598:
5970:
277:
861:. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.
3357:
5081:
5016:. He was instrumental in obtaining unanimous consent from all political parties to change the standing orders to allow Indigenous languages to be spoken in the House of Commons, with full translation services provided. This historic change enabled Ouellette to deliver a speech in Cree with interpretation supported by language educator Kevin Lewis, marking the first use of an Indigenous language in the House of Commons on Jan 28, 2019.
5067:
355:
7341:
4983:
546:
316:
329:
303:
132:
342:
4970:
6487:
5048:
The
Government of the Northwest Territories releases an annual report on First Nations languages. The 2016–2017 report features successes they have had in revitalizing and supporting and projects they are working on. For example, they released a Medicinal Plant Guide that had information in both Cree
5028:
As of 2017, Cree had about 117,000 documented speakers. They are still a minority language given the dominance of
English and French in Canada. There are programs in place to maintain and revitalize the language, though. In the Quebec James Bay Cree community, a resolution was put into action in 1988
4954:
cultivated the prejudice that their language was inferior. While students were still speaking their native language at home, their learning stopped at school. When they left residential schools as adults, they went home and their vocabulary and knowledge of language did not include concepts or forms
3198:
morphosyntax. A common grammatical feature in Cree dialects, in terms of sentence structure, is non-regulated word order. Word order is not governed by a specific set of rules or structure; instead, "subjects and objects are expressed by means of inflection on the verb". Subject, Verb, and Object
1362:
then qualifies as
Montagnais. For practical purposes, Cree usually covers the dialects which use syllabics as their orthography (including Atikamekw but excluding Kawawachikamach Naskapi), the term Montagnais then applies to those dialects using the Latin script (excluding Atikamekw and including
4781:
can neither stand alone as a separate word, nor is it an essential part of a stem. There are some more complex situations where it is difficult to determine whether an element is a particle. Some frequently used compound words can be written as unhyphenated. Stress can be predicted in some cases
5019:
Furthermore, Bill C-91, the
Indigenous Languages Act passed in 2019, was enacted to support and revitalize Indigenous languages across Canada. This legislation, aims to reclaim, revitalize, and maintain Indigenous languages through sustainable funding and the establishment of the Office of the
5115:"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"
6207:
5825:
5837:
5049:
and
English. An important part of making the guide was input from the elders. Another accomplishment was the dubbing of a movie in Cree. They are working on broadcasting a radio station that "will give listeners music and a voice for our languages".
4965:
The third point
Cuthand argues is that Cree language loss was adopted by the speakers. Parents stopped teaching their children their native language in the belief that doing so would help their children find economic success or avoid discrimination.
5826:
https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2019CanLIIDocs3786#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc3Page3/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAFMAc0I4BKADTJspQhACKiQrgCe0AORLhEQmFwIZcxSrUatIAMp5SAIUUAlAKIAZGwDUAggDkAwjeGkwAI2ik7IKCQA
2075:
have merged in the northern dialect but are distinct in the southern. Southern East Cree is divided between coastal (southwestern) and inland (southeastern) varieties. Also, the inland southern dialect has lost the distinction between
3388:
represent the language phonetically. Cree is always written from left to right horizontally. The easternmost dialects are written using the Latin script exclusively. The dialects of Plains Cree, Woods Cree, and western Swampy Cree use
6146:
4762:
Hyphenation can be used to separate a particle from the root word that it prefixes, especially particles that precede verbs ("preverbs" or "indeclinable preverbs") or nouns ("prenouns" or "indeclinable prenouns"). One example is
4367:
Speakers of various Cree dialects have begun creating dictionaries to serve their communities. Some projects, such as the Cree
Language Resource Project, are developing an online bilingual Cree dictionary for the Cree language.
9175:
872:(and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the
6062:
Bakker, Peter and Robert A. Papen. "Michif: A Mixed
Language based on French and Cree". Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective. Ed. Sarah G. Thomason. 17 vols. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1997.
3286:
in a system that classifies nouns as animate or inanimate. The distribution of nouns between animate or inanimate is not phonologically transparent, which means gender must be learned along with the noun.
857:, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of
9185:
9180:
1358:
sound change (BC–QC) while
Montagnais encompasses the territory where this sound change has occurred (QC–NL). These labels are very useful from a linguistic perspective but are confusing as
3206:
can be defined as any third-person ranked lower on a hierarchy of discourse salience than some other (proximate) discourse-participant. "Obviative animate nouns, , are marked by ending
3328:
This means that changing the word order in Cree can place emphasis on different pieces of the sentence. Wolfart and
Carroll give the following example by transposing the two Cree words:
6448:
5250:
7353:
5020:
Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. Ouellette was the chair of the Indigenous caucus in the House of Commons and helped ensure it passage before the election of 2019.
6057:
7330:
5150:
5536:
5936:
4962:, voluntarily or not. Oftentimes, the elders are left on the reserve. This breaks up the traditional intergenerational flow of lingual knowledge from elder to youth.
9195:
5999:
8507:
8206:
1913:
Together with the Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In Swampy Cree-influenced areas, some speakers use
555:
5906:
1354:
Very often the Cree dialect continuum is divided into two languages: Cree and Montagnais. Cree includes all dialects which have not undergone the *k >
9190:
5372:
Linguasphere code 62-ADA is called "Cree+Ojibwa net", listing four divisions of which three are shown here—the fourth division 62-ADA-d representing the
7778:
6679:
5072:
5175:
3290:
As is common in polysynthetic languages, a Cree word can be very long, and express something that takes a series of words in English. For example:
6430:
4563:, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g.
7323:
9170:
9134:
7628:
6204:
6181:
MacKenzie, Marguerite, Marie-Odile Junker, Luci Salt, Elsie Duff, Daisy Moar, Ruth Salt, Ella Neeposh & Bill Jancewicz (eds) (2004–2008)
5645:
5576:
5114:
3417:
are placed after the syllabic to represent the corresponding vowels. Finals represent stand-alone consonants. The Cree language also has two
2976:
1795:
Eastern Swampy Cree, together with Moose Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In the western dialect,
4950:
Doug Cuthand argues three reasons for the loss of the Cree language among many speakers over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First,
8247:
7369:
1803:. Western Swampy Cree also known as "York Cree;" together with Northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree, also known as "Western Woodland Cree."
5768:
5724:"Agreement on Governance in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Between the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Gouvernement du Québec, 2012"
5285:
2902:
5814:
7361:
6303:
5307:
5258:
2925:
6252:, H. C. & Freda Ahenakew, The Student's Dictionary of Literary Plains Cree. Memoir 15, Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1998.
8168:
4691:
can be included in the sentence to mark a yes–no question such that this is sometimes considered to be sufficient without including a
3006:
6309:
5592:
8500:
8199:
7316:
6274:
6257:
6244:
6227:
6176:
6155:
6139:
6125:
6111:
6096:
6086:
6068:
6044:
6021:
5625:
5394:
4995:
3146:). Eastern James Bay Cree prefers to indicate long vowels (other than ) by doubling the vowel, while the western Cree use either a
698:
646:
7863:
6239:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new ser., v. 63, pt. 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1973.
8010:
7648:
7563:
7108:
5860:"Schooling as a Vehicle for Aboriginal Language Maintenance: Implementing Cree as the Language of Instruction in Northern Quebec"
5182:
5154:
2845:
2835:
2786:
2776:
702:
8585:
8268:
8109:
6989:
3041:
567:
5783:
4811:) can be written or not written, as sandhi representation introduces greater complexity. There are additional rules regarding
9065:
7808:
7733:
7568:
5512:
8633:
6091:
Carter, Sarah. Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900. University of Toronto Press Inc. Toronto: 1999.
4958:
Cuthand also argues that the loss of the Cree language can be attributed to the migration of native families away from the
9200:
6672:
4792:, is not denoted in order to be more cross-dialectal—instead of using apostrophes, the full unreduced vowels are written.
3377:
873:
605:
252:
8969:
7167:
6379:
8989:
8493:
8412:
8192:
8085:
7848:
6976:
6826:
6612:
6476:
3016:
3000:
2829:
2770:
7189:
9111:
8875:
8427:
8399:
7955:
7758:
7076:
7071:
6861:
6561:
6556:
6423:
5755:"Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne"
5478:
4930:
Cree has also been incorporated into another mixed language within Canada, Nehipwat, which is a blending of Cree with
2986:
2880:
2859:
2116:
2084:. Here, the inland southern dialect falls in line with the rest of the Naskapi groups where both phonemes have become
2005:
1177:
1150:
484:
474:
5723:
5427:
4681:
In alphabetic writing, the use of punctuation has been inconsistent. For instance, in the Plains Cree dialect, the
8073:
8057:
7878:
7853:
7823:
7768:
7578:
6390:
3076:
2892:
2760:
2750:
1330:
5617:
5008:, A Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting Indigenous languages especially Cree within the
8535:
7990:
7980:
7843:
7798:
7583:
7271:
6468:
6298:
5982:
5802:"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-91 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Indigenous Languages Act - Parliament of Canada"
5754:
5013:
4951:
4475:
letters are not used. For more details on the phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the
4383:) or a double em-width space has been used between words to signal the transition from one sentence to the next.
967:
850:
686:
611:
6160:
Junker, Marie-Odile, Marguerite MacKenzie, Luci Salt, Alice Duff, Daisy Moar & Ruth Salt (réds) (2007–2008)
4610:. Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within a work. The vowel
8052:
7548:
7344:
7103:
6665:
6343:
5992:
5986:
5978:
5914:
4759:) can be used, as in other languages, and questions marks can thus be used for such questions in Cree as well.
4400:
3022:
615:
577:
8015:
7970:
7703:
4990:
The social and legal status of Cree varies across Canada. Cree is one of the eleven official languages of the
385:
8949:
8885:
8832:
8643:
7975:
7940:
7930:
7925:
7915:
7910:
7813:
7713:
7683:
7678:
7658:
7653:
7573:
7128:
7098:
7088:
6868:
5005:
4999:
3126:, while materials accommodating Woods Cree will indicate the Western Swampy Cree that is in Woods Cree as
2819:
2798:
1364:
952:
403:
6104:
Castel's English–Cree Dictionary and Memoirs of the Elders Based on the Woods Cree of Pukatawagan, Manitoba
876:
stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the
9155:
9130:
9117:
9096:
8407:
8097:
8005:
7935:
7793:
7673:
7668:
7643:
6733:
6627:
6622:
6416:
6003:
4645:
4641:
4614:
4580:
4515:
4483:
3394:
3390:
3195:
2683:
1355:
1342:
1338:
960:
956:
940:
936:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
901:
7308:
5346:
Smith, James G. E. (August 1987). "the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality".
966:
However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of
9165:
8114:
8078:
8020:
7883:
7803:
7723:
7593:
7485:
6875:
6848:
6541:
6331:
5887:
5186:
4991:
4831:: Michif, Northern Michif, Bungi, Oji-Cree, and Nehipwat. Michif and Bungi are spoken by members of the
2725:
2713:
948:
694:
674:
282:
8698:
8590:
6213:
5637:
5223:
3356:
7340:
5815:
https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/HillStudies/PDF/2015-131-E.pdf
9101:
8913:
8802:
8658:
8625:
8552:
8417:
8258:
8036:
7888:
7698:
7397:
7264:
6781:
6776:
6727:
6696:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6463:
4931:
4396:
4392:
1731:
1621:
1069:
1015:
928:
869:
666:
454:
434:
210:
5801:
5769:"Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca"
3114:, while materials accommodating Rocky Cree will indicate the Plains Cree that is in Rocky Cree as
9106:
9070:
8746:
8615:
8516:
8454:
8363:
8273:
8215:
8173:
7995:
7960:
7945:
7900:
7893:
7868:
7838:
7828:
7783:
7688:
7451:
7146:
7138:
7113:
7049:
6994:
6953:
6854:
6771:
6719:
6705:
6523:
6509:
5009:
2330:
1853:
1456:
1258:
1231:
1096:
1042:
654:
504:
464:
444:
179:
5859:
9080:
9015:
8857:
8794:
8779:
8648:
8570:
8565:
8316:
8298:
7718:
7382:
7239:
7183:
7173:
7066:
6946:
6899:
6802:
6551:
6528:
6074:
5879:
5530:
4682:
4648:
emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where
4595:
4498:
in more recent material. Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify
3283:
3147:
2678:
2668:
2539:
1337:: East of the Ontario–Quebec border (except for Atikamekw), Proto-Algonquian *k has changed into
1123:
877:
514:
187:
5507:. Carroll, Janet F. (New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
5282:
5029:
that made Cree the language of education in primary schools and eventually elementary schools.
3279:
marks Susan as the obviative, or 'fourth' person, the person furthest away from the discourse.
3118:. Similarly, in dictionaries focused on Western Swampy Cree, Woods Cree may readily substitute
3106:. In dictionaries focused on Southern Plains Cree, Northern Plains Cree may readily substitute
2657:
This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Cree language or one of its varieties.
9060:
9010:
8865:
8847:
8842:
8822:
8817:
8769:
8703:
7763:
7753:
7738:
7663:
7598:
7500:
7246:
7178:
7118:
7093:
7082:
7035:
7000:
6983:
6270:
6253:
6240:
6223:
6200:
6172:
6151:
6135:
6121:
6107:
6092:
6082:
6064:
6040:
5641:
5621:
5572:
5518:
5508:
5390:
5118:
4939:
4848:
3051:
2915:
2700:
2690:
944:
889:
690:
662:
32:
9055:
9045:
9030:
9025:
9020:
8944:
8939:
8929:
8895:
8837:
8784:
8731:
8693:
8638:
8600:
8560:
8530:
8474:
8446:
8376:
8293:
8090:
7693:
7490:
7459:
7195:
6970:
6926:
6882:
6812:
6713:
6568:
6408:
6188:
6162:
Le Dictionnaire du cri de l'Est de la Baie James sur la toile: français-cri et cri-français
5871:
5355:
5052:
4924:
4912:
4892:
2673:
2203:
1204:
658:
629:
494:
220:
183:
5032:
The Mistissini council decided to require their employees to learn Cree syllabics in 1991.
3212:, and are used to refer to third persons who are more peripheral in the discourse than the
3090:
In dictionaries focused on Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree may readily substitute
9050:
9040:
9035:
8994:
8903:
8870:
8827:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8713:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8653:
8605:
8595:
8371:
8345:
8283:
7748:
7539:
7464:
7378:
7283:
7058:
7045:
6910:
6904:
6688:
6596:
6457:
6347:
6335:
6262:
6192:
5596:
5373:
5289:
4904:
4900:
4862:
4854:
4785:
3385:
2707:
2695:
2088:. Nonetheless, the people from the two areas easily communicate. In the northern dialect,
205:
197:
8663:
4544:
are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords.
1379:
The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east:
6169:
Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary = Alperta Ohci Kehtehayak Nehiyaw Otwestamakewasinahikan
8984:
8934:
8908:
8807:
8668:
8610:
8140:
7633:
7618:
7613:
7357:
7299:
7291:
7222:
7216:
7123:
6917:
6646:
6617:
6049:
6036:
5405:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016).
5139:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
4959:
4896:
4858:
4828:
4752:
3373:
2278:
Western Naskapi (or simply referred to as Naskapi). Spoken in Kawawachikamach, Quebec.
256:
241:
6183:
The Eastern James Bay Cree Dictionary on the Web : English-Cree and Cree-English
5140:
4994:, but is only spoken by a small number of people there in the area around the town of
536:
529:
9160:
9149:
8974:
8580:
8390:
8331:
8233:
7608:
7553:
7444:
7404:
7028:
6842:
6573:
5406:
5086:
4870:
4844:
4819:
that may not match a given speaker's speech, to enable a standardized transcription.
4692:
2958:
149:
5618:
ana kâ-pimwêwêhahk okakêskihkêmowina / The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw
5035:
The Cree School Board now has its annual report available in both English and Cree.
4885:
in the United States. Michif is still spoken in central Canada and in North Dakota.
9075:
8979:
8736:
8102:
7023:
7015:
6590:
6249:
6232:
4982:
4935:
4888:
4878:
3381:
1400:
360:
248:
28:
8880:
5359:
3027:⟨uu/ū/û \ ō/ô⟩
2471:
Part of Western Montagnais, but more precisely referred to as Central Montagnais.
689:
with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any
4955:
that an adult speaker who had not been taken to a residential school would have.
8721:
8148:
5891:
5041:
In 2013, free Cree language electronic books for beginners became available for
4472:
3425:
3393:
and the dialects of eastern Swampy Cree, East Cree, Moose Cree, and Naskapi use
2970:
2953:
2870:
545:
6039:, Cree Language Structures: A Cree Approach. Pemmican Publications Inc., 1987.
3158:
without doubling or using a diacritic. While Western Cree dialects make use of
8812:
8132:
7420:
6807:
6786:
5838:"Meet Robert-Falcon Ouellette: Veteran, former parliamentarian, and professor"
5784:"Sound of native languages in parliament to mark win for indigenous Canadians"
5062:
4603:
4487:
3414:
3151:
3064:
2963:
1368:
1329:
Another important phonological variation among the Cree dialects involves the
697:, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in
216:
131:
6292:
6106:. Brandon, Man: Brandon University Northern Teacher Education Program, 2001.
5409:. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2479:
in intervocalic position, especially amongst middle-aged and young speakers.
2322:
Eastern Naskapi; also known as Mushuau Innu. Spoken in Natuashish, Labrador.
17:
8726:
8353:
8321:
7708:
7437:
7413:
7387:
6761:
6357:
5145:
5038:
There is a push to increase the availability of Cree stations on the radio.
4836:
4372:
3418:
3406:
3213:
3203:
3199:(SVO) in a sentence can vary in order, for example, SVO, VOS, OVS, and SOV.
3033:
2811:
1410:
865:
864:
A traditional view among 20th-century anthropologists and historians of the
858:
522:
413:
395:
377:
6486:
5522:
5482:
3421:. The semivowels may follow other consonants or be on their own in a word.
4998:. It is also one of two principal languages of the regional government of
3409:, can be written four ways, each direction representing its corresponding
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
420:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7477:
7430:
6120:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1991.
5730:
4920:
4916:
4832:
4685:
4588:
3369:
854:
682:
585:
573:
321:
4735:
3250:
3236:
3202:
Obviation is also a key aspect of the Cree language(s). In a sense, the
8326:
6150:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge, 2003.
5883:
5042:
4908:
4882:
2744:
2398:
Western Montagnais (Lehlueun); also known as the "Betsiamites dialect"
893:
713:
678:
581:
334:
308:
153:
8485:
8184:
4851:
are blends of Cree with Assiniboine (Nehipwat) and Ojibwe (Oji-Cree).
7287:
6766:
5463:(New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
4840:
4796:
3365:
897:
670:
552:
347:
145:
6340:
6167:
LeClaire, Nancy, George Cardinal, Earle H. Waugh, and Emily Hunter.
5875:
5055:
is one writer who has used the Cree language as part of his poetry.
4969:
4927:, as its features are being abandoned in favor of standard English.
2067:
Also known as "James Bay Cree" or "East Main Cree". The long vowels
6315:
6312:—OpenType font repository of aboriginal languages (including Cree).
4877:. Michif is unique to the Canadian prairie provinces as well as to
3303:
6657:
4981:
4968:
4874:
4866:
3410:
3355:
3307:
6385:
6215:
Alkalmazkodni és újat adni – avagy „accomodatio“ a paleográfiában
4695:(?). However, in many modern publications and text collections (
4621:
is never used. In northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with
7424:
7392:
5094:
4617:, used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme
4399:, Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the
896:
and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of
164:
8489:
8188:
7312:
6661:
6412:
6403:
4721:
3413:. Some dialects of Cree have up to seven vowels, so additional
1363:
Kawawachikamach Naskapi). The term Naskapi typically refers to
6318:– Explore Treaty 9, Aboriginal Cree and First Nations history.
5963:
1593:
and have merged into Woods Cree. While Woods Cree proper have
1345:
before front vowels. See the table above for examples in the *
638:
6328:
6287:
6161:
892:
can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern
9176:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
6182:
4731:
6352:
3299:
3154:
diacritic; as is always long, often it is written as just
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
4371:
Cree syllabics has not commonly or traditionally used the
915:, while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as
584:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4907:. Some French words have also been incorporated into its
551:
Six dialects of Cree are classified as Vulnerable by the
6374:
5569:
How to Spell it in Cree (The Standard Roman Orthography)
3940:
803:
798:
790:
785:
669:
spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across
120:
114:
107:
101:
6369:
6197:
How to spell it in Cree: the Standard Roman Orthography
3430:
2544:
6269:. . Canadian Plains Research Center, 15 October 2001.
5222:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-03-29).
5323:
Rhodes and Todd, "Subarctic Algonquian Languages" in
647:
632:
9186:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
5664:
5662:
4923:) by the mid- to late-1800s. Bungi is now virtually
4788:
or vowel dropping, as is common of unstressed short
3428:
of Eastern and Western Cree dialects, respectively:
635:
9089:
9003:
8962:
8922:
8894:
8856:
8793:
8745:
8712:
8624:
8551:
8544:
8523:
8467:
8445:
8426:
8398:
8389:
8362:
8344:
8307:
8282:
8257:
8246:
8222:
8125:
8066:
8045:
8029:
7989:
7954:
7909:
7862:
7822:
7777:
7732:
7627:
7592:
7547:
7536:
7499:
7475:
7368:
7256:
7231:
7208:
7159:
7137:
7057:
7044:
7014:
6963:
6936:
6892:
6834:
6825:
6795:
6752:
6743:
6704:
6695:
6605:
6582:
6537:
6494:
6447:
6267:
nēhiýawēwin: itwēwina / Cree: Words / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ: ᐃᑗᐏᓇ
4827:Cree is also a component language in at least five
3405:In Cree syllabics, each symbol, which represents a
2092:is found in situations were short unaccented vowel
849:Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the
520:
411:
393:
375:
370:
288:
268:
263:
238:
194:
176:
96,000, 27% of ethnic population (2016 census)
170:
160:
141:
43:
5283:Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988
5151:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
4806:
4800:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4673:
4662:
3364:Cree dialects, except for those spoken in eastern
3098:, while Lowland Moose Cree may readily substitute
1608:
1346:
1006:
996:
919:and in the east the phonemes are merged as either
9181:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
5176:"Official Languages of the Northwest Territories"
764:
759:
751:
746:
725:
720:
94:
88:
81:
75:
55:
49:
5991:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
5858:McAlpine, Lynn; Herodier, Daisy (22 June 1994).
1602:
853:spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the
777:
772:
738:
733:
68:
62:
6171:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1998.
6147:Origins of predicates evidence from Plains Cree
6134:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2000.
5907:"E-books show kids the colour of Cree language"
5308:"2016–2017 annual report on official languages"
811:
5616:Ahenakew, Freda, and H.C. Wolfart, eds. 1998.
5567:Okimāsis, Jean & Wolvengrey, Arok (2008).
4986:A Quebec stop sign in Cree, English and French
8501:
8200:
7324:
6673:
6424:
6132:Spoken Cree, Level I, west coast of James Bay
6054:Text-Based Grammar in Cree Language Education
5505:Meet Cree : a guide to the Cree language
5459:Wolfart, H. C., & Carroll, J. F. (1981).
5325:Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic
4911:. This language flourished at and around the
4700:The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw
3360:Trilingual plaque in English, French and Cree
1943:dialect but has transitioned and merged with
8:
6391:Wasaho Ininiwimowin (Wasaho Cree) Dictionary
6382:(covers both Northern and Southern dialects)
5571:. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Houghton Boston.
5535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5387:Encyclopedia of World's Endangered Languages
5002:in Northern Quebec, the other being French.
3170:, Eastern Cree dialects instead make use of
2031:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1446:
5636:Okimâsis, Jean, and Arok Wolvengrey. 2008.
5183:Northwest Territories Language Commissioner
4934:. Nehipwat is found only in a few southern
3321:
2579:
2565:
2348:
2228:
2221:
1585:). Also known as "Rocky Cree". Historical
1491:
927:. In several dialects, including northern
868:posits that the Western Woods Cree and the
8548:
8508:
8494:
8486:
8395:
8279:
8254:
8226:
8207:
8193:
8185:
7544:
7331:
7317:
7309:
7054:
6831:
6749:
6701:
6680:
6666:
6658:
6431:
6417:
6409:
5620:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5313:. Government of the Northwest Territories.
4668:
4657:
4530:are distinct phonemes. In other dialects,
3341:
3333:
3274:
3207:
2121:
2010:
1934:
1927:
1858:
1815:
1736:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1580:
1461:
1381:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1033:
1026:
835:
827:
819:
544:
130:
40:
7779:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
6212:Steller, Lea-Katharina (née Virághalmy):
6022:Learn how and when to remove this message
5073:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
1417: dialect type
832:(Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect)
824:(Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect)
7864:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
6393:at Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre
6380:Online Eastern James Bay Cree dictionary
6299:The Gift of Language and Culture website
4403:to denote the dialect's ten consonants (
2944:
2659:
975:
973:in the modern dialects, as shown below:
685:. If considered one language, it is the
556:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
6102:Castel, Robert J., and David Westfall.
6056:, Msc Thesis, University of Manitoba.
5911:University of Alberta News & Events
5479:"Ager, Simon: Omniglot, Cree Syllabary"
5473:
5471:
5469:
5461:Meet Cree: A guide to the Cree language
5255:Government of the Northwest Territories
5106:
3324:'knowing-it-together-by-example place')
616:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
606:Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters
578:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
136:Historical distribution of Cree peoples
5528:
5278:
5276:
5224:"Indigenous languages in Canada, 2021"
4865:. For the most part, Michif uses Cree
4594:Long vowels are denoted with either a
4379:). Instead, either a full-stop glyph (
9196:Indigenous languages of North America
7629:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
6306:(Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5455:
5453:
4942:. Nothing is known of its structure.
2585:
2535:
2326:
2199:
2142:
2135:
2128:
1939:: 'human'. Kesagami Lake Cree was an
1882:
1872:
1865:
1743:
1632:
1625:
1481:
1468:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1389:
7:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5251:"Education, Culture, and Employment"
5245:
5243:
5217:
5215:
4534:is used even when pronounced like .
1290:dialect, refer to their language as
880:of Alberta before European contact.
8413:Pro-Tactile American Sign Language
8169:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
5782:Cecco, Leyland (27 January 2019).
5376:, listed as "Ojibwa+ Anissinapek".
5292:(as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)
5206:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
4769:('start speaking!'), derived from
4702:(1998)) full punctuation is used.
4522:is used in Eastern dialects where
3372:, are traditionally written using
1302:, whereas Woods Cree speakers say
25:
9191:First Nations languages in Canada
4839:and European settlers of Western
3075:
3050:
3040:
3021:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2985:
2975:
2924:
2901:
2891:
2879:
2858:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2818:
2797:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2724:
2712:
2523:Eastern Montagnais (Innu-aimûn).
1669:Divided to Southern Plains Cree (
1286:The Plains Cree, speakers of the
939:have merged into a single vowel,
7339:
6485:
6185:(Northern and Southern dialect).
5968:
5503:Christoph., Wolfart, H. (1981).
5079:
5065:
3346:→ 'It was the old man he asked.'
931:and Woods Cree, the long vowels
628:
596:
353:
340:
327:
314:
301:
275:
6237:Plains Cree A Grammatical Study
5157:from the original on 2022-10-15
1314:, and Swampy Cree speakers say
943:. In the Quebec communities of
115:
102:
89:
76:
63:
50:
7734:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
6293:The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas
6288:The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas
6164:(dialectes du Sud et du Nord).
4476:
3935:* Used only in foreign sounds
3424:The following tables show the
3380:, but can be written with the
533: Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
1:
6358:Cree on-line Spelling Lessons
6081:. New York: AMS Press, 1974.
5864:Canadian Journal of Education
5360:10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020
4843:and in parts of the Northern
3378:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
2353:Uashau Innuts + Bersimis
874:Museum of the American Indian
253:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
38:Aboriginal language continuum
9171:Central Algonquian languages
8990:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
8408:American Sign Language (ASL)
8067:Not headquartered in Alberta
6613:Bible translations into Cree
5385:Moseley, Christopher. 2007.
4915:(the modern-day location of
3216:third person". For example:
2545:
2117:Southern East Cree
2006:Northern East Cree
1687:). In the Northern dialect,
1675:) and Northern Plains Cree (
1265:
1238:
1211:
1184:
1157:
1130:
1103:
1076:
1049:
1022:
855:original Algonquian homeland
836:
828:
820:
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
721:
121:
108:
95:
82:
69:
56:
27:Not to be confused with the
9112:Plains Indian Sign Language
8354:Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)
7956:Western Cree Tribal Council
7294:language •
6883:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
6862:Massachusett Pidgin English
4835:, and historically by some
4807:
4801:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4757:where, when, what, why, who
4727:
4717:
4709:
4674:
4663:
3342:
3334:
3294:
3275:
3242:
3228:
3220:
3208:
2122:
2011:
1935:
1928:
1859:
1816:
1737:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1609:
1581:
1462:
1347:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1277:
1270:
1250:
1243:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1189:
1169:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1054:
1034:
1027:
1007:
997:
9217:
8963:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
8058:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
7824:North Peace Tribal Council
6353:The East Cree language web
5024:Support and revitalization
4514:when those are pronounced
804:
791:
778:
765:
752:
739:
726:
618: instead of syllabics.
26:
9127:
8435:Anishinaabe Sign Language
8322:Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn
8229:
8164:
7991:Yellowhead Tribal Council
7764:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
7679:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
7351:
7281:
6638:
6483:
6469:Proto-Algonquian language
6220:Paleográfiai kalandozások
5407:"Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi"
5141:"Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi"
5014:Canadian House of Commons
4861:which combines Cree with
4669:
4658:
4360:
4352:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3934:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3338:→ 'He asked the old man.'
3317:know.CAUS.APPL.RECP.place
3084:
3014:
2998:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2641:
2625:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2551:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2334:
2245:
2242:
2207:
2112:
2066:
2037:
2034:
2024:
2017:
1912:
1879:
1849:
1807:
1794:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1727:
1668:
1639:
1617:
1546:
1504:
1494:
1452:
1416:
851:Proto-Algonquian language
564:
543:
270:Official language in
129:
48:
33:Creek language (Muscogee)
8970:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
8327:iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)
8046:Not federally recognized
7549:Athabasca Tribal Council
7345:First Nations in Alberta
7168:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
7109:North of Superior Ojibwa
6118:Plains Cree Morphosyntax
5977:This section includes a
5640:. Regina: miywâsin ink.
4401:ISO basic Latin alphabet
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3194:Cree features a complex
993:Word for 'native person'
7016:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
6745:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
6440:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
6006:more precise citations.
5713:. Regina: Coteau Books.
5695:Bakker and Papen p. 305
5668:Bakker and Papen p. 304
5656:Bakker and Papen p. 295
5638:How to Spell it in Cree
5438:Dahlstrom, introduction
5288:March 24, 2009, at the
5006:Robert Falcon Ouellette
5000:Eeyou Istchee James Bay
3944:Western Cree syllabary
3434:Eastern Cree syllabary
2791:⟨ch/tc/č⟩
1947:dialect of Moose Cree.
1603:
1498:Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi
1489:Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi
1404:code and name
1397:code and name
1392:code and name
1205:Kawawachikamach Naskapi
9135:Canadian dictionaries
9118:Maritime Sign Language
9097:American Sign Language
8586:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
8269:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7911:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
7370:Ethnolinguistic groups
6990:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
6386:Online Cree dictionary
5711:Askiwina: A Cree world
5336:Rhodes and Todd, 60–61
4987:
4974:
4869:, question words, and
4782:based on hyphenation.
4587:, as it is in various
3395:Eastern Cree syllabics
3391:Western Cree syllabics
3361:
3282:The Cree language has
3266:Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV
3142:(which also serves as
3081:⟨aa/ā/â⟩
2991:⟨ii/ī/î⟩
2850:⟨sh/c/š⟩
2527:is mostly realized as
1933:v. lowland Moose Cree
1597:, Missinipi Cree have
1384:Cree dialect ISO codes
604:This article contains
566:This article contains
9131:Canadian style guides
7849:Little Red River Cree
7594:Blackfoot Confederacy
7486:Blackfoot Confederacy
6375:Moose Cree dictionary
6370:Proto-Cree dictionary
6341:Cree Language Lessons
5593:"Language Geek: Cree"
5204:Laurie Bauer (2007).
4992:Northwest Territories
4985:
4972:
4891:is a creole based on
4652:can be lengthened to
4559:, and the affricate,
3359:
3343:kisēýiniwa kakwēcimēw
3335:kakwēcimēw kisēýiniwa
3314:kiskinohamātowikamikw
3295:kiskinohamātowikamikw
3046:⟨e/ē/ê⟩
2897:⟨y/i/ý⟩
2730:⟨n/ñ/ń⟩
2580:Western Cree (cont'd)
2100:without changing the
1643:Northern Alberta Cree
1589:have transitioned to
769:(Eastern Swampy Cree)
756:(Western Swampy Cree)
695:Northwest Territories
675:Northwest Territories
653:; also known as Cree–
283:Northwest Territories
9201:Vulnerable languages
9102:Quebec Sign Language
8545:Indigenous languages
8418:Quebec Sign Language
7372:(by language family)
6835:Southern New England
6329:Nehinawe: Speak Cree
6222:. Szentendre, 1995.
5709:Cuthand, D. (2007).
5348:American Ethnologist
5228:www150.statcan.gc.ca
4973:Map of Cree dialects
4938:reserves and is now
4913:Red River Settlement
4751:Additionally, other
4656:, as for example in
4632:The use of unmarked
4629:is not used at all.
4579:, etc. The phoneme
4443:) and seven vowels (
1925:, upland Moose Cree
1420:additional comments
1333:of Proto-Algonquian
845:Origin and diffusion
840:(Eastern Montagnais)
808:(Northern East Cree)
795:(Southern East Cree)
667:Algonquian languages
9071:Pennsylvania German
8517:Languages of Canada
8468:Immigrant languages
8216:Languages of Quebec
7564:Athabasca Chipewyan
7537:Tribal councils and
7114:Northwestern Ojibwa
7077:Border Lakes Ojibwa
7072:Berens River Ojibwa
6977:Carolina Algonquian
6855:Massachusett Pidgin
6550:From west to east:
6520:Eastern Swampy Cree
6515:Western Swampy Cree
6503:From west to east:
6304:Our Languages: Cree
6075:Bloomfield, Leonard
5935:Whitehead, Joshua.
5045:language teachers.
5010:Canadian Parliament
4952:residential schools
4873:while using French
4741:John cî kî-mîciso-w
4706:John cî kî-mîcisow?
3011:⟨u\o⟩
2947:
2662:
2661:Consonant phonemes
2446:Uashaui Innuts
1823:Eastern Swampy Cree
1817:Ininiwi-Išikišwēwin
1770:Western Swampy Cree
1700:Nuclear Plains Cree
1613:: 'he/she is red'.
1601:, e.g., Woods Cree
1386:
687:aboriginal language
290:Recognised minority
9107:Inuk Sign Language
9066:Newfoundland Irish
9031:Tagalog (Filipino)
9004:Minority languages
8876:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
8634:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
8524:Official languages
8455:Inuk Sign Language
8438:Cree Sign Language
8053:Aseniwuche Winewak
6827:Eastern Algonquian
6562:Southern East Cree
6557:Northern East Cree
6542:Montagnais-Naskapi
6477:Central Algonquian
6346:2005-07-05 at the
6334:2000-08-16 at the
6316:Path of the Elders
6310:Languagegeek: Cree
5979:list of references
5943:. CBC/Radio-Canada
5192:on March 23, 2012.
4988:
4975:
4940:nearing extinction
4795:Representation of
4744:John Q PST-eat-3SG
4667:'sing (now)!' and
4583:is represented by
4492:⟨th⟩
3362:
3284:grammatical gender
3176:⟨uu⟩
3136:⟨tc⟩
3092:⟨sh⟩
2945:
2824:⟨th⟩
2660:
2498:Eastern Montagnais
2373:Western Montagnais
2233:Mushau Innuts
2143:Southern East Cree
2133:Southern East Cree
2038:Northern East Cree
2022:Northern East Cree
1607:v. Missinipi Cree
1382:
1178:Southern East Cree
1151:Northern East Cree
878:Peace River Region
673:in 2021, from the
485:Southern East Cree
475:Northern East Cree
9143:
9142:
9061:Doukhobor Russian
8958:
8957:
8483:
8482:
8463:
8462:
8385:
8384:
8340:
8339:
8294:Wôbanakiôdwawôgan
8284:Anishinaabemowin
8242:
8241:
8223:Official language
8182:
8181:
8160:
8159:
8153:
8145:
8137:
8118:
8106:
8094:
8082:
7999:
7964:
7919:
7872:
7832:
7787:
7754:Lubicon Lake Band
7742:
7637:
7602:
7569:Chipewyan Prairie
7557:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7501:Numbered Treaties
7306:
7305:
7300:extinct languages
7204:
7203:
7155:
7154:
7083:Broken Oghibbeway
7010:
7009:
6821:
6820:
6655:
6654:
6647:extinct languages
6583:Contact languages
6442:dialect continuum
6404:Little Cree Books
6205:978-0-9784935-0-9
6079:Plains Cree Texts
6032:
6031:
6024:
5686:Blain. (1989: 15)
5646:978-0-9784935-0-9
5578:978-0-9784935-0-9
5119:Canada Statistics
4829:contact languages
4823:Contact languages
4678:'sing (later)!'.
4640:for the phonemes
4638:⟨ō⟩
4634:⟨o⟩
4627:⟨ē⟩
4619:⟨e⟩
4608:⟨â⟩
4600:⟨ā⟩
4585:⟨c⟩
4577:⟨d⟩
4573:⟨t⟩
4569:⟨b⟩
4565:⟨p⟩
4542:⟨r⟩
4538:⟨l⟩
4520:⟨š⟩
4512:⟨ñ⟩
4508:⟨n⟩
4504:⟨ý⟩
4500:⟨y⟩
4496:⟨ð⟩
4469:⟨ē⟩
4465:⟨ō⟩
4461:⟨ī⟩
4457:⟨ā⟩
4453:⟨o⟩
4449:⟨i⟩
4445:⟨a⟩
4441:⟨h⟩
4437:⟨y⟩
4433:⟨w⟩
4429:⟨n⟩
4425:⟨m⟩
4421:⟨s⟩
4417:⟨k⟩
4413:⟨c⟩
4409:⟨t⟩
4405:⟨p⟩
4381:⟨᙮⟩
4377:⟨.⟩
4365:
4364:
3939:
3938:
3269:"Sam sees Susan."
3184:⟨û⟩
3180:⟨ū⟩
3172:⟨u⟩
3168:⟨ô⟩
3164:⟨ō⟩
3160:⟨o⟩
3156:⟨e⟩
3144:⟨i⟩
3140:⟨i⟩
3132:⟨c⟩
3130:. Atikamekw uses
3128:⟨ń⟩
3124:⟨ī⟩
3120:⟨ē⟩
3116:⟨ý⟩
3112:⟨ī⟩
3108:⟨ē⟩
3104:⟨l⟩
3100:⟨ñ⟩
3096:⟨s⟩
3088:
3087:
3056:⟨a⟩
2981:⟨i⟩
2943:
2942:
2930:⟨l⟩
2907:⟨w⟩
2885:⟨r⟩
2864:⟨h⟩
2840:⟨s⟩
2803:⟨k⟩
2781:⟨c⟩
2765:⟨t⟩
2755:⟨p⟩
2718:⟨m⟩
2650:
2649:
2360:Pointe Bleue
1812:Swampy Cree, East
1755:Swampy Cree, West
1554:Western York Cree
1284:
1283:
955:, the long vowel
890:dialect continuum
663:dialect continuum
612:rendering support
592:
591:
574:rendering support
570:phonetic symbols.
426:Individual codes:
16:(Redirected from
9208:
9056:Hutterite German
8549:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8487:
8428:Plains Sign Talk
8396:
8391:Manual languages
8280:
8255:
8248:Oral Indigenous
8227:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8186:
8174:Métis in Alberta
8151:
8143:
8135:
8112:
8100:
8088:
8076:
7993:
7958:
7926:Beaver Lake Cree
7916:Beaver Lake Cree
7913:
7866:
7826:
7781:
7736:
7654:Beaver Lake Cree
7631:
7596:
7551:
7545:
7540:band governments
7527:
7519:
7511:
7491:Iron Confederacy
7343:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7310:
7272:Proto-Algonquian
7104:Nipissing Ojibwa
7055:
6832:
6750:
6702:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6659:
6538:Eastern variants
6495:Western variants
6489:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6410:
6263:Wolvengrey, Arok
6235:, H. Christoph.
6193:Wolvengrey, Arok
6116:Dahlstrom, Amy.
6027:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6002:this section by
5993:inline citations
5972:
5971:
5964:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5913:. Archived from
5902:
5896:
5895:
5855:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5757:. 8 August 2019.
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5729:. Archived from
5728:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5696:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5657:
5654:
5648:
5634:
5628:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5595:. Archived from
5589:
5583:
5582:
5564:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5526:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5481:. Archived from
5475:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5447:Dahlstrom pp. 11
5445:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5428:Thunder, Dorothy
5425:
5410:
5403:
5397:
5383:
5377:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5293:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:on July 27, 2018
5257:. Archived from
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5185:. Archived from
5180:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5111:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5053:Joshua Whitehead
4946:Loss of language
4893:Scottish English
4847:. Nehipwat and
4810:
4804:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4543:
4539:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4382:
4378:
3941:
3431:
3345:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3278:
3252:
3238:
3211:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3057:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2948:
2931:
2928:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2886:
2883:
2865:
2862:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2731:
2728:
2719:
2716:
2663:
2548:
2125:
2096:transitioned to
2014:
1997:(Kesagami Lake)
1938:
1931:
1862:
1819:
1799:has merged with
1740:
1691:has merged into
1686:
1680:
1674:
1612:
1606:
1584:
1579:Missinipi Cree (
1538:has merged into
1534:In this dialect
1465:
1387:
1385:
1367:(y-dialect) and
1357:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1280:
1273:
1253:
1246:
1226:
1219:
1199:
1192:
1172:
1165:
1145:
1138:
1118:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1030:
1010:
1000:
976:
968:Proto-Algonquian
962:
959:has merged with
958:
942:
938:
934:
926:
922:
918:
914:
903:
884:Dialect criteria
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
806:
802:
794:
793:
789:
781:
780:
776:
768:
767:
763:
755:
754:
750:
742:
741:
737:
729:
728:
724:
650:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
600:
599:
548:
539:
532:
512:
502:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
424:– inclusive code
423:
416:
407:
406:
398:
389:
388:
380:
359:
357:
356:
346:
344:
343:
333:
331:
330:
320:
318:
317:
307:
305:
304:
292:language in
281:
279:
278:
244:
200:
134:
124:
118:
117:
111:
105:
104:
98:
92:
91:
85:
79:
78:
72:
66:
65:
59:
53:
52:
41:
21:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9123:
9085:
9051:Canadian Gaelic
8999:
8954:
8950:Coast Tsimshian
8918:
8890:
8852:
8789:
8741:
8708:
8620:
8540:
8519:
8514:
8484:
8479:
8459:
8441:
8422:
8381:
8358:
8336:
8303:
8285:
8278:
8249:
8238:
8218:
8213:
8183:
8178:
8156:
8121:
8110:Smith's Landing
8062:
8041:
8025:
7985:
7950:
7905:
7858:
7818:
7773:
7749:Loon River Cree
7728:
7669:Ermineskin Cree
7623:
7588:
7538:
7532:
7495:
7471:
7364:
7347:
7337:
7307:
7302:
7277:
7257:Proto-languages
7252:
7227:
7200:
7151:
7133:
7040:
7006:
6959:
6932:
6911:Pidgin Delaware
6888:
6817:
6791:
6739:
6691:
6689:Algic languages
6686:
6656:
6651:
6634:
6628:Eastern version
6623:Western version
6601:
6597:Michif language
6578:
6539:
6533:
6496:
6490:
6481:
6443:
6437:
6400:
6366:
6348:Wayback Machine
6336:Wayback Machine
6325:
6284:
6279:
6144:Hirose, Tomio.
6050:Ahenakew, Freda
6037:Ahenakew, Freda
6028:
6017:
6011:
6008:
5997:
5983:related reading
5973:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5937:"'mihkokwaniy'"
5934:
5933:
5929:
5920:
5918:
5905:Betowski, Bev.
5904:
5903:
5899:
5876:10.2307/1495244
5857:
5856:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5635:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5566:
5565:
5544:
5527:
5515:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5413:
5404:
5400:
5384:
5380:
5374:Ojibwe dialects
5371:
5367:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5296:
5290:Wayback Machine
5281:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5026:
4980:
4948:
4901:Scottish Gaelic
4825:
4786:Vowel reduction
4749:
4747:"Did John eat?"
4739:
4725:
4715:
4707:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4607:
4599:
4589:other languages
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4541:
4537:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4479:section above.
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4389:
4380:
4376:
3403:
3386:writing systems
3376:, a variant of
3354:
3349:
3326:
3312:
3271:
3254:
3240:
3226:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3055:
3045:
3026:
3010:
2990:
2980:
2929:
2906:
2896:
2884:
2863:
2849:
2839:
2823:
2802:
2790:
2780:
2764:
2754:
2729:
2717:
2685:
2655:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2587:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2542:
2494:
2487:
2475:is realized as
2445:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2297:Eastern Naskapi
2293:
2286:
2253:Western Naskapi
2247:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2144:
2140:Cree, Southeast
2139:
2132:
2119:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2008:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1856:
1813:
1811:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1734:
1636:
1629:
1548:
1506:
1499:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1414:name (and code)
1413:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1365:Kawawachikamach
1004:
994:
986:
953:Kawawachikamach
886:
847:
800:iyiyiu-Ayamiwin
787:iyiniu-Ayamiwin
711:
691:official status
648:
631:
627:
621:
620:
619:
610:Without proper
601:
597:
572:Without proper
560:
559:
535:
534:
528:
508:
507:
498:
497:
488:
487:
478:
477:
468:
467:
458:
457:
448:
447:
438:
437:
428:
427:
425:
419:
412:
402:
401:
394:
384:
383:
376:
366:
365:
354:
352:
341:
339:
328:
326:
315:
313:
302:
300:
293:
291:
276:
274:
271:
264:Official status
245:
240:
234:
201:
198:Language family
196:
177:
173:
172:Native speakers
137:
122:Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin
113:
109:Iyiniu-Ayamiwin
100:
87:
74:
61:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9214:
9212:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9148:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9090:Sign languages
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9007:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8985:Chinook Jargon
8982:
8977:
8972:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8886:Nuu-chah-nulth
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8862:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8799:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8751:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8557:
8555:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8451:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8299:Anicinâbemowin
8296:
8290:
8288:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8252:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8146:
8138:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8002:
8000:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7922:
7920:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7875:
7873:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7759:Peerless Trout
7756:
7751:
7745:
7743:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7542:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7522:
7514:
7505:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7480:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7390:
7375:
7373:
7366:
7365:
7354:Cultural areas
7352:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7268:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7190:Miami–Illinois
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7129:Western Ojibwa
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7099:Eastern Ojibwa
7096:
7091:
7089:Central Ojibwa
7086:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7052:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7024:Mesquakie–Sauk
7020:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6869:Mohegan–Pequot
6865:
6858:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6836:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6710:
6708:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6618:Cree syllabics
6615:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6547:
6545:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6460:
6453:
6451:
6449:Classification
6445:
6444:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6338:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6282:External links
6280:
6278:
6277:
6260:
6247:
6230:
6210:
6189:Okimāsis, Jean
6186:
6179:
6165:
6158:
6142:
6128:
6114:
6100:
6089:
6072:
6060:
6047:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6012:September 2012
5987:external links
5976:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5927:
5897:
5870:(2): 128–141.
5843:
5829:
5818:
5807:
5793:
5774:
5760:
5746:
5715:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5658:
5649:
5629:
5609:
5584:
5577:
5542:
5513:
5495:
5465:
5449:
5440:
5431:
5411:
5398:
5378:
5365:
5354:(3): 434–448.
5338:
5329:
5316:
5294:
5272:
5239:
5211:
5196:
5167:
5131:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5076:
5060:
5057:
5025:
5022:
4979:
4976:
4947:
4944:
4871:demonstratives
4859:mixed language
4824:
4821:
4753:interrogatives
4726:
4716:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4388:
4385:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3402:
3399:
3384:as well. Both
3374:Cree syllabics
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3293:
3292:
3241:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3191:
3188:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3013:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2842:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2439:Uashaui-Innuts
2432:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2110:
2109:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1450:Cree (generic)
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1376:
1375:Dialect groups
1373:
1331:palatalisation
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:iðiniw/ithiniw
1051:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:SK, AB, BC, NT
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:Word for 'you'
1001:
991:
983:
980:
900:differentiate
885:
882:
846:
843:
842:
841:
833:
825:
817:
809:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
710:
707:
614:, you may see
602:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
576:, you may see
562:
561:
550:
549:
541:
540:
526:
518:
517:
417:
409:
408:
399:
391:
390:
381:
373:
372:
371:Language codes
368:
367:
364:
363:
350:
337:
324:
311:
297:
296:
294:
289:
286:
285:
272:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
246:
242:Writing system
239:
236:
235:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
204:
202:
195:
192:
191:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
143:
142:Native to
139:
138:
135:
127:
126:
46:
45:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9213:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9156:Cree language
9154:
9153:
9151:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8975:Broken Slavey
8973:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
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8074:Acho Dene Koe
8072:
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7988:
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7981:Sturgeon Lake
7979:
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7908:
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7879:Stoney Nakoda
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7769:Woodland Cree
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7579:Fort McMurray
7577:
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7554:Fort McMurray
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6734:Nawathinehena
6731:
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6493:
6488:
6478:
6475:Areal group:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6459:
6456:Macrofamily:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6422:
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6415:
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6345:
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6337:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6275:0-88977-127-8
6272:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:0-921064-15-2
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:0-87169-635-5
6242:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:963-450-922-3
6225:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:0-88864-309-8
6174:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:0-415-96779-1
6153:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6140:0-88864-347-0
6137:
6133:
6130:Ellis, C. D.
6129:
6127:
6126:0-8153-0172-3
6123:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:0-9689858-0-7
6109:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:0-8020-7995-4
6094:
6090:
6088:
6087:0-404-58166-8
6084:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6069:1-55619-172-3
6066:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:0-919143-42-3
6042:
6038:
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6026:
6023:
6015:
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5995:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5928:
5917:on 2013-01-30
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
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5797:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5736:on 2017-10-11
5732:
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5719:
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5712:
5706:
5704:
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5698:
5692:
5689:
5683:
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5647:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5626:0-88755-648-5
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5599:on 2012-02-04
5598:
5594:
5588:
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5580:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
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5549:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5496:
5485:on 2012-01-17
5484:
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5462:
5456:
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5441:
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5399:
5396:
5395:0-203-64565-0
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
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5087:Canada portal
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4845:United States
4842:
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4809:
4803:
4798:
4793:
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4779:
4773:
4767:
4766:māci-pīkiskwē
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4693:question mark
4690:
4687:
4684:
4683:interrogative
4679:
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3285:
3280:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3196:polysynthetic
3189:
3187:
3153:
3149:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2240:Koksoak River
2238:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:Nīhiyawīmowin
1679:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1402:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:(n-dialect).
1370:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
992:
990:
984:
981:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
964:
954:
950:
949:Whapmagoostui
946:
930:
910:
908:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
797:
788:
784:
775:
771:
762:
758:
749:
745:
736:
732:
730:(Plains Cree)
723:
719:
718:
717:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
643:
625:
617:
613:
609:
607:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
563:
557:
554:
547:
542:
538:
531:
527:
525:
524:
519:
516:
513: –
511:
506:
503: –
501:
496:
493: –
491:
486:
483: –
481:
476:
473: –
471:
466:
463: –
461:
456:
453: –
451:
446:
443: –
441:
436:
433: –
431:
422:
418:
415:
410:
405:
400:
397:
392:
387:
382:
379:
374:
369:
362:
351:
349:
338:
336:
325:
323:
312:
310:
299:
298:
295:
287:
284:
273:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
237:
227:
224:
223:
222:
218:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:United States
147:
144:
140:
133:
128:
123:
110:
97:
84:
71:
58:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Cree Language
9166:Cree culture
9129:
9116:
9076:Plautdietsch
8737:Inuvialuktun
8575:
8308:
8030:Unaffiliated
7946:Kehewin Cree
7809:Sucker Creek
7689:Kehewin Cree
7584:Mikisew Cree
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7405:
7398:
7295:
7270:
7263:
7245:
7238:
7215:
7188:
7166:
7081:
6999:
6982:
6975:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6925:
6916:
6909:
6881:
6876:Narragansett
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6849:Massachusett
6841:
6753:
6744:
6732:
6718:
6642:
6591:Bungi Creole
6589:
6467:
6439:
6364:Dictionaries
6266:
6236:
6219:
6214:
6196:
6168:
6145:
6131:
6117:
6103:
6078:
6053:
6018:
6009:
5998:Please help
5990:
5960:Bibliography
5945:. Retrieved
5940:
5930:
5919:. Retrieved
5915:the original
5910:
5900:
5867:
5863:
5832:
5821:
5810:
5796:
5788:The Guardian
5787:
5777:
5763:
5749:
5738:. Retrieved
5731:the original
5718:
5710:
5691:
5682:
5677:Carter p. 63
5673:
5652:
5632:
5612:
5601:. Retrieved
5597:the original
5587:
5568:
5504:
5498:
5487:. Retrieved
5483:the original
5460:
5443:
5434:
5401:
5386:
5381:
5368:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5332:
5324:
5319:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:the original
5254:
5231:. Retrieved
5227:
5208:. Edinburgh.
5205:
5199:
5187:the original
5170:
5159:. Retrieved
5144:
5134:
5123:. Retrieved
5121:. 2017-08-02
5109:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5004:
4989:
4978:Legal status
4964:
4957:
4949:
4936:Saskatchewan
4929:
4903:, Cree, and
4887:
4879:North Dakota
4853:
4826:
4816:
4812:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4775:. Note that
4761:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4730:
4720:
4712:
4699:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4653:
4649:
4631:
4622:
4611:
4593:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4481:
4390:
4387:Romanization
4370:
4366:
3423:
3404:
3382:Latin script
3363:
3327:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3201:
3193:
3089:
2656:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2619:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2403:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2356:
2349:
2346:Pointe-Bleue
2342:
2335:
2327:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2032:Eastern Cree
2025:
2018:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1757:(Ininīmowin)
1751:
1744:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1492:Western Cree
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:Nīhithawīwin
1453:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1401:Linguasphere
1378:
1359:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1259:Eastern Innu
1232:Western Innu
988:
970:
965:
906:
905:
887:
863:
848:
782:(Moose Cree)
743:(Woods Cree)
735:nīhithawīwin
712:
623:
622:
603:
565:
521:
361:Saskatchewan
225:
70:nīhithawīwin
29:Kri language
8914:Assiniboine
8803:Bella Coola
8722:Inuinnaqtun
7719:Samson Cree
7714:Saddle Lake
7476:Historical
7438:Dënesųłı̨ne
7265:Proto-Algic
6938:Nanticockan
6782:Swampy Cree
6777:Plains Cree
6728:Gros Ventre
6505:Plains Cree
6004:introducing
5947:11 December
5095:Cree people
4932:Assiniboine
4728:kî-mîciso-w
4675:nikamōhkan!
4636:and marked
4625:, and thus
4547:The stops,
4518:in Swampy.
4490:is written
4477:§ Phonology
4397:Swampy Cree
4393:Plains Cree
3426:syllabaries
3273:The suffix
3174:and either
3162:and either
3102:with their
2871:Approximant
2546:Nehirâmowin
2414:Escoumains
2294:Davis Inlet
2287:Davis Inlet
2123:Īynū Ayimūn
2012:Īyyū Ayimūn
1917:instead of
1763:Swampy Cree
1760:Swampy Cree
1748:Swampy Cree
1738:Nēhinawēwin
1732:Swampy Cree
1723:(southern)
1678:Nīhiyawīwin
1672:Nēhiyawēwin
1640:Plains Cree
1637:Plains Cree
1630:Plains Cree
1622:Plains Cree
1582:Nīhirawīwin
1547:Plains Cree
1190:iyiyū/iyinū
1070:Swampy Cree
1016:Plains Cree
929:Plains Cree
870:Plains Cree
816:(Atikamekw)
813:nehirâmowin
748:nêhinawêwin
722:nêhiyawêwin
580:instead of
455:Swampy Cree
435:Plains Cree
178:(including
125:(S Eastern)
112:(N Eastern)
83:nêhinawêwin
57:nēhiyawēwin
9150:Categories
8813:Halkomelem
8626:Athabaskan
8616:Potawatomi
8553:Algonquian
8400:Francosign
8332:Innu-aimun
8286:(ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)
8259:Algonquian
8133:Papaschase
8126:Terminated
8098:Onion Lake
8086:Kelly Lake
7996:Morinville
7976:Horse Lake
7961:Valleyview
7941:Heart Lake
7829:High Level
7814:Swan River
7784:Slave Lake
7694:Louis Bull
7684:Heart Lake
7664:Enoch Cree
7574:Fort McKay
7421:Athapascan
7383:Algonquian
7147:Potawatomi
7139:Potawatomi
7050:Potawatomi
6954:Piscataway
6808:Innu-aimun
6787:Woods Cree
6772:Moose Cree
6720:Besawunena
6697:Algonquian
6574:Montagnais
6524:Moose Cree
6510:Woods Cree
6464:Algonquian
5921:2013-01-31
5740:2012-09-07
5603:2006-01-08
5514:0888640730
5489:2011-12-05
5265:October 4,
5233:2024-02-02
5161:2022-10-29
5125:2017-11-22
5101:References
4996:Fort Smith
4604:circumflex
4488:Woods Cree
4473:Upper case
3419:semivowels
3415:diacritics
3320:'school' (
3256:Sam wâpam-
3152:circumflex
2646:Opitciwan
2492:62-ADA-bba
2443:62-ADA-bbb
2427:62-ADA-bbc
2411:62-ADA-bbd
2407:Escoumains
2366:Montagnais
2363:Montagnais
2357:62-ADA-bbe
2339:Montagnais
2331:Montagnais
2291:62-ADA-bab
2237:62-ADA-baa
2170:(coastal)
2029:Cree, East
1883:Moose Cree
1880:Moose Cree
1877:Moose Cree
1870:Moose Cree
1860:Ililīmowin
1854:Moose Cree
1666:(northern)
1505:Woods Cree
1486:Woods Cree
1473:Woods Cree
1457:Woods Cree
1369:Natuashish
1097:Moose Cree
1074:ON, MB, SK
1062:kīða/kītha
1043:Woods Cree
904:(sh as in
837:innu-Aimûn
829:ilnu-Aimûn
774:ililîmowin
761:ininîmowin
699:Fort Smith
693:is in the
655:Montagnais
505:Montagnais
465:Moose Cree
445:Woods Cree
217:Montagnais
211:Algonquian
180:Montagnais
103:ᐃᔨᓂᐤ ᐊᔭᒥᐎᓐ
99:(E Swampy)
96:ininîmowin
86:(W Swampy)
9081:Ukrainian
9016:Cantonese
8881:Kwakʼwala
8780:Tuscarora
8747:Iroquoian
8727:Inuktitut
8699:Tsuutʼina
8649:Chipewyan
8644:Chilcotin
8571:Blackfoot
8566:Algonquin
8364:Iroquoian
8317:Atikamekw
8250:languages
8141:Sharphead
8006:Alexander
7936:Frog Lake
7931:Cold Lake
7901:Tsuut'ina
7869:Tsuut'ina
7844:Dene Tha'
7799:Kapawe'no
7794:Driftpile
7674:Frog Lake
7659:Cold Lake
7644:Alexander
7452:Tsuut'ina
7445:Dene Tha'
7414:Saulteaux
7388:Blackfoot
7362:Subarctic
7298:indicate
7240:Nansemond
7232:Uncertain
7184:Menominee
7174:Blackfoot
7067:Algonquin
6947:Nanticoke
6893:Delawaran
6803:Atikamekw
6762:East Cree
6706:Arapahoan
6645:indicate
6552:East Cree
6529:Atikamekw
5892:215381294
5531:cite book
5146:Glottolog
4837:Voyageurs
4799:(such as
4486:sound of
3407:consonant
3401:Syllabics
3214:proximate
3204:obviative
2812:Fricative
2653:Phonology
2643:62-ADA-cc
2639:Opitciwan
2630:Wemotaci
2627:62-ADA-cb
2586:Atikamekw
2583:Attikamek
2574:62-ADA-ca
2570:Atikamekw
2556:Atikamekw
2540:Atikamekw
2430:Bersimis
2350:62-ADA-bb
2230:62-ADA-ba
2195:(inland)
2146:sout2978
2137:62-ADA-ag
2035:East Cree
2026:62-ADA-af
1972:(upland)
1910:(lowland)
1874:62-ADA-ae
1809:62-ADA-ad
1752:62-ADA-ac
1634:62-ADA-aa
1495:Wood Cree
1483:62-ADA-ab
1411:Glottolog
1395:ISO-639-6
1390:ISO-639-3
1360:East Cree
1124:Atikamekw
982:Location
945:Chisasibi
888:The Cree
866:fur trade
859:James Bay
703:Hay River
523:Glottolog
515:Atikamekw
414:ISO 639-3
396:ISO 639-2
378:ISO 639-1
188:Atikamekw
161:Ethnicity
9011:Mandarin
8866:Ditidaht
8858:Wakashan
8848:Thompson
8843:Squamish
8833:shíshálh
8823:Okanagan
8818:Lillooet
8795:Salishan
8770:Onondaga
8704:Tutchone
8659:Gwichʼin
8037:Bigstone
8021:Sunchild
8016:O'Chiese
7971:Duncan's
7884:Bearspaw
7854:Tallcree
7804:Sawridge
7739:Atikameg
7724:Sunchild
7704:O'Chiese
7599:Standoff
7525:Treaty 8
7517:Treaty 7
7509:Treaty 6
7478:polities
7406:Woodland
7247:Pamunkey
7179:Cheyenne
7119:Oji-Cree
7094:Chippewa
7036:Kickapoo
7001:Powhatan
6984:Etchemin
6900:Delaware
6606:See also
6462:Family:
6344:Archived
6332:Archived
5888:ProQuest
5286:Archived
5155:Archived
5059:See also
4921:Manitoba
4917:Winnipeg
4849:Oji-Cree
4802:oski-aya
4772:pīkiskwē
4686:enclitic
4606:, as in
4598:, as in
3949:Initial
3439:Initial
3370:Labrador
2686:alveolar
2679:Alveolar
2669:Bilabial
2623:Wemotaci
2589:atik1240
2567:62-ADA-c
2423:Bersimis
2369:mont1268
2249:nask1242
2223:62-ADA-b
2041:nort1552
1886:moos1236
1766:swam1239
1610:miskosiw
1604:mihkosiw
1550:plai1258
1508:wood1236
1501:cree1271
1477:62-ADA-a
1351:column.
998:elenyiwa
979:Dialect
821:nehlueun
805:ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
714:Endonyms
683:Labrador
586:Help:IPA
537:cree1272
530:cree1271
322:Manitoba
116:ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
60:(Plains)
9046:Italian
9026:Spanish
9021:Punjabi
8945:Tlingit
8940:Kutenai
8930:Beothuk
8838:Shuswap
8828:Saanich
8785:Wyandot
8732:Inupiaq
8694:Tahltan
8639:Carrier
8601:Naskapi
8591:Miꞌkmaq
8561:Abenaki
8531:English
8475:English
8447:Isolate
8377:Wyandot
7889:Chiniki
7699:Montana
7619:Siksika
7614:Piikani
7431:Daneẕaa
7296:Italics
7196:Shawnee
6995:Mi'kmaq
6971:Abenaki
6927:Mahican
6813:Naskapi
6714:Arapaho
6643:Italics
6569:Naskapi
6398:E-books
6323:Lessons
6250:Wolfart
6233:Wolfart
6000:improve
5884:1495244
5523:8925218
5327:, p. 60
5043:Alberta
4960:reserve
4925:extinct
4909:lexicon
4883:Montana
4808:osk-āya
4670:ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ!
4664:nikamo!
4602:, or a
3952:Vowels
3819:v*, f*
3442:Vowels
3352:Writing
2959:Central
2946:Vowels
2916:Lateral
2745:Plosive
2701:Glottal
2691:Palatal
2577:Manawan
2563:Manawan
2246:Naskapi
2243:Naskapi
2219:Koksoak
2212:Naskapi
2204:Naskapi
1407:Moseley
894:Ontario
792:ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
753:ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ
740:ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ
727:ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
679:Alberta
661:) is a
659:Naskapi
582:Unicode
495:Naskapi
335:Ontario
309:Alberta
221:Naskapi
184:Naskapi
154:Montana
77:ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ
73:(Woods)
64:ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ
51:ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
31:or the
9041:German
9036:Arabic
8995:Michif
8980:Bungee
8904:Stoney
8896:Siouan
8871:Haisla
8775:Seneca
8765:Oneida
8760:Mohawk
8755:Cayuga
8689:Tagish
8684:Slavey
8679:Sekani
8674:Nicola
8654:Dogrib
8611:Ottawa
8606:Ojibwe
8596:Munsee
8536:French
8372:Mohawk
8274:Míkmaq
8234:French
8152:(1958)
8149:Michel
8144:(1897)
8136:(1891)
8011:Alexis
7894:Wesley
7839:Beaver
7649:Alexis
7609:Kainai
7528:(1899)
7520:(1877)
7512:(1876)
7465:Nakoda
7460:Siouan
7399:Plains
7358:Plains
7288:Pidgin
7284:Creole
7209:Others
7160:Others
7124:Ottawa
7059:Ojibwa
7046:Ojibwa
6964:Others
6905:Munsee
6796:Others
6767:Michif
6497:(Cree)
6295:, .pdf
6273:
6265:, ed.
6256:
6243:
6226:
6208:online
6203:
6175:
6154:
6138:
6124:
6110:
6095:
6085:
6067:
6058:online
6043:
5890:
5882:
5644:
5624:
5575:
5521:
5511:
5393:
4905:Ojibwe
4863:French
4855:Michif
4841:Canada
4797:sandhi
4596:macron
4373:period
4237:ᐩ (ᐝ)
3955:Final
3445:Final
3366:Quebec
3310:.place
3260:Susan-
3249:Susan-
3243:Susan-
3229:wâpam-
3190:Syntax
3148:macron
3138:, and
2674:Dental
2495:Mingan
2488:Mingan
1936:ililiw
1929:iniliw
1322:awēwin
1310:awīwin
1298:awēwin
1263:QC, NL
1163:iyiyiw
1136:iriniw
1109:ililiw
1082:ininiw
1047:MB, SK
1028:iyiniw
985:Reflex
951:, and
911:) and
898:Quebec
779:ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐎᓐ
766:ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ
671:Canada
553:UNESCO
358:
348:Quebec
345:
332:
319:
306:
280:
146:Canada
90:ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ
8935:Haida
8923:other
8909:Sioux
8808:Comox
8714:Inuit
8669:Kaska
8346:Inuit
7634:Enoch
7379:Algic
7292:Mixed
7223:Yurok
7217:Wiyot
6918:Unami
6466:(see
6458:Algic
5985:, or
5880:JSTOR
5734:(PDF)
5727:(PDF)
5311:(PDF)
5194:(map)
5190:(PDF)
5179:(PDF)
4897:Scots
4889:Bungi
4875:nouns
4867:verbs
4857:is a
4833:Métis
4778:māci-
4734:-eat-
4581:/t͡s/
4494:, or
3756:ᔾ ()
3411:vowel
3298:know.
3182:, or
3122:with
3110:with
3094:with
2971:Close
2954:Front
2708:Nasal
2696:Velar
2684:Post-
1978:r → l
1558:r → ð
1431:*k(i)
1217:iyiyū
716:are:
709:Names
249:Latin
215:Cree-
206:Algic
9161:Cree
8581:Innu
8576:Cree
8309:Cree
7709:Paul
7425:Dene
7393:Cree
7029:Sauk
6843:Loup
6754:Cree
6522:and
6271:ISBN
6254:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6224:ISBN
6218:In:
6201:ISBN
6191:and
6173:ISBN
6152:ISBN
6136:ISBN
6122:ISBN
6108:ISBN
6093:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6065:ISBN
6041:ISBN
5949:2021
5642:ISBN
5622:ISBN
5573:ISBN
5537:link
5519:OCLC
5509:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5267:2017
5012:and
4881:and
4815:and
4713:John
4710:John
4659:ᓂᑲᒧ!
4646:/oː/
4644:and
4615:/eː/
4575:not
4567:not
4540:and
4526:and
4506:and
4482:The
4467:and
4439:and
4395:and
4391:For
3848:th*
3368:and
3322:lit.
3308:RECP
3304:APPL
3300:CAUS
3251:3OBV
3235:see-
3065:Open
2964:Back
2636:optc
2620:wemo
2560:mana
2485:miga
2436:uasi
2420:berm
2404:escu
2343:poit
2284:dvsi
2226:Innu
2216:kkaa
2080:and
2071:and
1923:e.g.
1745:csw
1729:csw
1479:Cree
1356:/tʃ/
1348:kīla
1343:/ts/
1339:/tʃ/
1318:nēhi
1306:nīhi
1294:nēhi
1271:innu
1244:ilnu
1116:kīla
1089:kīna
1050:ð/th
1035:kīya
1008:kīla
987:of *
961:/aː/
957:/eː/
941:/iː/
937:/iː/
935:and
933:/eː/
701:and
649:KREE
624:Cree
257:Cree
226:Cree
186:and
165:Cree
44:Cree
8664:Hän
6195:.
5941:CBC
5872:doi
5356:doi
4736:3SG
4732:PST
4697:cf.
4642:/u/
4516:/ð/
4510:to
4502:to
4484:/ð/
4471:).
4328:hk
4320:ᐦᐋ
4317:ᐦᐆ
4314:ᐦᐄ
4311:ᐦᐊ
4308:ᐦᐅ
4305:ᐦᐃ
4302:ᐦᐁ
4242:th
3927:ᐦᐋ
3924:ᐦᐆ
3921:ᐦᐄ
3918:ᐦᐊ
3915:ᐦᐅ
3912:ᐦᐃ
3909:ᐦᐁ
3790:r*
3703:sh
3237:3SG
3224:Sam
3221:Sam
3166:or
3150:or
3034:Mid
2787:t͡ʃ
2777:t͡ʃ
2771:t͡s
2553:atj
2537:atj
2512:š~h
2460:š~h
2336:moe
2328:moe
2311:š~s
2267:š~s
2209:nsk
2201:nsk
2186:š~s
2176:y\n
2130:crj
2114:crj
2104:to
2051:k\č
2019:crl
2003:crl
1891:n\l
1867:crm
1851:crm
1681:or
1627:crk
1619:crk
1470:cwd
1454:cwd
1448:cre
1341:or
1278:čīn
1251:čīl
1224:čīy
1197:čīy
1170:čīy
1143:kīr
1005:← *
995:← *
925:/h/
923:or
921:/ʃ/
917:/s/
913:/s/
902:/ʃ/
681:to
677:to
665:of
568:IPA
510:atj
500:moe
490:nsk
480:crj
470:crl
460:crm
450:csw
440:cwd
430:crk
421:cre
404:cre
9152::
9133:-
8115:NT
8103:SK
8091:BC
8079:NT
7423:/
7381:/
7360:,
7356::
6199:,
6077:.
6052:,
5989:,
5981:,
5939:.
5909:.
5886:.
5878:.
5868:19
5866:.
5862:.
5846:^
5786:.
5700:^
5661:^
5545:^
5533:}}
5529:{{
5517:.
5468:^
5452:^
5414:^
5389:.
5352:14
5350:.
5297:^
5275:^
5253:.
5242:^
5226:.
5214:^
5181:.
5153:.
5149:.
5143:.
5117:.
4919:,
4899:,
4895:,
4817:iy
4805:→
4718:cî
4689:cî
4591:.
4571:,
4555:,
4551:,
4463:,
4459:,
4455:,
4451:,
4447:,
4435:,
4431:,
4427:,
4423:,
4419:,
4415:,
4411:,
4407:,
4361:ᕒ
4358:r
4353:ᓬ
4350:l
4345:ᕽ
4323:ᐦ
4299:h
4294:ᐤ
4291:ᐚ
4288:ᐕ
4285:ᐑ
4282:ᐘ
4279:ᐓ
4276:ᐏ
4273:ᐍ
4270:w
4263:ᖭ
4260:ᖫ
4257:ᖩ
4254:ᖬ
4251:ᖪ
4248:ᖨ
4245:ᖧ
4234:ᔮ
4231:ᔫ
4228:ᔩ
4225:ᔭ
4222:ᔪ
4219:ᔨ
4216:ᔦ
4213:y
4208:ᐢ
4205:ᓵ
4202:ᓲ
4199:ᓰ
4196:ᓴ
4193:ᓱ
4190:ᓯ
4187:ᓭ
4184:s
4179:ᐣ
4176:ᓈ
4173:ᓅ
4170:ᓃ
4167:ᓇ
4164:ᓄ
4161:ᓂ
4158:ᓀ
4155:n
4150:ᒼ
4147:ᒫ
4144:ᒨ
4141:ᒦ
4138:ᒪ
4135:ᒧ
4132:ᒥ
4129:ᒣ
4126:m
4121:ᐨ
4118:ᒑ
4115:ᒎ
4112:ᒌ
4109:ᒐ
4106:ᒍ
4103:ᒋ
4100:ᒉ
4097:c
4092:ᐠ
4089:ᑳ
4086:ᑰ
4083:ᑮ
4080:ᑲ
4077:ᑯ
4074:ᑭ
4071:ᑫ
4068:k
4063:ᐟ
4060:ᑖ
4057:ᑑ
4054:ᑏ
4051:ᑕ
4048:ᑐ
4045:ᑎ
4042:ᑌ
4039:t
4034:ᑊ
4031:ᐹ
4028:ᐴ
4025:ᐲ
4022:ᐸ
4019:ᐳ
4016:ᐱ
4013:ᐯ
4010:p
4003:ᐋ
4000:ᐆ
3997:ᐄ
3994:ᐊ
3991:ᐅ
3988:ᐃ
3985:ᐁ
3978:â
3975:ô
3972:î
3969:a
3966:o
3963:i
3960:ê
3930:ᐦ
3906:h
3901:ᐤ
3898:ᐙ
3895:ᐔ
3892:ᐐ
3889:ᐗ
3886:ᐒ
3883:ᐎ
3880:ᐌ
3877:w
3872:ᕪ
3869:ᕧ
3866:ᕥ
3863:ᕢ
3860:ᕦ
3857:ᕤ
3854:ᕠ
3851:ᕞ
3843:ᕝ
3840:ᕚ
3837:ᕘ
3834:ᕖ
3831:ᕙ
3828:ᕗ
3825:ᕕ
3822:ᕓ
3814:ᕐ
3811:ᕌ
3808:ᕉ
3805:ᕇ
3802:ᕋ
3799:ᕈ
3796:ᕆ
3793:ᕃ
3785:ᓪ
3782:ᓛ
3779:ᓘ
3776:ᓖ
3773:ᓚ
3770:ᓗ
3767:ᓕ
3764:ᓓ
3761:l
3753:ᔮ
3750:ᔫ
3747:ᔩ
3744:ᔭ
3741:ᔪ
3738:ᔨ
3735:ᔦ
3732:y
3727:ᔥ
3724:ᔖ
3721:ᔔ
3718:ᔒ
3715:ᔕ
3712:ᔓ
3709:ᔑ
3706:ᔐ
3698:ᔅ
3695:ᓵ
3692:ᓲ
3689:ᓰ
3686:ᓴ
3683:ᓱ
3680:ᓯ
3677:ᓭ
3674:s
3669:ᓐ
3666:ᓈ
3663:ᓅ
3660:ᓃ
3657:ᓇ
3654:ᓄ
3651:ᓂ
3648:ᓀ
3645:n
3640:ᒻ
3637:ᒫ
3634:ᒨ
3631:ᒦ
3628:ᒪ
3625:ᒧ
3622:ᒥ
3619:ᒣ
3616:m
3611:ᒡ
3608:ᒑ
3605:ᒎ
3602:ᒌ
3599:ᒐ
3596:ᒍ
3593:ᒋ
3590:ᒉ
3587:c
3582:ᒃ
3579:ᑳ
3576:ᑰ
3573:ᑮ
3570:ᑲ
3567:ᑯ
3564:ᑭ
3561:ᑫ
3558:k
3553:ᑦ
3550:ᑖ
3547:ᑑ
3544:ᑏ
3541:ᑕ
3538:ᑐ
3535:ᑎ
3532:ᑌ
3529:t
3524:ᑉ
3521:ᐹ
3518:ᐴ
3515:ᐲ
3512:ᐸ
3509:ᐳ
3506:ᐱ
3503:ᐯ
3500:p
3493:ᐋ
3490:ᐆ
3487:ᐄ
3484:ᐊ
3481:ᐅ
3478:ᐃ
3475:ᐁ
3468:â
3465:ô
3462:î
3459:a
3456:o
3453:i
3450:ê
3397:.
3276:-a
3258:ew
3231:ew
3209:–a
3186:.
3178:,
3134:,
3077:aː
3042:eː
3023:uː
3017:oː
2987:iː
2531:.
2108:.
2090:ki
1921:,
1695:.
1599:sk
1595:hk
1542:.
1441:*ē
1436:*š
1426:*l
1335:*k
1326:.
1308:th
1236:QC
1209:QC
1182:QC
1155:QC
1128:QC
1101:ON
971:*l
963:.
947:,
907:sh
705:.
639:iː
386:cr
251:,
148:;
119:,
106:,
93:,
80:,
67:,
54:,
9137:
8509:e
8502:t
8495:v
8208:e
8201:t
8194:v
8117:)
8113:(
8105:)
8101:(
8093:)
8089:(
8081:)
8077:(
7998:)
7994:(
7963:)
7959:(
7918:)
7914:(
7871:)
7867:(
7831:)
7827:(
7786:)
7782:(
7741:)
7737:(
7636:)
7632:(
7601:)
7597:(
7556:)
7552:(
7332:e
7325:t
7318:v
7290:/
7286:/
7048:–
6681:e
6674:t
6667:v
6544:)
6540:(
6472:)
6432:e
6425:t
6418:v
6099:.
6071:.
6025:)
6019:(
6014:)
6010:(
5996:.
5951:.
5924:.
5894:.
5874::
5840:.
5804:.
5790:.
5771:.
5743:.
5606:.
5581:.
5539:)
5525:.
5492:.
5362:.
5358::
5269:.
5236:.
5164:.
5128:.
4813:h
4790:i
4755:(
4722:Q
4654:ō
4650:o
4623:ī
4612:ē
4561:c
4557:k
4553:t
4549:p
4532:s
4528:š
4524:s
4375:(
3306:.
3302:.
3262:a
3245:a
3052:ə
3020:~
3007:ʊ
3004:~
3001:o
2977:ɪ
2926:l
2903:w
2893:j
2881:ɹ
2860:h
2846:ʃ
2836:ʃ
2833:~
2830:s
2820:ð
2799:k
2774:~
2761:t
2751:p
2726:n
2714:m
2609:ē
2604:š
2599:k
2594:r
2549:)
2543:(
2529:h
2525:š
2517:ē
2507:č
2502:n
2477:h
2473:š
2465:ē
2455:č
2450:n
2392:ē
2387:š
2382:č
2377:l
2316:ē
2306:č
2301:n
2272:ā
2262:č
2257:y
2191:ē
2181:č
2166:ē
2161:š
2156:č
2151:y
2126:)
2120:(
2106:č
2102:k
2098:i
2094:a
2086:š
2082:š
2078:s
2073:ā
2069:ē
2061:ā
2056:š
2046:y
2015:)
2009:(
1993:ē
1988:š
1983:k
1968:ē
1963:š
1958:k
1953:l
1945:l
1941:r
1919:l
1915:n
1906:ē
1901:š
1896:k
1863:)
1857:(
1842:ē
1837:š
1832:k
1827:n
1820:)
1814:(
1801:s
1797:š
1789:ē
1784:s
1779:k
1774:n
1741:)
1735:(
1719:ē
1714:s
1709:k
1704:y
1693:ī
1689:ē
1662:ī
1657:s
1652:k
1647:y
1591:ð
1587:r
1573:ī
1568:s
1563:k
1540:ī
1536:ē
1528:ī
1523:s
1518:k
1513:ð
1466:)
1460:(
1320:n
1296:y
1288:y
1266:n
1239:l
1212:y
1185:y
1158:y
1131:r
1104:l
1077:n
1023:y
989:l
909:e
657:–
642:/
636:r
633:k
630:/
626:(
608:.
588:.
558:.
259:)
255:(
219:-
190:)
182:–
156:)
152:(
35:.
20:)
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