377:
149:
478:
22:
490:
136:. Critical illumination focuses an image of a light source on to the specimen for bright illumination. Critical illumination generally has problems with evenness of illumination as an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is visible in the resulting image.
140:
has largely replaced critical illumination in modern scientific light microscopy although it requires additional optics which may not be present in less expensive and simpler light microscopes.
420:
331:
259:
463:
458:
326:
39:
180:
diffuser can be used to homogenize the light source, but this will cause a significant amount of light to be scattered away from the sample.
425:
361:
341:
105:
86:
58:
405:
401:
252:
152:
The optical setup and light path of critical illumination showing the conjugate image planes of the various optical components.
156:
Critical illumination acts to form an image of the light source on the specimen to illuminate it. This image is formed by the
430:
65:
43:
494:
160:. This illumination is bright but not always even, as any structure in the light source (for example the filament of a
72:
482:
245:
448:
54:
32:
321:
409:
391:
306:
129:
311:
137:
316:
213:
516:
396:
336:
126:
79:
287:
189:
157:
133:
225:
521:
376:
366:
194:
453:
346:
148:
510:
415:
173:
21:
351:
280:
268:
177:
164:) will be visible in the resulting image. Homogeneous light sources such as a
161:
169:
132:
used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated)
356:
237:
165:
147:
241:
15:
421:
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF)
459:
Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM/STORM)
439:
384:
297:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
214:"The History of Microscope Illumination Methods"
172:give more even illumination. Alternatively, a
362:Interference reflection microscopy (IRM/RICM)
253:
8:
260:
246:
238:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
332:Differential interference contrast (DIC)
206:
327:Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy
7:
489:
454:Stimulated emission depletion (STED)
44:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
426:Lightsheet microscopy (LSFM/SPIM)
488:
477:
476:
375:
20:
216:Nuhsbaum. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
31:needs additional citations for
431:Lattice light-sheet microscopy
342:Second harmonic imaging (SHIM)
1:
158:condenser or collector lens
538:
472:
373:
275:
226:"Microscope Illumination"
392:Fluorescence microscopy
352:Structured illumination
307:Bright-field microscopy
231:. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
55:"Critical illumination"
464:Near-field (NSOM/SNOM)
402:Multiphoton microscopy
153:
123:Nelsonian illumination
317:Dark-field microscopy
229:Molecular Expressions
151:
119:Critical illumination
385:Fluorescence methods
40:improve this article
416:Image deconvolution
397:Confocal microscopy
337:Dispersion staining
312:Köhler illumination
138:Köhler illumination
288:Optical microscopy
269:Optical microscopy
190:Optical microscopy
154:
144:Optical principles
134:optical microscopy
504:
503:
449:Diffraction limit
116:
115:
108:
90:
529:
492:
491:
480:
479:
442:limit techniques
379:
300:contrast methods
298:Illumination and
262:
255:
248:
239:
232:
223:
217:
211:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
537:
536:
532:
531:
530:
528:
527:
526:
507:
506:
505:
500:
468:
441:
440:Sub-diffraction
435:
380:
371:
299:
293:
271:
266:
236:
235:
224:
220:
212:
208:
203:
186:
146:
125:is a method of
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
535:
533:
525:
524:
519:
509:
508:
502:
501:
499:
498:
486:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
443:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
399:
394:
388:
386:
382:
381:
374:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:4Pi microscope
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Phase contrast
319:
314:
309:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
234:
233:
218:
205:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
192:
185:
182:
145:
142:
114:
113:
96:September 2023
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
534:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
512:
497:
496:
487:
485:
484:
475:
474:
471:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
444:
438:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
383:
378:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
296:
290:
289:
285:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
240:
230:
227:
222:
219:
215:
210:
207:
200:
196:
195:August Köhler
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
493:
481:
410:Three-photon
286:
279:
228:
221:
209:
155:
130:illumination
122:
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
517:Microscopy
511:Categories
406:Two-photon
281:Microscope
201:References
178:opal glass
162:light bulb
66:newspapers
522:Lighting
483:Category
184:See also
170:sunlight
127:specimen
495:Commons
80:scholar
357:Sarfus
174:ground
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
367:Raman
166:flame
87:JSTOR
73:books
59:news
176:or
168:or
121:or
42:by
513::
408:,
412:)
404:(
261:e
254:t
247:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
