Crisis theory - Knowledge

3912:"Where Marx differs from Keynes is precisely on the question of the falling rate of profit. It is not the propensity to consume or subjective expectations about future profitability that is crucial for Marx. It is the rate of exploitation and the social productivity of labour that are the key considerations and these in relation to the existing capital stock. While for Keynes the low marginal productivity of capital has its cause in an over-abundance of capital in relation to profit expectations, and therefore to a 'potential' over-production of commodities (the capitalist will not invest). For Marx the overproduction of capital is only relative to the social productivity of labour and the existing exploitation conditions. It represents an insufficient mass of surplus-value in relation to total capital. So that for Marx the crisis is, and can only be, resolved by expanding profitable production and accumulation, while for Keynes, it can supposedly be remedied by increasing 'effective demand' and this allows for government induced-production." Yaffe noted in 1972 that "... passages in Volume III referring to the underconsumption of the masses in no way can be interpreted as an underconsumptionist theory of crisis. The citation usually given in support of an 804:. This work rejects the various theories elaborated by "Marxian" academics. In particular it explains that the collapse in profits following a boom and crisis is not the result of any long term tendency but is rather a cyclical phenomenon. The recovery following a depression is based on replacement of labor-intensive techniques that have become uneconomic at the low prices and profit margins following the crash. This new investment in less labor-intensive technology takes market share from competitors by producing at lower cost while also lowering the average rate of profit and thus explains the actual mechanism for both economic growth with improved technology and a long run tendency for the rate of profit to fall. The recovery eventually leads to another boom because the lag for gestation of fixed capital investment results in prices that continue such investment until eventually the completed projects deliver overproduction and a crash. 820:"In Marx's system, as in Mill's the falling rate of profit is a long-run tendency precisely because of the "counteracting influences at work which thwart and annul the effects of this general law, leaving to it merely the character of a tendency." These counteracting forces are as follows: (1) An increase in the intensity of exploitation (via intensification of labor or the extension of the working day); (2) Depression of wages below their value ... ; (3) Cheapening of the elements of constant capital (via increased productivity); (4) Relative overproduction (which keeps many workers employed in relatively backward industries, such as luxury goods, where the organic composition of capital is low); (5) Foreign trade (which offers cheaper commodities and more profitable channels of investment); and (6) The increase of "stock capital" (interest bearing capital, whose low rate of return is not averaged with others). 781:, is described by Marx as a "two-faced law with the same causes for a decrease in the rate of profits and a simultaneous increase of the mass of profits". "In short, the same development of the social productivity of labour expresses itself in the course of capitalist development on the one hand in a tendency to a progressive fall of the rate of profit, and on the other hand in a progressive increase of the absolute mass of the appropriated surplus value, or profit; so that on the whole a relative decrease of variable capital and profit is accompanied by an absolute increase of both." 3076:'s re-presentation of both the central importance of the theory for Marx and the working out of its elements in a partially mathematical form was published in 1929. Central to the argument is the claim that, within a given business cycle, the accumulation of surplus from year to year leads to a kind of top-heaviness, in which a relatively fixed number of workers have to add profit to an ever-larger lump of investment capital. This observation leads to what is known as Marx's law of the 2938: 4012:

of the masses is a necessary condition of all forms of society based on exploitation, consequently also of the capitalist form; but it is the capitalist form of production which first gives rise to crises. The underconsumption of the masses is therefore also a prerequisite condition for crises, and plays in them a role which has long been recognised. But it tells us just as little why crises exist today as why they did not exist before"

853: 3080:. Unless certain countervailing possibilities are available, the growth of capital out-paces the growth of labour, so the profits of economic activity have to be shared out more thinly among capitals, i.e., at a lower profit rate. When countervailing tendencies are unavailable or exhausted, the system requires the destruction of capital values in order to return to profitability. Hence creating the underlying preconditions for 2962: 3179: 66: 702: 2950: 4011:

theory. On which Engels comments "the underconsumption of the masses, the restriction of the consumption of the masses to what is necessary for their maintenance and reproduction, is not a new phenomenon. It has existed as long as there have been exploiting and exploited classes. The underconsumption

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in 1929 who later most successfully rescued Marx's theoretical presentation ... 'he was the first Marxist to systematically explore the tendency for the organic composition of capital to rise and hence for the rate of profit to fall as a fundamental feature of Marx's explanation of economic crises in

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provided the first suggestions of the systemic roots of Crisis. "The distinctive feature of Sismondi's analysis is that it is geared to an explicit dynamic model in the modern sense of this phrase ... Sismondi's great merit is that he used, systematically and explicitly, a schema of periods, that is,

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Rick Kuhn 'Economic Crisis and Socialist Revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, Its First Critics and His Responses', originally published in Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg (eds) Neoliberalism in Crisis, Accumulation, and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy Elsevier Jai, Amsterdam Research in

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is Marx's statement that "The last cause of all real crises always remains the poverty and restricted consumption of the masses as compared to the tendency of capitalist production to develop the productive forces in such a way, that only the absolute power of consumption of the entire society would

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Crisis theory is central to Marx's writings; it helps underpin Marxists' understanding of a need for systemic change. It is controversial; Roman Rosdolsky said "The assertion that Marx did not propose a 'breakdown theory' is primarily attributable to the revisionist interpretation of Marx before and

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Keynes, J.M. p136:'It is important to understand the dependence of the marginal efficiency of a given stock of capital on changes in expectations because it is chiefly this dependence which renders the marginal efficiency of capital subject to somewhat violent fluctuations which are the explanation

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David Yaffe, in his application of the theory in the conditions of the end of the Post War Boom in the early 1970s, made an influential link to the expanding role of the state's interventions into economic relations as a politically critical element in attempts by capital to counteract the tendency

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Thus, according to this theory, the degree of "tuning" necessary for intervention in otherwise "perfect" market mechanisms will become more and more extreme as the time in which the capitalist order is a progressive factor in the development of productive forces recedes further and further into the

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There are several elements in Marx's presentation which attest to his familiarity with Mill's formulations, notably Mill's treatment of what Marx would subsequently call counteracting tendencies: destruction of capital through commercial revulsions §5, improvements in production §6, importation of

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observed that "Marx concludes by saying that the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is in every respect the most important law of modern political economy ... despite its simplicity, it has never before been grasped and even less consciously articulated ... It is from the historical

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Marx's crisis theory, embodied in " ... the law of profitability did not appear until the publication of Volume Three in 1894. Grundrisse was not available to anybody until well into the 20th Century ... " and therefore was only partially understood even among leading Marxists at the beginning of

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rendered inestimable theoretical services by insisting, as against the revisionists, on the breakdown theory." More recently David Yaffe 1972,1978 and Tony Allen et al. 1978,1981 in using the theory to explain the conditions at the end of the post-war boom of the 1970s and 1980s re-introduced the

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ends by noting "... my use of the term "theory of crisis" is not limited to the theory of economic crisis. This term naturally also encompasses the study of the necessity of imperialist world war as the explosion of the contradictions peculiar to modern capitalism. Imperialist world war itself is

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to both explain the phenomenon and to argue that Marx's strong statements of its 'lawlike' fundamental character under capitalism have been overcome in practice, in theory or both. As a result, there have been persistent challenges to this aspect of Marx's theoretical achievement and reputation.

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There is a long history of interpreting crisis theory, rather as a theory of cycles than of crisis. An example in 2013 by Peter D. Thomas and Geert Reuten, "Crisis and the Rate of Profit in Marx's Laboratory" suggests controversially that even Marx's own critical analysis can be claimed to have

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Lucia Pradella .160 notes 'To be published in MEGA IV/14 (Krätke 2008b: 170–4). In the first book, '1857: France' , Marx, collected excerpts from newspapers on the crisis in France, Italy and Spain. In the second book, 'Book of the Crisis of 1857' , he gathered information on the British money

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Again, like Mill, Marx indicates the post-crisis waste of capital which restores profitability, but this is not mentioned specifically as a counter-tendency until the cyclical nature of the system is demonstrated. On the other hand, Mill does not refer to depression of wages below their value,

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both subsequently drew attention to both Sismondi's work on the nature of capitalism, and as a reference point for Karl Marx. Grossman in particular pointed out how Sismondi had contributed to the development of a series of Marx's concepts including crises as a necessary feature of capitalism,

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particularly in the section 'Marxist theories of crisis' (p. 38 et seq) where it appears that Mandel says more about the theoretical confusion on this question at that time, even among thoughtful and influential Marxists, than offering an excursus or introduction to Marx's crisis theory.

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Marx and Keynesians approach and apply the concept of economic crisis in distinct and opposite ways. The Keynesian approach attempts to stay strictly within the economic sphere and describes 'boom' and 'bust' cycles that balance out. Marx observed and theorised economic crisis as necessarily

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relative overpopulation, or the increase in "stock capital". But on the most important counter-tendencies, that is, the effects of increasing productivity at home in cheapening commodities and of foreign trade in providing both cheaper goods and greater profits, Marx and Mill are in accord."

3033:, etc., do not alone determine the revolutionary upsurge. A common example is the contrast of the oppression of the working classes in France in centuries prior to 1789 which although greater did not lead to social revolution as it did once the complete correlation of forces appeared. 5392:

Pluto, new full english translation: Jairus Banaji : Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 3: The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, Being Also a Theory of Crises: Edited and introduced Rick Kuhn (Historical Materialism Book Series) Brill 2021, Haymarket

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to the seminar on the theory of reproduction at the Institute of Red Professors of the Communist Academy. This work explains the connection between crises and regular business cycles based on the cyclical dynamic disequilibrium of the reproduction schemes in volume 2 of

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Following the extensive setbacks to independent working class politics, the widespread destruction both of people, property and capital value, the 1930s and '40s saw attempts to reformulate Marx's analysis with less revolutionary consequences, for example in

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has made major new contributions with a thorough and trenchant philosophical and logical defence of the consistency of the theory in Marx's work, against a number of the criticisms proposed against important aspects of Marx's theory since the seventies.

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arising from its contradictions between forces and relations of production, use and exchange value, production and consumption, capital and wage labor. His "inkling ... that the bourgeois forms are only transitory" was also distinctive.

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Peter D. Thomas and Geert Reuten, "Crisis and the Rate of Profit in Marx's Laboratory" p311-328 in 'In Marx’s Laboratory. Critical Interpretations of the Grundrisse' Riccardo Bellofiore, Guido Starosta and Peter D. Thomas eds Brill, (

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be their limit." The above passage contains within it no more than a description or a restatement of the capitalist relations of production. Marx called it a tautology to explain the crisis by lack of effective consumption ..."

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J. C. L. Sismonde de Sismondi 'New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation to Population Trans. Richard Hyse 1991 Transaction Publishers, Rutgers - The State University, New Brunswick, New

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have also been propounded as attempts to explain through exogenous factors, why the tendency might not become apparently manifest in periods of capital accumulation, under various historical circumstances.

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standpoint the most important law." A key characteristic of these theoretical factors is that none of them are natural or accidental in origin but instead arise from systemic elements of capitalism as a

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had written a short history of the crises in the 19th Century in 1892, attempting to present, popularise and defend Marx's theory of crisis in lectures delivered in 1893 and 1894 and published in 1896.

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market, and the trends in German and Austrian stock markets. The third, 'The Book of the Commercial Crisis' , is devoted to the commercial crisis in Britain, the US, China, India, Egypt and Australia.'

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Rosa Luxemburg lectured on the 'History of Theories of Economic Crises' at the SPD's Party School in Berlin (possibly in 1911, since the typescript includes a reference to statistics from 1911).

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provide a valuable review of the empirical analyses that support and defend the thesis, with contributions from authors in the UK, Greece, Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Australia and Japan.

5287: 442: 914: 4558:, Opie, Redvers (1983) . The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. 435: 677:

theory, that such crises will repeat until objective and subjective factors combine to precipitate a resolution of the underlying class struggle in a social transition to the new

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has provided an important exploration of the 'fictitious capital' or 'Finance Capital' aspects of the theory in a review of both historical and contemporary empirical research.

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was also in 1929 drawing attention to the decisive importance of Crisis theory in Marx's writings, and made the explicit connection between Crisis theory and the

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It is a tenet of many Marxist groupings that crises are inevitable and will be increasingly severe until the contradictions inherent in the mismatch between the

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that he was the first to practice the particular method of dynamics that is called period analysis". Marx praised and built on Sismondi's theoretical insights.

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In 1929 the Communist Academy in Moscow published "The Capitalist Cycle: An Essay on the Marxist Theory of the Cycle", a 1927 report by Bolshevik theoretician

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Guglielmo Carchedi & Michael Roberts eds. World in Crisis: A Global Analysis of Marx's Law of Profitability Haymarket Books, Chicago, Illinois p.vii

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the twentieth-century. His notes, 'Books of Crisis' remain unpublished and have seldom been referred to. A relatively small group including

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and his presentation of Marx's crisis theory as a prefiguration of aspects of what Schumpeter, and others, championed as merely a theory of

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Shoul, Bernice (1965) 'Similarities in the work of John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx', Science & Society, 29 (3), Summer, pp. 270-295.

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http://monthlyreview.org/2013/04/01/crisis-theory-the-law-of-the-tendency-of-the-profit-rate-to-fall-and-marxs-studies-in-the-1870s/

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1924. In the late 1920s and early 30s, Max Beer worked at the Institut fur Sozialforschung and was a friend of Henryk Grossman.

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Bernice Shoul 'Similarities in the Work of John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx' in Science and Society 29 (3) Summer 1965 pp 270-295

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Rick Kuhn Economic Crisis and Socialist Revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, Its First Critics and His Responses

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considered his crisis theory to be his most substantial theoretical achievement. He presents it in its most developed form as

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first published in August 1936 issue of 'Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Research'. Translated by Michael Schauerte

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Lucia Pradella 'Globalisation and the Critique of Political Economy: New Insights from Marx's writings'Routledge p126, 160n3

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Sep. 1930 issue of the Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Research, (Vol. VII, No. 2) Translated by Michael Schauerte

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past. But the subjective factors are the explanation for why purely objective factors such as the severity of a crisis, the

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in Christopher Freeman ed. Design, Innovation and Long Cycles in Economic Development 2nd ed. 1984 Frances Pinter, London.

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Marxist crisis theory to 1932 and to the present: reflections on Henryk Grossman's 'Fifty years of struggle over Marxism'

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A survey of the competing theories of crisis in the different strands of political economy and economics was provided by

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Did Marx Have Second Thoughts about the Law of the Falling Rate of Profit? An Archival Rejection of Heinrich’s Arguments

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Sep. 1929 issue of Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Research, (vol. VI, no. 1) Translated by Michael Schauerte

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Kliman, Andrew The Great Recession and Marx's Crisis Theory. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 74: 236–277.

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Kliman, Andrew The Great Recession and Marx's Crisis Theory. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 74: p.241.

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Economic Crisis and Socialist Revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, Its First Critics and His Responses

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Economic Crisis and Socialist Revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, Its First Critics and His Responses

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Did Engels’ editing of Capital, Volume 3 distort Marx’s analysis of the ‘tendency of the rate of profit to fall’?

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Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, University of Toronto Press

3976: 3469: 3274: 1506: 1119: 1079: 1009: 994: 294: 35: 5048: 5912: 5806: 5737: 4501: 4016: 3324: 3150: 3094:(published by Merlin Press in 1981) is an accessible introduction and discussion derived from Grossman's work. 2978: 2708: 1069: 989: 939: 626: 5861: 5852: 3145:, unadulterated capitalism and state guidance and partial control of economic activity, such as in the French 641:

There have been attempts particularly in periods of capitalist growth and expansion, most notably in the long

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paper to Society of Heterodox Economists Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2–3 December 2013

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Shaikh, Anwar An introduction to the History of Crisis Theories in U.S. Capitalism in Crisis, URPE, New York

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Finance Capital Today: Corporations and Banks in the Lasting Global Slump, Haymarket Books, Chicago, IL 2017

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theory to a new generation and gained new readers for Grossman's 1929 presentation of Marx's Crisis theory.

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Labour Super-Exploitation, Unequal Exchange and Capital Reproduction: Writings on Marxist Dependency Theory

4934:(Peter Hudis ed.) 'The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg: Volume I: Economic Writings 1', Verso (p.461–484) 4000: 3825: 3805: 3493: 3439: 3329: 3239: 2801: 2125: 1531: 1463: 1453: 1441: 1373: 709: 674: 369: 186: 4890:(Peter Hudis ed.) 'The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg: Volume I: Economic Writings 1, Verso (p.461–484) 4532: 364: 5755:

in 'Transitions in Latin America and in Poland and Syria: Research in Political Economy', Vol 24 281-294

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Marx, Karl Capital Volume II, p410-1. See also Capital Volume III p239 where the same point is made.

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developing out of the contradictions arising from the dynamics of capitalist production relations.

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Jonas Zoninsein 'Monopoly Capital Theory: Hilferding and Twentieth-Century Capitalism' Greenwood

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by the victors of capitalist market competition, all involve a general tendency for the degree of

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combined with a discussion of various counter tendencies, which may slow or modify its impact."

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Rick Kuhn 'Henryk Grossman on Imperialism' paper for Historical Materialism Conference 2006

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Reclaiming "Marx's 'Capital': A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency, Lexington, Lanham

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Finance Capital Today: Corporations and Banks in the Lasting Global Slump Haymarket Books

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Capitalist Crisis Theory and Practice: A Marxist Analysis of the Great Recession 2007–11

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Current specialist blog and discussion with resources by Sam Williams from January 2009

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Globalisation and the Critique of Political Economy: New insights from Marx's writings

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attempted to defend the revolutionary implications of the theory, while others, first

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The Failure of Capitalist Production: Underlying Causes of the Great Recession, Pluto

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Bernice Shoul 'Similarities in the Work of John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx' p.288-289

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also asserted the centrality of Marx's crisis theory in his pedagogic contributions

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Division of Profit into Interest and Profit of Enterprise. Interest-Bearing Capital

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Simonde de Sismondi and His Economic Theories (A New Interpretation of His Thought)

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A Guide to the Study of Marx: An Introductory Course for Classes and Study Circles

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A Guide to the Study of Marx: An Introductory Course for Classes and Study Circles

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The Economics of Socialism: Being a series of seven Lectures on Political Economy

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argue that a "crisis" may refer to an especially sharp bust cycle of the regular

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The concept of periodic crises within capitalism dates back to the works of the

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Rick Kuhn 'Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism' University of Illinois

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The Failure of Capitalist Production: Underlying Causes of the Great Recession

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Edited & introduced by Fred Moseley Translated Ben Fowkes, Haymarket 2017

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Capitalism's Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx

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Capitalism's Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx

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https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/yaffed/1972/mtccs/mtccs4.htm

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Joseph A. Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy, Routledge, London

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Capitalism's Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx

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Capitalism's Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx

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Audio Recording of Francois Chesnais's presentation published in the above

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first published in 'Research in Political Economy', Vol 5(5): 189–261, 1982

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Frances Pinter, London), discussed the continuing relevance of the theory.

5811:, Bulletin of the Conference of Socialist Economists, Winter 1972, pp 5–58 4380: 4365: 4155:

Isaac Illyich Rubin 'Sismondi as a Critic of Capitalism', Chapter 37 in

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The law of the falling rate of profit, the unexpected consequence of the

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Introduced by Ernest Mandel. Translated by David Fernbach, Penguin Books

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Cliff Bowman's video introduction to 'Marx's Theory of Economic Crisis'

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Reclaiming "Marx's 'Capital': A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency

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either by sudden collapse in a final crisis, or gradual erosion of the

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trans: Edward Michael Schauerte Historical Materialism, Brill: Chicago

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Finance Capital. A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development

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Other explanations have been formulated, and much debated, including:

1595: 5889:, Cranfield University, School of Management, posted to YouTube 2009 5422:

Ed. Rick Kuhn Trans. Birchall, Kuhn, O'Callaghan. Haymarket, Chicago

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cheap necessaries and instruments §7, and emigration of capital §8.

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The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg: Volume I: Economic Writings 1

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Neoliberalism in Crisis, Accumulation, and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy

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Similarities (and differences) in the work of J. S. Mill & Marx

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Guglielmo Carchedi and Michael Roberts in their edited collection

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Marx 200 - a review of Marx's economics 200 years after his birth

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World in Crisis: A Global Analysis of Marx's Law of Profitability

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Marx 200 - a review of Marx's economics 200 years after his birth

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Marx 200 - a review of Marx's economics 200 years after his birth

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and find new ways to make the working class pay for the crisis.

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https://www.marxists.org/archive/beer/1924/guide-study-marx.pdf

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reach the final point of failure, determined by the quality of

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The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System

4901:"An Introduction to the Study of Crisis by Kuruma Samezō 1929" 4349:

4th Edition 1909, The Twentieth Century Press p.146 Lecture V

4143:"An Introduction to the Study of Crisis by Kuruma Samezō 1929" 1130:

Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

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Marx, Classical Political Economy and the Problem of Dynamics

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Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men Who Stole The World

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An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

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Design, Innovation and Long Cycles in Economic Development

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Design, Innovation and Long Cycles in Economic Development

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Introduction: Grossman and His Studies of Economic Theory

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The Recession: Capitalist Offensive and the Working Class

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Introduction: Grossman and His Studies of Economic Theory

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orig. in french Warsaw english translation in Grossman

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Introduction: Grossman and His Studies of Economic Theory

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Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I

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in his 'Introduction' to the Penguin edition of Marx's

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A Critique of Crisis Theory From a Marxist perspective

5862:"Economic crisis and the responsibility of socialists" 5327:

World Economy - The Roots of the World Economic Crisis

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Discussion and resources by Sam Williams from Jan 2009

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A Critique of Crisis Theory From a Marxist perspective

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Marx's Theory of Crisis as a Theory of Class Struggle

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Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Volume Three

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Henryk Grossman Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism

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Difference between Marxist economists and Keynesians

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Consequences of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum

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The Marxian Theory of Crisis, Capital and the State

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Engels, Frederick Anti Duhring, Moscow 1969,p340-1.

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Thus, the 808:transitioned from the former toward the latter. 465:, concerning the causes and consequences of the 3045:must be an extension of the theory of crisis." 27:Economic theories regarding cyclical recessions 5885:For a short video presentation of the theory, 5745:in 'U.S. Capitalism in Crisis', URPE, New York 5411:Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932 537:'s theoretical working out of the theory that 5013:Mattick, Paul, Marx & Keynes 1974, Merlin 3889: 2986: 875:The Condition of the Working Class in England 443: 8: 5802:, Australian Left Review, 1(43), 1974, 6-13. 5614:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 5469:The Great Recession and Marx's Crisis Theory 4507:in U.S. Capitalism in Crisis, URPE, New York 870:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 5514:Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism 5430:Commercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century 5289:Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom 4534:Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom 4331:Commercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century 662:is taken, could continue to develop into a 245:Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy 5771:The Marxian Theory of Capitalist Breakdown 3975:has been mathematically formalised by the 3896: 3882: 3155: 2993: 2979: 1567: 1015:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 890:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 831: 519:which forms Chapter III of Book IV of his 450: 436: 40: 5000:Guglielmo Carchedi & Michael Roberts 4422:Political Economy, 21, 2004 pp. 181–221. 3995:and labor effort up, raising the rate of 700: 5646:Marx's Economic Manuscript of 1864–1865 5584:An Inquiry into Marx's Theory of Crisis 4386:The Labour Research Department, London 4247:Marx's Economic Manuscript of 1864–1865 4108: 3167: 1678: 1630: 1570: 1125:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 843: 747:Tendency for the Rate of Profit to Fall 467:tendency for the rate of profit to fall 52: 5712:Michael Roberts|Roberts, Michael 2018 5595:An Overview of Marx's Theory of Crisis 5573:An Introduction to the Study of Crisis 5541:in ISR Issue 56 November–December 2007 4047:Tendency of the rate of profit to fall 3927:tendency of the rate of profit to fall 3914:'underconsumptionist theory of crisis' 3078:tendency of the rate of profit to fall 1801:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 787:Alternative Marxist theories of crises 673:It continues to be argued in terms of 477:, and was further popularised through 5605:In Pursuit of Marx’s Theory of Crisis 5444:, The Twentieth Century Press, London 5140:Glyn, Andrew & Sutcliffe, Robert 4653:'The Making of Marx's 'Capital p.381. 3950:, which would slow down accumulation. 2714:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 1085:Change the World Without Taking Power 598:.' Apparently entirely independently 475:Marxian critique of political economy 7: 5892:2020 Lecture series on Capital Vol3 4531:Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David 1975 5817:The State and the Capitalist Crisis 5319:2nd ed. 1984 Frances Pinter, London 3038:Introduction to the Study of Crisis 1040:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 970:Theses on the Philosophy of History 5871:"Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours" 5306:Haymarket Books, Chicago, Illinois 4812:ibidem Verlag, Hannover, Stuttgart 4369:The Life and Teaching of Karl Marx 3025:, and other "subjective factors". 580:The Life and Teaching of Karl Marx 25: 5799:Marxist Theory of Economic Crisis 5667:Economic Crisis and Crisis Theory 4595:Indian Journal of Social Research 3092:Economic Crisis and Crisis Theory 1060:Time, Labor and Social Domination 250:Time, Labor and Social Domination 5286:Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David 5259:in Capital & Class 1–21 2024 4792:Karl Marx, Capital, III p.272-82 4774:Allen & Unwin 1954 p.652fn18 4184:Allen & Unwin 1954 p.494–496 3177: 3011:development of productive forces 2960: 2948: 2936: 2772:21st-century communist theorists 1110:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 1025:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 945:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 851: 491:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi 64: 5639:Monthly Review Press, New York. 1474:Theory of historical trajectory 1352:Dictatorship of the proletariat 1050:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 950:History and Class Consciousness 905:Critique of the Gotha Programme 522:Principles of Political Economy 5842:by MIA Encyclopedia of Marxism 5753:'s Life As A Marxist Economist 5723:The Making of Marx's 'Capital' 5490:Research in Political Economy 5086:Money-Capital and Real Capital 5069:Money-Capital and Real Capital 4832:Monthly Review Press, New York 4582:. Cordon Company. p. 622. 4579:An American Looks at Karl Marx 3944:organic composition of capital 3335:Socially necessary labour time 3280:Organic composition of capital 1272:Socially necessary labour time 1170:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 1055:The Sublime Object of Ideology 980:A Critique of Soviet Economics 689:and the emerging dominance of 127:Socially necessary labour time 1: 5732:A History of Economic Thought 5492:, 21, 2004 pp. 181–221 5379:The Theory of Economic Crises 4783:Karl Marx, Capital, III p.272 4693:Karl Marx, Capital III, p.261 4612:The Making of Marx's 'Capital 4492:Allen & Unwin 1954 p.1131 4157:A History of Economic Thought 4097:Critique of political economy 3987:. If the capitalists win the 3562:Critique of Political Economy 3230:Critique of political economy 3205:Capitalist mode of production 3102:, in Christopher Freeman ed. 1193:Critique of political economy 400:Critique of political economy 239:Critique of Political Economy 102:Critique of political economy 82:Capitalist mode of production 5780:History of Economic Analysis 5633:The Dialectics of Dependency 5220:History of Economic Analysis 5194:History of Economic Analysis 5129:History of Economic Analysis 5027:History of Economic Analysis 4826:The Dialectics of Dependency 4772:History of Economic Analysis 4684:Karl Marx, Capital III, p258 4632:Allen & Unwin 1954 p.651 4630:History of Economic Analysis 4576:William James Blake (1939). 4490:History of Economic Analysis 4182:History of Economic Analysis 3489:Falling profit-rate tendency 3340:Socialist mode of production 3315:Real prices and ideal prices 3220:Concrete and abstract labuor 1230:Falling profit-rate tendency 1005:The Society of the Spectacle 770:of capitalist production is 197:Falling profit-rate tendency 97:Concrete and abstract labour 5315:in Christopher Freeman ed. 5245:in RCP 7, July 1981, Junius 3841:Schools of economic thought 3776:Real-World Economics Review 3587:The Accumulation of Capital 3350:Simple commodity production 3058:after the First World War. 2704:Capitalism Nature Socialism 1220:Concrete and abstract labor 1105:Capital in the Anthropocene 1030:Social Justice and the City 925:The Accumulation of Capital 5944: 5855:Marx's Crisis Theory Today 5849:Marx's Crisis Theory Today 5313:Marx's Crisis Theory Today 4355:Rent, Interest, and profit 4129:Finance capital and crises 3831:Perspectives on capitalism 3771:New School Economic Review 3579:Economic and Philosophical 3475:Technological unemployment 3100:Marx's Crisis Theory Today 975:Dialectic of Enlightenment 658:development, which, if no 541:posthumously published in 360:New School Economic Review 223:Economic and Philosophical 192:Technological unemployment 29: 5682:Review of David Harvey's 5488:Elsevier Jai, Amsterdam, 5292:RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG 4537:RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG 4026:A variety of theories of 3470:Technological determinism 3017:, the development of the 1120:Literature and Revolution 1080:Late Victorian Holocausts 1010:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 995:The Wretched of the Earth 36:Crisis Theory (Westworld) 5635:Trans. and Introduction 5238:RCP 3, July 1978, Junius 4828:Trans. and Introduction 4017:Post Keynesian economics 3758:International Journal of 3151:Golden Age of Capitalism 1070:The Origin of Capitalism 940:The State and Revolution 766:. In Marx's words, "The 735:and the Swiss economist 5748:Schauerte, E. Michael 5345:Marx's Theory of Crisis 4922:Rosdolsky 1980.382 fn32 4673:Ch. 15 Vol 3 of Capital 4353:& p.180 Lecture VI 4072:List of economic crises 4052:Theories of imperialism 3932:accumulation of capital 3851:Critiques of capitalism 3320:Relations of production 3149:or the policies of the 3007:relations of production 1776:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1419:Relations of production 1302:Base and superstructure 1155:Dialectical materialism 1115:The Revolution Betrayed 935:Terrorism and Communism 930:Philosophical Notebooks 885:The Communist Manifesto 122:Relations of production 5840:"Crisis of Capitalism" 5782:Allen & Unwin 1954 5689:Historical Materialism 5441:Economics of Socialism 5222:Allen & Unwin 1954 5196:Allen & Unwin 1954 5131:Allen & Unwin 1954 5029:Allen & Unwin 1954 4875:Samezō Kuruma (1929) | 4019:debt-crisis theory of 4007:and its corollary the 3826:Neoclassical economics 3806:Evolutionary economics 3600:Capitalist Development 3494:Transformation problem 3481:Temporal single-system 3440:Historical materialism 3330:Reserve army of labour 3300:Primitive accumulation 3250:Labour theory of value 2719:Historical Materialism 1464:Proletarian revolution 1459:Primitive accumulation 1454:Historical determinism 721: 675:historical materialism 370:Historical Materialism 187:Historical materialism 5765:Vintage Books, London 5684:The Limits to Capital 5255:Balomenos, Christos 5248:Balomenos, Christos 5163:"'Seize the Crisis!'" 4556:Schumpeter, Joseph A. 4456:Samezō Kuruma (1929)| 4117:The causes of crises" 4057:Criticisms of Marxism 3560:A Contribution to the 3539:Neo-Marxian economics 3043:theory of imperialism 2955:Philosophy portal 2749:Science & Society 1367:Democratic centralism 1225:Factors of production 1090:Caliban and the Witch 1035:Women, Race and Class 704: 660:countervailing action 654:pattern of "chaotic" 604:theory of imperialism 473:, is associated with 237:A Contribution to the 152:Wertabspaltungskritik 5777:Joseph A. Schumpeter 5561:in Henryk Grossman 5367:(trans. & eds) 5234:Allen, Tony et al. 5217:Joseph A. Schumpeter 5191:Joseph A. Schumpeter 5126:Joseph A. Schumpeter 5024:Joseph A. Schumpeter 4769:Joseph A. Schumpeter 4726:The Capitalist Cycle 4724:Maksakovsky, Pavel 4702:Bernice Shoul p.288 4627:Joseph A. Schumpeter 4487:Joseph A. Schumpeter 4179:Joseph A. Schumpeter 4003:and thus inadequate 3749:Cambridge Journal of 3425:Economic determinism 3305:Rate of exploitation 3295:Prices of production 3137:, which attempts a " 3031:rate of exploitation 2967:Socialism portal 2943:Communism portal 2812:History of communism 2807:Economic determinism 2792:Criticism of Marxism 2782:Creative destruction 1542:Marxism and religion 1262:Scientific socialism 1165:Philosophy of nature 1045:Imagined Communities 910:Dialectics of Nature 616:creative destruction 489:Earlier analysis by 5928:Imperialism studies 5796:Vort-Ronald, Pat, 5729:Rubin, Isaak Illich 5453:, Lexington, Lanham 5061:Capital, Volume III 5039:of the Trade Cycle' 4598:. 1963. p. 75. 4042:Capital, Volume III 4028:Monopoly Capitalism 4009:underconsumptionist 3846:Socialist economics 3811:Classical economics 3786:Science and Society 3581:Manuscripts of 1844 3430:Immiseration thesis 3415:Capital controversy 3275:Monopoly capitalism 3265:Means of production 3255:Law of accumulation 3135:Keynesian economics 3036:Kuruma in his 1929 2699:Capital & Class 1379:False consciousness 1327:Commodity fetishism 1317:Class consciousness 1235:Means of production 1065:The Age of Extremes 985:The Long Revolution 920:What Is to Be Done? 880:The German Ideology 785:Crisis, or cycles? 737:Léonard de Sismondi 544:Capital, Volume III 513:Of the Tendency of 380:Capital & Class 365:Crisis and Critique 325:Hans-Georg Backhaus 305:Claus Peter Ortlieb 225:Manuscripts of 1844 107:Means of production 55:Marxian critique of 5846:Chesnais, François 5820:2nd ed RCG Reprint 5734:, InkLinks, London 5673:2011-09-28 at the 5621:(Peter Hudis ed.) 5565:Haymarket, Chicago 5537:2017-11-06 at the 5334:Chesnais, François 5323:Chesnais, François 5310:Chesnais, François 5296:Guglielmo Carchedi 5243:World in Recession 5178:Heinrich, Michael 5075:paperback edition. 4711:Roberts, Michael 4258:Roberts, Michael 4223:Haymarket, Chicago 4204:Haymarket, Chicago 4159:, InkLinks, London 3781:Rethinking Marxism 3688:Nikolai Kondratiev 3524:Analytical Marxism 3270:Mode of production 3098:'s (1984, chapter 2913:Worker cooperative 2891:Left-wing populism 2817:Left-wing politics 2754:Socialist Register 2744:Rethinking Marxism 1537:Literary criticism 1240:Mode of production 1100:Capitalist Realism 960:The Black Jacobins 757:mode of production 726:Utopian socialists 722: 679:mode of production 635:Capital Volume III 375:Socialist register 112:Mode of production 5918:Marxian economics 5832:Capital, Volume 1 5785:Ticktin, Hillel, 5759:Shaxson, Nicholas 5629:Marini, Ruy Mauro 5339:Chicago, IL, 2017 5282:978-83-934266-0-7 4989:Francois Chesnais 4822:Marini, Ruy Mauro 4351:Industrial Crises 4282:"IISH - Archives" 4121:Rudolf Hilferding 4062:Economic collapse 3940:capital intensity 3906: 3905: 3836:Political economy 3821:Marxist sociology 3760:Political Economy 3668:Antonie Pannekoek 3648:Rudolf Hilferding 3529:Classical Marxism 3455:Overdetermination 3445:Okishio's theorem 3285:Productive forces 3170:Marxian economics 3117:Francois Chesnais 3096:François Chesnais 3003: 3002: 2844:Political ecology 2822:Marxian economics 1761:Council communism 1729: 1728: 1656:Neue Marx-Lektüre 1618:Regulation school 1507:Cultural analysis 1399:Lumpenproletariat 1342:Cultural hegemony 1332:Communist society 1322:Classless society 1257:Productive forces 990:Guerrilla Warfare 863:Theoretical works 797:Pavel Maksakovsky 612:Joseph Schumpeter 565:Rudolf Hilferding 479:Marxist economics 471:capitalist system 460: 459: 410:Marxist sociology 335:Hans-Jürgen Krahl 117:Productive forces 57:political economy 16:(Redirected from 5935: 5768:Shoul, Bernice 5720:Rosdolsky, Roman 5680:Mattick, Paul . 5417:Grossman, Henryk 5407:Grossman, Henryk 5397:Grossman, Henryk 5385:Grossman, Henryk 5375:Grossman, Henryk 5262:Bell, Peter and 5223: 5214: 5208: 5206:Monopoly Capital 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5021: 5015: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4854:. 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Wolff 3633:Friedrich Engels 3592:Monopoly Capital 3534:Orthodox Marxism 3499:Underconsumption 3450:Overaccumulation 3395:Variable capital 3225:Constant capital 3181: 3171: 3156: 3015:their leadership 2995: 2988: 2981: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2918:Workers' council 2739:Race & Class 1646:Frankfurt School 1613:Neo-Gramscianism 1586:Marxism–Leninism 1568: 1512:Cultural Studies 1469:World revolution 1414:Private property 955:Prison Notebooks 855: 832: 697:Causes of crises 561:Eduard Bernstein 539:Frederick Engels 509:John Stuart Mill 452: 445: 438: 424:Socialism portal 275:Friedrich Engels 68: 58: 41: 21: 18:Crisis (Marxian) 5943: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5913:Economic crises 5898: 5897: 5827: 5704:Pradella, Lucia 5700:, Verso, London 5691:16 (4):213-224. 5675:Wayback Machine 5656:Marx and Keynes 5637:Latimer, Amanda 5619:Luxemburg, Rosa 5539:Wayback Machine 5462:, London, Pluto 5361:Day, Richard B. 5357:(1917–1939) NLB 5352:Day, Richard B. 5342:Clarke, Simon 5300:Michael Roberts 5231: 5229:Further reading 5226: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5200: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5079: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5002:World in Crisis 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4830:Latimer, Amanda 4820: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675:". marxists.org 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651:Roman Rosdolsky 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609:Roman Rosdolsky 4607: 4603: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4342: 4338: 4327: 4323: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4214:Henryk Grossman 4212: 4208: 4199:Henryk Grossman 4192: 4188: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4067:Late capitalism 4037: 4001:producer supply 3993:push wages down 3969:employment rate 3957:profit squeeze. 3955:Full employment 3902: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3723:Stephen Resnick 3622: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3606:Finance Capital 3602: 3599: 3583: 3580: 3564: 3561: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3485: 3482: 3465:Kondratiev wave 3409: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3365:Surplus product 3189: 3169: 3132: 3124:World in Crisis 3074:Henryk Grossman 3064:Henryk Grossman 3055: 3021:of the various 2999: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2923: 2922: 2896:Universal class 2787:Conflict theory 2767: 2759: 2758: 2734:New Left Review 2689: 2681: 2680: 1821: 1811: 1810: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1641:Budapest School 1565: 1564:Common variants 1557: 1556: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1444: 1434: 1433: 1337:Critical theory 1297: 1287: 1286: 1267:Surplus product 1195: 1185: 1184: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1000:Reading Capital 865: 830: 814: 790: 752:Roman Rosdolsky 729:Charles Fourier 699: 629:in 1978 and by 591:Henryk Grossman 525:and Chapter V, 502:Henryk Grossman 487: 456: 416: 415: 414: 394: 386: 385: 384: 349: 341: 340: 339: 330:Helmut Reichelt 290:Étienne Balibar 285:Roman Rosdolsky 264: 256: 255: 254: 241: 238: 227: 224: 211: 203: 202: 201: 171: 163: 162: 161: 76: 56: 54: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923:Marxist theory 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5843: 5837: 5826: 5825:External links 5823: 5822: 5821: 5814:Yaffe, David 5812: 5805:Yaffe, David 5803: 5794: 5783: 5774: 5766: 5756: 5751:Kuruma, Samezō 5746: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5695:Norfield, Tony 5692: 5678: 5660: 5649: 5640: 5626: 5616: 5608: 5599: 5591:Kuruma, Samezō 5588: 5580:Kuruma, Samezō 5577: 5569:Kuruma, Samezō 5566: 5553: 5542: 5524: 5508: 5474: 5466:Kliman, Andrew 5463: 5457:Kliman, Andrew 5454: 5448:Kliman, Andrew 5445: 5434: 5423: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5382: 5372: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5320: 5307: 5293: 5284: 5272:Brooks, Mick 5270: 5264:Cleaver, Harry 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5209: 5198: 5183: 5171: 5167:Monthly Review 5155: 5146: 5133: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5077: 5071:p. 484 in the 5053: 5041: 5031: 5016: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4932:Rosa Luxemburg 4924: 4915: 4906: 4892: 4888:Rosa Luxemburg 4880: 4868: 4843: 4834: 4814: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4761: 4752: 4740: 4730: 4717: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4664: 4655: 4643: 4634: 4619: 4601: 4585: 4568: 4548: 4546:Shaikh, Anwar 4539: 4524: 4509: 4494: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4449: 4440: 4414: 4405: 4391: 4373: 4358: 4336: 4333:, London 1892 4329:H.M. Hyndman, 4321: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4273: 4263: 4251: 4238: 4225: 4206: 4186: 4171: 4161: 4148: 4134: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4087:Organic crisis 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4013: 3989:class struggle 3984:Overproduction 3980: 3965:rate of profit 3951: 3948:rate of profit 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3870:Marxism portal 3867: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799:Related topics 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3766:Monthly Review 3763: 3756: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3728:Michał Kalecki 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3643:Rosa Luxemburg 3640: 3638:Vladimir Lenin 3635: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3555: 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2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2766:Related topics 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729:Monthly Review 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:Constellations 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1739:Other variants 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1623:Third-worldist 1620: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1532:Historiography 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449:Class struggle 1445: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404:Metabolic rift 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1180:Marxist ethics 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020:Ways of Seeing 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 861: 860: 857: 856: 848: 847: 841: 840: 829: 826: 813: 810: 789: 783: 772:capital itself 698: 695: 620:business cycle 614:'s concept of 553:Rosa Luxemburg 533:, but without 498:Rosa Luxemburg 486: 483: 458: 457: 455: 454: 447: 440: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 418: 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5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5663:Mattick, Paul 5661: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5652:Mattick, Paul 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5602:Kuruma Samezō 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:0-252-07352-5 5519: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5241:Allen, Tony 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5169:December 2009 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5107:Yaffe, David 5104: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5067:§ II Ch. XXX 5066: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5051:Yaffe, David 5050: 5045: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4956:Andrew Kliman 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944:Andrew Kliman 4940: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4858:on 2014-04-27 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802:Osorio, Jaime 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564:9780878556984 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502:Shaikh, Anwar 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082:Neoliberalism 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997:surplus value 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977:Goodwin model 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942:, i.e., the " 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718:Paul A. Baran 3716: 3714: 3713:David Laibman 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3698:Nobuo Okishio 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678:Andrew Kliman 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3663:Ernest Mandel 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598:The Theory of 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420:Crisis theory 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390:Value product 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3355:Surplus value 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3345:Socialization 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210:Class process 3208: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:laissez-faire 3140: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110:Andrew Kliman 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3082:post-war boom 3079: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3019:consciousness 3016: 3012: 3008: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2874:Revolutionary 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854:Authoritarian 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2656:Moufawad-Paul 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1766:Eurocommunism 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1751:Austromarxism 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1697:Communization 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671:Praxis School 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1429:Working class 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Crisis theory 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 864: 859: 858: 854: 850: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833: 827: 825: 821: 818: 811: 809: 805: 803: 798: 793: 788: 784: 782: 780: 779:profit motive 775: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 753: 749: 748: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 696: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:boom and bust 649: 644: 643:Post-War Boom 639: 636: 632: 631:Ernest Mandel 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 607: 605: 601: 600:Samezō Kuruma 597: 592: 587: 585: 582:1925 and his 581: 577: 572: 571:Henry Hyndman 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 546: 545: 540: 536: 532: 531:David Ricardo 528: 524: 523: 518: 516: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 492: 484: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Crisis theory 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 422: 421: 420: 419: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 390: 389: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 345: 344: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 316: 313: 311: 310:Geoff Pilling 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 280:Paul Lafargue 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 260: 259: 251: 248: 246: 243: 240: 234: 232: 229: 226: 220: 218: 215: 214: 207: 206: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 177:Crisis theory 175: 174: 167: 166: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 132:Socialization 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 72: 71: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 34:episode, see 33: 19: 5874:Noam Chomsky 5858:(audio .mp3) 5854: 5848: 5836:by Karl Marx 5831: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5790: 5779: 5770: 5762: 5749: 5741: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5709:. 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