Crimean Bridge - Knowledge (XXG)

1446: 1383: 1407: 1434: 1458: 1419: 1395: 1672: 1605: 58: 1644: 1617: 828: 1632: 987:, Russia declared it would unilaterally build the Kerch Strait bridge to connect the Russian mainland with the annexed Ukrainian peninsula. The project was strategic, an instrumental part of Russian plans to integrate the newly annexed territory into Russia. The project aimed to shift Crimean dependence on Ukraine and reduce Kyiv's leverage, remove Moscow's reliance upon inadequate sea and air links for supplying the peninsula, and allow Russia to independently supply Crimea, whose economy has become dependent upon significant subsidies from Moscow. The bridge has a symbolic purpose: it is meant to show Russia's resolve to hold Crimea, and as a "physical" attachment of Crimea to Russian territory. 1470: 1491: 1382: 1406: 1445: 1433: 1164: 1457: 1418: 1148: 1362:

connecting railroad caused by the discovery of an ancient site on the Kerch Peninsula. Sale of train tickets across the Kerch Strait started in November 2019. On 18 December 2019 the rail bridge was deemed ready for operation, and President Putin formally opened the bridge on 23 December. The first scheduled passenger train crossed the bridge on 25 December 2019, while the bridge was opened for freight trains on 30 June 2020.

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support, 227 m (745 ft) wide with a 35 m (115 ft) clearance above the water to allow ships to pass under. There would be three segments: from the Taman Peninsula to Tuzla Spit is 7 km (4 mi); across Tuzla Island is 6.5 km (4 mi); and from Tuzla Island to the Crimean Peninsula is 5.5 km (

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as a preferred route of communication between Crimea and Russia. In its first 12 hours of operation the bridge broke the traffic record of the ferry, which had been established in August 2017. After the bridge was opened for trucks in October 2018, truck transportation via the ferry virtually ceased.

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The official reason for abandonment of a double deck bridge in favor of two continuous parallel structures was that the latter solution allows for less massive spans and for simultaneous construction of both bridges (rather than having to construct one level of bridge first before starting the second

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a source in Ukraine's security service said that the 2023 explosion was caused by a Ukrainian attack with unmanned surface vessels (aquatic drones). Russia attributed the attacks to "Ukrainian terrorism". A Ukrainian defence official also said that Ukraine had carried out the October 2022 attack; the

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Since the road bridge is free of charge, in contrast to the ferry, it is claimed that users of the bridge saved more than 16 billion rubles. The bridge is said to have contributed to an increase of the number of tourists visiting the Crimea, with bridge traffic peaking in the summer months – on

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In the early morning of 17 July 2023 two explosions hit the Crimean Bridge. At least one section of the road bridge collapsed entirely, and rail services were stopped. Two people, a couple who were in a car on the bridge, were killed, and their child injured. The bridge was struck twice before 03:00

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Construction of the bridge was reconsidered by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2006, and the Transport Minister of Ukraine Mykola Rudkovsky stated that he expected the bridge to be a "net positive for Crimea" as it would allow "every tourist visiting Russian Caucasus to visit Crimea as well".

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was a vocal advocate for a highway bridge across the strait, expressing hope that it would bring the Crimean people closer to Russia, both economically and symbolically. Similar hopes were expressed by pro-Russian authorities in Crimea, who hoped that the bridge would contribute to either a "revival

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These restrictions, including Russian inspections of ships, had risen sharply since the bridge opened in May 2018, some being forced to wait for three days before being allowed through. Additionally, due to the height limits of the main span of the bridge (33 to 35 metres (108 to 115 ft) above

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The final concept was a major change from the initial project considered in late 2014, which had envisaged construction of two bridge links (parallel road and rail bridges between the Taman Peninsula and the Tuzla Spit and a double deck road-rail bridge between Tuzla Island and the Kerch Peninsula)

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on 15 May 2018. It opened for cars on 16 May and for trucks on 1 October. The rail bridge was inaugurated on 23 December 2019 and the first scheduled passenger train crossed the bridge two days later. The bridge was opened for freight trains on 30 June 2020. A record amount

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The process is also fraught with risks, including the possibility that the Ukrainian government could move to further isolate the geographically remote peninsula by shutting vital transportation lines. There is no overland transportation link between Russia and Crimea, and building a bridge across

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through which Ukraine exported steel and agricultural products. Following completion of the bridge various restrictions were imposed on Ukrainian shipping which affect their operating costs, which Ukraine and others alleged was part of a creeping hybrid blockade of Ukrainian ports in the Azov Sea.

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have been found in the area of the strait. More than 7,000 piles support the bridges; these piles have been driven up to 90 m (300 ft) beneath the water surface. Some of the piles are at an angle to make the structure more stable during earthquakes. Some experts expressed doubts that the

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on the roadway leading from Russia to Crimea, causing parts of the road bridge to collapse and starting a large fire on the rail bridge. On 23 February 2023, the Russian government announced that the road bridge had been fully reopened to traffic, and on 5 May it announced that the rail bridge had

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An official video from October 2015 contained a CGI concept of the bridge design, annotated with various measurements. It showed a four-lane, flat deck highway bridge running parallel with the separate two-track railway. The main span over the Kerch Strait shipping channel would have a steel arch

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On 24 March 2019 the bridge's press centre reported completion of construction of railway spans, and on 18 July it reported completion of the bridge's rail tracks. In October 2019, the opening for freight trains was postponed until 2020, the official cause was a delay in the construction of the

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Since December 2018 the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly condemned the construction and opening of the bridge as "facilitating the further militarization of Crimea" and "restricting the size of ships that can reach the Ukrainian ports on the Azov coast". Russia, on the other hand,

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The construction of the Kerch Bridge took place without Ukraine's consent. The Ukrainian government has actively condemned Russian construction of the bridge as illegal because Ukraine, "as a coastal state with regard to the Crimean Peninsula", did not give its consent to such construction, and

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In 1949 the Soviet government ordered the construction of a 5.969-kilometre (3 mi 1,248 yd) two-tier combined road-rail bridge (two road lanes on the upper tier and two rail tracks on the lower tier) with 40 m clearance below, connecting Yeni-Kale with Chushka Spit, but in 1950

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5 August 2018 the bridge broke a single-day record for car traffic, with 32,000 vehicles crossing the span, followed by over 33,000 vehicles on 12 August that year and over 35,000 a year later. The long roadway with few diversions occasionally becomes congested, with long traffic queues.

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The 12-mile (19km), $ 3.7bn (£2.7bn) bridge is Moscow's only direct road link to Crimea. Russia expects it will carry millions of cars and rail travellers and millions of tons of cargo each year. Previously, all car traffic passed over the Kerch strait by ferry or by passing through

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A fall in the price of retail goods in Crimea, which was expected to occur after the opening of the road bridge, did not happen. According to the local Russian administration, this situation persists because large retail groups are not operating in Crimea due to either risk of being

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over the strait. Finished in June 1943, it had daily capacity of 1,000 tonnes. Construction of a combined road and railway bridge started in April 1943, but before it was finished, retreating German troops blew up the completed parts of the bridge and destroyed the ropeway.

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On 15 May 2018, the road bridge was officially unveiled. President Vladimir Putin led a convoy of trucks, driving one himself, across the bridge in an inauguration ceremony. The bridge was opened for non-truck vehicle traffic on 16 May 2018 and for trucks on 1 October.

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Main construction started in February 2016. The first piles were installed in early 2016, and in April 2016 the first pillar of the road bridge was constructed. The foundations of the road bridge were completed in August 2017. The two shipping channel arches (over the

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II era were found in the area during pre-construction clearance. Three temporary bridges were built to facilitate access (independent of weather and currents) for main construction. By October 2015, the first of the temporary bridges had been constructed, connecting

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After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, Russia continued to support the inclusion of the peninsula into that proposed road, claiming that such an option would be economically more feasible, but Ukraine, previously supportive of the project, now stridently opposed

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A different version of the fixed link, the Kerch waterworks project («Керченский гидроузел») was developed from the mid-1960s, proposing a system of dams and bridges across the strait. The project was not implemented due to a lack of funding and the later

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As UNIAN reported, on December 20, the occupiers completed the next stage of the Crimean bridge construction – assembling the span structures of the road section, having fully formed the bridge's sheet from Russia's Taman coast to the occupied

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statue was found at the Crimean Bridge construction site, during underwater digging near the Ak-Burun Cape. According to archaeologists, this is a unique finding, since it is the first of its kind found in the northern Black Sea area.

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In the following months, as relations between Ukraine and Russia deteriorated, bilateral negotiations over the bridge collapsed, yet Russia claimed that it expected the December 2013 deals to be honoured, and on 3 March prime minister

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The issue was discussed by prime ministers of both countries in 2008, and a Transport Strategy of Russia, adopted in that year, envisaged the construction of the Kerch Strait bridge as a high priority issue for the development of the

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missiles but were unsuccessful due to interception by air defences. Footage released online appeared to show the bridge covered in smoke. The bridge was temporarily closed, then both road and rail traffic resumed at a limited level.

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The ongoing construction of the road-and-rail bridge reached a symbolic high point last year, when central arches were lifted into position in August and October, forcing the temporary closure of the narrow maritime channel to ship

1246:, which had never before built a major bridge. Because of the risk of sanctions, no international insurance company was willing to underwrite the potential $ 3 billion loss. It was insured instead by a small Crimean company. 972: 2617: 1005:(reportedly a close personal friend of Putin) was internationally sanctioned in response to the Russian military's involvement in Ukraine. SGM typically constructed pipelines and had no experience building bridges, according to 6147: 3603: 1095:

On 6 January 2023, TASS reported that the first two spans of the left side of the Crimean Bridge's automobile part leading from the peninsula would be installed that month, with two more to be installed in February, the

5814: 4081: 1631: 6370: 901:. In late January 2014, the Ukrainian and Russian governments decided that a new joint Ukrainian–Russian company would be commissioned to handle the construction of the bridge, while the Russian state enterprise 6217: 3409:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 73/194 "Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov"" 3469:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 74/17 "Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov"" 3330: 6205: 1272: 1269: 644:

occurred adjacent to the road bridge, causing a section to collapse, Ukraine claimed both attacks. On 12 August 2023, the bridge was the target of another attack. The bridge was fully reopened on 14 October.

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Construction of supports and installation of the first spans of the railway bridge from the side of Kerch. At the same time, the construction site is backfilled and the assembly of the bridge arches begins.

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in November 2013 led to increased interest in the construction of a bridge between Crimea and the Taman Peninsula of Russia, and an agreement on the construction of that bridge was signed as a part of the

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In October 2018, the Russian Taman Road Administration reported that as one of the railway spans was being lowered into place, it tilted and fell into the sea. This occurred in the sea section between

2944: 6180: 2239: 1324:. In December 2017 all road pillars and spans were completed, by April 2018 asphalt concrete was laid onto the road bridge, and after some examination the road bridge was deemed ready for operation. 933: 3539: 3571: 709:, and was destroyed by flowing ice in February 1945. A proposal to repair it was quickly dismissed and the remnants of the bridge were dismantled, with permanent bridge designs envisaged instead. 6140: 4734: 5846: 5756: 1092:

of Crimea, attributed the explosion to a Ukrainian attack. Limited traffic resumed on the remaining lines shortly afterwards. Russian authorities ordered repairs to be complete by July 2023.

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Russian territory, including Crimea, since most of the bridge is in the (Autonomous) Republic of Crimea. The Taman–Tuzla Spit part, in undisputed Russian territory, is only 4.5 kilometres (

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or because they deem Crimea a "logistic dead end", although there were expectations that the opening of the rail bridge would eventually contribute to a decrease in price of certain goods.

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one), an important consideration given demands by the Russian government that road and rail links be operational quickly. The "Tuzla route" was preferred over shorter variants (starting at

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The bridge was named the Crimean Bridge after an online vote in December 2017, whilst Kerch Bridge and Reunification Bridge were the second and third most popular choices respectively.

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After the first full year of operation (May 2018 – May 2019) the road bridge had served three times more traffic than the Kerch Strait ferry had served in the whole of 2017.

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Asphalting the finished section of the road bridge from the side of Taman. On the opposite side, construction work is underway to connect the temporary ramp with the bridge.

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After the annexation, Russian officials looked at various options for connecting Crimea to the Russian mainland, including a tunnel, but eventually settled on a bridge.

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to create a subsidiary of Avtodor to oversee the project. A contest for the engineering survey of the bridge project was announced by that subsidiary on 18 March, but

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called the bridge a legitimate military target for Ukraine that must be "neutralized" for "feeding the war with ammunition" and "militarizing the Crimean Peninsula."

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The United States and most other countries have refused to recognize the annexation of Crimea, and sanctions on Russia don't seem likely to be lifted anytime soon.

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and Cape Maly Kut. Had that project been carried out, it would have meant construction of a 10.92 km (6 mi 1,382 yd) bridge link, with 49 km (

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in February 2022, Ukraine planned and called for the "destruction" of the bridge, bringing criticism and talks of guaranteed protection of the bridge from

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The Russian government's draft resolution of 1 September 2014 required the bridge to have four lanes of vehicle traffic and a double-track railway.

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on 19 March 2014, just one day after Russia formally claimed Crimea. In January 2015, the contract for construction of the bridge was awarded to the

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on the construction of the bridge on 26 November 2010. A 2011 study by the Ukrainian government announced preliminary preference for a route between

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The construction of the rail bridge continued. In June 2018 pile installation was finished, and in July 2018 deployment of the rail tracks started.

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asserted that it "shall not ask for anybody's permission to build transport infrastructure for the sake of the population of Russian regions".

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On 8 October 2022 a major explosion occurred on the bridge, causing portions of the Crimea-bound road segment to collapse and causing several

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according to reports on social media; Ukrainian and Russian sources indicated that the explosion was caused by a Ukrainian attack with

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The road bridge was fully opened again to traffic on 23 February 2023 according to an announcement from Russian Deputy Prime Minister

1085: 5604: 5064: 4988: 4800: 4770: 3265:"Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the unlawful launch of the Kerch Strait bridge by the Russian Federation" 1877: 6338: 6318: 6272: 5200: 4613: 4424: 4331: 2177: 929: 2643: 844: (Cape Fonar – Cape Maly Kut, also known as "Northern route") was preliminarily preferred by the Ukrainian government in 2011. 1989: 1227:

on Tuzla Spit. This design was scrapped, the causeway being deemed too risky to rely on given the instability of the Tuzla Spit.

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the Ukrainian government gave Russia six months' notice of its withdrawal from the now-defunct bilateral Kerch Bridge agreement.

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Completing the assembly of arches on the slipway and preparing them for transportation and installation on fairway supports

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sea level) the Ukrainian maritime authority said many ships are too big to pass safely under the bridge. The bulk carrier

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the shortest waterway, near the Crimean city of Kerch, would take years and cost an estimated $ 3 billion to $ 5 billion

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the premise of the contest, which still referred to 2013 agreements, was already outdated. In April 2014, following the

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called on Russia to demolish "those parts of that structure located within temporarily occupied Ukrainian territory".

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During the invasion there were two large explosions, in October 2022 and July 2023, on the bridge. According to the

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Preliminary work started in May 2015, and the main construction (of the link itself) started in February 2016. See

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were introduced by the United States and the European Union against companies involved in the construction.

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The road bridge on 15 May 2018. The rail bridge – under construction at the time – is visible on the left.

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It was decided a special working group would determine the location and set the technical parameters. The

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Preliminary work on the bridge began in May 2015. More than 200 bombs and a few aeroplanes (including an

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announced the formation of a new "maritime brigade", intended to protect the bridge as part of Russia's

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Part of the span of the railway part of the Crimean bridge slid down into the water during installation

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The installed arches of the bridge and the process of sliding the spans of the road bridge to the arch

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227.92 billion (US$ 3.7 billion) and has a length of 19 km (12 mi), making it the

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Entire fixed link, including small causeways at the ends. The bridges themselves are 18.1 km (

1494: 1163: 1107:. On 5 May the deputy prime minister also announced that the rail bridge had been fully reopened. 1063: 949: 853: 5005:[A span of the multi-span the Crimean bridge slid into the sea: causes and consequences], 4912: 6683: 6652: 6125: 5970: 5720: 4608:[All piles are installed into the foundations of the road part of the bridge to Crimea]. 3088: 2575: 1565: 1560: 550: 127: 2891: 1134:

On 12 August, Russia's Defence Ministry said that Ukraine tried to strike the bridge with three

838: ("Tuzla" or "Southern") ultimately became the basis for the Crimean Bridge built by Russia 5443: 6862: 6852: 6806: 6298: 6065: 5975: 5473: 2424: 1373: 991: 856: 676: 215: 211: 5143:""Рано или поздно моста не станет": почему в России опасаются пускать грузовые поезда в Крым" 6688: 6647: 6632: 6622: 6591: 5503: 4447:"Три временных моста построят для доставки материалов на строительство Керченского перехода" 3323:"Statement by the delegation of Ukraine at the 28th meeting of States Parties to the UNCLOS" 2951: 2665: 1793: 1789: 1104: 1002: 990:

The announcement that Russia would build a road-rail bridge over the strait was made by the

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In January 2015 the multibillion-dollar construction contract for the bridge was awarded to

545: 521: 2785: 6872: 6831: 6668: 6642: 6612: 6553: 5682:"Аксенов: пуск железнодорожной части Крымского моста снизит цены в регионе на ряд товаров" 5626: 5596: 5298: 5054: 4980: 4792: 4760: 2948: 2898: 2836: 2817: 1873: 1298: 1243: 1235:), in particular because doing otherwise would have interfered with the still operational 1191: 1183: 925: 867:, an agreement to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait, and Russia and Ukraine signed a 860: 797: 738:

Although the idea of an international bridge linking Ukraine and Russia survived the 1991

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17,777 tons) solved this problem by cutting off the top of her mast. On 26 October 2018,

2916:Глава Минтранса: Россия приостановила переговоры с Украиной по проекту Керченского моста 2639: 705: mi) railway bridge across the strait. This bridge, not designed as permanent, was 6857: 6811: 6768: 6735: 6607: 6586: 6410: 6323: 6082: 4983:[Rotenberg told about the incident on the railway part of the Crimean bridge], 1981: 1720:

Opened on 25 December 2019 for passenger traffic and on 30 June 2020 for freight trains

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Following the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014 amid a sharp deterioration in

905:(commonly known as Avtodor) would become responsible for the bridge in the long term. 621: 586: 38: 3296:Киев считает противоправным введение РФ запрета на судоходство через Керченский пролив 1526: 30:"Kerch Strait Bridge" and "Kerch Bridge" redirect here. For the 1944–1945 bridge, see 6896: 6877: 6867: 6836: 6698: 6627: 6617: 6576: 6510: 6358: 4823:"Putin drives truck over new controversial bridge linking Russia to Crimea peninsula" 3703:"Massive blast cripples parts of Crimea-Russia bridge, in blow to Putin's war effort" 2892:«Автодор» приступает к подготовке проекта моста через Керченский пролив Читайте далее 1650: 1366: 1281: 1040: 602: 332: 177: 4933: 4544:[First pile: construction of the foundations of the Kerch Bridge started]. 3272: 2829: 2810: 2134: 1258:

construction was safe, given the tectonic and sea current conditions in the strait.

759:'s transport infrastructure in the period 2016–2030, with the design ready by 2015. 6826: 6816: 6785: 6581: 6390: 5870: 5384:"Железная дорога Крымского моста построена с расчетом на дальнейшую электрификацию" 4138:[Feasibility study of the Kerch Bridge project will be ready by December]. 3979: 3671: 3438: 3294: 3125: 2541: 2420: 1425: 1355: 1294: 1232: 1179: 1168: 864: 743: 688: 578: 154: 146: 5027:[Builders raise the span of the Crimean bridge that fell into the water]. 2605: 1538:

The Russian bridge crossed the sole access point for ships travelling to and from

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1.5 and $ 3 billion. In early February 2014, Avtodor was instructed by the

808: 680: 327: 4700:Завершено возведение всех опор автодорожной части моста через Керченский пролив 2262:"Putin inaugurates bridge by driving a truck across to seized peninsula Crimea" 1711:

Opened on 16 May 2018 for non-truck traffic and on 1 October for goods vehicles

889: mi) of adjacent roads and 24 km (15 mi) of adjacent railroads. 6443: 6426: 6400: 5356: 5322: 4765:[Road part of the Kerch Strait Bridge has been covered with asphalt]. 4385:"Поисковики нашли Ил-2 с останками пилота при строительстве Керченского моста" 2853: 2612: 1589: 1351: 872: 158: 17: 5979: 5597:"Крымский мост установил новый суточный рекорд трафика: больше 33 тыс. машин" 4509:Минтранс: строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста идет по графику 3562:"Ukrainians threaten to destroy Russian bridge to Crimea 'target number one'" 2965:"Объявлен конкурс на инженерные изыскания по строительству Керченского моста" 2534: 2328:[Crimean Bridge has been opened for truck traffic: photo and video]. 90: 77: 6500: 6495: 6475: 5567:"Вторые выходные подряд: Крымский мост побил новый рекорд суточного трафика" 4419: 4133: 2901: 2840: 2725: 1547: 1497:

Putin at the opening ceremony of the road section of the bridge, 15 May 2018

998: 818: 748: 284: 5002: 4981:"Ротенберг рассказал об инциденте на железнодорожной части Крымского моста" 2109:"Сколько будет стоить проезд по Крымскому мосту? КерчьИНФО – новости Керчи" 1933: 1851: 958: 5842:

Bulk carrier had to cut off mast to pass under illegal Kerch Strait Bridge

5260: 5231:"Строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста официально завершено" 5116: 4852: 4727:"Expert points to vulnerability of Kerch bridge from military perspective" 4637:"The Kerch Strait Bridge and Russia's A2/AD Zone around Crimean peninsula" 4477: 3238: 2440: 2386:"Голосование за название строящегося в Керченском проливе моста завершено" 1955: 1358:. In November 2018 the installation of the railway pillars was completed. 1155: 6485: 6480: 6460: 5875: 5056:Строители завершили возведение опор железнодорожной части Крымского моста 5003:"Многотонный пролет Крымского моста съехал в море: причины и последствия" 4826: 2942:

Medvedev Signs Decree Creating Contractor for Kerch Strait Bridge Project

2139: 1543: 1224: 1081: 1006: 5413: 5349: 5315: 5172: 5024: 4698: 4605:Строители погрузили все сваи в основание автодорожной части моста в Крым 4571: 4265: 3949:"На Крымском мосту открыто движение автомобилей по всем четырем полосам" 3948: 3182: 3022: 2070:Крымский мост 1 октября стал доступен для движения грузового транспорта. 2049: 742:, the two countries failed to finalise the project. Former Moscow mayor 625:

of traffic, totalling 36,393 cars, was recorded on 15 August 2020.

6490: 5752:

Ukraine Complains Russia Is Using New Crimea Bridge to Disrupt Shipping

4355:"200 бомб найдено в районе строительства моста через Керченский пролив" 3863: 2385: 2296: 2017:"Автодорожная часть Крымского моста открылась для движения автомобилей" 1823: 1539: 5174:Минтранс отложил открытие движения грузовых поездов по Крымскому мосту 4854:Строители установили последнюю сваю железнодорожной части моста в Крым 2504: 5709: 5707: 5087:"Строители собрали все пролеты железнодорожной части Крымского моста" 4934:"Фрагмент пролета строящейся ж/д части Крымского моста съехал в воду" 4478:"Завершено строительство первого рабочего моста в Керченском проливе" 3534: 3408: 3183:"Kerch Strait bridge to be built ahead of schedule – deputy minister" 2355: 1195: 594: 173: 5933:

Ancient Greek artifact unearthed at Crimean bridge construction site

5681: 5383: 5086: 4955: 4507: 3975:"Ukraine fires missiles at Kerch Bridge connecting Crimea to Russia" 3468: 2964: 2914: 2726:"Россия и Украина договорились строить мост через Керченский пролив" 635:, the bridge was attacked on multiple occasions. On 8 October 2022, 4762:Асфальт уложили на автодорожной части моста через Керченский пролив 4446: 4236:"Мост через Керченский пролив можно построить только в двух местах" 4201:[Technical aspects of the designing of the Crimean Bridge] 3887:"Crimea bridge attack: What happened, why is the bridge important?" 3785: 3730:"Crimean bridge: Excitement and fear in Ukraine after bridge blast" 2016: 1339:

The first train travels along the new Crimean bridge railway, 2019.

912:

estimated that construction would take five years and cost between

5931: 5504:"5 млн транспортных средств пересекли Крымский мост за год работы" 5414:"Крымский мост за полдня работы побил абсолютный рекорд переправы" 5354:[Railway freight traffic launched on the Crimean Bridge]. 3809:"Russia Fully Reopens Crimea Bridge to Cars on Eve of Anniversary" 2083:"Названа средняя загрузка Крымского моста: 15 тысяч машин в сутки" 1956:"Проектировщиком моста в Крым стал петербургский 'Гипростроймост'" 1900:"Проектировщик моста в Крым – РБК: 'Мы нашли оптимальное решение'" 1623: 1572:

In November 2018, the area near the bridge became the site of the

1525: 1489: 1326: 1265: 1162: 1154: 1146: 965: 957: 169: 4672: 3701:

Ritchie, Hannah; Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (8 October 2022).

2292:"Russia pushes back 'Putin's bridge' to annexed Crimea by a year" 5966:"Putin's Bridge to Crimea May Carry More Symbolism Than Traffic" 4047:"Putin opens 12-mile bridge between Crimea and Russian mainland" 3499:"Russia Defends Opening of Crimea Bridge Against U.S. Criticism" 3121:"Putin opens 12-mile bridge between Crimea and Russian mainland" 3023:"Ukraine withdraws from Kerch Strait bridge project with Russia" 2854:"Украина выбрала северный вариант моста через Керченский пролив" 2359: 2232:"Bridge connects Crimea to Russia, and Putin to a Tsarist dream" 298: 6129: 5669:

the image used in the posts was taken as early as July 16, 2022

5261:"Строительство железнодорожной части Крымского моста закончено" 4885:[First tracks have been laid onto the Crimean Bridge]. 4576:[First pillar of the Kerch Bridge has been completed]. 2666:"Кабмин рассматривает возможность соединения Украины с Россией" 1982:"Строительство моста через Керченский пролив. Съемка с коптера" 1126:(aquatic drones). The bridge was fully reopened on 14 October. 913: 5351:По Крымскому мосту запустили железнодорожное грузовое движение 4541:Первые сваи: началось устройство фундаментов Керченского моста 2170:"Завершено сооружение пролетов Крымского моста под автодорогу" 1051: 3760:"Crimea bridge: Russia 'to repair blast damage by July 2023'" 3057:"Russia's bridge link with Crimea moves nearer to completion" 1309:) were lifted into position in August and October that year. 609:

in Europe and the longest bridge ever constructed by Russia.

4135:Обоснование проекта Керченского моста будет готово к декабрю 4074:"Trucker Putin opens Russia bridge link with annexed Crimea" 4006:"Russia says it thwarts Ukrainian attacks on Crimean Bridge" 3672:"Crimea bridge partly reopens after huge explosion – Russia" 5903:"Ukraine accuses Russia of firing on its ships near Crimea" 5444:"Фуры ушли на мост: что ждет Керченскую паромную переправу" 5025:"Строители подняли съехавший в воду пролет Крымского моста" 1874:"Началось возведение свайных фундаментов Керченского моста" 5964:

MacFarquhar, Neil; Nechepurenko, Ivan (11 November 2017).

5320:[The first train drove along the Crimean Bridge]. 2325:Крымский мост открыли для проезда грузовиков: фото и видео 1649:

The Crimean Bridge in May 2020. The infrastructure of the

1365:

The rail bridge design provides the ability to install an

734:

Negotiations between the Ukrainian and Russian governments

4105:"Russia's bridge to Crimea: A metaphor for the Putin era" 2201:"Russia's bridge to Crimea: A metaphor for the Putin era" 1424:

Concrete casting and asphalting of the overpass spans on

5474:"Почти пять миллионов машин уже пересекли Крымский мост" 3209:"Ukraine conflict: Putin ally to build bridge to Crimea" 920:

to work on a feasibility study to be published in 2015.

761: 751:" or to a multinational road along the Black Sea coast. 5785:

The U.S. Accuses Russia of Harassing Ukrainian Shipping

5117:"Строители завершили укладку рельсов на Крымском мосту" 3630:"Ukraine war: Two dead after 'attack' on Crimea bridge" 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2830:

Russia, Ukraine to construct bridge across Kerch Strait

2356:"На Крымском мосту установили новый рекорд автотрафика" 1249:

The geology of the Kerch Strait is difficult: it has a

833:

Possible alignments of the proposed bridge as of 2002.

564: 6007:

Security cam video of bridge explosion, 8 October 2022

4198:Технические особенности проектирования Крымского моста 3353:"U.S. imposes sanctions on 'Putin's bridge' to Crimea" 1501:

The road bridge, opened in 2018, quickly overtook the

1276:

Putin leading the first convoy across the bridge, 2018

3628:

Radford, Antoinette; Cooney, Christy (17 July 2023).

1766:

It is also often considered to be the longest bridge

910:

Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine

535: 5744: 5742: 3443:

United Nations. Meetings Coverage and Press Releases

1622:

Traffic on the Crimean Bridge, view in direction of

6845: 6794: 6723: 6716: 6661: 6600: 6526: 6519: 6419: 6291: 6173: 5834: 5832: 5777: 5775: 5773: 3670:Bachega, Hugo; Jackson, Patrick (10 October 2022). 3530:"Ukraine Threatens Russia's Vital Bridge To Crimea" 2756:"2008 Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation" 1451:

The installation of the railway arch in August 2017

1055:BBC was unable to verify the claims independently. 670:

Proposals to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait

490: 480: 475: 454: 437: 396: 388: 371: 363: 351: 343: 338: 326: 312: 307: 293: 283: 275: 267: 222: 206: 201: 191: 183: 165: 142: 106: 67: 48: 5627:"На Крымском мосту зафиксировали рекордный трафик" 5201:"Russia Launches Direct Crimea Train Ticket Sales" 4673:"Russia's National Guard to form maritime brigade" 3901:"Crimea bridge closes amid reports of 'emergency'" 3649:"Zelensky: The Crimean Bridge must be neutralized" 3327:Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations 3017: 3015: 2811:Azarov creates group for bridging the Kerch Strait 672:had been considered since the early 20th century. 1534:over the passage between the Black and Azov seas 2164: 2162: 944:After 2014 annexation and start of construction 6157:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 3239:"Crimea: Who controls its territorial waters?" 1151:Crimean Bridge on a 2018 Russian postage stamp 1025:Attacks during the Russian invasion of Ukraine 899:17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan 6141: 4333:Russia's Crimea Bridge Could Collapse Anytime 4309:Europe's Longest Bridge Spans Troubled Waters 2600: 2598: 8: 5871:"Ukraine–Russia clash: MPs back martial law" 5291:Putin takes first train across Crimea bridge 2441:"Предисловие | Мост через Керченский пролив" 1580:in some regions of the country for 30 days. 1219: mi) (19 km or 12 mi total). 894:Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement 597:. Built by the Russian Federation after its 2044: 2042: 1796:(5.825 km or 3 mi 1,090 yd). 979:Aerial views of the Crimean Bridge in 2021. 392:₽227.92 billion (US$ 3.7 billion) 347:Institute Giprostroymost – Saint Petersburg 6938:Buildings and structures in Krasnodar Krai 6720: 6523: 6349:Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995) 6148: 6134: 6126: 6012: 5537:"Что изменилось в Крыму с открытием моста" 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4020:"Crimean bridge operating in limited mode" 3623: 3621: 2135:"Controversial Russia-Crimea bridge opens" 45: 6437:Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea 4635:Urcosta, Ridvan Bari (23 February 2018). 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 6206:List of companies that applied sanctions 4914:Section of Crimean Bridge falls into sea 4573:Построена первая опора Керченского моста 3927:"Train services stopped on Kerch Bridge" 2640:"Черноморское кольцо уперлось в Украину" 2011: 2009: 2007: 1694: 1692: 707:marred by design and construction errors 27:Bridge to Crimea across the Kerch Strait 5317:Первый поезд проехал по Крымскому мосту 4882:На Крымском мосту уложили первые рельсы 1839: 1743: mi) (rail) and about 17 km ( 1688: 1665:A ship passing under the Crimean Bridge 1600: 1378: 6319:1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars 5865: 5863: 5839:Klimenko, Andrey (18 September 2018), 5531: 5529: 5394:from the original on 14 September 2021 5364:from the original on 13 September 2021 5211:from the original on 13 September 2021 5123:from the original on 13 September 2021 5097:from the original on 13 September 2021 4276:from the original on 14 September 2021 4146:from the original on 14 September 2021 4084:from the original on 21 September 2018 4053:from the original on 14 September 2021 3509:from the original on 14 September 2021 3363:from the original on 14 September 2021 3333:from the original on 14 September 2021 3303:from the original on 14 September 2021 3219:from the original on 14 September 2021 3133:from the original on 22 September 2022 3096:from the original on 14 September 2021 3082:David M. Herszenhorn (19 March 2014). 3063:from the original on 14 September 2021 2792:from the original on 22 September 2020 2696:"Между Керчью и Россией построят мост" 2515:from the original on 13 September 2021 2147:from the original on 22 September 2022 2089:from the original on 27 September 2020 1910:from the original on 28 September 2015 1880:from the original on 13 September 2017 640:been fully reopened. On 17 July 2023, 601:at the start of 2014, the bridge cost 6228:UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262 5716:"Putin's bridge over troubled waters" 5667:from the original on 11 August 2022. 5607:from the original on 25 December 2019 5330:from the original on 25 December 2019 5181:from the original on 25 December 2019 5067:from the original on 22 December 2019 4944:from the original on 28 November 2018 4773:from the original on 23 December 2019 4737:from the original on 25 December 2019 4707:from the original on 27 November 2018 4616:from the original on 23 December 2019 4552:from the original on 23 December 2019 4427:from the original on 26 December 2019 4395:from the original on 26 December 2019 4000: 3998: 3389:from the original on 1 September 2022 3245:from the original on 19 December 2018 3029:from the original on 30 November 2014 2676:from the original on 3 September 2022 2499: 2497: 2435: 2433: 2396:from the original on 20 December 2019 2304:from the original on 28 November 2019 2226: 2224: 2222: 2180:from the original on 24 December 2019 1992:from the original on 20 December 2019 1159:Crimean Bridge on a 2019 5-ruble coin 918:First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia 654:Pre-annexation proposals and attempts 544: 7: 5986:from the original on 9 November 2020 5913:from the original on 8 November 2020 5849:from the original on 23 January 2019 5749:Choursina, Kateryna (25 July 2018), 5728:from the original on 19 January 2019 5241:from the original on 10 January 2020 5153:from the original on 18 October 2019 5035:from the original on 24 October 2018 4584:from the original on 31 January 2020 4520:from the original on 11 January 2020 4488:from the original on 28 January 2020 4457:from the original on 22 January 2020 4365:from the original on 20 January 2020 4176:from the original on 28 October 2018 3163:from the original on 25 October 2014 2975:from the original on 9 December 2019 2864:from the original on 7 December 2019 2736:from the original on 5 December 2020 2336:from the original on 9 February 2020 2060:from the original on 24 October 2020 134:Bagerovo–Vyshestebliyevskaya railway 6386:2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia 6117:one's stance in the Crimean dispute 5714:Lourie, Richard (26 October 2018), 5692:from the original on 8 October 2022 5271:from the original on 6 January 2020 4991:from the original on 4 October 2018 4968:from the original on 4 October 2018 4111:from the original on 13 August 2022 3740:from the original on 8 October 2022 3709:from the original on 8 October 2022 3682:from the original on 8 October 2022 3606:from the original on 8 October 2022 2620:from the original on 8 October 2022 2366:from the original on 2 October 2022 2207:from the original on 10 August 2022 1084:on the rail section to catch fire. 6781:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 6218:Reaction of Russian intelligentsia 5577:from the original on 19 March 2022 5454:from the original on 19 April 2021 5013:from the original on 8 August 2019 4476:Гнатенко, Артём (1 October 2015). 4330:Coynash, Halya (10 January 2017), 3479:from the original on 8 August 2020 3449:from the original on 24 April 2019 3189:from the original on 30 March 2014 3157:"Russia to Build Bridge to Crimea" 2706:from the original on 27 March 2019 2549:from the original on 1 August 2019 2470:Bologov, Petr (27 February 2017). 2027:from the original on 16 April 2019 1962:from the original on 19 March 2020 1542:'s eastern port cities, including 1400:Construction of the bridge pillars 1062:in July 2023, Ukrainian President 25: 6933:Buildings and structures in Kerch 6339:Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995) 6304:1783 annexation by Russian Empire 6273:Capture of the Crimean Parliament 5940:from the original on 20 June 2022 5883:from the original on 20 June 2022 5759:from the original on 2 April 2019 5637:from the original on 19 June 2022 5514:from the original on 24 June 2019 4921:from the original on 19 June 2022 4893:from the original on 25 July 2018 4861:from the original on 19 June 2022 4833:from the original on 20 June 2022 4803:from the original on 12 June 2018 4679:from the original on 3 April 2022 4649:from the original on 10 July 2022 4246:from the original on 12 June 2018 4216:from the original on 25 July 2021 4207:Дороги. Инновации в строительстве 3574:from the original on 21 July 2022 3542:from the original on 20 June 2022 3419:from the original on 1 March 2022 2923:from the original on 12 June 2018 2646:from the original on 16 June 2022 2607:Лужков присоединяет Крым к России 2583:from the original on 21 July 2019 2570:На стыке двух морей (33–36 pages) 2451:from the original on 17 June 2019 2272:from the original on 16 June 2022 1820:mostly internationally recognised 1788: mi) long, shorter than the 1770:Russia, but this applies only to 1699: 1677:Aerial view of the Crimean Bridge 1637:Train crossing the Crimean Bridge 6953:Rail transport in Krasnodar Krai 6268:Medal "For the Return of Crimea" 6263:Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin 6213:2014 anti-war protests in Russia 6089:Russia's longest railway bridge 6072:Europe's longest railway bridge 5484:from the original on 26 May 2019 5424:from the original on 20 May 2018 5326:(in Russian). 25 December 2019. 5267:(in Russian). 18 December 2019. 5237:(in Russian). 18 December 2019. 3055:Walker, Shaun (31 August 2017). 2788:. pantikapei. 28 February 2011. 2427:(1969, English translation 1970) 2392:(in Russian). 17 December 2017. 2242:from the original on 3 June 2022 2176:(in Russian). 20 December 2017. 1670: 1658: 1642: 1630: 1615: 1603: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1381: 1100:(Rosavtodor) said in a message. 826: 122: 113: 56: 6978:Russia–Ukraine border crossings 5817:from the original on 7 May 2022 5792:from the original on 6 May 2022 5547:from the original on 6 May 2022 5543:(in Russian). 15 January 2019. 5149:(in Russian). 13 October 2019. 5031:(in Russian). 24 October 2018. 4195:Kolyushev, Igor (August 2018). 2545:(in Russian). 1 December 1972. 2511:(in Russian). 22 October 1994. 1167:The bridge in April 2018, with 740:dissolution of the Soviet Union 675:During World War II the German 229:Railroad bridge: 18.1 km ( 6918:2019 establishments in Ukraine 6908:2018 establishments in Ukraine 6539:Council of Ministers of Crimea 6278:Capture of Southern Naval Base 6223:2014 Crimean status referendum 6201:List of sanctioned individuals 5603:(in Russian). 13 August 2018. 5450:(in Russian). 1 October 2018. 4612:(in Russian). 16 August 2017. 4306:Pollock, Emily (6 July 2018), 4166:"…И распахнутся в Крым ворота" 3728:Adams, Paul (8 October 2022). 3647:Amran, Rachel (22 July 2023). 3528:Hambling, David (6 May 2022). 3159:. RIA Novosti. 19 March 2014. 2786:"Мост через Керченский пролив" 1370:railway electrification system 962:The logo of the Crimean bridge 718:construction was halted and a 447:23 December 2019 (rail bridge) 313: 294: 210:Double parallel railroad-road 37:For the bridge in Moscow, see 1: 6913:2019 establishments in Russia 6903:2018 establishments in Russia 6354:1994–1995 President of Crimea 4799:(in Russian). 26 April 2018. 4769:(in Russian). 26 April 2018. 4266:"Это, по сути, половина дела" 3955:(in Russian). 14 October 2023 3025:. ITAR–TASS. 1 October 2014. 2111:. 12 May 2018. Archived from 1653:is visible in the background. 1117:2023 Crimean Bridge explosion 1090:Chairman of the State Council 1076:2022 Crimean Bridge explosion 691:constructed a 4.5-kilometre ( 687:In late 1944–early 1945, the 503: 6111:Russia, but whether longest 5360:(in Russian). 30 June 2020. 5119:(in Russian). 18 July 2019. 4889:(in Russian). 25 July 2018. 4045:Roth, Andrew (15 May 2018). 3185:. ITAR–TASS. 19 March 2014. 3119:Roth, Andrew (15 May 2018). 2762:(in Russian). Archived from 2616:(in Russian). 8 April 1999. 2579:(in Russian). January 1985. 2332:(in Russian). October 2018. 1958:(in Russian). 6 April 2015. 938:Russian annexation of Crimea 728:collapse of the Soviet Union 6988:Transport in Krasnodar Krai 6943:Cross-sea bridges in Europe 6376:1998 Constitution of Crimea 6344:1992 constitution of Crimea 6243:2014 Constitution of Crimea 6233:Declaration of Independence 6049:Western High-Speed Diameter 5510:(in Russian). 15 May 2019. 3889:. Al Jazeera. 17 July 2023. 2820:, Kyiv Post (9 August 2010) 1610:The Crimean Bridge at night 1037:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1031:Russian invasion of Ukraine 985:Ukrainian-Russian relations 869:memorandum of understanding 633:Russian invasion of Ukraine 565: 536: 381:December 2019 (rail bridge) 271:Up to 9 m (30 ft) 246:Road bridge: 16.9 km ( 7009: 6963:Railway bridges in Ukraine 6381:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 5845:, The Maritime Executive, 5788:, The Maritime Executive, 4415:"Kittyhawk подняли со дна" 4008:. Reuters. 12 August 2023. 1322:Southern Military District 1114: 1073: 1028: 954:Political status of Crimea 947: 662: 62:The Crimean Bridge in 2019 36: 29: 6958:Railway bridges in Russia 6928:Bridges completed in 2019 6923:Bridges completed in 2018 6774:National Guard of Ukraine 6534:Supreme Council of Crimea 6309:Crimean People's Republic 6163: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6070: 6062: 6053: 6043: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6015: 5297:13 September 2021 at the 4675:. TASS. 25 October 2017. 3929:. Ukrinform. 17 July 2023 3241:. BBC. 27 November 2018. 2947:18 September 2020 at the 1244:Stroygazmontazh Ltd (SGM) 757:Southern Federal District 554: 525: 510: 502: 498: 444:15 May 2018 (road bridge) 55: 6366:1994 Budapest Memorandum 6324:1945–1991 Crimean Oblast 6283:2014 Simferopol incident 6253:Crimean Federal District 6107:1. Longest bridge built 6055:Russia's longest bridge 6030:Europe's longest bridge 5782:Marex (30 August 2018), 5350: 5316: 5173: 5055: 4881: 4853: 4761: 4699: 4604: 4572: 4540: 4508: 4197: 4134: 3807:AFP (23 February 2023). 3567:South China Morning Post 3473:United Nations Documents 3413:United Nations Documents 3295: 2915: 2897:19 December 2014 at the 2816:23 November 2010 at the 2606: 2569: 2535: 2324: 2236:South China Morning Post 1314:National Guard of Russia 1242:The bridge was built by 1124:unmanned surface vessels 546:[ˈkrɨmskʲijmost] 378:April 2018 (road bridge) 279:227 metres (745 ft) 6973:Road bridges in Ukraine 6764:Ukrainian Ground Forces 6759:Armed Forces of Ukraine 6559:Russian Airborne Troops 6544:Sevastopol City Council 6329:1954 transfer of Crimea 6196:International sanctions 2835:6 February 2011 at the 2472:"The bridge-long dream" 1045:Kremlin Press Secretary 467:Kerch Strait ferry line 289:35 metres (115 ft) 6968:Road bridges in Russia 6822:Valentyn Nalyvaichenko 6795:Lead figures (Ukraine) 6334:1991–1992 Crimean ASSR 6314:1921–1945 Crimean ASSR 6191:List of military units 6186:International reaction 3651:. The Kyiv Independent 2476:intersectionproject.eu 2416:Inside the Third Reich 1757: mi) (road) long. 1588:Part of a large Greek 1535: 1498: 1340: 1286:Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk 1277: 1172: 1160: 1152: 1070:October 2022 explosion 980: 963: 859:and Russian President 6846:Lead figures (Crimea) 6674:Vladimir Konstantinov 6662:Lead figures (Crimea) 6601:Lead figures (Russia) 6406:Revolution of Dignity 6396:2012 law on languages 6371:1997 Partition Treaty 6046:South overpass of the 2505:"Макропроект в Крыму" 1574:Kerch Strait incident 1532:Kerch Strait incident 1529: 1493: 1338: 1275: 1178:The bridge spans the 1166: 1158: 1150: 1086:Vladimir Konstantinov 1029:Further information: 978: 961: 637:an explosion occurred 6731:Yatsenyuk government 6549:Russian Armed Forces 6401:2013–2014 Euromaidan 6258:Environmental impact 6099:Notes and references 6024:Vasco da Gama Bridge 5909:, 25 November 2018, 5879:. 27 November 2018. 5063:. 12 November 2018. 4642:The Ukrainian Weekly 4391:. 7 September 2015. 3599:The Kyiv Independent 3475:. 13 December 2019. 3445:. 17 December 2018. 3359:. 2 September 2016. 2702:. 17 November 2006. 2445:kerch.rusarchives.ru 2050:"Крыму начало везти" 1486:On Crimea and Russia 1481:Operation and impact 1307:Kerch–Yenikale Canal 1288:) from the World War 1060:Aspen Security Forum 892:The shelving of the 722:was set up instead. 665:Kerch railway bridge 659:Kerch railway bridge 599:annexation of Crimea 462:Kerch railway bridge 308:Rail characteristics 196:Government of Russia 151:Kerch–Yenikale Canal 32:Kerch railway bridge 6983:Transport in Crimea 6802:Oleksandr Turchynov 6679:Natalia Poklonskaya 6167:Russo-Ukrainian War 5813:. 14 January 2021. 5305:, 23 December 2019. 5207:. 8 November 2019. 4142:. 8 November 2014. 3415:. 23 January 2019. 3275:on 20 December 2019 3215:. 30 January 2015. 2115:on 19 December 2019 2085:. 6 November 2019. 1111:July 2023 explosion 1098:Federal Road Agency 1064:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 1058:In a speech to the 950:Russo-Ukrainian War 930:governmental decree 854:Ukrainian President 571:Kerch Strait Bridge 91:45.3086°N 36.5061°E 87: / 6684:Rustam Temirgaliev 6653:Rustam Minnikhanov 6432:Simferopol Airport 6238:Republic of Crimea 6115:Russia depends on 5971:The New York Times 5755:, Bloomberg L.P., 5721:The Globe and Mail 5663:. 11 August 2022. 5633:. 13 August 2019. 5601:Interfax-Russia.ru 5573:. 13 August 2018. 5508:Interfax-Russia.ru 5009:, 4 October 2018, 4987:, 4 October 2018, 4940:, 4 October 2018, 4929:– via UAWire 4917:, 5 October 2018, 4887:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 4797:Interfax-Russia.ru 4767:Interfax-Russia.ru 4610:RIA Novosti Crimea 4336:, Atlantic Council 4170:transportrussia.ru 4140:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 3089:The New York Times 2904:(14 February 2014) 2843:(26 November 2010) 2766:on 7 December 2019 2576:Tekhnika Molodezhi 1566:The Globe and Mail 1561:deadweight tonnage 1536: 1503:Kerch Strait ferry 1499: 1374:diesel locomotives 1341: 1278: 1173: 1161: 1153: 1130:August 2023 attack 981: 964: 589:in Russia and the 364:Construction start 159:Tuzla Spit remains 6890: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6853:Mustafa Dzhemilev 6807:Arseniy Yatsenyuk 6712: 6711: 6391:2010 Kharkiv Pact 6299:History of Crimea 6124: 6123: 6120: 6101: 6036:Succeeded by 5936:, 22 March 2017, 5541:Российская газета 5235:Российская газета 4548:. 10 March 2016. 4312:, Engineering.com 4072:Stolyarov, Gleb. 3766:. 14 October 2022 2670:Украинская правда 2423:, Chapter 19, p. 2300:. 13 April 2016. 1876:. 10 March 2016. 1683:Explanatory notes 1336: 1312:In October 2017, 1273: 1082:oil tanker wagons 992:Russian President 976: 857:Viktor Yanukovych 850: 849: 846: 677:Organisation Todt 642:another explosion 563: 534: 514: 513: 389:Construction cost 212:box girder bridge 16:(Redirected from 7000: 6721: 6694:Sergei Yeliseyev 6689:Denis Berezovsky 6648:Oleg Belaventsev 6633:Valery Gerasimov 6623:Vladislav Surkov 6592:Ukrainian Choice 6564:Little green men 6524: 6248:Political status 6150: 6143: 6136: 6127: 6106: 6097: 6080:Preceded by 6063:Preceded by 6044:Preceded by 6021:Preceded by 6013: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5950: 5949: 5948:– via TASS 5947: 5945: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5779: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5448:РИА Новости Крым 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5312: 5306: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5021: 5020: 5018: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4977: 4976:– via TASS 4975: 4973: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4303: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4026:. 17 August 2023 4016: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3983:. 12 August 2023 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. 16 June 2022. 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3570:. 17 June 2022. 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3329:. 12 June 2018. 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2961: 2955: 2952:The Moscow Times 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2911: 2905: 2889: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2827: 2821: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2478:. Archived from 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2437: 2428: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2228: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2174:РИА Новости Крым 2166: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2013: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1986:РИА Новости Крым 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1936:on 7 August 2020 1932:. Archived from 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1906:. 30 June 2015. 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1854:on 7 August 2020 1850:. Archived from 1844: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1794:Ulyanovsk Oblast 1790:President Bridge 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1674: 1662: 1646: 1634: 1619: 1607: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1337: 1291: 1274: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1105:Marat Khusnullin 1003:Arkady Rotenberg 977: 903:Russian Highways 888: 887: 883: 880: 843: 837: 832: 830: 829: 823: 821: 813: 811: 803: 802: 800: 762: 713:Soviet proposals 704: 703: 699: 696: 614:Arkady Rotenberg 568: 558: 556: 548: 543: 539: 529: 527: 429: 427: 421: 419: 410: 408: 372:Construction end 354: 315: 296: 259: 258: 254: 251: 242: 241: 237: 234: 126: 125: 117: 116: 102: 101: 99: 98: 97: 96:45.3086; 36.5061 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 60: 46: 21: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6882: 6873:Serhiy Kunitsyn 6841: 6832:Mykhailo Kutsyn 6790: 6708: 6669:Sergey Aksyonov 6657: 6643:Aleksandr Vitko 6613:Dmitry Medvedev 6596: 6554:Black Sea Fleet 6515: 6415: 6287: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6091: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6003: 5998: 5989: 5987: 5963: 5959: 5957:Further reading 5954: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5907:The Irish Times 5901: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5760: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5299:Wayback Machine 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4829:. 15 May 2018. 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4740: 4738: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4652: 4650: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4242:. 19 May 2014. 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4114: 4112: 4103:Hodge, Nathan. 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3505:. 16 May 2018. 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 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2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2268:. 15 May 2018. 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199:Hodge, Nathan. 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2143:. 15 May 2018. 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2063: 2061: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1988:. 22 May 2017. 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1816:Russian-annexed 1814: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1626: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1599: 1586: 1524: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1327: 1299:Taman Peninsula 1289: 1266: 1264: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1192:Kerch Peninsula 1184:Taman Peninsula 1180:Strait of Kerch 1145: 1132: 1119: 1113: 1078: 1072: 1033: 1027: 966: 956: 946: 926:Dmitry Medvedev 885: 881: 878: 876: 861:Dmitry Medvedev 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 825: 824: 819: 817: 816: 814: 809: 807: 806: 804: 798: 796: 795: 794: 792: 791: 789: 788: 786: 785: 783: 782: 780: 779: 777: 776: 774: 773: 771: 770: 736: 715: 701: 697: 694: 692: 667: 661: 656: 651: 618:Stroygazmontazh 591:Kerch Peninsula 583:Taman Peninsula 569:), also called 541: 506: 505: 471: 450: 433: 425: 423: 417: 415: 406: 404: 384: 358:Stroygazmontazh 352: 285:Clearance below 263: 256: 252: 249: 247: 239: 235: 232: 230: 202:Characteristics 138: 123: 114: 95: 93: 89: 86: 81: 78: 76: 74: 73: 63: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7006: 7004: 6996: 6995: 6993:Crimean Bridge 6990: 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summit 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6083:Yuribey Bridge 6081: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6066:Øresund Bridge 6064: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6002: 6001:External links 5999: 5997: 5996: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5923: 5894: 5859: 5828: 5802: 5769: 5738: 5703: 5673: 5648: 5618: 5588: 5569:(in Russian). 5558: 5525: 5495: 5480:(in Russian). 5465: 5435: 5420:(in Russian). 5405: 5375: 5341: 5307: 5282: 5252: 5222: 5192: 5164: 5134: 5108: 5078: 5046: 4904: 4872: 4844: 4814: 4784: 4752: 4718: 4690: 4664: 4627: 4595: 4580:(in Russian). 4563: 4531: 4499: 4468: 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