91:, becoming active consumers. Their individual choices become political movements able to challenge political and economic powers. As a political actor, the consumer âis seen as directly responsible not only for him or herself but also for the worldâ. The phenomenon of political consumerism takes into account social transformations like globalization, the ever-increasing role of the market, and individualization.
187:
131:
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When someone boycotts a product or service, this does not mean that he abstains from consuming at all, but that he may select an alternative product or service. Equally, a choice to "buycott" could be understood as including a rejection or boycott of the non-ethical alternative. This interdependence
66:
One variety of critical consumption is the political use of consumption: consumersâ choice of âproducers and products with the aim of changing ethically or politically objectionable institutional or market practices.â Such choices depend on different factors, such as non-economic issues that concern
254:) are expressions of an individualâs political, ethical, or environmental stance. Both boycotting and buycotting are acts of critical consumption and they are mutually contingent. In fact, if the use-value or utility of a product is important, then it is difficult to view them as separate actions.
146:, sympathizers of the American cause refused to buy English goods, to support the colonists' rebellion. This act of conscious choice is an early example of both critical and political consumption. Traces of these two concepts can be found at the turn of the nineteenth century in the
346:âA âparadox of sustainabilityâ arises because more substantive approaches to sustainability may be too complex to effectively motivate appropriate social responses. Moreover, all human food consumption has some kind of impactâhence there will always be some kind of prioritizationâ.
53:
Often consumer and citizen are considered as different because consumers only show self-interest, whereas citizens denote expanded self-interest. The general idea is that, consumers buy what they wantâor what they have been persuaded to wantâwithin the limits of what they can get.
449:
have forced Nike to raise wage levels, to change its sourcing of soccer balls to avoid child labor, to raise the minimum age of its factory workers abroad, and to insist that all outsourced footwear suppliers adopt US occupational safety and health standards for indoor air
161:
At the end of the century, early forms of political activism in consumption took place in the United States and Europe, like the âDon't Buy Jewishâ boycotts. Organizations were established that asked consumers to join the consumption-related actions as active subjects.
416:, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person. After that episode, boycotters organized a system of carpools, with car owners volunteering their vehicles or themselves driving people to various destinations.
300:
has both a temporal dimension demonstrated by the trade-off between present and future generations, and a justice dimension which considers the different distribution of harm and benefit. Under the term sustainability, notions of sustainable
813:
Micheletti, M. (2004). Why more women? Issues of gender and political consumerism. Politics, Products and
Markets, Exploring Political Consumerism Past and Present. M. Micheletti, A. Follesdal and D. Stolle. New Brunswick, Transaction
283:
A rising type of boycotting is the ad hoc variety. Such initiatives show that critical consumption is really impacting in special occasions, gaining much more visibility than everyday boycotts. An example of this type of event is the
58:, on the other hand, carries duties or responsibilities along with various rights. Since consumers are seen also as citizens they have to behave in a community-oriented, moral and political way, rather than as a self-interested one.
461:
labourers, and fights against child labour, forced overtime, poverty wages, unsafe conditions, harassment of women workers, and intimidation of trade unionists, not only in developing countries, but also in
Britain and the United
431:) negotiating table. In 1981, the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes was adopted. However, political consumerist groups were not satisfied with the Code implementation and reinstated the boycott in 1988.
275:
is a term coined by
Friedman (1996); it refers to âpositive buyingâ that aims to foster corporations that represent values â such as fair trade, environmentalism, or sustainable development â that consumers choose to support.
86:
Political consumerism is a form of political engagement, especially for young generations. In addition, market-based political strategies of young citizens go beyond boycotting and âbuycottingâ; they also participate in
367:
Even though single individuals make decisions and choices, political consumption can also be seen as a mass phenomenon. Consumers depend on their social environment. Consumption is determined by the specific
114:
argued that consumers are becoming increasingly politicized according to boycott and buycott principles. In particular, Scandinavian people seems to be more committed to political consumerism, for example
356:
The idea that every person can be a potential political consumer is not true: ethical products can cost much more than traditional ones and people may not be able to afford such expensive products (e.g.
336:
protocols invite consumers to respect communities and their cultures, workersâ rights, and so on. However consumers use it to impose a particular culture's point of view of what the right standards must
902:
Gamborg, C., &SandĂže, P. (2005a). Applying the notion of sustainabilityâDilemmas and the need for dialogue. In S. Holm & J. Gunning (Eds.), Ethics, Law and
Society (pp. 123â130). Hants: Ashgate.
675:
538:
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423:(1977â84) because of its marketing campaign of breast milk substitute or infant formula in the third world. This boycott mobilized consumers on a global-scale and it brought NestlĂ© to the
705:
Varul, M. Z. and D. Wilson-Kovacs (2008). Fair Trade
Consumerism as an Everyday Ethical Practice - A Comparative Perspective. University of Exeter, Economic and Social Research Council.
763:
Sassatelli, R. and F. Davolio (2010). "Consumption, Pleasure and
Politics: Slow food and the politico- aesthetic problematization of food." Journal of Consumer Culture 10(2): 202-232.
746:
La protesta nei consumi: nuove forme (e luoghi) di partecipazione. Consumi e partecipazione politica. Tra azione individuale e mobilitazione colletiva. S. Tosi. Milano, FrancoAngeli.
364:
People often buy products to express themselves. People who donât care about ethical consumption will keep on buying products they like, not depending on political consumption.
833:
Micheletti, M., Stolle, D., Hooghe, M, (2005) Politics in the
Supermarket: Political consumerism as form of political participation. International Political Science review
676:
Merlucci, A. (1988), ââSocial
Movements and the Democratization of Everyday lifeââ in J. Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State: New European Perspective, London: Verso.
800:
445:, though the company has denied such charges. The brand has been highly damaged by both political consumption activism and the publicity this has received in the media.
793:
Johnston, J., M. Szabo, et al. (2011). "Good food, good people: Understanding the cultural repertoire of ethical eating." Journal of
Consumer Culture 11(3): 293-318.
964:
Bar-Yam, Naomi
Bromberg (1995). "The Nestle Boycott: The Story of the WHO/UNICEF Code for Marketing Breastmilk Substitutes," Mothering (winter): 56-63.
67:
personal and family well-being, and issues of fairness, justice, ethical or political assessment. Forms and tools of political use of consumption are
953:
921:
Thompson, P. B. (2007). Agricultural sustainability: What it is and what it is not. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 51, 5â16.
843:
688:
823:
Petersson, Olof, Hermansson, J6rgen, Micheletti, Michele, Teorell, Jan and Westholm, Anders (1998). Demokrati och medborgarskap.Stockholm: SNS.
801:
Johnston, J. (2008). "The citizen-consumer hybrid: ideological tensions and the case of Whole Foods Market." Theory and Society 37(3): 229-270.
752:
572:
Spaargaren, G. (2003) âSustainable consumption: A theoretical and environmental policy perspectiveâ, Society and Natural Resources 16: 687/701.
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Locke, Richard M. (2003). "The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The Case of Nike", MIT IPC Working Paper 02-008. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
729:
548:
208:
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Johnston, J. and S. Baumann (2009) Tension in the Kitchen. Explicit and Implicit Politics in the Gourmet Foodscape. Sociologica Volume, DOI:
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refers to abstaining from buyingâavoiding specific products or brands to punish companies for undesirable policies or business practices.
234:
911:
Gamborg, C., &SandĂže, P. (2005b). Sustainability in farm animal breeding. A review. Animal Production Science, 92(3), 221â231.
775:
Chessel, M.-E. and F. Cochoy (2004). "Marché et politique. Autour de la consommation engagée " Sciences de la société(62): 3-14.
657:
732:, Eds. (2006). Politisierter Konsum - konsumierte Politik. Soziologie der Politik. Wiesbaden, VS Verlag fĂŒr Sozialwissenschaft.
622:
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Shaw, D. and T. Newholm (2002). "Voluntary Simplicity and the Ethics of Consumption." Psychology and Marketing 19(2): 167-185.
920:
212:
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Baringhorst, S., V. Kneip, et al., Eds. (2007). Politik mit dem Einkaufswagen. MedienumbrĂŒche. Bielefeld, transcript Verlag.
954:
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press
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It requires a huge production of green and ethical products, but is difficult to realize in small-scale local production.
1007:
759:, Ed. (2006). Consumi e partecipazione politica. Tra azione individuale e mobilitazione collettiva. Milano, FrancoAngeli
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It is difficult to assess whether political consumerism is a meaningful or effective form of political participation.
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People live in an asymmetrical world in terms of information. They take decisions just with the use of few elements.
38:
Analysis of critical consumption uses different terms to refer to boycotting and buycotting actions. These include
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Sandling, J.A. (2004), Consumerism, Consumption and a Critical Consumer Education for Adults, Wiley Periodicals
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is the conscious choice to buy or not buy a product because of ethical and political beliefs. The critical
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A variety of discourses about the âdutyâ and âresponsibilitiesâ of social actors arose after the 1999
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Sassatelli, R. (2006) Virtue, Responsibility and Consumer Choice. Framing Critical Consumerism, 219
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There are also several examples of culture consumption association. One of the best known is the â
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Harrison, R., T. Newholm, et al. (2005). The ethical consumer. London ; Thousand Oaks, Sage.
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31:, social, and political effects of their choices. The critical consumer sympathizes with certain
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Sassatelli, R. (2006) "Virtue, Responsibility and Consumer Choice. Framing Critical Consumerism"
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The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of
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increased his average of boycotting episodes from 15 percent in 1987 to 29 percent in 1997.
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explains the pairing of boycotting and buycotting in much analysis of consumer politics.
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Bellotti, E. and Mora E., (2014) Networks of Practices in Critical Consumption, Sage
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De Certeau, M. (1990). L'invention du quotidien, 1. Arts de faire. Paris, Gallimard.
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considers characteristics of the product and its realization, such as environmental
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Micheletti, M. (2003) Political Virtue and Shopping, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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The pursuit of fair consumption has deep roots in consumption history. During the
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712:, Ed. (2007). Sustainable Consumption, Ecology and Fair Trade. London, Routledge.
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Berry, W. (1989). The pleasures of eating. The Journal of Gastronomy, 5, 125â131.
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457:" movement that is a non-profit organization that fights for the protection of
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and respect of workersâ rights. Critical consumers take responsibility for the
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goals and contributes towards them by modifying their consumption behavior.
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158:â, in which companies that treated their employees fairly were listed.
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has been accused for many years of exploiting child labour to produce
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623:"Micheletti, M., Stolle, D. "Concept of Political Consumerism" in
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627:(2006), Lonnie R. Sherrod (ed.), Westport: Greenwood Publishing"
781:(2009). La consommation engagée. Paris, Presses de Sciences Po.
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Harrison, Rob; Newholm, Terry; Shaw, Deirdre (15 March 2005).
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857:"CRITICAL CONSUMPTION: Boycotting and buycotting in Europe"
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and United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (
593:"Eating Right Here: Moving from Consumer to Food Citizen"
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Among the criticisms of critical consumerism are these:
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was an important example of boycotting against England
658:"Klein, N. (2000), No Logo, Knopf Canada: Picador"
385:These are some examples of critical consumerism:
351:Criticism related to political use of consumption
412:. The campaign started on December 5, 1955 when
625:Youth Activism - An International Encyclopedia
372:the consumer belongs to, which determines his
321:, and climate responsibilities are gathered.
264:demonstration in San Francisco, November 2000
8:
408:on the public transit system of Montgomery,
173:. People were told that to shop is to vote.
215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
892:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
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213:adding citations to reliable sources
50:, which is more linked with policy.
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591:Wilkins, Jennifer L. (2005).
419:A boycott took place against
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855:Yates, Luke S. (May 2011) .
597:Agriculture and Human Values
62:Political use of consumption
177:Boycotting and "Buycotting"
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609:10.1007/s10460-005-6042-4
425:World Health Organization
311:environmental protection
167:World Trade Organization
154:promoted the so-called â
152:National Consumer League
48:sustainable consumption
779:Dubuisson-Quellier, S.
513:Guilt-Free Consumption
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397:Martin Luther King Jr.
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286:Buy Nothing Day (BND)
262:Buy Nothing Day (BND)
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126:Historical background
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44:political consumerism
540:The Ethical Consumer
518:Organic food culture
303:resource consumption
209:improve this section
17:Critical consumption
1008:Ethical consumerism
478:Ethical consumerism
144:American Revolution
40:ethical consumption
1018:Concepts in ethics
864:European Societies
755:2016-08-04 at the
406:racial segregation
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376:and what he likes.
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250:and "buycotting" (
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89:internet campaigns
71:and "buycotting" (
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870:(2): 192.
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668:2016-06-01
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524:References
488:Boycotting
414:Rosa Parks
393:Rosa Parks
334:Fair trade
273:Buycotting
269:Boycotting
248:Boycotting
156:Whitelists
69:boycotting
884:1461-6696
730:S. Neckel
498:Adbusting
459:sweatshop
435:Nike inc.
325:Criticism
307:recycling
196:does not
81:adbusting
753:Archived
750:Tosi, S.
467:See also
455:No Sweat
450:quality.
439:footwear
381:Examples
21:consumer
1013:Culture
462:States.
443:apparel
410:Alabama
217:removed
202:sources
171:Seattle
100:Germany
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429:UNICEF
421:Nestlé
399:, 1955
374:habits
117:Sweden
108:France
46:, and
860:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
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395:with
104:Italy
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545:ISBN
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200:any
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