256:
the world is exempt from emissions reduction standards as well as the potential of economic harm to the United States. Further argument is that developing countries at the time of the creation of the treaty and now have been large emitters of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases do not remain in the area in which they are emitted, but rather move throughout the atmosphere of Earth. Therefore, some say that even if the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter tackled the issue of climate change, there will be minimal impact in the atmosphere if other countries around the world didn't work on reducing their emission levels as well. There is also criticism over the true impact of the Kyoto
Protocol in the long run on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions because it is questioned how much developed countries can offset their emissions while developing countries continue to emit these greenhouse gases.
265:
useful for environmental issues) instead of promoting innovation in approaching the issue of global warming. Another criticism is that the Kyoto
Protocol focuses too much on carbon emissions and doesn't address other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which either do direct harm to human health and/or can be addressed using technology. Some also claim that the Kyoto Protocol does not promote long-term solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but rather short-term solutions in having countries try to meet emission reduction standards (either by lowering emissions or find ways to obtain trading credits). In the same way, there has been criticism that the Kyoto Protocol does not address the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, but rather greenhouse gas emissions, focusing on the short-term over the long-term.
298:
231:"So, for example, in the Kyoto Protocol, that was very ineffective. Even the countries that took on supposedly the strongest requirements, like Japan for example—if you look at its actual emissions, its actual fossil fuel use, you see that their CO2 emissions actually increased even though they were supposed to decrease. Because their coal use increased and they used offsets to meet their objective. Offsets don't help significantly. That's why the approach that Copenhagen is using to specify goals for emission reductions and then to allow offsets to accomplish much of that reduction is really a fake. And that has to be exposed. Otherwise, just like in the Kyoto Protocol, we'll realize 10 years later, oops, it really didn't do much."
126:, expressed the opinion that since human civilization is based on the consumption of hydrocarbons, the adoption of the Kyoto agreements could have a negative impact on Russian economy. He regarded the Kyoto agreement as discriminatory and not universal, since the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions like the US, China, India, Brazil, Mexico and Korea, as well as a number of developing countries, did not impose any restrictions on themselves. Andrei Illarionov also referred to a large number of works that cast doubt on the very idea of a "greenhouse" effect caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide.
354:
For instance, small cuts may often be achieved cheaply through investment in making a technology more efficient, where larger cuts would require scrapping the technology and using a different one. They also argue that emissions trading is undermining alternative approaches to pollution control with which it does not combine well, and so the overall effect it is having is to actually stall significant change to less polluting technologies.
288:
convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of the Earth.
316:
free market. They argue that trading pollution allowances should be avoided because they result in failures in accounting, dubious science and the destructive impacts of projects upon local peoples and environments. Instead, they advocate making reductions at the source of pollution and energy policies that are justice-based and community-driven. Many argue that
24:
333:
Plans by member governments of the
European Union Emission Trading Scheme were criticised for this when it became apparent that actual emissions would be less than the government-issued carbon allowances at the end of Phase I of the scheme. Certain emissions trading schemes have been criticised for the practice of
287:
We urge the United States government to reject the global warming agreement that was written in Kyoto, Japan in
December, 1997...The proposed limits on greenhouse gases would harm the environment, hinder the advance of science and technology, and damage the health and welfare of mankind...There is no
279:
The Global
Warming Petition Project, also known as the Oregon Petition, is a petition urging the United States government to reject the global warming Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and similar policies. The petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS;
353:
have argued that the market will choose the easiest means to save a given quantity of carbon in the short term, which may be different from the pathway required to obtain sustained and sizable reductions over a longer period, and so a market-led approach is likely to reinforce technological lock-in.
134:
Further, there is controversy surrounding the use of 1990 as a base year, as well as not using per capita emissions as a basis. Countries had different achievements in energy efficiency in 1990. For example, the former Soviet Union and eastern
European countries did little to tackle the problem and
315:
There are a large number of critics of carbon trading as a control mechanism. Critics include environmental justice nongovernmental organizations, economists, labor organizations and those concerned about energy supply and excessive taxation. Some see carbon trading as a government takeover of the
255:
There has been criticism (especially from the United States) over the exemption of developing countries, such as China and India, from having to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto
Protocol. The Bush Administration has criticized the Kyoto Protocol on the basis that 80 percent of
264:
There is criticism that the Kyoto
Protocol does not do enough to address the issue of climate change and pollution in the long run. One criticism is that climate change is a unique environmental issue, but the Kyoto Protocol followed the format of the other international treaties (not necessarily
151:
and its emissions level in 1990 was better than most developed countries. However, such efforts were set aside, and the inactivity of the former Soviet Union was overlooked and could even generate big income due to the emission trade. There is an argument that the use of per capita emissions as a
332:
Regulatory agencies run the risk of issuing too many emission credits, diluting the effectiveness of regulation, and practically removing the cap. In this case, instead of a net reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, beneficiaries of emissions trading simply pollute more. The
National Allocation
324:
will necessarily reduce jobs and incomes. Most of the criticisms have focused on the carbon market created through investment in Kyoto
Mechanisms. Criticism of cap-and-trade emissions trading has generally been more limited to lack of credibility in the first phase of the EU ETS.
328:
Critics argue that emissions trading does little to solve pollution problems overall, since groups that do not pollute sell their conservation to the highest bidder. Overall reductions would need to come from a sufficient reduction of allowances available in the system.
106:
have been critical of the Kyoto Protocol. Many see the costs of the Kyoto Protocol as outweighing the benefits, some believing the standards which Kyoto sets to be too optimistic, others seeing a highly inequitable and inefficient agreement which would do little to curb
340:
Critics of carbon trading, such as Carbon Trade Watch, argue that it places disproportionate emphasis on individual lifestyles and carbon footprints, distracting attention from the wider, systemic changes and collective political action that needs to be taken to tackle
227:", not the Kyoto Protocol "cap and trade" system; this tax would begin at the equivalent of about $ 1 per gallon of petrol and revenues would all be returned directly to members of the public as a dividend inversely proportional to their carbon footprint.
369:
More recent criticism of emissions trading regarding implementation is that old growth forests, which have slow carbon absorption rates, are being cleared and replaced with fast-growing vegetation, to the detriment of the local communities.
337:, where polluters are given free allowances by governments, instead of being made to pay for them. Critics instead advocate for auctioning the credits. The proceeds could be used for research and development of sustainable technology.
243:
claims: "Emission limits do not include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987
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basis in the following Kyoto-type treaties can reduce the sense of inequality among developed and developing countries alike, as it can reveal in activities and responsibilities among countries.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110701145855/http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=83947f5d-d84a-4a84-ad5d-6e2d71db52d9
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published an article about cap-and-trade systems which argued that "Carbon markets create a muddle" and "...leave much room for unverifiable manipulation".
806:
1052:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100727230956/http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/globallaborinstitute/projects/climate/retreat/upload/ClimateFederalSweeney.pdf
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111:. There are also economists who believe that an entirely different approach needs to be followed than the approach suggested by the Kyoto Protocol.
630:
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Ray Barrell, Alan Barrett, Noel Casserly, Frank Convery, Jean Goggin, Ide Kearney, Simon Kirby, Pete Lunn, Martin O'Brien and Lisa Ryan. 2009.
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http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/blogs/beltway-confidential/Scientists-urge-Merkel-to-change-global-warming-view--52513912.html
593:// Abstracts of The Second Eurasian RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium RISK-2020 (12th – 19th April 2020). Balrampur, 2020. Pp. 74-75.
470:
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84:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20091207233524/http://www.ecofactory.com/news/top-nasa-climate-scientist-copenhagen-must-fail-120309
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want to continue basically business as usual so they are expected to purchase indulgences to give some small amount of money to
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591:
The Activities of the Russian Academy of Science's Council Concerning the Kyoto Protocol and Discussions Around Climate Change
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it because it was seeking a counter-productive agreement to limit emissions through an inefficient and indulgent "
832:
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schemes inherently impact the poor and those in rural areas, who have less choice in energy consumption options.
247:. The benchmark 1990 emission levels were accepted by the Conference of the Parties of UNFCCC (decision 2/CP.3)"
240:
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108:
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http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/12/nasa-climate-change-scientist-to-boycott-copenhagen-climate-summit.php
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Nature (2007). "Gwyn Prins and Steve Rayner calling for radical rethink of Kyoto-protocol approach".
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and the 5th Meeting of the Parties (COP/MOP 5) to the Kyoto Protocol) is a 'farce' and planned to
1303:
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191:, between December 7–18, 2009 (which includes the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the
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Recent proposals for alternative schemes to avoid the problems of cap-and-trade schemes include
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Letter of the chemistry scientist repudiating the chief editor of their scientific magazine
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697:"George W. Bush: Letter to Members of the Senate on the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change"
545:"The Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. Economic Growth and Projected Budget Surpluses"
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The corresponding uncertainty under a tax is the level of emissions reductions achieved.
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Some also argue the protocol does not go far enough to curb greenhouse emissions and
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377:, which was being actively considered by the Irish Parliament in May 2008, and the
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Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of
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their energy efficiency was at its worst level in 1990, the year just before their
92:
78:
147:, as a big importer of natural resources, had to improve its efficiency after the
1272:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/mar/18/nasa-climate-change-james-hansen
979:"Cap and trade policies in the presence of monopoly and distortionary taxation"
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A graphical representation of the protocol's failures & achievements
1208:
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914:
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570:"Radical rethinking of approach needed says Steve Rayner and Gwyn Prins"
196:
188:
590:
1447:
Kleiner, Kurt (19 February 2009). "Peak energy: promise or peril?".
1098:"Climate change | The greening of America | Economist.com"
514:
919:
471:"Environmental Economists Debate Merit of U.S.'s Kyoto Withdrawal"
413:
Ekardt/von Hövel, Carbon & Climate Law Review 2009, p. 102-114
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2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
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http://www.thestar.com/sciencetech/Environment/article/285582
601:
599:
245:
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
1468:
Inman, Mason (15 January 2009). "Where warming hits hard".
775:"Why President Bush Is Right to Abandon the Kyoto Protocol"
665:"Bush Will Continue to Oppose Kyoto Pact on Global Warming"
1143:
99:
added notes to this effect when signing the protocol).
1119:"/ Home UK / UK — Carbon markets create a muddle"
283:
The text of the Global Warming Petition Project reads:
1622:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1399:
Inman, Mason (30 April 2009). "A sensitive subject".
1189:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6132826.stm
799:"Scientists say Kyoto protocol is 'outdated failure'"
631:
Climate scientist James Hansen hopes summit will fail
193:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1229:
Scientists urge Merkel to change global warming view
1239:
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/letters/87/8730letters.html
1221:
http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51982
853:"How Does the Kyoto Protocol Fight Climate Change?"
381:schemes. These schemes state that cap-and-trade or
750:"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
1184:coalition of NGOs that argues Kyoto is not enough
726:"An Economist's View of the Kyoto Climate Treaty"
449:"An Economist's View of the Kyoto Climate Treaty"
977:Don Fullerton and Gilbert E. Metcalf (2002).
8:
118:, who was an economic policy advisor to the
1200:http://www.tni.org/archives/reports_ctw_sky
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217:. They do that in the form of offsets and
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311:Carbon emission trading § Criticisms
1516:Oppenheimer, Michael (16 January 2008).
881:Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine
177:United Nations Climate Change Conference
171:Institute for Space Studies and eminent
48:of all important aspects of the article.
935:"Carry on polluting (The Corner House)"
406:
65:Although it is a worldwide treaty, the
1545:"The even darker side of brown clouds"
1178:and claim Kyoto Protocol is not enough
1051:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1044:
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1543:Haag, Amanda Leigh (September 2007).
1209:http://www.tni.org/carbon-trade-fails
7:
1316:Heffernan, Olive (3 December 2009).
983:National Bureau of Economic Research
447:Mendelsohn, Robert O. (2005-02-18).
1570:Leigh, Amanda (18 December 2008).
14:
1489:Inman, Mason (20 November 2008).
1345:Kloor, Keith (26 November 2009).
957:"Ways forward (The Corner House)"
877:"Global Warming Petition Project"
469:Hilsenrath, Jon E. (2001-08-07).
251:Exemption of Developing Countries
1420:Ackerman, Frank (9 April 2009).
1318:"Crunch time for climate change"
22:
1632:Criticism of the United Nations
1372:Heffernan, Olive (5 May 2009).
1218:The Corner House (organisation)
829:"Kyoto Protocol's Shortcomings"
663:Sanger, David E. (2001-06-12).
73:Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol
36:may be too short to adequately
1235:Minority Report from US Senate
236:Green organizations' criticism
223:Hansen prefers a progressive "
85:avoid dangerous climate change
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
1422:"Stern advice for Copenhagen"
933:Lohmann, Larry (2006-12-02).
130:Base year as 1990 controversy
79:Carbon trade § Criticism
1572:"What we've learned in 2008"
1142:. Wrm.org.uy. Archived from
805:. 2007-10-25. Archived from
607:"Problems with the Protocol"
424:"Kyoto protocol status(pdf)"
203:" system. "They are selling
1213:Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation
1140:"World Rainforest Movement"
1100:. Economist.com. 2007-01-25
647:Interview with James Hansen
1648:
308:
272:
76:
1211:full report published by
833:The Canadian Encyclopedia
293:Criticism of carbon trade
241:Rising Tide North America
155:
1617:Environmental skepticism
1589:10.1038/climate.2008.142
1518:"An outspoken scientist"
1508:10.1038/climate.2008.122
1364:10.1038/climate.2009.124
1337:10.1038/climate.2009.127
305:building in Chicago Loop
303:Chicago Climate Exchange
235:
156:James Hansen's criticism
109:greenhouse gas emissions
104:environmental economists
69:has received criticism.
1562:10.1038/climate.2007.41
1461:10.1038/climate.2009.19
1439:10.1038/climate.2009.34
1413:10.1038/climate.2009.41
1391:10.1038/climate.2009.42
1206:Transnational Institute
1197:Transnational Institute
779:The Heritage Foundation
701:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
476:The Wall Street Journal
395:Carbon emission trading
175:, has claimed that the
1535:10.1038/climate.2008.3
1482:10.1038/climate.2009.3
1374:"Sufficient certainty"
1347:"The eye of the storm"
306:
290:
233:
207:there" Hansen states.
1576:Nature Climate Change
1549:Nature Climate Change
1522:Nature Climate Change
1495:Nature Climate Change
1470:Nature Climate Change
1449:Nature Climate Change
1426:Nature Climate Change
1401:Nature Climate Change
1378:Nature Climate Change
1351:Nature Climate Change
1323:Nature Climate Change
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143:. On the other hand,
1121:. Ft.com. 2007-04-26
920:"Carbon Trade Watch"
215:developing countries
179:taking place at the
1491:"Carbon is forever"
1298:Hansen quotes over
1187:Carbon Trade Watch
904:Budget Perspectives
320:schemes based upon
120:President of Russia
1304:scientific journal
1262:2010-06-19 at the
1182:Stop Climate Chaos
959:. The Corner House
937:. The Corner House
906:, Tim Callan (ed.)
669:The New York Times
649:Nell Greenberg in
637:, December 3, 2009
589:Alexey Sobisevich
307:
809:on August 6, 2017
509:(7165): 973–975.
349:. Groups such as
318:emissions trading
211:developed nations
173:climate scientist
116:Andrey Illarionov
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1170:list of various
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345:resulting from
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161:James E. Hansen
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149:1973 oil crisis
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