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987:, Russia declared it would unilaterally build the Kerch Strait bridge to connect the Russian mainland with the annexed Ukrainian peninsula. The project was strategic, an instrumental part of Russian plans to integrate the newly annexed territory into Russia. The project aimed to shift Crimean dependence on Ukraine and reduce Kyiv's leverage, remove Moscow's reliance upon inadequate sea and air links for supplying the peninsula, and allow Russia to independently supply Crimea, whose economy has become dependent upon significant subsidies from Moscow. The bridge has a symbolic purpose: it is meant to show Russia's resolve to hold Crimea, and as a "physical" attachment of Crimea to Russian territory.
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connecting railroad caused by the discovery of an ancient site on the Kerch
Peninsula. Sale of train tickets across the Kerch Strait started in November 2019. On 18 December 2019 the rail bridge was deemed ready for operation, and President Putin formally opened the bridge on 23 December. The first scheduled passenger train crossed the bridge on 25 December 2019, while the bridge was opened for freight trains on 30 June 2020.
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support, 227 m (745 ft) wide with a 35 m (115 ft) clearance above the water to allow ships to pass under. There would be three segments: from the Taman
Peninsula to Tuzla Spit is 7 km (4 mi); across Tuzla Island is 6.5 km (4 mi); and from Tuzla Island to the Crimean Peninsula is 5.5 km (
1576:, in which the Russian navy claimed that three Ukrainian vessels entered Russian territorial waters. Russian forces seized the vessels and arrested their crews. During this time, passage through the Strait was blocked by a large cargo ship, placed under the bridge to prevent passage of other craft. In response, Ukraine declared
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as a preferred route of communication between Crimea and Russia. In its first 12 hours of operation the bridge broke the traffic record of the ferry, which had been established in August 2017. After the bridge was opened for trucks in
October 2018, truck transportation via the ferry virtually ceased.
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The official reason for abandonment of a double deck bridge in favor of two continuous parallel structures was that the latter solution allows for less massive spans and for simultaneous construction of both bridges (rather than having to construct one level of bridge first before starting the second
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a source in
Ukraine's security service said that the 2023 explosion was caused by a Ukrainian attack with unmanned surface vessels (aquatic drones). Russia attributed the attacks to "Ukrainian terrorism". A Ukrainian defence official also said that Ukraine had carried out the October 2022 attack; the
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Since the road bridge is free of charge, in contrast to the ferry, it is claimed that users of the bridge saved more than 16 billion rubles. The bridge is said to have contributed to an increase of the number of tourists visiting the Crimea, with bridge traffic peaking in the summer months – on
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In the early morning of 17 July 2023 two explosions hit the
Crimean Bridge. At least one section of the road bridge collapsed entirely, and rail services were stopped. Two people, a couple who were in a car on the bridge, were killed, and their child injured. The bridge was struck twice before 03:00
754:
Construction of the bridge was reconsidered by the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2006, and the Transport Minister of Ukraine Mykola Rudkovsky stated that he expected the bridge to be a "net positive for Crimea" as it would allow "every tourist visiting Russian Caucasus to visit Crimea as well".
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was a vocal advocate for a highway bridge across the strait, expressing hope that it would bring the
Crimean people closer to Russia, both economically and symbolically. Similar hopes were expressed by pro-Russian authorities in Crimea, who hoped that the bridge would contribute to either a "revival
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These restrictions, including
Russian inspections of ships, had risen sharply since the bridge opened in May 2018, some being forced to wait for three days before being allowed through. Additionally, due to the height limits of the main span of the bridge (33 to 35 metres (108 to 115 ft) above
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The final concept was a major change from the initial project considered in late 2014, which had envisaged construction of two bridge links (parallel road and rail bridges between the Taman
Peninsula and the Tuzla Spit and a double deck road-rail bridge between Tuzla Island and the Kerch Peninsula)
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on 15 May 2018. It opened for cars on 16 May and for trucks on 1 October. The rail bridge was inaugurated on 23 December 2019 and the first scheduled passenger train crossed the bridge two days later. The bridge was opened for freight trains on 30 June 2020. A record amount
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The process is also fraught with risks, including the possibility that the
Ukrainian government could move to further isolate the geographically remote peninsula by shutting vital transportation lines. There is no overland transportation link between Russia and Crimea, and building a bridge across
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through which Ukraine exported steel and agricultural products. Following completion of the bridge various restrictions were imposed on Ukrainian shipping which affect their operating costs, which Ukraine and others alleged was part of a creeping hybrid blockade of Ukrainian ports in the Azov Sea.
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have been found in the area of the strait. More than 7,000 piles support the bridges; these piles have been driven up to 90 m (300 ft) beneath the water surface. Some of the piles are at an angle to make the structure more stable during earthquakes. Some experts expressed doubts that the
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on the roadway leading from Russia to Crimea, causing parts of the road bridge to collapse and starting a large fire on the rail bridge. On 23 February 2023, the Russian government announced that the road bridge had been fully reopened to traffic, and on 5 May it announced that the rail bridge had
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An official video from October 2015 contained a CGI concept of the bridge design, annotated with various measurements. It showed a four-lane, flat deck highway bridge running parallel with the separate two-track railway. The main span over the Kerch Strait shipping channel would have a steel arch
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On 24 March 2019 the bridge's press centre reported completion of construction of railway spans, and on 18 July it reported completion of the bridge's rail tracks. In October 2019, the opening for freight trains was postponed until 2020, the official cause was a delay in the construction of the
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Since December 2018 the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly condemned the construction and opening of the bridge as "facilitating the further militarization of Crimea" and "restricting the size of ships that can reach the Ukrainian ports on the Azov coast". Russia, on the other hand,
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The construction of the Kerch Bridge took place without Ukraine's consent. The Ukrainian government has actively condemned Russian construction of the bridge as illegal because Ukraine, "as a coastal state with regard to the Crimean Peninsula", did not give its consent to such construction, and
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In 1949 the Soviet government ordered the construction of a 5.969-kilometre (3 mi 1,248 yd) two-tier combined road-rail bridge (two road lanes on the upper tier and two rail tracks on the lower tier) with 40 m clearance below, connecting Yeni-Kale with Chushka Spit, but in 1950
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5 August 2018 the bridge broke a single-day record for car traffic, with 32,000 vehicles crossing the span, followed by over 33,000 vehicles on 12 August that year and over 35,000 a year later. The long roadway with few diversions occasionally becomes congested, with long traffic queues.
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The 12-mile (19km), $ 3.7bn (£2.7bn) bridge is Moscow's only direct road link to Crimea. Russia expects it will carry millions of cars and rail travellers and millions of tons of cargo each year. Previously, all car traffic passed over the Kerch strait by ferry or by passing through
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A fall in the price of retail goods in Crimea, which was expected to occur after the opening of the road bridge, did not happen. According to the local Russian administration, this situation persists because large retail groups are not operating in Crimea due to either risk of being
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over the strait. Finished in June 1943, it had daily capacity of 1,000 tonnes. Construction of a combined road and railway bridge started in April 1943, but before it was finished, retreating German troops blew up the completed parts of the bridge and destroyed the ropeway.
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On 15 May 2018, the road bridge was officially unveiled. President Vladimir Putin led a convoy of trucks, driving one himself, across the bridge in an inauguration ceremony. The bridge was opened for non-truck vehicle traffic on 16 May 2018 and for trucks on 1 October.
57:
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Main construction started in February 2016. The first piles were installed in early 2016, and in April 2016 the first pillar of the road bridge was constructed. The foundations of the road bridge were completed in August 2017. The two shipping channel arches (over the
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II era were found in the area during pre-construction clearance. Three temporary bridges were built to facilitate access (independent of weather and currents) for main construction. By October 2015, the first of the temporary bridges had been constructed, connecting
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After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, Russia continued to support the inclusion of the peninsula into that proposed road, claiming that such an option would be economically more feasible, but Ukraine, previously supportive of the project, now stridently opposed
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A different version of the fixed link, the Kerch waterworks project («Керченский гидроузел») was developed from the mid-1960s, proposing a system of dams and bridges across the strait. The project was not implemented due to a lack of funding and the later
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As UNIAN reported, on December 20, the occupiers completed the next stage of the Crimean bridge construction – assembling the span structures of the road section, having fully formed the bridge's sheet from Russia's Taman coast to the occupied
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statue was found at the Crimean Bridge construction site, during underwater digging near the Ak-Burun Cape. According to archaeologists, this is a unique finding, since it is the first of its kind found in the northern Black Sea area.
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In the following months, as relations between Ukraine and Russia deteriorated, bilateral negotiations over the bridge collapsed, yet Russia claimed that it expected the December 2013 deals to be honoured, and on 3 March prime minister
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The issue was discussed by prime ministers of both countries in 2008, and a Transport Strategy of Russia, adopted in that year, envisaged the construction of the Kerch Strait bridge as a high priority issue for the development of the
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missiles but were unsuccessful due to interception by air defences. Footage released online appeared to show the bridge covered in smoke. The bridge was temporarily closed, then both road and rail traffic resumed at a limited level.
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The ongoing construction of the road-and-rail bridge reached a symbolic high point last year, when central arches were lifted into position in August and October, forcing the temporary closure of the narrow maritime channel to ship
1246:, which had never before built a major bridge. Because of the risk of sanctions, no international insurance company was willing to underwrite the potential $ 3 billion loss. It was insured instead by a small Crimean company.
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1005:(reportedly a close personal friend of Putin) was internationally sanctioned in response to the Russian military's involvement in Ukraine. SGM typically constructed pipelines and had no experience building bridges, according to
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On 6 January 2023, TASS reported that the first two spans of the left side of the Crimean Bridge's automobile part leading from the peninsula would be installed that month, with two more to be installed in February, the
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901:. In late January 2014, the Ukrainian and Russian governments decided that a new joint Ukrainian–Russian company would be commissioned to handle the construction of the bridge, while the Russian state enterprise
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3409:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 73/194 "Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov""
3469:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 74/17 "Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov""
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occurred adjacent to the road bridge, causing a section to collapse, Ukraine claimed both attacks. On 12 August 2023, the bridge was the target of another attack. The bridge was fully reopened on 14 October.
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Construction of supports and installation of the first spans of the railway bridge from the side of Kerch. At the same time, the construction site is backfilled and the assembly of the bridge arches begins.
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in November 2013 led to increased interest in the construction of a bridge between Crimea and the Taman Peninsula of Russia, and an agreement on the construction of that bridge was signed as a part of the
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In October 2018, the Russian Taman Road Administration reported that as one of the railway spans was being lowered into place, it tilted and fell into the sea. This occurred in the sea section between
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1324:. In December 2017 all road pillars and spans were completed, by April 2018 asphalt concrete was laid onto the road bridge, and after some examination the road bridge was deemed ready for operation.
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709:, and was destroyed by flowing ice in February 1945. A proposal to repair it was quickly dismissed and the remnants of the bridge were dismantled, with permanent bridge designs envisaged instead.
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of Crimea, attributed the explosion to a Ukrainian attack. Limited traffic resumed on the remaining lines shortly afterwards. Russian authorities ordered repairs to be complete by July 2023.
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Russian territory, including Crimea, since most of the bridge is in the (Autonomous) Republic of Crimea. The Taman–Tuzla Spit part, in undisputed Russian territory, is only 4.5 kilometres (
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or because they deem Crimea a "logistic dead end", although there were expectations that the opening of the rail bridge would eventually contribute to a decrease in price of certain goods.
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one), an important consideration given demands by the Russian government that road and rail links be operational quickly. The "Tuzla route" was preferred over shorter variants (starting at
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The bridge was named the Crimean Bridge after an online vote in December 2017, whilst Kerch Bridge and Reunification Bridge were the second and third most popular choices respectively.
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After the first full year of operation (May 2018 – May 2019) the road bridge had served three times more traffic than the Kerch Strait ferry had served in the whole of 2017.
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Asphalting the finished section of the road bridge from the side of Taman. On the opposite side, construction work is underway to connect the temporary ramp with the bridge.
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After the annexation, Russian officials looked at various options for connecting Crimea to the Russian mainland, including a tunnel, but eventually settled on a bridge.
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to create a subsidiary of Avtodor to oversee the project. A contest for the engineering survey of the bridge project was announced by that subsidiary on 18 March, but
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called the bridge a legitimate military target for Ukraine that must be "neutralized" for "feeding the war with ammunition" and "militarizing the Crimean Peninsula."
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The United States and most other countries have refused to recognize the annexation of Crimea, and sanctions on Russia don't seem likely to be lifted anytime soon.
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and Cape Maly Kut. Had that project been carried out, it would have meant construction of a 10.92 km (6 mi 1,382 yd) bridge link, with 49 km (
598:
5725:
3439:"General Assembly Adopts Resolution Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw Its Armed Forces from Crimea, Expressing Grave Concern about Rising Military Presence"
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in February 2022, Ukraine planned and called for the "destruction" of the bridge, bringing criticism and talks of guaranteed protection of the bridge from
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2919:[Head of the Ministry of Transport: Russia ceased negotiations with Ukraine regarding the Kerch Strait Bridge project]. TASS. 28 February 2014.
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The Russian government's draft resolution of 1 September 2014 required the bridge to have four lanes of vehicle traffic and a double-track railway.
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on 19 March 2014, just one day after Russia formally claimed Crimea. In January 2015, the contract for construction of the bridge was awarded to the
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on the construction of the bridge on 26 November 2010. A 2011 study by the Ukrainian government announced preliminary preference for a route between
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3383:"Ukraine: EU adds six entities involved in the construction of the Kerch Bridge connecting the illegally annexed Crimea to Russia to sanctions list"
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The construction of the rail bridge continued. In June 2018 pile installation was finished, and in July 2018 deployment of the rail tracks started.
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1372:"whenever such decision will be made", requiring no rebuilding of the bridge's structures. Pending electrification, the rail bridge is served by
5177:[Ministry of Transportation [of Russia] delayed opening of the Crimean Bridge for freight trains] (in Russian). 7 October 2019.
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asserted that it "shall not ask for anybody's permission to build transport infrastructure for the sake of the population of Russian regions".
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On 8 October 2022 a major explosion occurred on the bridge, causing portions of the Crimea-bound road segment to collapse and causing several
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5657:"Fact Check-Image of traffic jam on Crimean bridge is nearly a month old; it does not show Russians fleeing the peninsula in August 2022"
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according to reports on social media; Ukrainian and Russian sources indicated that the explosion was caused by a Ukrainian attack with
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The road bridge was fully opened again to traffic on 23 February 2023 according to an announcement from Russian Deputy Prime Minister
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3265:"Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the unlawful launch of the Kerch Strait bridge by the Russian Federation"
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844: (Cape Fonar – Cape Maly Kut, also known as "Northern route") was preliminarily preferred by the Ukrainian government in 2011.
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on Tuzla Spit. This design was scrapped, the causeway being deemed too risky to rely on given the instability of the Tuzla Spit.
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6212:
4512:[Ministry of Transportation: construction of the rail part of the Crimean Bridge is taking place according to schedule].
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the Ukrainian government gave Russia six months' notice of its withdrawal from the now-defunct bilateral Kerch Bridge agreement.
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1569:, citing Ukrainian sources, reported that the bridge had reduced Ukrainian shipping from its Sea of Azov ports by about 25%.
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Completing the assembly of arches on the slipway and preparing them for transportation and installation on fairway supports
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sea level) the Ukrainian maritime authority said many ships are too big to pass safely under the bridge. The bulk carrier
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4857:[Final pile of the rail part of the bridge to Crimea has been installed] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 4 June 2018.
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the shortest waterway, near the Crimean city of Kerch, would take years and cost an estimated $ 3 billion to $ 5 billion
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the premise of the contest, which still referred to 2013 agreements, was already outdated. In April 2014, following the
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6375:
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5715:
5145:["Sooner or later there will be no bridge": why in Russia they are afraid to let freight trains into Crimea].
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called on Russia to demolish "those parts of that structure located within temporarily occupied Ukrainian territory".
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4703:[All pillars of the road part of the Kerch Strait Bridge are built] (in Russian). Interfax. 4 December 2017.
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During the invasion there were two large explosions, in October 2022 and July 2023, on the bridge. According to the
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Preliminary work started in May 2015, and the main construction (of the link itself) started in February 2016. See
1321:
953:
5811:"Russia's Strategy in the Sea of Azov: The Kerch Bridge, Artificial Shipping Delays and Continued Harm to Ukraine"
5421:
3299:[Kyiv deems Russian restrictions on shipping in the Kerch Strait illegal] (in Russian). Interfax-Ukraine.
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were introduced by the United States and the European Union against companies involved in the construction.
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2995:"Request on proposals on the engineering design of the Kerch Strait Bridge, Contest Documentation, page 20"
577:, is a pair of parallel bridges, one for a four-lane road and one for a double-track railway, spanning the
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2112:
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The road bridge on 15 May 2018. The rail bridge – under construction at the time – is visible on the left.
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It was decided a special working group would determine the location and set the technical parameters. The
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Preliminary work on the bridge began in May 2015. More than 200 bombs and a few aeroplanes (including an
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5656:
4384:
3594:"Ukrainian intelligence says it obtained detailed specs of Crimean Bridge linking peninsula with Russia"
2479:
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announced the formation of a new "maritime brigade", intended to protect the bridge as part of Russia's
118:
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Part of the span of the railway part of the Crimean bridge slid down into the water during installation
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3083:
1463:
The installed arches of the bridge and the process of sliding the spans of the road bridge to the arch
605:
227.92 billion (US$ 3.7 billion) and has a length of 19 km (12 mi), making it the
6548:
6023:
5302:
4936:[Part of the span of the unfinished railway part of the Crimean bridge slid into the water],
4641:
3598:
1135:
1059:
706:
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664:
461:
195:
31:
5059:[Construction of the pillars of the railway part of the Crimean Bridge has been completed].
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Entire fixed link, including small causeways at the ends. The bridges themselves are 18.1 km (
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1107:. On 5 May the deputy prime minister also announced that the rail bridge had been fully reopened.
1063:
949:
853:
5005:[A span of the multi-span the Crimean bridge slid into the sea: causes and consequences],
4912:
6683:
6652:
6125:
5970:
5720:
4608:[All piles are installed into the foundations of the road part of the bridge to Crimea].
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On 12 August, Russia's Defence Ministry said that Ukraine tried to strike the bridge with three
838: ("Tuzla" or "Southern") ultimately became the basis for the Crimean Bridge built by Russia
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6806:
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5143:""Рано или поздно моста не станет": почему в России опасаются пускать грузовые поезда в Крым"
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6647:
6632:
6622:
6591:
5503:
4447:"Три временных моста построят для доставки материалов на строительство Керченского перехода"
3323:"Statement by the delegation of Ukraine at the 28th meeting of States Parties to the UNCLOS"
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1002:
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The announcement that Russia would build a road-rail bridge over the strait was made by the
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620:. Construction began in February 2016. The road bridge was inaugurated by Russian President
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In January 2015 the multibillion-dollar construction contract for the bridge was awarded to
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5682:"Аксенов: пуск железнодорожной части Крымского моста снизит цены в регионе на ряд товаров"
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1235:), in particular because doing otherwise would have interfered with the still operational
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867:, an agreement to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait, and Russia and Ukraine signed a
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Although the idea of an international bridge linking Ukraine and Russia survived the 1991
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17,777 tons) solved this problem by cutting off the top of her mast. On 26 October 2018,
2916:Глава Минтранса: Россия приостановила переговоры с Украиной по проекту Керченского моста
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705: mi) railway bridge across the strait. This bridge, not designed as permanent, was
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4983:[Rotenberg told about the incident on the railway part of the Crimean bridge],
1981:
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Opened on 25 December 2019 for passenger traffic and on 30 June 2020 for freight trains
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Following the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014 amid a sharp deterioration in
905:(commonly known as Avtodor) would become responsible for the bridge in the long term.
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38:
17:
3296:Киев считает противоправным введение РФ запрета на судоходство через Керченский пролив
1526:
30:"Kerch Strait Bridge" and "Kerch Bridge" redirect here. For the 1944–1945 bridge, see
6896:
6877:
6867:
6836:
6698:
6627:
6617:
6576:
6510:
6358:
4823:"Putin drives truck over new controversial bridge linking Russia to Crimea peninsula"
3703:"Massive blast cripples parts of Crimea-Russia bridge, in blow to Putin's war effort"
2892:«Автодор» приступает к подготовке проекта моста через Керченский пролив Читайте далее
1650:
1366:
1281:
1040:
602:
332:
177:
4933:
4544:[First pile: construction of the foundations of the Kerch Bridge started].
3272:
2829:
2810:
2134:
1258:
construction was safe, given the tectonic and sea current conditions in the strait.
759:'s transport infrastructure in the period 2016–2030, with the design ready by 2015.
6826:
6816:
6785:
6581:
6390:
5870:
5384:"Железная дорога Крымского моста построена с расчетом на дальнейшую электрификацию"
4138:[Feasibility study of the Kerch Bridge project will be ready by December].
3979:
3671:
3438:
3294:
3125:
2541:
2420:
1425:
1355:
1294:
1232:
1179:
1168:
864:
743:
688:
578:
154:
146:
5027:[Builders raise the span of the Crimean bridge that fell into the water].
2605:
1538:
The Russian bridge crossed the sole access point for ships travelling to and from
1253:, and the bedrock is covered by a 60 m (197 ft) layer of silt. About 70
5566:
4793:"Автодорожная часть моста через Керченский пролив прошла приемочные обследования"
3834:"Crimean Bridge fully reopens to railway traffic following last year's explosion"
3759:
3729:
3629:
1239:, to the effect of worsening transport communications between Russia and Crimea.
6703:
6637:
6505:
5570:
4957:Фрагмент пролета железнодорожной части Крымского моста съехал в воду при монтаже
3859:"Traffic stopped on Crimean Bridge due to 'emergency' - Russian-backed governor"
3786:"First two spans of Crimean Bridge's automobile road to be installed in January"
3084:"Dependence on Russia Is Likely to Leave Region's Economy in a Precarious State"
1577:
1254:
916:
1.5 and $ 3 billion. In early February 2014, Avtodor was instructed by the
808:
680:
327:
4700:Завершено возведение всех опор автодорожной части моста через Керченский пролив
2262:"Putin inaugurates bridge by driving a truck across to seized peninsula Crimea"
1711:
Opened on 16 May 2018 for non-truck traffic and on 1 October for goods vehicles
889: mi) of adjacent roads and 24 km (15 mi) of adjacent railroads.
6443:
6426:
6400:
5356:
5322:
4765:[Road part of the Kerch Strait Bridge has been covered with asphalt].
4385:"Поисковики нашли Ил-2 с останками пилота при строительстве Керченского моста"
2853:
2612:
1589:
1351:
872:
158:
5979:
5597:"Крымский мост установил новый суточный рекорд трафика: больше 33 тыс. машин"
4509:Минтранс: строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста идет по графику
3562:"Ukrainians threaten to destroy Russian bridge to Crimea 'target number one'"
2965:"Объявлен конкурс на инженерные изыскания по строительству Керченского моста"
2534:
2328:[Crimean Bridge has been opened for truck traffic: photo and video].
90:
77:
6500:
6495:
6475:
5567:"Вторые выходные подряд: Крымский мост побил новый рекорд суточного трафика"
4419:
4133:
2901:
2840:
2725:
1547:
1497:
Putin at the opening ceremony of the road section of the bridge, 15 May 2018
998:
818:
748:
284:
5002:
4981:"Ротенберг рассказал об инциденте на железнодорожной части Крымского моста"
2109:"Сколько будет стоить проезд по Крымскому мосту? КерчьИНФО – новости Керчи"
1933:
1851:
958:
5842:
Bulk carrier had to cut off mast to pass under illegal Kerch Strait Bridge
5260:
5231:"Строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста официально завершено"
5116:
4852:
4727:"Expert points to vulnerability of Kerch bridge from military perspective"
4637:"The Kerch Strait Bridge and Russia's A2/AD Zone around Crimean peninsula"
4477:
3238:
2440:
2386:"Голосование за название строящегося в Керченском проливе моста завершено"
1955:
1358:. In November 2018 the installation of the railway pillars was completed.
1155:
6485:
6480:
6460:
5875:
5056:Строители завершили возведение опор железнодорожной части Крымского моста
5003:"Многотонный пролет Крымского моста съехал в море: причины и последствия"
4826:
2942:
Medvedev Signs Decree Creating Contractor for Kerch Strait Bridge Project
2139:
1543:
1224:
1081:
1006:
5413:
5349:
5315:
5172:
5024:
4698:
4605:Строители погрузили все сваи в основание автодорожной части моста в Крым
4571:
4265:
3949:"На Крымском мосту открыто движение автомобилей по всем четырем полосам"
3948:
3182:
3022:
2070:Крымский мост 1 октября стал доступен для движения грузового транспорта.
2049:
742:, the two countries failed to finalise the project. Former Moscow mayor
625:
of traffic, totalling 36,393 cars, was recorded on 15 August 2020.
6490:
5752:
Ukraine Complains Russia Is Using New Crimea Bridge to Disrupt Shipping
4355:"200 бомб найдено в районе строительства моста через Керченский пролив"
3863:
2385:
2296:
2017:"Автодорожная часть Крымского моста открылась для движения автомобилей"
1823:
1539:
5174:Минтранс отложил открытие движения грузовых поездов по Крымскому мосту
4854:Строители установили последнюю сваю железнодорожной части моста в Крым
2504:
5709:
5707:
5087:"Строители собрали все пролеты железнодорожной части Крымского моста"
4934:"Фрагмент пролета строящейся ж/д части Крымского моста съехал в воду"
4478:"Завершено строительство первого рабочего моста в Керченском проливе"
3534:
3408:
3183:"Kerch Strait bridge to be built ahead of schedule – deputy minister"
2355:
1195:
594:
173:
5933:
Ancient Greek artifact unearthed at Crimean bridge construction site
5681:
5383:
5086:
4955:
4507:
3975:"Ukraine fires missiles at Kerch Bridge connecting Crimea to Russia"
3468:
2964:
2914:
2726:"Россия и Украина договорились строить мост через Керченский пролив"
635:, the bridge was attacked on multiple occasions. On 8 October 2022,
4762:Асфальт уложили на автодорожной части моста через Керченский пролив
4446:
4236:"Мост через Керченский пролив можно построить только в двух местах"
4201:[Technical aspects of the designing of the Crimean Bridge]
3887:"Crimea bridge attack: What happened, why is the bridge important?"
3785:
3730:"Crimean bridge: Excitement and fear in Ukraine after bridge blast"
2016:
1339:
The first train travels along the new Crimean bridge railway, 2019.
912:
estimated that construction would take five years and cost between
5931:
5504:"5 млн транспортных средств пересекли Крымский мост за год работы"
5414:"Крымский мост за полдня работы побил абсолютный рекорд переправы"
5354:[Railway freight traffic launched on the Crimean Bridge].
3809:"Russia Fully Reopens Crimea Bridge to Cars on Eve of Anniversary"
2083:"Названа средняя загрузка Крымского моста: 15 тысяч машин в сутки"
1956:"Проектировщиком моста в Крым стал петербургский 'Гипростроймост'"
1900:"Проектировщик моста в Крым – РБК: 'Мы нашли оптимальное решение'"
1623:
1572:
In November 2018, the area near the bridge became the site of the
1525:
1489:
1326:
1265:
1162:
1154:
1146:
965:
957:
169:
4672:
3701:
Ritchie, Hannah; Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (8 October 2022).
2292:"Russia pushes back 'Putin's bridge' to annexed Crimea by a year"
5966:"Putin's Bridge to Crimea May Carry More Symbolism Than Traffic"
4047:"Putin opens 12-mile bridge between Crimea and Russian mainland"
3499:"Russia Defends Opening of Crimea Bridge Against U.S. Criticism"
3121:"Putin opens 12-mile bridge between Crimea and Russian mainland"
3023:"Ukraine withdraws from Kerch Strait bridge project with Russia"
2854:"Украина выбрала северный вариант моста через Керченский пролив"
2359:
2232:"Bridge connects Crimea to Russia, and Putin to a Tsarist dream"
298:
6129:
5669:
the image used in the posts was taken as early as July 16, 2022
5261:"Строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста закончено"
4885:[First tracks have been laid onto the Crimean Bridge].
4576:[First pillar of the Kerch Bridge has been completed].
2666:"Кабмин рассматривает возможность соединения Украины с Россией"
1982:"Строительство моста через Керченский пролив. Съемка с коптера"
1126:(aquatic drones). The bridge was fully reopened on 14 October.
913:
5351:По Крымскому мосту запустили железнодорожное грузовое движение
4541:Первые сваи: началось устройство фундаментов Керченского моста
2170:"Завершено сооружение пролетов Крымского моста под автодорогу"
1051:
3760:"Crimea bridge: Russia 'to repair blast damage by July 2023'"
3057:"Russia's bridge link with Crimea moves nearer to completion"
1309:) were lifted into position in August and October that year.
609:
in Europe and the longest bridge ever constructed by Russia.
4135:Обоснование проекта Керченского моста будет готово к декабрю
4074:"Trucker Putin opens Russia bridge link with annexed Crimea"
4006:"Russia says it thwarts Ukrainian attacks on Crimean Bridge"
3672:"Crimea bridge partly reopens after huge explosion – Russia"
5903:"Ukraine accuses Russia of firing on its ships near Crimea"
5444:"Фуры ушли на мост: что ждет Керченскую паромную переправу"
5025:"Строители подняли съехавший в воду пролет Крымского моста"
1874:"Началось возведение свайных фундаментов Керченского моста"
5964:
MacFarquhar, Neil; Nechepurenko, Ivan (11 November 2017).
5320:[The first train drove along the Crimean Bridge].
2325:Крымский мост открыли для проезда грузовиков: фото и видео
1649:
The Crimean Bridge in May 2020. The infrastructure of the
1365:
The rail bridge design provides the ability to install an
734:
Negotiations between the Ukrainian and Russian governments
4105:"Russia's bridge to Crimea: A metaphor for the Putin era"
2201:"Russia's bridge to Crimea: A metaphor for the Putin era"
1424:
Concrete casting and asphalting of the overpass spans on
5474:"Почти пять миллионов машин уже пересекли Крымский мост"
3209:"Ukraine conflict: Putin ally to build bridge to Crimea"
920:
to work on a feasibility study to be published in 2015.
761:
751:" or to a multinational road along the Black Sea coast.
5785:
The U.S. Accuses Russia of Harassing Ukrainian Shipping
5117:"Строители завершили укладку рельсов на Крымском мосту"
3630:"Ukraine war: Two dead after 'attack' on Crimea bridge"
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2830:
Russia, Ukraine to construct bridge across Kerch Strait
2356:"На Крымском мосту установили новый рекорд автотрафика"
1249:
The geology of the Kerch Strait is difficult: it has a
833:
Possible alignments of the proposed bridge as of 2002.
564:
6007:
Security cam video of bridge explosion, 8 October 2022
4198:Технические особенности проектирования Крымского моста
3353:"U.S. imposes sanctions on 'Putin's bridge' to Crimea"
1501:
The road bridge, opened in 2018, quickly overtook the
1276:
Putin leading the first convoy across the bridge, 2018
3628:
Radford, Antoinette; Cooney, Christy (17 July 2023).
1766:
It is also often considered to be the longest bridge
910:
Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine
535:
5744:
5742:
3443:
United Nations. Meetings Coverage and Press Releases
1622:
Traffic on the Crimean Bridge, view in direction of
6845:
6794:
6723:
6716:
6661:
6600:
6526:
6519:
6419:
6291:
6173:
5834:
5832:
5777:
5775:
5773:
3670:Bachega, Hugo; Jackson, Patrick (10 October 2022).
3530:"Ukraine Threatens Russia's Vital Bridge To Crimea"
2756:"2008 Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation"
1451:
The installation of the railway arch in August 2017
1055:BBC was unable to verify the claims independently.
670:
Proposals to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait
490:
480:
475:
454:
437:
396:
388:
371:
363:
351:
343:
338:
326:
312:
307:
293:
283:
275:
267:
222:
206:
201:
191:
183:
165:
142:
106:
67:
48:
5627:"На Крымском мосту зафиксировали рекордный трафик"
5201:"Russia Launches Direct Crimea Train Ticket Sales"
4673:"Russia's National Guard to form maritime brigade"
3901:"Crimea bridge closes amid reports of 'emergency'"
3649:"Zelensky: The Crimean Bridge must be neutralized"
3327:Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations
3017:
3015:
2811:Azarov creates group for bridging the Kerch Strait
672:had been considered since the early 20th century.
1534:over the passage between the Black and Azov seas
2164:
2162:
944:After 2014 annexation and start of construction
6157:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
3239:"Crimea: Who controls its territorial waters?"
1151:Crimean Bridge on a 2018 Russian postage stamp
1025:Attacks during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
899:17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan
6141:
4333:Russia's Crimea Bridge Could Collapse Anytime
4309:Europe's Longest Bridge Spans Troubled Waters
2600:
2598:
8:
5871:"Ukraine–Russia clash: MPs back martial law"
5291:Putin takes first train across Crimea bridge
2441:"Предисловие | Мост через Керченский пролив"
1580:in some regions of the country for 30 days.
1219: mi) (19 km or 12 mi total).
894:Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement
597:. Built by the Russian Federation after its
2044:
2042:
1796:(5.825 km or 3 mi 1,090 yd).
979:Aerial views of the Crimean Bridge in 2021.
392:₽227.92 billion (US$ 3.7 billion)
347:Institute Giprostroymost – Saint Petersburg
6938:Buildings and structures in Krasnodar Krai
6720:
6523:
6349:Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)
6148:
6134:
6126:
6012:
5537:"Что изменилось в Крыму с открытием моста"
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4020:"Crimean bridge operating in limited mode"
3623:
3621:
2135:"Controversial Russia-Crimea bridge opens"
45:
6437:Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea
4635:Urcosta, Ridvan Bari (23 February 2018).
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
6206:List of companies that applied sanctions
4914:Section of Crimean Bridge falls into sea
4573:Построена первая опора Керченского моста
3927:"Train services stopped on Kerch Bridge"
2640:"Черноморское кольцо уперлось в Украину"
2011:
2009:
2007:
1694:
1692:
707:marred by design and construction errors
27:Bridge to Crimea across the Kerch Strait
5317:Первый поезд проехал по Крымскому мосту
4882:На Крымском мосту уложили первые рельсы
1839:
1743: mi) (rail) and about 17 km (
1688:
1665:A ship passing under the Crimean Bridge
1600:
1378:
6319:1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
5865:
5863:
5839:Klimenko, Andrey (18 September 2018),
5531:
5529:
5394:from the original on 14 September 2021
5364:from the original on 13 September 2021
5211:from the original on 13 September 2021
5123:from the original on 13 September 2021
5097:from the original on 13 September 2021
4276:from the original on 14 September 2021
4146:from the original on 14 September 2021
4084:from the original on 21 September 2018
4053:from the original on 14 September 2021
3509:from the original on 14 September 2021
3363:from the original on 14 September 2021
3333:from the original on 14 September 2021
3303:from the original on 14 September 2021
3219:from the original on 14 September 2021
3133:from the original on 22 September 2022
3096:from the original on 14 September 2021
3082:David M. Herszenhorn (19 March 2014).
3063:from the original on 14 September 2021
2792:from the original on 22 September 2020
2696:"Между Керчью и Россией построят мост"
2515:from the original on 13 September 2021
2147:from the original on 22 September 2022
2089:from the original on 27 September 2020
1910:from the original on 28 September 2015
1880:from the original on 13 September 2017
640:been fully reopened. On 17 July 2023,
601:at the start of 2014, the bridge cost
6228:UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262
5716:"Putin's bridge over troubled waters"
5667:from the original on 11 August 2022.
5607:from the original on 25 December 2019
5330:from the original on 25 December 2019
5181:from the original on 25 December 2019
5067:from the original on 22 December 2019
4944:from the original on 28 November 2018
4773:from the original on 23 December 2019
4737:from the original on 25 December 2019
4707:from the original on 27 November 2018
4616:from the original on 23 December 2019
4552:from the original on 23 December 2019
4427:from the original on 26 December 2019
4395:from the original on 26 December 2019
4000:
3998:
3389:from the original on 1 September 2022
3245:from the original on 19 December 2018
3029:from the original on 30 November 2014
2676:from the original on 3 September 2022
2499:
2497:
2435:
2433:
2396:from the original on 20 December 2019
2304:from the original on 28 November 2019
2226:
2224:
2222:
2180:from the original on 24 December 2019
1992:from the original on 20 December 2019
1159:Crimean Bridge on a 2019 5-ruble coin
918:First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
654:Pre-annexation proposals and attempts
544:
7:
5986:from the original on 9 November 2020
5913:from the original on 8 November 2020
5849:from the original on 23 January 2019
5749:Choursina, Kateryna (25 July 2018),
5728:from the original on 19 January 2019
5241:from the original on 10 January 2020
5153:from the original on 18 October 2019
5035:from the original on 24 October 2018
4584:from the original on 31 January 2020
4520:from the original on 11 January 2020
4488:from the original on 28 January 2020
4457:from the original on 22 January 2020
4365:from the original on 20 January 2020
4176:from the original on 28 October 2018
3163:from the original on 25 October 2014
2975:from the original on 9 December 2019
2864:from the original on 7 December 2019
2736:from the original on 5 December 2020
2336:from the original on 9 February 2020
2060:from the original on 24 October 2020
134:Bagerovo–Vyshestebliyevskaya railway
6386:2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia
6117:one's stance in the Crimean dispute
5714:Lourie, Richard (26 October 2018),
5692:from the original on 8 October 2022
5271:from the original on 6 January 2020
4991:from the original on 4 October 2018
4968:from the original on 4 October 2018
4111:from the original on 13 August 2022
3740:from the original on 8 October 2022
3709:from the original on 8 October 2022
3682:from the original on 8 October 2022
3606:from the original on 8 October 2022
2620:from the original on 8 October 2022
2366:from the original on 2 October 2022
2207:from the original on 10 August 2022
1084:on the rail section to catch fire.
6781:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
6218:Reaction of Russian intelligentsia
5577:from the original on 19 March 2022
5454:from the original on 19 April 2021
5013:from the original on 8 August 2019
4476:Гнатенко, Артём (1 October 2015).
4330:Coynash, Halya (10 January 2017),
3479:from the original on 8 August 2020
3449:from the original on 24 April 2019
3189:from the original on 30 March 2014
3157:"Russia to Build Bridge to Crimea"
2706:from the original on 27 March 2019
2549:from the original on 1 August 2019
2470:Bologov, Petr (27 February 2017).
2027:from the original on 16 April 2019
1962:from the original on 19 March 2020
1542:'s eastern port cities, including
1400:Construction of the bridge pillars
1062:in July 2023, Ukrainian President
25:
6933:Buildings and structures in Kerch
6339:Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)
6304:1783 annexation by Russian Empire
6273:Capture of the Crimean Parliament
5940:from the original on 20 June 2022
5883:from the original on 20 June 2022
5759:from the original on 2 April 2019
5637:from the original on 19 June 2022
5514:from the original on 24 June 2019
4921:from the original on 19 June 2022
4893:from the original on 25 July 2018
4861:from the original on 19 June 2022
4833:from the original on 20 June 2022
4803:from the original on 12 June 2018
4679:from the original on 3 April 2022
4649:from the original on 10 July 2022
4246:from the original on 12 June 2018
4216:from the original on 25 July 2021
4207:Дороги. Инновации в строительстве
3574:from the original on 21 July 2022
3542:from the original on 20 June 2022
3419:from the original on 1 March 2022
2923:from the original on 12 June 2018
2646:from the original on 16 June 2022
2607:Лужков присоединяет Крым к России
2583:from the original on 21 July 2019
2570:На стыке двух морей (33–36 pages)
2451:from the original on 17 June 2019
2272:from the original on 16 June 2022
1820:mostly internationally recognised
1788: mi) long, shorter than the
1770:Russia, but this applies only to
1699:
1677:Aerial view of the Crimean Bridge
1637:Train crossing the Crimean Bridge
6953:Rail transport in Krasnodar Krai
6268:Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
6263:Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
6213:2014 anti-war protests in Russia
6089:Russia's longest railway bridge
6072:Europe's longest railway bridge
5484:from the original on 26 May 2019
5424:from the original on 20 May 2018
5326:(in Russian). 25 December 2019.
5267:(in Russian). 18 December 2019.
5237:(in Russian). 18 December 2019.
3055:Walker, Shaun (31 August 2017).
2788:. pantikapei. 28 February 2011.
2427:(1969, English translation 1970)
2392:(in Russian). 17 December 2017.
2242:from the original on 3 June 2022
2176:(in Russian). 20 December 2017.
1670:
1658:
1642:
1630:
1615:
1603:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1100:(Rosavtodor) said in a message.
826:
122:
113:
56:
6978:Russia–Ukraine border crossings
5817:from the original on 7 May 2022
5792:from the original on 6 May 2022
5547:from the original on 6 May 2022
5543:(in Russian). 15 January 2019.
5149:(in Russian). 13 October 2019.
5031:(in Russian). 24 October 2018.
4195:Kolyushev, Igor (August 2018).
2545:(in Russian). 1 December 1972.
2511:(in Russian). 22 October 1994.
1167:The bridge in April 2018, with
740:dissolution of the Soviet Union
675:During World War II the German
229:Railroad bridge: 18.1 km (
6918:2019 establishments in Ukraine
6908:2018 establishments in Ukraine
6539:Council of Ministers of Crimea
6278:Capture of Southern Naval Base
6223:2014 Crimean status referendum
6201:List of sanctioned individuals
5603:(in Russian). 13 August 2018.
5450:(in Russian). 1 October 2018.
4612:(in Russian). 16 August 2017.
4306:Pollock, Emily (6 July 2018),
4166:"…И распахнутся в Крым ворота"
3728:Adams, Paul (8 October 2022).
3647:Amran, Rachel (22 July 2023).
3528:Hambling, David (6 May 2022).
3159:. RIA Novosti. 19 March 2014.
2786:"Мост через Керченский пролив"
1370:railway electrification system
962:The logo of the Crimean bridge
718:construction was halted and a
447:23 December 2019 (rail bridge)
313:
294:
210:Double parallel railroad-road
37:For the bridge in Moscow, see
1:
6913:2019 establishments in Russia
6903:2018 establishments in Russia
6354:1994–1995 President of Crimea
4799:(in Russian). 26 April 2018.
4769:(in Russian). 26 April 2018.
4266:"Это, по сути, половина дела"
3955:(in Russian). 14 October 2023
3025:. ITAR–TASS. 1 October 2014.
2111:. 12 May 2018. Archived from
1653:is visible in the background.
1117:2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
1090:Chairman of the State Council
1076:2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
691:constructed a 4.5-kilometre (
687:In late 1944–early 1945, the
503:
6111:Russia, but whether longest
5360:(in Russian). 30 June 2020.
5119:(in Russian). 18 July 2019.
4889:(in Russian). 25 July 2018.
4045:Roth, Andrew (15 May 2018).
3185:. ITAR–TASS. 19 March 2014.
3119:Roth, Andrew (15 May 2018).
2762:(in Russian). Archived from
2616:(in Russian). 8 April 1999.
2579:(in Russian). January 1985.
2332:(in Russian). October 2018.
1958:(in Russian). 6 April 2015.
938:Russian annexation of Crimea
728:collapse of the Soviet Union
6988:Transport in Krasnodar Krai
6943:Cross-sea bridges in Europe
6376:1998 Constitution of Crimea
6344:1992 constitution of Crimea
6243:2014 Constitution of Crimea
6233:Declaration of Independence
6049:Western High-Speed Diameter
5510:(in Russian). 15 May 2019.
3889:. Al Jazeera. 17 July 2023.
2820:, Kyiv Post (9 August 2010)
1610:The Crimean Bridge at night
1037:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1031:Russian invasion of Ukraine
985:Ukrainian-Russian relations
869:memorandum of understanding
633:Russian invasion of Ukraine
565:
536:
381:December 2019 (rail bridge)
271:Up to 9 m (30 ft)
246:Road bridge: 16.9 km (
7009:
6963:Railway bridges in Ukraine
6381:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
5845:, The Maritime Executive,
5788:, The Maritime Executive,
4415:"Kittyhawk подняли со дна"
4008:. Reuters. 12 August 2023.
1322:Southern Military District
1114:
1073:
1028:
954:Political status of Crimea
947:
662:
62:The Crimean Bridge in 2019
36:
29:
6958:Railway bridges in Russia
6928:Bridges completed in 2019
6923:Bridges completed in 2018
6774:National Guard of Ukraine
6534:Supreme Council of Crimea
6309:Crimean People's Republic
6163:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6079:
6070:
6062:
6053:
6043:
6035:
6028:
6020:
6015:
5297:13 September 2021 at the
4675:. TASS. 25 October 2017.
3929:. Ukrinform. 17 July 2023
3241:. BBC. 27 November 2018.
2947:18 September 2020 at the
1244:Stroygazmontazh Ltd (SGM)
757:Southern Federal District
554:
525:
510:
502:
498:
444:15 May 2018 (road bridge)
55:
6366:1994 Budapest Memorandum
6324:1945–1991 Crimean Oblast
6283:2014 Simferopol incident
6253:Crimean Federal District
6107:1. Longest bridge built
6055:Russia's longest bridge
6030:Europe's longest bridge
5782:Marex (30 August 2018),
5350:
5316:
5173:
5055:
4881:
4853:
4761:
4699:
4604:
4572:
4540:
4508:
4197:
4134:
3807:AFP (23 February 2023).
3567:South China Morning Post
3473:United Nations Documents
3413:United Nations Documents
3295:
2915:
2897:19 December 2014 at the
2816:23 November 2010 at the
2606:
2569:
2535:
2324:
2236:South China Morning Post
1314:National Guard of Russia
1242:The bridge was built by
1124:unmanned surface vessels
546:[ˈkrɨmskʲijmost]
378:April 2018 (road bridge)
279:227 metres (745 ft)
6973:Road bridges in Ukraine
6764:Ukrainian Ground Forces
6759:Armed Forces of Ukraine
6559:Russian Airborne Troops
6544:Sevastopol City Council
6329:1954 transfer of Crimea
6196:International sanctions
2835:6 February 2011 at the
2472:"The bridge-long dream"
1045:Kremlin Press Secretary
467:Kerch Strait ferry line
289:35 metres (115 ft)
18:Crimean Bridge (Crimea)
6968:Road bridges in Russia
6822:Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
6795:Lead figures (Ukraine)
6334:1991–1992 Crimean ASSR
6314:1921–1945 Crimean ASSR
6191:List of military units
6186:International reaction
3651:. The Kyiv Independent
2476:intersectionproject.eu
2416:Inside the Third Reich
1757: mi) (road) long.
1588:Part of a large Greek
1535:
1498:
1340:
1286:Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk
1277:
1172:
1160:
1152:
1070:October 2022 explosion
980:
963:
859:and Russian President
6846:Lead figures (Crimea)
6674:Vladimir Konstantinov
6662:Lead figures (Crimea)
6601:Lead figures (Russia)
6406:Revolution of Dignity
6396:2012 law on languages
6371:1997 Partition Treaty
6046:South overpass of the
2505:"Макропроект в Крыму"
1574:Kerch Strait incident
1532:Kerch Strait incident
1529:
1493:
1338:
1275:
1178:The bridge spans the
1166:
1158:
1150:
1086:Vladimir Konstantinov
1029:Further information:
978:
961:
637:an explosion occurred
6731:Yatsenyuk government
6549:Russian Armed Forces
6401:2013–2014 Euromaidan
6258:Environmental impact
6099:Notes and references
6024:Vasco da Gama Bridge
5909:, 25 November 2018,
5879:. 27 November 2018.
5063:. 12 November 2018.
4642:The Ukrainian Weekly
4391:. 7 September 2015.
3599:The Kyiv Independent
3475:. 13 December 2019.
3445:. 17 December 2018.
3359:. 2 September 2016.
2702:. 17 November 2006.
2445:kerch.rusarchives.ru
2050:"Крыму начало везти"
1486:On Crimea and Russia
1481:Operation and impact
1307:Kerch–Yenikale Canal
1288:) from the World War
1060:Aspen Security Forum
892:The shelving of the
722:was set up instead.
665:Kerch railway bridge
659:Kerch railway bridge
599:annexation of Crimea
462:Kerch railway bridge
308:Rail characteristics
196:Government of Russia
151:Kerch–Yenikale Canal
32:Kerch railway bridge
6983:Transport in Crimea
6802:Oleksandr Turchynov
6679:Natalia Poklonskaya
6167:Russo-Ukrainian War
5813:. 14 January 2021.
5305:, 23 December 2019.
5207:. 8 November 2019.
4142:. 8 November 2014.
3415:. 23 January 2019.
3275:on 20 December 2019
3215:. 30 January 2015.
2115:on 19 December 2019
2085:. 6 November 2019.
1111:July 2023 explosion
1098:Federal Road Agency
1064:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
1058:In a speech to the
950:Russo-Ukrainian War
930:governmental decree
854:Ukrainian President
571:Kerch Strait Bridge
91:45.3086°N 36.5061°E
87: /
6684:Rustam Temirgaliev
6653:Rustam Minnikhanov
6432:Simferopol Airport
6238:Republic of Crimea
6115:Russia depends on
5971:The New York Times
5755:, Bloomberg L.P.,
5721:The Globe and Mail
5663:. 11 August 2022.
5633:. 13 August 2019.
5601:Interfax-Russia.ru
5573:. 13 August 2018.
5508:Interfax-Russia.ru
5009:, 4 October 2018,
4987:, 4 October 2018,
4940:, 4 October 2018,
4929:– via UAWire
4917:, 5 October 2018,
4887:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4797:Interfax-Russia.ru
4767:Interfax-Russia.ru
4610:RIA Novosti Crimea
4336:, Atlantic Council
4170:transportrussia.ru
4140:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
3089:The New York Times
2904:(14 February 2014)
2843:(26 November 2010)
2766:on 7 December 2019
2576:Tekhnika Molodezhi
1566:The Globe and Mail
1561:deadweight tonnage
1536:
1503:Kerch Strait ferry
1499:
1374:diesel locomotives
1341:
1278:
1173:
1161:
1153:
1130:August 2023 attack
981:
964:
589:in Russia and the
364:Construction start
159:Tuzla Spit remains
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6853:Mustafa Dzhemilev
6807:Arseniy Yatsenyuk
6712:
6711:
6391:2010 Kharkiv Pact
6299:History of Crimea
6124:
6123:
6120:
6101:
6036:Succeeded by
5936:, 22 March 2017,
5541:Российская газета
5235:Российская газета
4548:. 10 March 2016.
4312:, Engineering.com
4072:Stolyarov, Gleb.
3766:. 14 October 2022
2670:Украинская правда
2423:, Chapter 19, p.
2300:. 13 April 2016.
1876:. 10 March 2016.
1683:Explanatory notes
1336:
1312:In October 2017,
1273:
1082:oil tanker wagons
992:Russian President
976:
857:Viktor Yanukovych
850:
849:
846:
677:Organisation Todt
642:another explosion
563:
534:
514:
513:
389:Construction cost
212:box girder bridge
16:(Redirected from
7000:
6721:
6694:Sergei Yeliseyev
6689:Denis Berezovsky
6648:Oleg Belaventsev
6633:Valery Gerasimov
6623:Vladislav Surkov
6592:Ukrainian Choice
6564:Little green men
6524:
6248:Political status
6150:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6106:
6097:
6080:Preceded by
6063:Preceded by
6044:Preceded by
6021:Preceded by
6013:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5950:
5949:
5948:– via TASS
5947:
5945:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5779:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5448:РИА Новости Крым
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5312:
5306:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5021:
5020:
5018:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4977:
4976:– via TASS
4975:
4973:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4303:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4204:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4026:. 17 August 2023
4016:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3983:. 12 August 2023
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:. 16 June 2022.
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3570:. 17 June 2022.
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3329:. 12 June 2018.
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2961:
2955:
2952:The Moscow Times
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2911:
2905:
2889:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2850:
2844:
2827:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2478:. Archived from
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2174:РИА Новости Крым
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2013:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1986:РИА Новости Крым
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:on 7 August 2020
1932:. Archived from
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1906:. 30 June 2015.
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:on 7 August 2020
1850:. Archived from
1844:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:Ulyanovsk Oblast
1790:President Bridge
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1674:
1662:
1646:
1634:
1619:
1607:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1337:
1291:
1274:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1105:Marat Khusnullin
1003:Arkady Rotenberg
977:
903:Russian Highways
888:
887:
883:
880:
843:
837:
832:
830:
829:
823:
821:
813:
811:
803:
802:
800:
762:
713:Soviet proposals
704:
703:
699:
696:
614:Arkady Rotenberg
568:
558:
556:
548:
543:
539:
529:
527:
429:
427:
421:
419:
410:
408:
372:Construction end
354:
315:
296:
259:
258:
254:
251:
242:
241:
237:
234:
126:
125:
117:
116:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
96:45.3086; 36.5061
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
60:
46:
21:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6873:Serhiy Kunitsyn
6841:
6832:Mykhailo Kutsyn
6790:
6708:
6669:Sergey Aksyonov
6657:
6643:Aleksandr Vitko
6613:Dmitry Medvedev
6596:
6554:Black Sea Fleet
6515:
6415:
6287:
6169:
6159:
6154:
6091:
6085:
6074:
6068:
6057:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6026:
6003:
5998:
5989:
5987:
5963:
5959:
5957:Further reading
5954:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5916:
5914:
5907:The Irish Times
5901:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5869:
5868:
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5367:
5365:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5333:
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5318:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5299:Wayback Machine
5288:
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4879:
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4855:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4829:. 15 May 2018.
4821:
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4816:
4806:
4804:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4763:
4759:
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4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4329:
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4315:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4242:. 19 May 2014.
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4114:
4112:
4103:Hodge, Nathan.
4102:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4039:
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3609:
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3592:
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3587:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3505:. 16 May 2018.
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
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3013:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:Wayback Machine
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:Wayback Machine
2890:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:Wayback Machine
2828:
2824:
2818:Wayback Machine
2809:
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2779:
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2608:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2536:Проект для моря
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2482:on 29 June 2017
2469:
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2454:
2452:
2439:
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2431:
2413:
2409:
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2397:
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2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2268:. 15 May 2018.
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:Hodge, Nathan.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2143:. 15 May 2018.
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1988:. 22 May 2017.
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1816:Russian-annexed
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1746:
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1440:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1327:
1299:Taman Peninsula
1289:
1266:
1264:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1192:Kerch Peninsula
1184:Taman Peninsula
1180:Strait of Kerch
1145:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1078:
1072:
1033:
1027:
966:
956:
946:
926:Dmitry Medvedev
885:
881:
878:
876:
861:Dmitry Medvedev
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
824:
819:
817:
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809:
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780:
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776:
774:
773:
771:
770:
736:
715:
701:
697:
694:
692:
667:
661:
656:
651:
618:Stroygazmontazh
591:Kerch Peninsula
583:Taman Peninsula
569:), also called
541:
506:
505:
471:
450:
433:
425:
423:
417:
415:
406:
404:
384:
358:Stroygazmontazh
352:
285:Clearance below
263:
256:
252:
249:
247:
239:
235:
232:
230:
202:Characteristics
138:
123:
114:
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
63:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7006:
7004:
6996:
6995:
6993:Crimean Bridge
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6895:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6858:Refat Chubarov
6855:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6812:Andriy Parubiy
6809:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6769:Ukrainian Navy
6766:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6710:
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6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6608:Vladimir Putin
6604:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6587:Kuban Cossacks
6584:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
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6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6458:
6456:Crimean Bridge
6453:
6452:
6451:
6449:Belbek Airport
6441:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6411:40th G7 summit
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6351:
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6316:
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6301:
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6285:
6280:
6275:
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6265:
6260:
6255:
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6230:
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6215:
6210:
6209:
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6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
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6160:
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6152:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6083:Yuribey Bridge
6081:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6066:Øresund Bridge
6064:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6002:
6001:External links
5999:
5997:
5996:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5923:
5894:
5859:
5828:
5802:
5769:
5738:
5703:
5673:
5648:
5618:
5588:
5569:(in Russian).
5558:
5525:
5495:
5480:(in Russian).
5465:
5435:
5420:(in Russian).
5405:
5375:
5341:
5307:
5282:
5252:
5222:
5192:
5164:
5134:
5108:
5078:
5046:
4904:
4872:
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4690:
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4580:(in Russian).
4563:
4531:
4499:
4468:
4438:
4406:
4376:
4346:
4322:
4287:
4257:
4227:
4209:(in Russian).
4187:
4157:
4125:
4095:
4064:
4037:
4011:
3994:
3966:
3940:
3918:
3907:. 17 July 2023
3892:
3878:
3867:. 17 July 2023
3850:
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3314:
3286:
3256:
3230:
3200:
3174:
3148:
3111:
3074:
3040:
3011:
2999:zakupki.gov.ru
2986:
2956:
2954:(3 March 2014)
2934:
2906:
2875:
2845:
2822:
2803:
2777:
2747:
2717:
2687:
2672:(in Russian).
2657:
2642:(in Russian).
2631:
2594:
2560:
2526:
2493:
2462:
2429:
2407:
2377:
2347:
2315:
2283:
2253:
2218:
2191:
2158:
2126:
2100:
2074:
2038:
2023:(in Russian).
2003:
1973:
1947:
1921:
1891:
1865:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
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1423:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1318:Viktor Zolotov
1263:
1260:
1251:tectonic fault
1188:Krasnodar Krai
1144:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1115:Main article:
1112:
1109:
1074:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1035:Following the
1026:
1023:
1001:, whose owner
995:Vladimir Putin
945:
942:
848:
847:
840:
834:
815:
805:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
767:
765:
735:
732:
714:
711:
663:Main article:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
622:Vladimir Putin
607:longest bridge
587:Krasnodar Krai
555:Кримський міст
518:Crimean Bridge
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
473:
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353:Constructed by
349:
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324:
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167:
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144:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
110:
108:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
50:Crimean Bridge
49:
39:Krymsky Bridge
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7005:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
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6951:
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6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6879:
6878:Yuliy Mamchur
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:Ahtem Chiygoz
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6837:Serhiy Hayduk
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
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6092:2019–present
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4482:Kuban.kp.ru -
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4361:. July 2015.
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3905:The New Daily
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2509:kommersant.ru
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2018:
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1651:Port of Taman
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1282:Ilyushin Il-2
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1255:mud volcanoes
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1041:Dmitry Peskov
1038:
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576:
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567:
566:Krymskyi mist
561:
552:
547:
538:
537:Krymskiy most
532:
526:Крымский мост
523:
519:
509:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
483:
482:Daily traffic
479:
474:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
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453:
446:
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442:
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436:
430:(rail bridge)
413:
411:(road bridge)
402:
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367:February 2016
366:
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342:
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334:
333:Russian gauge
331:
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209:
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200:
197:
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187:Крымский мост
186:
184:Official name
182:
179:
178:Taman, Russia
175:
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72:
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59:
54:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6948:Kerch Strait
6827:Ihor Tenyukh
6817:Arsen Avakov
6786:Right Sector
6582:Night Wolves
6465:
6455:
6165:Part of the
6112:
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6098:
6088:
6071:
6054:
6029:
5988:. Retrieved
5969:
5942:, retrieved
5932:
5926:
5915:, retrieved
5906:
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5874:
5853:21 September
5851:, retrieved
5841:
5819:. Retrieved
5805:
5796:21 September
5794:, retrieved
5784:
5763:21 September
5761:, retrieved
5751:
5730:, retrieved
5719:
5694:. Retrieved
5685:
5676:
5668:
5660:
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5639:. Retrieved
5630:
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5600:
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5579:. Retrieved
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5540:
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5477:
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5332:. Retrieved
5321:
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5285:
5273:. Retrieved
5264:
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5243:. Retrieved
5234:
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5205:Moscow Times
5204:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5146:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5090:
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5060:
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5037:. Retrieved
5028:
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5006:
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4937:
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4913:
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4895:. Retrieved
4886:
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4863:. Retrieved
4847:
4835:. Retrieved
4817:
4805:. Retrieved
4796:
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4775:. Retrieved
4766:
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4739:. Retrieved
4730:
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4693:
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4667:
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4640:
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4618:. Retrieved
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4586:. Retrieved
4577:
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4554:. Retrieved
4545:
4534:
4522:. Retrieved
4513:
4502:
4490:. Retrieved
4481:
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4459:. Retrieved
4450:
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4429:. Retrieved
4418:
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4397:. Retrieved
4388:
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4367:. Retrieved
4358:
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4338:, retrieved
4332:
4325:
4314:, retrieved
4308:
4278:. Retrieved
4269:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4239:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4206:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4139:
4128:
4120:
4115:19 September
4113:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:19 September
4086:. Retrieved
4077:
4067:
4057:19 September
4055:. Retrieved
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4023:
4014:
3985:. Retrieved
3980:The Guardian
3978:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3952:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3813:Moscow Times
3812:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3763:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3733:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3696:
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