma is the Creator. It is this that leads to the human belief in a creator, according to the Pali Canon.

777:, or cyclical rebirth. Buddhism teaches that none of these gods is a creator or an eternal being, though they can live very long lives. In Buddhism, the devas are also trapped in the cycle of rebirth and are not necessarily virtuous. Thus, while Buddhism includes multiple "gods", its main focus is not on them. Peter Harvey calls this "trans- 906:, the Buddha sees the cycle of rebirths as stretching back "many hundreds of thousands of eons without discernible beginning." Saṃyutta Nikāya 15:1 and 15:2 states: "this samsara is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." 1994: 1194:." However, Kapstein notes that these criticisms remained mostly philosophical, since Buddhist antitheism "was conceived primarily in terms of the logical requirements of Buddhist philosophical systems, for which the concept of a personal god violated the rational demands of an impersonal, moral and causal order". 1976:

tradition speaks of the Adibuddha in the sense of a beginningless and endless Buddha, it is referring to the innate gnosis that pervades the minds of all sentient beings and stands as the basis of both samsara and nirvana. Whereas, when it speaks of the Adibuddha as the one who first attained perfect

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to contain theistic-sounding language, such as positing a single "cause of all that exists" (including all Buddhas). However, she also writes that this language is symbolic and points to an impersonal "ground of all existence", or primordial basis, which is "the mind of perfect purity" that underlies

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Then the question of why God creates the world is taken up. The theist states that it is for God's own joy. The Buddhist responds that in this case, God is not lord over his own joy since he cannot create it without an external mean, and "if he is not Sovereign with respect to his own joy, how can he

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as a substratum. We must not be inclined to deify this luminous space. We must understand that when we speak of ultimate or inherent clear light, we are speaking on an individual level. When, in the tantric context, we say that all worlds appear out of clear light, we do not visualize this source as

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as a kind of supreme lord of the cosmos and as the progenitor of various heavenly bodies and divinities (such as the Sun and Moon, the deities Shiva and Vishnu, etc.) Avalokiteśvara himself is seen, in the versified version of the sutra, to be an emanation of the first Buddha, the Adi-Buddha, who is

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José Ignacio Cabezón notes that while Mahayana sources reject a universal creator God that stands apart from the world, as well as any single creation event for the entire universe, Mahayanists do accept "localized" creation of specific worlds by the Buddhas and bodhisattvas as well as the idea that

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Besides, do you say that God finds joy in seeing the creatures which he has created in the prey of all the distress of existence, including the tortures of the hells? Homage to this kind of God! The profane stanza expresses it well: "One calls him Rudra because he burns, because he is sharp, fierce,

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sees this deity (called Samantabhadra) as a symbol for ultimate reality, "the realm of the Dharmakaya – the space of emptiness". He is also quite clear that "the theory that God is the creator, is almighty, and permanent is in contradiction to Buddhist teachings... For Buddhists the universe has no

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Vasubandhu then proceeds to outline various arguments for and against the existence of a creator deity or single cause. In the argument that follows, the Buddhist non-theist begins by stating that if the universe arose from a single cause, "things would arise all at the same time: but everyone sees

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If we deem Samantabhadra an individual being, we are far from the true meaning. In reality, he denotes our potentiality that, even though at the present moment we are in samsara, has never been conditioned by dualism. From the beginning, the state of the individual has been pure and always remains

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is co-substantial with the universe and is the very substance that the universe consists of. Furthermore, this cosmic Buddha is seen as making use of all the sounds, thoughts, and forms in the universe to preach the Buddha's teaching to others. Thus, all forms, thoughts, and sounds in the universe

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Furthermore, the Buddhist states that the followers of God as a single cause deny observable cause and effect. If they modify their position to accept observable causes and effects as auxiliaries to their God, "this is nothing more than a pious affirmation, because we do not see the activity of a

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If Brahma is lord of the whole world and Creator of the multitude of beings, then why has he ordained misfortune in the world without making the whole world happy; or for what purpose has he made the world full of injustice, falsehood and conceit; or is the lord of beings evil in that he ordained

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ethics. According to Beverley Foulks, in his essays, Zhixu "objects to the way Jesuits invest God with qualities of love, hatred, and the power to punish. He criticizes the notion that God would create humans to be both good and evil, and finally he questions why God would allow Lucifer to tempt

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everywhere, at all times, and simultaneously. If he produces dharma when a desire arises, or according to conditions, this contradicts the doctrine of a single cause. Or else, desires and conditions would arise spontaneously since the cause is eternal. Other doctrines claim that there is a great

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The theist now responds that God's desires are not simultaneous, "because God, in order to produce his desires, takes into account other causes". The Buddhist replies that if this is the case, then God is not the single cause of everything, and furthermore, he then relies on causes that are also

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God, the theists affirm, must be eternal, and an eternal entity must be supposed to be altogether free from corruption and change. That same eternal being is held to be the creator, that is, the causal basis, of this world of corruption and change. The changing state, however, of a thing that is

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temple in Japan (the headquarters of Japanese Huayan), "Vairocana Buddha exists everywhere and every time in the Universe, and the Universe itself is his body. At the same time, the songs of birds, the colors of flowers, the currents of streams, the figures of clouds—all these are the sermon of

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According to one doctrine, there is a great, self-existent deity whose substance is real and who is all-pervading, eternal, and the producer of all phenomena. This doctrine is unreasonable. If something produces something, it is not eternal, the non-eternal is not all-pervading, and what is not

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Vasubandhu finishes this section of his commentary by stating that sentient beings wander from birth to birth doing various actions, experiencing the effects of their karma and "falsely thinking that God is the cause of this effect. We must explain the truth in order to put an end to this false

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is then born, who is alone. He longs for the presence of others, and the other gods are reborn as his ministers and companions. In Buddhist suttas, such as DN 1, Mahabrahma forgets his past lives and falsely believes himself to be the Creator, Maker, All-seeing, the Lord. This belief, state the

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101), Hayes states, "while the reader is left to conclude that it is attachment rather than God, actions in past lives, fate, type of birth or efforts in this life that is responsible for our experiences of sorrow, no systematic argument is given in an attempt to disprove the existence of God."

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33. Just as the work of a magician is empty of substance, all the rest of the world has been said by you to be empty of substance—including a creator deity. 34. If the creator is created by another, he cannot avoid being created and, consequently, is not permanent. Alternatively, if he creates

940:), who is seen as the highest god over whom no other being has mastery and who sees all. However, after being questioned by the Buddha, it is revealed that they do not have any direct experience of this Brahma. The Buddha calls their religious goal laughable, vain, and empty. 1230:"Again, if God is the maker , why did He not create men all happy or all unhappy? Why did He make some happy and others unhappy? We would know that He acts out of hate and love, and hence is not self-existent. Since He is not self-existent, all things are not made by Him." 1960:

pure: this is what Samantabhadra represents. But when we fall into conditioning, it is as if we are no longer Samantabhadra because we are ignorant of our true nature. So what is called the primordial Buddha, or Adibuddha, is only a metaphor for our true condition.

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The Buddhist also argues that since God did not have a beginning, the creation of the world by God would also not have a beginning (contrary to the claims of the theists). Vasubandhu states: "the Theist might say that the work of God is the creation

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Brahma, a Time, a Space, a Starting Point, a Nature, an Ether, a Self, etc., that is eternal and really exists, is endowed with all powers, and is able to produce all dharmas. We refute all these in the same way we did the concept of the Great Lord.

1214:(c. 1st–2nd century) works to refute the belief of certain Indian non-Buddhists in a god called Isvara, who is "the creator, ruler and destroyer of the world". Nagarjuna makes several arguments against a creator God, including the following: 1218:"If all living beings are the sons of God, He should use happiness to cover suffering and should not give them suffering. And those who worship Him should not have suffering but should enjoy happiness. But this is not true in reality." 1221:"If God is self-existent, He should need nothing. If He needs something, He should not be called self-existent. If He does not need anything, why did He change, like a small boy who plays a game, to make all creatures?" 920:

literature treats the question of the existence of a creator god "primarily from either an epistemological point of view or a moral point of view". In these texts, the Buddha is portrayed not as a creator-denying

2120:. According to Kiri Paramore, the 19th-century Japanese attacks on Christianity tended to rely on more rationalistic and philosophical critiques than the Tokugawa-era critiques (which tended to be more driven by 1029:

According to Peter Harvey, Buddhism assumes that the universe has no ultimate beginning to it and thus sees no need for a creator god. In the early texts, the nearest term to this concept is "Great Brahma"

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Brahma Sahampati asks the Buddha to teach. Buddhism accepts the existence of devas (celestial beings, literally "shining ones"), but these beings are not creator gods, nor are they eternal (they suffer and

1224:"Again, if God created all living beings, who created Him? That God created Himself, cannot be true, for nothing can create itself. If He were created by another creator, He would not be self-existent." 1749:

Buddha". However, Francis Cook argues that Vairocana is not a god, nor has the functions of a monotheistic god, since he is not a creator of the universe, nor a judge or father who governs the world.

2101:), in which he argued that the Christian God is just the Vedic Brahma and that Christianity was a heretical form of Buddhism. His critiques were particularly influential on the leadership of the 1173:

was not as prominent in India until the medieval era), medieval Indian Buddhists engaged much more thoroughly with the emerging Hindu theisms (mainly by attempting to refute them). According to

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These attacks were answered by Asian Buddhists, who wrote critiques of Christianity, often centered on refuting Christian theism. Perhaps the earliest such attempt was that of the Chinese monk

974:. This doctrine of creation by a supreme lord is defined as follows: "Whatever happiness or pain or neutral feeling this person experiences, all that is due to the creation of a supreme deity ( 1759:'s conception of Vairocana contains "elements that approach Vairocana to the monotheistic God". However, Lin also notes that this Buddha is contained within a broader Buddhist metaphysics of 1955:

thought. Norbu explains that the Dzogchen idea of the Adi-Buddha Samantabhadra "should be mainly understood as a metaphor to enable us to discover our real condition". He further adds that:

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Western Christian theories of creation." He further comments that the three views "have so much in common that they could almost be regarded as varying interpretations of a single theory".

1860:), all dualities between the divine and the world are radically undone". According to Duckworth, in Vajrayana, "the divine is seen within the world, and the infinite within the finite." 1720: 2015:. Attempts to convert Buddhist nations to Christianity through missionary work were countered by Buddhist attempts at refutations of Christian doctrine and led to the development of 2581:

Hsueh-Li Cheng. "Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God" in Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun. 1976), pp. 207-216 (10 pages), Cambridge University Press.

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a unique entity, but as the ultimate clear light of each being... It would be a grave error to conceive of it as an independent and autonomous existence from beginningless time."

1632:, Buddhas are often seen as also having eternal life. According to Paul Williams, in Mahayana, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world". 1317:(6.114): "Because things (bhava) are not produced without a cause (hetu), from a creator god (isvara), from themselves, another or both, they are always produced in dependence ." 4430: 1227:"Again, if all living beings come from God, they should respect and love Him just as sons love their father. But actually this is not the case; some hate God and some love Him." 994:

101), the Buddha sees the pain and suffering that is experienced by certain individuals as indicating that if they were created by a god, then this is likely to be an evil god:

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The high god Brahma is often seen as an object of devotion in Buddhism, but he is not seen as a creator, nor does he have eternal life. This depiction of the deity is from the

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Later Japanese Buddhists continued to write anti-theist critiques, focusing on Christianity. These figures include Kiyū Dōjin (a.k.a. Ugai Tetsujō 1814–91, who was a head of

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Modern Theravada Buddhists have also written various critiques of a Creator God, which reference Christian and modern theories of God. These works include A.L. De Silva's

889: 1337:—that we have already excluded. Would you say that God is too great to conceive? An unthinkable creator is likewise unthinkable, so that nothing further can be said. 1049:, Buddhism includes the concept of reborn gods. According to this theory, periodically, the physical world system ends and beings of that world system are reborn as 7297: 1838:(liberation). This view, according to Wallace, holds that "the entire universe consists of nothing other than displays of this infinite, radiant, empty awareness." 5573: 159: 3478: 3319:

B. Alan Wallace, "Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?" Lecture given at the National Conference of the American Academy of Religion, Boston, Mass., Nov. 1999, p. 8.

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Dargyay, Eva K. "The Concept of a 'Creator God' in Tantric Buddhism". The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist studies, Volume 8, 1985, Number 1.

2042:(天說四端). Another influential Chinese Buddhist critic of Christian theism was Xu Dashou (許大受), who wrote a long and systematic refutation of Christianity, titled 2850: 2987:

Neumaier, Eva K. "Buddhist Forms of Belief in Creation", In Schmidt-Leukel (2006) Buddhism, Christianity and the Question of Creation. 1st Edition. Routledge.

1423:): but it would follow that creation, dependent only on God, would never have a beginning, like God himself. This is a consequence which the Theist rejects." 3790: 2050:, "help to the refutation"), which attempts to refute Christianity from the point of view of three Chinese traditions (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism). 3898: 1529:). These arguments are similar to those used by other sub-schools of Hinduism and Jainism that questioned the Navya-Nyaya theory of a dualistic creator. 3215: 925:

who claims to be able to prove such a god's nonexistence, but rather his focus is other teachers' claims that their teachings lead to the highest good.

3655: 1549:"For there is no god Brahma. The maker of the conditioned world of rebirths. Phenomena alone flow on. Conditioned by the coming together of causes." ( 1927:

Further discussing the doctrine of the Adi-Buddha, the Dalai Lama writes that the tantric Buddhist tradition explains ultimate reality in terms of "

6165: 5617: 3139:. Process Studies Vol. 23, No. 2, Special Issue on Process Thought and Buddhism (SUMMER 1994), pp. 87-97 (11 pages). University of Illinois Press. 5349: 1181:

and others that "stressed formal problems in the conception of a supreme deity". Kapstein outlines this second line of argumentation as follows:

5820: 3800: 1869:("all-creating king") uses symbolic language for the Adi-Buddha Samantabhadra, which is reminiscent of theism. Neumaier-Dargyay considers the 3613: 3596: 3578: 2827: 2765: 2741: 2279: 1857: 6730: 6705: 3983: 3825: 1740:

is seen as the "cosmic Buddha", with an infinite body that comprises the entire universe and whose light penetrates every particle in the

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and Whitehead's view of God. He has incorporated these into his own process theology. In a similar fashion, some Buddhist thinkers, like

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Ornament of the State of Samantabhadra – Commentary on the All-Creating King – Pure Perfect Presence – Great Perfection of All Phenomena

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all-pervading is not real. If the deity's substance is all-pervading and eternal, it must contain all powers and be able to produce all

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A depiction of the Buddha's defeat of Baka Brahma, a brahma god who mistakenly believed he was the all-powerful creator. Wat Olak Madu,

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any world is jointly created by the collective karmic forces of all the beings who reside in them. Buddha-created worlds are termed "

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and almighty divinity "endowed with numerous supernatural attributes and qualities". In Mahayana, a fully awakened Buddha (such as

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Anti-Christian Ideas and National Ideology: Inoue Enryō and Inoue Tetsujirō’s Mobilization of Sectarian History in Meiji Japan.

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as Interpreted by Fazang 法藏 (643-712): A Comparative Reflection on "Creator" and "Creation" 法藏（643-712）筆下《華嚴經》中的盧舍那：談佛教中的創世者和創世

2975:. In Biernacki, L and Clayton, P (eds), Panentheism across the World's Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–99. 2616: 7289: 6172: 5825: 5627: 5518: 5463: 4036: 744:, though these descriptions have been challenged by other scholars, since some forms of Buddhism do posit different kinds of 1943:

also argued that this figure is not a Creator God but is a symbol for a state of consciousness and a personification of the

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Toward a Contemporary Understanding of Pure Land Buddhism: Creating a Shin Buddhist Theology in a Religiously Plural World,

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Douglas Duckworth sees Tibetan tantric Buddhism as "pantheist to the core", since "in its most profound expressions (e.g.,

7350: 7086: 7081: 6820: 6142: 5840: 5523: 3815: 3648: 3568: 2190: 637: 332: 978:)." The Buddha criticized this view, because he saw it as a fatalistic teaching that would lead to inaction or laziness: 7345: 7020: 5725: 5597: 5568: 5270: 1782:, and Masaharu Anesaki. Fabio Rambelli terms it a kind of pantheism, the main doctrine of which is that Mahāvairocana's 582: 357: 317: 4960: 1325: 7204: 5416: 5325: 5221: 5155: 4795: 4440: 3953: 3848: 3472: 2180: 1752: 1002:

surely must have been created by an evil Supreme God, since they now feel such painful, racking, piercing feelings."

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Kapstein also notes that by this time, "Buddhism's earlier refusal of theism had indeed given way to a well-formed

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Cabezón, José Ignacio. "Three Buddhist Views of the Doctrines of Creation and Creator", In Schmidt-Leukel (2006)

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as well as having other qualities, such as infinite wisdom, an immeasurable life, and boundless compassion. In

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Mahayana Buddhist traditions have more complex Buddhologies, which often contain a figure variously termed the

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Getty, Alice (1988). The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography, p. 41. Courier Corporation.

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Gu, L (2005) Dipolarity in Chan Buddhism and the Whiteheadian God. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 32, 211–222.

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Furthermore, Wallace notes similarities between these Vajrayana doctrines and notions of a divine creative "

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first cause, and hence no creator, nor can there be such a thing as a permanent, primordially pure being."

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A similar story of a high god (brahma) who mistakes himself as the all-powerful creator can be seen in the

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Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Vol.9, No.1. 2009 Academy of East Asian Studies. pp.107-144

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Process Metaphysics and Hua-Yen Buddhism: A Critical Study of Cumulative Penetration vs. Interpretation.

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Beyond Religious Exclusivism: The Jesuit Attacks against Buddhism and Xu Dashou’s Refutation of 1623.

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himself, it implies that the creator is the agent of the activity affecting himself, which is absurd.

1012: 998:"if the pleasure and pain that beings feel are caused by the creative act of a Supreme God, then the 804: 652: 612: 607: 572: 417: 297: 205: 190: 134: 106: 4016: 3943: 2271: 2061:("Collected Essays Refuting Heterodoxy"), which specifically attacks Christianity on the grounds of 1521:), criticized the arguments for the existence of a God-like being called Isvara that emerged in the 7241: 6872: 6810: 6720: 6657: 6555: 6042: 5921: 5755: 5730: 5720: 5657: 5540: 5513: 5473: 5392: 5382: 5310: 5237: 4668: 4525: 4306: 4284: 4236: 4056: 3856: 3712: 3692: 2008: 1670:" (or "pure lands"), and their creation is seen as a key activity of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. 1629: 1334: 870: 792: 753: 662: 617: 555: 495: 432: 377: 372: 127: 116: 7322: 5904: 3065: 943:

Hayes also notes that in the early texts, the Buddha is not depicted as an atheist, but more as a

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Whitehead and Chinese Philosophy: The Ontological Principle and Huayan Buddhism's Concept of shi

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who is against religious speculations, including speculations about a creator god. Citing the

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mandala, which symbolically depicts the entire universe as a divine field of Buddha activity.

1612:, which is eternal, all-compassionate, and existing on a cosmic scale, have been compared to 7131: 6991: 6943: 6862: 6680: 5931: 5884: 5879: 5735: 5700: 5675: 5670: 5421: 5377: 5290: 4965: 4621: 4614: 4398: 4388: 4274: 3938: 3810: 3304: 3118: 3045: 2381: 2024: 1818: 1767: 1677: 1659: 1507: 1457: 1346: 1174: 878: 827: 770: 657: 602: 532: 522: 387: 5030: 4194: 4184: 3948: 1760: 1701: 1499: 1452: 247: 7326: 7231: 7161: 6917: 6867: 6685: 6572: 6295: 6240: 6192: 6120: 5990: 5788: 5768: 5710: 5622: 5285: 5183: 4766: 4749: 4734: 4712: 4264: 4134: 3968: 3482: 3474:

Duplicitous Thieves: Ouyi Zhixu’s Criticism of Jesuit Missionaries in Late Imperial China.

3351:

Duckworth, Douglas. "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna", In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed). (2013)

3331:

B. Alan Wallace, "Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?" in Snow Lion Newsletter, Winter 2000,

2170: 1920: 1814: 1795: 1779: 1644: 1510:(fl. 975–1025), also continued to write and develop the Buddhist anti-theistic arguments. 1364: 1178: 1094: 1050: 1017: 894: 850: 765: 682: 597: 397: 307: 252: 5040: 4754: 4001: 3864: 1362:

argued that a creator's singular identity is incompatible with creating the world in his

1830: 7091: 6758: 6582: 6577: 6550: 6419: 6250: 5953: 5803: 5585: 5165: 5145: 5065: 4744: 4678: 4653: 4515: 2117: 2109: 1662:(1401–1464), who described God as an essence and the world as a manifestation of God. 1581: 811: 800: 784: 542: 472: 427: 367: 285: 5178: 4478: 4468: 2093:), in 1620. The Zen monk Sessō Sōsai also wrote an important anti-Christian work, the 1712:

and John S. Yokota, have developed Buddhist theologies that draw on process theology.

302: 7339: 7001: 6902: 6494: 6399: 6020: 5869: 5080: 4938: 4739: 4717: 4324: 4119: 4114: 4006: 3840: 3675: 1940: 1928: 1783: 1709: 1655: 1609: 1551: 1514: 1022: 757: 729: 507: 362: 312: 16:

Buddhist views on the belief in a creator deity, or any eternal divine personal being

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de La Vallee Poussin, Louis (fr. trans.); Sangpo, Gelong Lodro (eng. trans.) (2012)

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by various scholars. For example, Guang Xing describes the Mahayana Buddha as an

7194: 7106: 7035: 6971: 6927: 6745: 6700: 6653: 6587: 6431: 6394: 6080: 6070: 5909: 5050: 5035: 4818: 4626: 4554: 4334: 4164: 4066: 3913: 3785: 3620:

The Supreme Source: The Kunjed Gyalpo, the Fundamental Tantra of Dzogchen Semde.

3122: 2877:

The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory

2267:

Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia

2195: 2160: 1884: 1775: 1745: 1648: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1542: 1480: 1108:

The Pali Bhūridatta Jātaka (No. 543) has the bodhisattva (future Buddha) state:

963: 819: 733: 477: 6290: 4224: 1763:, which tempers the reification of this Buddha as a monotheistic creator god. 1728:) with Mahāvairocana Buddha at the center, hanging scroll, Japan, 15th century. 7259: 7166: 7141: 7101: 6695: 6466: 6451: 6446: 6414: 6389: 6025: 5983: 5859: 5665: 5590: 5204: 5188: 5150: 5130: 5045: 5025: 5000: 4908: 4843: 4823: 4569: 4500: 4371: 4254: 4159: 4109: 4041: 3767: 3757: 3730: 2793:

Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition,"

2780:

Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition,"

2452:

Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition",

2439:

Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition",

2385: 2125: 2054: 1997: 1965: 1912: 1825: 1799: 1585: 1359: 1320: 1191: 1054: 1046: 944: 910: 835: 831: 815: 788: 778: 726: 482: 242: 139: 4339: 3505:. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. pp. 154–155. 1895:(self-existent, not born from anything or anyone) and the "primordial lord" ( 1639:, and Fabio Rambelli, have described Mahayana Buddhist views using the term " 1483:

advances a number of arguments against the existence of a creator god in his

1401:

be Sovereign with respect to the world?" Furthermore, the Buddhist also adds:

1177:, medieval Buddhist philosophers deployed a host of arguments, including the 6922: 6753: 6644: 6441: 6426: 6409: 6404: 6384: 6000: 5973: 5140: 5015: 4727: 4643: 4520: 4410: 4383: 4376: 4296: 4259: 4026: 3991: 3958: 3933: 3888: 2822:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. pp. 3-4, 61-66 with footnotes, 1973: 1821: 1771: 1737: 1667: 1640: 1601: 1569: 1538: 1211: 874: 866: 807:, is also shown as stating that he saw no single beginning to the universe. 741: 527: 502: 5773: 4609: 4463: 4229: 4011: 3880: 3872: 3341:

https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/is-buddhism-really-nontheistic/

1705: 4535: 3308: 3049: 1673:

Much comparative work has also been done on Mahayana Buddhist thought and

1053:

in lower heavens. This too ends, according to Buddhist cosmology, and god

677: 7274: 6907: 6489: 6436: 6337: 6130: 6085: 6030: 5995: 5899: 5558: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5105: 5090: 5070: 5005: 4923: 4913: 4888: 4883: 4783: 4544: 4415: 4403: 4314: 4051: 3973: 3670: 2669: 2423: 2082: 2062: 2035: 1952: 1944: 1807: 1491: 1444: 1436: 1385: 823: 749: 722: 537: 517: 512: 392: 88: 3135: 2962:. In Powers, J (ed.), The Buddhist World. London: Routledge, pp. 235–247 2411:"In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon." 1774:, whose body is seen as being the whole universe, has also been called " 7264: 6966: 6877: 6725: 6672: 6608: 6502: 6035: 5978: 5963: 5110: 5100: 5075: 4950: 4945: 4903: 4873: 4805: 4771: 4722: 4658: 4599: 4594: 4490: 4448: 4351: 4189: 4139: 3926: 3752: 1993: 1932: 1846: 1440: 1381: 1377: 1264: 999: 967: 933: 922: 737: 217: 3100: 2632:

Buddhism, Christianity and the Question of Creation: Karmic or Divine?

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was not as concerned with critiquing concepts of God or Īśvara (since

7212: 6775: 6362: 6115: 6100: 5936: 5798: 5778: 5553: 5215: 5095: 5085: 5020: 4648: 4604: 4589: 4579: 4549: 4530: 4473: 4356: 4124: 3996: 3740: 3735: 3627:

Buddhism, Christianity and the question of creation, karmic or divine

3426:

The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual,

3035: 2929:

History of Japanese Buddhism: An Approach from the History of Thought

1756: 1741: 1733: 1613: 1604:, which depicts his body as being composed of numerous other Buddhas. 1573: 1471: 1448: 1170: 917: 232: 227: 222: 185: 2855:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 251. 2754:

Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research (January 1999).

1778:" (the idea that the cosmos is God) by scholars like Charles Eliot, 1643:" (the belief that God and the universe are identical). Similarly, 6768: 6618: 6509: 6484: 6379: 6255: 6090: 5948: 5914: 5894: 5864: 5793: 5210: 5055: 4933: 4928: 4898: 4853: 4700: 4695: 4574: 4279: 4104: 4071: 4061: 3379:

The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra

3366:

The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra

1992: 1906: 1863:

Eva K. Neumaier-Dargyay notes that the Dzogchen tantra called the

1794: 1719: 1647:

has compared Tibetan Buddhist Buddhology with the related view of

1595: 1563: 1522: 1518: 1345: 1066: 1060: 1016: 962:

also notes that the Buddha specifically calls out the doctrine of

467: 2525: 2523: 6996: 6779: 6649: 6125: 4918: 4584: 4081: 2621:

by Nagarjuna , translated by Alexander Berzin, studybuddhism.com

2466: 2464: 2462: 1279:, not from the Powerful Creator Ishvara, and not from having no 877:

or Amitabha with certain forms of theism, such as pantheism and

861:

can be seen as being similar to certain theistic doctrines like

7061: 6348: 6310: 3637: 2531:"Malleable Mara: Transformations of a Buddhist Symbol of Evil," 1700:

dialogue. Cobb sees many affinities with the Buddhist ideas of

1038:

1.18. However, "hile being kind and compassionate, none of the

7136: 6623: 6523: 5783: 4319: 1143:

In the Pali Mahābodhi Jātaka (No. 528), the bodhisattva says:

18: 3570:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

2820:

Against a Hindu God: Buddhist Philosophy of Religion in India

1545:

also specifically denied the concept of a Creator. He wrote:

1465:), Xuanzang refutes a "Great Lord" or Great Brahmā doctrine: 1093:

outline a critique of a Creator deity that is similar to the

763:

Buddhist teachings state that there are divine beings called

2359:". Snow Lion Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 1, Winter 2000. 834:

Buddhist anti-theistic writings were also common during the

6306: 3573:(2nd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2973:

Panentheism and the longevity practices of Tibetan Buddhism

2605:

Master of Wisdom: Writings of the Buddhist Master Nāgārjuna

1517:, at the former university at Vikramashila (now Bhagalpur, 1267:(come) not from a triumph of wishing, not from (permanent) 2510: 2508: 2486:

Westerhoff, Jan. “Creation in Buddhism” in Oliver, Simon.

3136:

Process Thought and the Conceptualization of Amida Buddha

2670:"Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition" 2424:"Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition" 2262:"II. Denial of God in Buddhism and the Reasons Behind It" 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 1411:(Divine) Cause next to the activity of the causes called 873:

doctrines regarding the supreme and eternal Buddhas like

2806:"Śaṅkaranandana" in Silk, Jonathan A (editor in chief). 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 1787:

are seen as manifestations and teachings of the Buddha.

3104:. International Philosophical Quarterly 14 (3):261-284. 2077:

also wrote their own works to refute Christian theism.

2007:

The modern era brought Buddhists into contact with the

1372:

The universe does not originate from one single cause (

1150:

In every creature bliss or woe, and action good or ill;

39: 2655: 2653: 1828:) is sometimes seen as forming the foundation of both 1525:

in his "Refutation of Arguments Establishing Īśvara" (

932:(DN 13), there is an account of a dispute between two 732:. As such, it has often been described as either (non- 1964:

Regarding the term Adi-Buddha as used in the tantric

1608:

Mahayana Buddhist interpretations of the Buddha as a

1654:

Duckworth draws on positive Mahayana conceptions of

725:

is a religion that does not include the belief in a

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Buddhism, Christianity and the Question of Creation

2148:

A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God

34:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

2808:Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume II: Lives. 2723:de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 678. 2714:de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 677. 2700:de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 676. 2557:"Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal" 2544:"Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal" 1406:redoubtable, an eater of flesh, blood and marrow. 1302:(c. 500 – c. 578) also critiques the idea in his 1147:"If there exists some Lord all powerful to fulfil 830:, have described this later stage of Buddhism as 826:. Because of this, some modern scholars, such as 3327: 3325: 3285:Buddhist Art in Its Relation to Buddhist Ideals, 2852:Historical dictionary of new religious movements 2688:de La Vallee Poussin & Sangpo (2012), p. 675 1584:, "Supreme Buddha", the One Original Buddha, or 3392:Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection 3204:pp. 91-94. Pennsylvania State University Press. 3178:pp. 90-91. Pennsylvania State University Press. 3036:Double Religious Belonging: A Process Approach. 1467: 1251:Nagarjuna also argues against a Creator in his 1242:), Nagarjuna attacks this belief in two verses: 3355:. Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2647:, p. 85. Springer Science & Business Media 2490:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, forthcoming 1981:Jim Valby notes that the "All-Creating King" ( 1451:and Vasubandhu and taught to him by the abbot 1259:, he also rejects the idea of a creator deity: 1133:Why triumphs falsehood—truth and justice fail? 6322: 3649: 3606:Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu Volume I. 3117:in Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought. 2916:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 2903:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 2890:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 2260:Blackburn, Anne M.; Samuels, Jeffrey (2003). 1350:Vasubandhu: Wood, 186 cm height, about 1208, 1112:"He who has eyes can see the sickening sight, 1104:injustice when there could have been justice? 702: 8: 4431:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 3216:"Connecting to Our Root Teacher, the Buddha" 3013:. 1st Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781315261218 2380:Religious Studies, First View, pp. 1 – 13. 2085:and wrote an anti-Christian polemic, titled 1487:, following in the footsteps of Vasubandhu. 1323:(c. 8th century), in the 9th chapter of his 1139:Who made a world in which to shelter wrong." 1124:Why are his creatures all condemned to pain? 1115:Why does not Brahmā set his creatures right? 3191:p. 91. Pennsylvania State University Press. 3101:Buddhist Thought and Whitehead's Philosophy 2618:“bShes-pa'i springs-yig,” Skt. “Suhrllekha” 1877:Alexander Studholme also points to how the 1680:. Scholars who have worked in this include 936:about how best to reach union with Brahma ( 773:, heavens, and rebirths in its doctrine of 769:(sometimes translated as 'gods') and other 7069: 7058: 6785: 6530: 6367: 6358: 6345: 6329: 6315: 6307: 3656: 3642: 3634: 3618:Norbu, Namkhai; Clemente, Adriano (1999). 3165:p. 97. State University of New York Press. 3150:The Process of Buddhist-Christian Dialogue 3066:"Whitehead and Buddhism – Religion Online" 2247: 1130:Why do fraud, lies, and ignorance prevail? 1121:Why is his hand so rarely spread to bless? 709: 695: 75: 3202:Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra, 3189:Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra, 3176:Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra, 2594:, pp. 93-99. D. Reidel Publishing Company 1744:. According to a religious pamphlet from 787:also posit that mundane deities, such as 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 46:, without removing the technical details. 3522:Ananda, Jason; Storm, Josephson (2012). 2960:Buddha-nature and the logic of pantheism 1376:) which may be called God/Supreme Lord ( 1118:If his wide power no limit can restrain, 888: 849:In spite of this, some writers, such as 5618:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 3625:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (Editor) (2006). 2218: 1397:dependent on other causes (and so on). 1136:I count you Brahmā one th'unjust among, 857:, have noted that certain doctrines in 87: 5821:List of Buddhist architecture in China 3449: 3447: 3244:LIN Weiyu 林威宇 (UBC): Vairocana of the 3240: 3238: 3236: 3059: 3057: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2555:Harold Netland, Keith Yandell (2009). 2542:Harold Netland, Keith Yandell (2009). 2514: 2499: 2334: 1513:The 11th-century Buddhist philosopher 1127:Why does he not to all give happiness? 869:. Various scholars have also compared 3526:, p. 50. University of Chicago Press. 3467: 3465: 3411: 3409: 3030: 3028: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2879:. Oxford: Routledge Curzon: pp. 1, 85 2710: 2708: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2482: 2480: 2095:Argument for the Extinction of Heresy 1588:(primordial Buddha or first Buddha). 1358:The 5th-century Buddhist philosopher 1007:High gods who are mistaken as creator 44:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 2927:Sueki, F (1996) 日本仏教史―思想史としてのアプローチ ( 2732:Cook, Francis, Chʿeng Wei Shih Lun ( 2559:, pp. 185 - 186. InterVarsity Press. 2546:, pp. 184 - 186. InterVarsity Press. 2474:pp. 268-269, Jaico Publishing House. 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 1791:Tantric Adi-Buddha theory and theism 1770:Buddhist view of the Supreme Buddha 1306:(Heart of the Middle Way, ch. III). 3415:Norbu & Clemente, 1999, p. 233. 3274:, p. 434. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 3089:State University of New York Press. 2000:, a Chinese Buddhist figure of the 1635:Various authors, such as F. Sueki, 818:developed extensive refutations of 791:, are misconstrued to be creators. 5608:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3537:Ideology and Christianity in Japan 3524:The Invention of Religion in Japan 3403:Norbu & Clemente, 1999, p. 94. 3353:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 2736:), Numata Center, Berkeley, 1999, 2057:(蕅益智旭, 1599–1655) later wrote the 1824:concept of the primordial Buddha ( 1523:Navya-Nyaya sub-school of Hinduism 1506:(fl. c. 9th or 10th century), and 1099:One Jataka story (VI.208) states: 1085:The Problem of Evil in the Jatakas 160:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 155:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 6894:Attributes of God in Christianity 3589:The Routledge Companion to Theism 3587:Taliaferro, Charles, ed. (2013), 3394:. p. 188. Shambhala Publications. 2734:Three Texts on Consciousness Only 2238:p. 1. Cambridge University Press. 1479:The 7th-century Buddhist scholar 838:, in response to the presence of 7321: 6289: 6279: 6278: 5836:Thai temple art and architecture 5581:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 3821:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 3687: 3674: 3664: 3441:. Volume One, 2nd Edition, p. 3. 3214:Thich Nhat Hanh (26 June 2015). 2592:Nagarjuna's Twelve Gate Treatise 2376:Zappulli, Davide Andrea (2022). 2357:Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic? 2065:as well as relying on classical 1309:A later Madhyamaka philosopher, 676: 95: 23: 6952:Great Architect of the Universe 3688: 3428:p. 18. Oxford University Press. 3161:Hirota, Dennis (editor) (2000) 2572:p. 271, Jaico Publishing House. 2570:"The Buddha and His Teachings," 2488:The Oxford Handbook of Creation 2472:"The Buddha and His Teachings," 2316:The Buddhist Refusal of Theism, 2294:Schmidt-Leukel (2006), pp. 1-4. 1968:tradition, Vesna Wallace notes: 1802:Samantabhadra, a symbol of the 902:Damien Keown notes that in the 5826:Japanese Buddhist architecture 5628:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 4708:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 3899:Places where the Buddha stayed 3272:A Comparative History of Ideas 2944:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2942:A Buddhist Theory of Semiotics 2849:Chryssides, George D. (2012). 2645:The Ontology of the Middle Way 2630:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2016). 2038:(祩宏, 1535–1615), who authored 1716:East Asian Buddhism and theism 1592:Mahayana buddhology and theism 1315:Introduction to the Middle Way 1153:That Lord is stained with sin. 1: 6731:Trinity of the Church Fathers 5841:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 3629:. Ashgate Publishing Limited. 3200:Cook, Francis Harold (1977). 3187:Cook, Francis Harold (1977). 3174:Cook, Francis Harold (1977). 2892:Routledge, 2008, p. 240, 315. 2191:Problem of the creator of God 1834:(the world of suffering) and 1736:Buddhism, the supreme Buddha 1368:. He states (AKB, chapter 2): 1089:Some stories in the Buddhist 814:, Buddhist philosophers like 5598:Buddhism and the Roman world 5574:Decline of Buddhism in India 5569:History of Buddhism in India 3669: Topics in 2795:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2782:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2676:, 16:1 (1988:Mar.) pg 11-15. 2674:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2603:Lindtner, Christian (1986). 2529:Nichols, Michael D. (2019). 2454:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2441:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2430:, 16:1 (1988:Mar) pgs 5-6, 8 2428:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2346:Schmidt-Leukel (2006), p. 9. 1600:A Ming bronze of the Buddha 1568:Statue of the cosmic Buddha 1463:Vijñāptimātratāsiddhi śāstra 1156:Man does but work his will." 358:Buddhist Paths to liberation 6982:Phenomenological definition 4796:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 4536: 3123:10.1515/9783110333299.1.613 2958:Duckworth, Douglas (2015). 2398:"Encyclopedia of Buddhism." 2181:Jainism and non-creationism 1989:Modern Buddhist anti-theism 1447:teachings passed down from 1431:Other Yogacara philosophers 1210:, the Buddhist philosopher 964:creation by a supreme deity 928:According to Hayes, in the 7372: 5746:The unanswerable questions 3608:Motilal Banarsidass Pubs. 3476:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 3459:Journal of Jesuit Studies. 3098:Griffin, David R. (1974). 3039:Buddhist-Christian Studies 2760:. 仏教伝道協会. pp. 20–22. 2456:, 16:1 (1988:Mar) pp. 9-10 2413:p. 37. Simon and Schuster. 2378:Towards a Buddhist theism. 2236:"Buddhism and Monotheism", 2176:Christianity and Theosophy 1903:Adi-Buddha as non-theistic 1010: 7319: 7068: 7057: 6357: 6344: 6274: 5831:Buddhist temples in Korea 4394:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4297:Three planes of existence 3904:Buddha in world religions 3683: 3453:Meynard, Thierry (2017). 3283:Masaharu Anesaki (1915). 3064:Cobb Jr, John B. (2002). 3034:McDaniel, J.B.B. (2003). 2386:10.1017/S0034412522000725 2140:Buddhism and the God Idea 1726:Kongōkai Taizōkai mandara 1236:Hymn to the Inconceivable 6736:Trinitarian universalism 5613:Persecution of Buddhists 4834:Four stages of awakening 4215:Three marks of existence 3801:Physical characteristics 3481:27 November 2021 at the 3287:p. 15. Houghton Mifflin. 3270:Hajime Nakamura (1992). 2905:Routledge, 2008, p. 315. 2797:, 16:1 (1988:Mar.) pg 14 2784:, 16:1 (1988:Mar.) pg 12 2607:, pp. 26-27. Dharma Pub. 2114:Laughing at Christianity 1443:. There, he studied the 1075:Brahma-nimantanika Sutta 986:In another early sutta ( 795:follows the doctrine of 6938:Godhead in Christianity 4976:Ten principal disciples 3859:(aunt, adoptive mother) 3622:Snow Lion Publications. 3591:, New York: Routledge, 3535:Paramore. Kiri (2010). 3501:Elison, George (1988). 3424:Wallace, Vesna (2001). 3390:The Dalai Lama (2020). 3339:, Volume 15, Number 1. 3257:Eliot, Charles (2014). 2940:Rambelli, Fabio (2013) 2918:Routledge, 2008, p. 27. 2590:Hsueh-li Cheng (1982). 2443:, 16:1 (1988:Mar) p. 2. 1198:Madhyamaka philosophers 970:) for criticism in the 378:Philosophical reasoning 5686:Buddhism and democracy 5199:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5194:Chinese Buddhist canon 4426:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4421:Early Buddhist schools 3567:Harvey, Peter (2013), 3296:Teeuwen, M. (2014). . 3148:Ingram Paul O (2011). 2643:Fenner, Peter (2012). 2409:Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005). 2396:Keown, Damien (2013). 2318:Diogenes 2005; 52; 61. 2270:. Pariyatti. pp. 2234:Harvey, Peter (2019). 2206:Polytheism in Buddhism 2070:humans towards evil." 2004: 1979: 1962: 1916: 1811: 1729: 1605: 1577: 1557: 1477: 1408: 1390: 1355: 1339: 1297: 1291:, karmic actions, and 1255:. Furthermore, in his 1249: 1204:Twelve Gate Treatise ( 1188: 1106: 1070: 1026: 1004: 984: 899: 840:Christian missionaries 145:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6764:Fate of the unlearned 6716:Shield of the Trinity 5696:Eight Consciousnesses 3806:Life of Buddha in art 3377:Alexander Studholme, 3364:Alexander Studholme, 3309:10.1353/mni.2014.0025 3152:, pp. 34-35. ISD LLC. 3050:10.1353/bcs.2003.0024 2931:). Tokyo: Shinchōsha. 2314:Kapstein, Matthew T. 2186:Nontheistic religions 2166:Buddhism and Hinduism 2040:Four Essays on Heaven 1996: 1970: 1957: 1910: 1798: 1723: 1599: 1567: 1547: 1527:Īśvara-sādhana-dūṣaṇa 1403: 1370: 1349: 1331: 1261: 1244: 1183: 1161:Medieval philosophers 1101: 1064: 1042:are world-creators." 1025:in Bangkok, Thailand. 1020: 1011:Further information: 996: 980: 916:, the early Buddhist 892: 844:critiques of Buddhism 797:dependent origination 413:Aids to Enlightenment 238:Dependent Origination 7351:Buddhism and atheism 6173:East Asian religions 5603:Buddhism in the West 5174:Early Buddhist texts 4789:Four Right Exertions 4255:Ten spiritual realms 3748:Noble Eightfold Path 3085:Odin, Steve (1982). 2568:Narada Thera (2006) 2470:Narada Thera (2006) 2201:Sanghyang Adi Buddha 2021:Alessandro Valignano 1939:The Dzogchen master 1929:inherent clear light 1724:Womb World Mandala ( 1388:) or any other name. 885:Early Buddhist texts 805:early Buddhist texts 752:, and unconditioned 721:Generally speaking, 383:Devotional practices 206:Noble Eightfold Path 7346:Buddhist philosophy 7298:Slavic Native Faith 6721:Trinitarian formula 6658:Father of Greatness 6541:Abrahamic religions 6296:Religion portal 6043:Temple of the Tooth 5922:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 4961:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 4454:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4237:Two truths doctrine 4057:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3857:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3471:Foulks, Beverley. 3437:Valby, Jim (2016). 3381:, SUNY, 2002, p. 12 3368:, SUNY, 2002, p. 40 3298:Monumenta Nipponica 2875:Guang Xing (2005). 2757:Chʿeng Wei Shih Lun 2668:Hayes, Richard P., 2422:Hayes, Richard P., 2144:Gunapala Dharmasiri 2009:Abrahamic religions 1883:presents the great 1858:highest Yoga tantra 1630:East Asian Buddhism 1560:Mahayana and theism 1533:Theravada Buddhists 871:East Asian Buddhist 683:Buddhism portal 556:Buddhism by country 318:Sanskrit literature 7260:Abrahamic prophecy 7190:Ayyavazhi theology 6962:Apophatic theology 6351:Conceptions of God 6218:Western philosophy 5816:Dzong architecture 5638:Vipassana movement 5633:Buddhist modernism 5061:Emperor Wen of Sui 4829:Pratyekabuddhayāna 4762:Threefold Training 4564:Vipassana movement 4280:Hungry Ghost realm 4100:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4047:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 3796:Great Renunciation 3791:Eight Great Events 3673: 3539:, p. 8. Routledge. 3261:p. 340. Routledge. 3259:Japanese Buddhism, 2818:Parimal G. Patil. 2533:p. 70. SUNY Press. 2400:p. 162. Routledge. 2355:B. Alan Wallace, " 2103:Tokugawa shogunate 2075:Japanese Buddhists 2017:Buddhist Modernism 2005: 1917: 1874:all that exists. 1817:writes on how the 1812: 1730: 1698:Buddhist–Christian 1606: 1578: 1572:, Shanhua Temple, 1494:scholars, such as 1384:), Primal Source ( 1356: 1257:Letter to a Friend 1253:Bodhicittavivaraṇa 1179:argument from evil 1091:Jataka collections 1071: 1027: 900: 859:Vajrayana Buddhism 754:ultimate realities 170:Buddhist modernism 7356:Buddhist theology 7333: 7332: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 6944:Latter Day Saints 6913:Divine simplicity 6834: 6833: 6691:Consubstantiality 6667: 6666: 6518: 6517: 6462:Theistic finitism 6304: 6303: 5942:Om mani padme hum 5648:Women in Buddhism 5564:Buddhist councils 5434:Western countries 5222:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 4983:Shaolin Monastery 4560:Samatha-vipassanā 4170:Pratītyasamutpāda 3974:Metteyya/Maitreya 3892: 3884: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3721:Four Noble Truths 3614:978-81-208-3608-2 3598:978-0-415-88164-7 3580:978-0-521-67674-8 2971:Samuel, G (2013) 2828:978-0-231-14222-9 2767:978-1-886439-04-7 2742:978-1-886439-04-7 2281:978-1-928706-19-9 2136:Nyanaponika Thera 1945:ground or basis ( 1880:Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra 1686:John B. Cobb, Jr. 1637:Douglas Duckworth 1435:The Chinese monk 1283:. Know that they 1208:Shih-erh-men-lun) 1013:Brahmā (Buddhism) 976:issaranimmāṇahetu 855:Douglas Duckworth 793:Buddhist ontology 719: 718: 201:Four Noble Truths 72: 71: 64: 7363: 7325: 7070: 7059: 6946: 6786: 6681:Athanasian Creed 6531: 6368: 6359: 6346: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6294: 6293: 6282: 6281: 6121:Sacred languages 5969:Maya Devi Temple 5932:Mahabodhi Temple 5736:Secular Buddhism 5701:Engaged Buddhism 4541: 4389:Tibetan Buddhism 4340:Vietnamese Thiền 3939:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 3890: 3882: 3874: 3866: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3691: 3690: 3678: 3668: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3601: 3583: 3553: 3548:Paramore, Kiri. 3546: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3329: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3246:Avataṃsaka Sūtra 3242: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3133:Yokota, John S. 3131: 3125: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3052: 3032: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3007: 2988: 2985: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2914:Williams, Paul, 2912: 2906: 2901:Williams, Paul, 2899: 2893: 2888:Williams, Paul, 2886: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2751: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2701: 2698: 2689: 2686: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2634:p. 25. Routledge 2628: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2517:, p. 36-37. 2512: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2468: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2374: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2319: 2312: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2025:Michele Ruggieri 1819:Tibetan Buddhist 1690:David R. Griffin 1678:process theology 1660:Nicholas of Cusa 1624:) is held to be 1458:Cheng Weishi Lun 1326:Bodhicaryāvatāra 1313:, states in his 1304:Madhyamakahṛdaya 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:essential nature 1274: 1270: 1175:Matthew Kapstein 1095:Problem of Evil. 972:Aṅguttara Nikāya 828:Matthew Kapstein 771:Buddhist deities 711: 704: 697: 681: 680: 408:Sublime abidings 99: 76: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7327:Religion portal 7307: 7284: 7246: 7227:Holy Scriptures 7199: 7176: 7064: 7045: 7006: 6942: 6918:Divine presence 6882: 6830: 6784: 6740: 6686:Comma Johanneum 6663: 6628: 6592: 6526: 6514: 6471: 6353: 6340: 6335: 6305: 6300: 6288: 6270: 6222: 6137: 6052: 5789:Ordination hall 5750: 5652: 5623:Buddhist crisis 5535: 5232: 5184:Mahayana sutras 5160: 5156:Thích Nhất Hạnh 4987: 4860: 4800: 4750:Bodhisattva vow 4435: 4301: 4241: 4200:Taṇhā (Craving) 4135:Five hindrances 4086: 3978: 3908: 3762: 3707: 3679: 3662: 3632: 3599: 3586: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3500: 3496: 3483:Wayback Machine 3470: 3463: 3452: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3346: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3303:(2), 259-263. 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3132: 3128: 3113:Shen, Vincent. 3112: 3108: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3008: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337:, p. 36-8. 2333: 2322: 2313: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2248:Taliaferro 2013 2246: 2242: 2233: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2171:Deva (Buddhism) 2156: 2099:Taiji Jashū Ron 2079:Fukansai Habian 1991: 1921:14th Dalai Lama 1905: 1843:ground of being 1815:B. Alan Wallace 1793: 1780:Hajime Nakamura 1753:Thích Nhất Hạnh 1718: 1682:Jay B. McDaniel 1645:Geoffrey Samuel 1594: 1562: 1535: 1433: 1365:Abhidharmakosha 1352:Kofukuji Temple 1344: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1200: 1163: 1087: 1015: 1009: 992:Majjhima Nikāya 953:Majjhima Nikaya 938:Brahmasahavyata 904:Saṃyutta Nikāya 887: 851:B. Alan Wallace 812:medieval period 715: 675: 668: 667: 558: 548: 547: 498: 488: 487: 453: 443: 442: 348: 338: 337: 308:Mahayana Sutras 288: 278: 277: 218:Five Aggregates 196: 195: 175: 174: 165:Later Buddhists 130: 68: 57: 51: 48: 40:help improve it 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7338: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7237:Predestination 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7092:Biblical canon 7089: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6887:Other concepts 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6783: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6759:Apocalypticism 6756: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6673:Trinitarianism 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6588:Zoroastrianism 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6420:Urmonotheismus 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6365: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6286: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5853:Greco-Buddhist 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5804:Burmese pagoda 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5760: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5586:Greco-Buddhism 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5519:United Kingdom 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5464:Czech Republic 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5228:Abhidharmadīpa 5225: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:B. R. Ambedkar 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Songtsen Gampo 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745:Eight precepts 4742: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4533: 4523: 4518: 4516:Five Strengths 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4155:Mental factors 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4007:Mahamoggallāna 4004: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3922:Avalokiteśvara 3918: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3602: 3597: 3584: 3579: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3503:Deus Destroyed 3494: 3461: 3443: 3430: 3417: 3405: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3344: 3321: 3312: 3289: 3276: 3263: 3250: 3232: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3126: 3106: 3091: 3078: 3053: 3024: 3015: 2989: 2977: 2964: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2861: 2841: 2832: 2811: 2799: 2786: 2773: 2766: 2746: 2725: 2716: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2661: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2574: 2561: 2548: 2535: 2519: 2504: 2492: 2476: 2458: 2445: 2432: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2369: 2348: 2339: 2320: 2296: 2287: 2280: 2252: 2240: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2133:Beyond Belief, 2087:Deus Destroyed 1990: 1987: 1904: 1901: 1888:Avalokiteśvara 1792: 1789: 1717: 1714: 1593: 1590: 1582:Eternal Buddha 1561: 1558: 1534: 1531: 1504:Śaṅkaranandana 1485:Pramāṇavārtika 1455:. In his work 1432: 1429: 1343: 1340: 1275:, not from an 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1199: 1196: 1167:Early Buddhism 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1086: 1083: 1034:), such as in 1008: 1005: 949:Devadaha Sutta 886: 883: 879:process theism 832:anti-theistic. 801:Gautama Buddha 785:Buddhist texts 717: 716: 714: 713: 706: 699: 691: 688: 687: 686: 685: 670: 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 559: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 475: 473:Pratyekabuddha 470: 465: 460: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 430: 428:Buddhist chant 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286:Buddhist texts 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 214: 213: 203: 197: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 101: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7368: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270:Denominations 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7242:Last Judgment 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7056: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7002:Unmoved mover 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Binitarianism 6901: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6624:Supreme Being 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495:Gender of God 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Kathenotheism 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6058:Miscellaneous 6055: 6049: 6048:Vegetarianism 6046: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Buddha in art 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:United States 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Padmasambhava 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4993:Major figures 4990: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4939:Western tulku 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Five precepts 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4718:Dhamma vicaya 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:Buddhābhiṣeka 4484: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Enlightenment 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120:Dhamma theory 4118: 4116: 4115:Buddha-nature 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954:Samantabhadra 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511:0-674-19962-6 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2862:9780810861947 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2502:, p. 37. 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2250:, p. 35. 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112:), who wrote 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011:, especially 2010: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1983:Kunjed Gyalpo 1978: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1941:Namkhai Norbu 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1871:Kunjed Gyalpo 1868: 1867: 1866:Kunjed Gyalpo 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 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1265:aggregates 1192:antitheism 1055:Mahabrahma 1047:Pali Canon 842:and their 836:modern era 816:Vasubandhu 789:Mahabrahma 779:polytheism 496:Traditions 433:Pilgrimage 373:Meditation 333:Post-canon 313:Pāli Canon 243:Middle Way 140:The Buddha 52:March 2023 7157:Practical 7152:Political 7117:Cosmology 7074:Christian 6933:Holocaust 6923:Egotheism 6878:Goddesses 6873:Mormonism 6801:Christian 6754:Afterlife 6640:Sustainer 6447:Polydeism 6442:Pantheism 6427:Mysticism 6410:Monolatry 6405:Nontheism 6385:Dystheism 6266:Festivals 6246:Buddhists 6208:Theosophy 6011:Symbolism 6001:Hama yumi 5974:Bodh Gaya 5741:Socialism 5716:Evolution 5691:Economics 5529:Venezuela 5444:Australia 5439:Argentina 5363:Sri Lanka 5358:Singapore 5276:Indonesia 5238:Countries 5179:Tripiṭaka 5141:Ajahn Mun 5016:Nagarjuna 5011:Aśvaghoṣa 4894:Anagārika 4889:Śrāmaṇerī 4884:Śrāmaṇera 4879:Bhikkhunī 4839:Sotāpanna 4728:Passaddhi 4669:Offerings 4644:Nekkhamma 4521:Iddhipada 4441:Practices 4411:Theravada 4384:Vajrayana 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518:Hinayana 513:Mahāyāna 423:Lay life 253:Morality 233:Not-self 191:Concepts 150:Councils 135:Timeline 107:Glossary 89:Buddhism 81:a series 79:Part of 7265:Aggadah 7213:Oneness 7205:Islamic 7087:Outline 7082:History 7041:Judaism 7036:Jainism 6992:Process 6967:Olelbis 6868:Judaism 6811:Islamic 6726:Trinity 6609:Brahman 6583:Sikhism 6578:Jainism 6551:Judaism 6503:Goddess 6261:Temples 6241:Buddhas 6203:Science 6193:Judaism 6188:Jainism 6106:Lineage 6066:Abhijñā 6036:Thangka 5979:Sarnath 5964:Lumbini 5885:Funeral 5880:Cuisine 5756:Culture 5731:Reality 5681:Creator 5671:Atomism 5541:History 5514:Ukraine 5474:Germany 5393:Senegal 5383:Vietnam 5311:Myanmar 5111:Shinran 5101:Karmapa 5076:Shandao 5046:Dignāga 4971:Śrāvaka 4951:Donchee 4946:Kappiya 4904:Sayadaw 4874:Bhikkhu 4849:Anāgāmi 4806:Nirvana 4772:Samadhi 4659:Paritta 4600:Tonglen 4595:Mandala 4550:Smarana 4531:Mantras 4479:Upekkha 4449:Bhavana 4399:Shingon 4352:Tiantai 4205:Tathātā 4195:Śūnyatā 4190:Skandha 4180:Saṃsāra 4175:Rebirth 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4649:Nianfo 4610:Tertön 4605:Tantra 4590:Ganana 4580:Tukdam 4506:Dhyāna 4474:Mudita 4469:Karuṇā 4362:Risshū 4357:Huayan 4290:Naraka 4230:Anattā 4225:Dukkha 4220:Anicca 4125:Dharma 4077:Channa 4012:Ānanda 3997:Assaji 3964:Skanda 3867:(wife) 3836:Family 3816:Relics 3741:Sangha 3736:Dharma 3731:Buddha 3612: 3595: 3577: 3509: 3489: 3335: 2859: 2826: 2764: 2740: 2363: 2278: 2027:, and 1804:ground 1757:Fazang 1742:cosmos 1734:Huayan 1614:theism 1574:Shanxi 1555:603). 1490:Later 1461:(Skt. 1449:Asanga 1382:Puruṣa 1378:Īśvara 1206:十二門論, 1171:theism 1165:While 918:Nikaya 750:unborn 740:or as 648:Taiwan 628:Russia 568:Brazil 563:Bhutan 483:Buddha 403:Wisdom 186:Dharma 7290:Pagan 7182:Hindu 7031:Islam 6863:Islam 6806:Hindu 6769:Fitra 6619:Logos 6561:Islam 6510:Numen 6485:Deity 6380:Deism 6371:Forms 6228:Lists 6096:Kalpa 6091:Iddhi 5954:Music 5949:Mudra 5915:Vassa 5895:Vesak 5865:Budai 5811:Candi 5794:Stupa 5726:Logic 5479:Italy 5378:Tibet 5316:Nepal 5286:Korea 5281:Japan 5271:India 5266:China 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