610:, where studies with non-significant results are less likely to be published, and selective outcome reporting bias, where only the significant outcomes out of a variety of outcomes are likely to be published, are common within academic literature. These biases have widespread implications, such as the distortion of meta-analyses where only studies that include positive results are likely to be included. Statistical outcomes can be manipulated as well, for example large numbers of participants can be used and trials overpowered so that small difference cause significant effects or inclusion criteria can be changed to include those are most likely to respond to a treatment. Whether produced on purpose or not, all of these issues need to be taken into consideration within scientific research, and peer-reviewed published evidence should not be assumed to be outside of the realm of bias and error; some critics are now claiming that many results in scientific journals are false or exaggerated.
698:. The notion that women are passive and men are active are socially constructed attributes of gender which, according to Martin, scientists have projected onto the events of fertilization and so obscuring the fact that eggs do play an active role. For example, she wrote that "even after having revealed...the egg to be a chemically active sperm catcher, even after discussing the egg's role in tethering the sperm, the research team continued for another three years to describe the sperm's role as actively penetrating the egg." Scott Gilbert, a developmental biologist at Swarthmore College supports her position: "if you don't have an interpretation of fertilization that allows you to look at the egg as active, you won't look for the molecules that can prove it. You simply won't find activities that you don't visualize."
679:, Mary Gray, Mary Beth Ruskai, and Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, have criticized some gender and science theories for ignoring the diverse nature of scientific research and the tremendous variation in women's experiences in different cultures and historical periods. For example, the first generation of women to receive advanced university degrees in Europe were almost entirely in the natural sciences and medicine—in part because those fields at the time were much more welcoming of women than were the humanities. Koblitz and others who are interested in increasing the number of women in science have expressed concern that some of the statements by feminist critics of science could undermine those efforts, notably the following assertion by Keller:
436:
327:. "We have to realize that a unified theory of the physical world simply does not exist" says Feyerabend, "We have theories that work in restricted regions, we have purely formal attempts to condense them into a single formula, we have lots of unfounded claims (such as the claim that all of chemistry can be reduced to physics), phenomena that do not fit into the accepted framework are suppressed; in physics, which many scientists regard as the one really basic science, we have now at least three different points of view...without a promise of conceptual (and not only formal) unification". In other words, science is
792:, and the grants that came from them had an immense influence over the research and even results of scientific experiments. Aronowitz even went as far as to say "It does not matter that the scientific community ritualistically denies its alliance with economic/industrial and military power. The evidence is overwhelming that such is the case. Thus, every major power has a national science policy; the United States Military appropriates billions each year for 'basic' as well as 'applied' research".
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606:. For example, scientists may re-run trials when they do not support a hypothesis but use results from the first trial when they do support their hypothesis. It is often argued that while each individual has cognitive biases, these biases are corrected for when scientific evidence converges. However, systematic issues in the publication system of academic journals can often compound these biases. Issues like
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393:). Watts asserts that during the rise of secularism through the 18th to 20th century when scientific philosophers got rid of the notion of a lawmaker they kept the notion of law, and that the idea that the world is a material machine run by law is a presumption just as unscientific as religious doctrines that affirm it is a material machine made and run by a lawmaker.
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1127:"Keith Hart is sensitive to the way in which the meaning of science has changed over the centuries. His strategy for revealing such changes is to show how successive generations have responded to the question of what science is not. Where once the antitheses of science were myth and religion, now they are the humanities and creative arts." (
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Just as surely as inauthenticity is the cost a woman suffers by joining men in misogynist jokes, so it is, equally, the cost suffered by a woman who identifies with an image of the scientist modeled on the patriarchal husband. Only if she undergoes a radical disidentification from self can she share
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scrutinized science for operating with the presumption that the only acceptable criticisms of science are those conducted within the methodological framework that science has set up for itself. That science insists that only those who have been inducted into its community, through means of training
490:, have criticized modern science for subservience to economic and technological interests. A related criticism is the debate on positivism. While before the 19th century science was perceived to be in opposition to religion, in contemporary society science is often defined as the antithesis of the
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Critics argue that the biggest bias within science is motivated reasoning, whereby scientists are more likely to accept evidence that supports their hypothesis and more likely to scrutinize findings that do not. Scientists do not practice pure induction but instead often come into science with
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Some scientists and philosophers suggest that scientific theories are more or less shaped by the dominant political, economic, or cultural models of the time, even though the scientific community may claim to be exempt from social influences and historical conditions. For example, the
Russian
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Emily Martin examines the metaphors used in science to support her claim that science reinforces socially constructed ideas about gender rather than objective views of nature. In her study about the fertilization process, Martin describes several cases when gender-biased perception skewed the
409:. He suggested that, to the degree that divination is an epistemologically specific means of gaining insight into a given question, science itself can be considered a form of divination that is framed from a Western view of the nature (and thus possible applications) of knowledge.
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says that the "moral and political insights of the women's movement have inspired social scientists and biologists to raise critical questions about the ways traditional researchers have explained gender, sex, and relations within and between the social and natural worlds."
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stresses that the instruments used in scientific investigation produce meaningful answers relevant only to the instrument, and that there is no objective vantage point from which science could verify its findings since all findings are relative to begin with.
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descriptions of biological processes during fertilization and even possibly hampered the research. She asserts that classic metaphors of the strong dominant sperm racing to an idle egg are products of gendered stereotyping rather than a faithful portrayal of
529:, and that science's emphasis on manipulating nature leads it inevitably to manipulate people, as well. Science's focus on quantitative measures has led to critiques that it is unable to recognize important qualitative aspects of the world.
280:, and that the idea that science can or should operate according to universal and fixed rules is unrealistic, pernicious and detrimental to science itself. Feyerabend advocates a democratic society where science is treated as equal to other
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face a number of pressures that can prevent them from accurately depicting competing scientific claims in terms of their credibility within the scientific community as a whole. Determining how much weight to give different sides in a
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as being historically biased towards a male perspective. A part of the feminist research agenda is the examination of the ways in which power inequities are created and/or reinforced in scientific and academic institutions.
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Feyerabend also criticized science for not having evidence for its own philosophical precepts. Particularly the notion of
Uniformity of Law and the Uniformity of Process across time and space, or
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1016:
Alan Watts Audio lecture "Myth and
Religion: Image of Man" and "Out Of Your Mind, 1: The Nature of Consciousness: 'Our image of the world' and 'The myth of the automatic universe'".
644:. They assert that gender bias exists in the language and practice of science, as well as in the expected appearance and social acceptance of who can be scientists within society.
593:: early attempts to replicate results tend to contradict them. However, there are claims that this bias may be beneficial, allowing accurate meta-analysis with fewer publications.
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1114:"Many would agree that modern science has become so corrupted by its association with positivist methodology, and by its subservience to commercial and military interests." (
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589:, journals are less likely to publish straight replication studies so it may be difficult to disprove results. Another result of publication bias is the
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thought that the
Darwinian theory of evolution overstressed a painful "we must struggle to survive" way of life, which he said was influenced by
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and Bonnie
Spanier have critiqued science because they believe it presents itself as objective and neutral while ignoring its inherent
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examines the relevance of ethics to science, and argues in favor of making education in ethics part and parcel of scientific training.
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Martin, Emily (Spring 1991). "The Egg and the Sperm: How
Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles".
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has identified methodological weaknesses in many areas of science. Critics argue that reforms are needed to address these weaknesses.
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and the struggling lifestyles people lived within it. Karl Marx also thought that science was largely driven by and used as capital.
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preconceived ideas and often will, unconsciously or consciously, interpret observations to support their own hypotheses through
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and credentials, are qualified to make these criticisms. Aronowitz also alleged that while scientists consider it absurd that
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criticized science for operating under a materialist model of the world that he posited is simply a modified version of the
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on objective grounds is not possible and thus fatal to the notion of science running according to fixed, universal rules.
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Parkin, David (1991). "Simultaneity and
Sequencing in the Oracular Speech of Kenyan Diviners". In Peek, Philip M. (ed.).
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who know a great deal about certain scientific issues may know little about other ones they are suddenly asked to cover.
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is true, scientists pull the same tactic by using the tools of science to settle disputes concerning its own validity.
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requires considerable expertise regarding the matter. Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even
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whilst scientists typically offer probabilities and caveats. However, politicians' ability to be heard in the
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seeks to increase the quality of and efficiency of scientific research by improving the scientific process.
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Ioannidis, John P.A.; Munafò, Marcus R.; Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Nosek, Brian A.; David, Sean P. (May 2014).
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is a prominent example of this kind of feminist work within biological science. Some feminists, such as
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Merchants of doubt : how a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke
1416:"Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: detection, prevalence, and prevention"
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1244:"Quantifying Selective Reporting and the Proteus Phenomenon for Multiple Datasets with Similar Bias"
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masculine pleasure in mastering a nature cast in the image of woman as passive, inert, and blind.
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Pfeiffer, Thomas; Bertram, Lars; Ioannidis, John P. A.; Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe (29 March 2011).
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1870:"Blinded By Science, How 'Balanced' Coverage Lets the Scientific Fringe Hijack Reality"
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in order to improve science as a whole and its role in society. Criticisms come from
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itself, with the goal of increasing the quality of research while reducing waste.
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1303:"Why Selective Publication of Statistically Significant Results Can Be Effective"
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Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and
Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time
350:" and warned against the use of scientific thought to suppress considerations of
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frequently distorts the scientific understanding by the public. Examples in
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when it presupposes that there is a universal truth with no proof thereof.
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Welcome to the
Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control
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577:, have long suffered from the problem of their studies being largely not
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Mary Beth Ruskai, "Why women are discouraged from becoming scientists,"
732:. As a very broad generalisation, many politicians seek certainties and
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245:"All methodologies, even the most obvious ones, have their limits." ―
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The
Science Myth: God, Society, the Self and What We Will Never Know
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Many issues damage the relationship of science to the media and the
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Pittsburgh: the University of Pittsburgh Press; 2nd edition, 1999
2195:(Reprinted ed.). New York: Psychology Press. pp. 9–19.
1301:
de Winter, Joost; Happee, Riender; Wray, K. Brad (20 June 2013).
1772:
Mary Gray, "Gender and mathematics: Mythology and Misogyny," in
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Ann Hibner Koblitz, "A historian looks at gender and science,"
1219:"Precognition studies and the curse of the failed replications"
1167:"Many Psychology Findings Not as Strong as Claimed, Study Says"
946:, Harper and Row: 1964. p. 15. (quote) and Chapters II and XII.
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has come under similar pressures. In a phenomenon known as the
1804:
Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979
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131:
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29:
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Towards Gender Equity in Mathematics Education: An ICMI Study
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1543:
Schiebinger, Londa (2001). "Has Feminism Changed Science?".
748:, and the 1988 forced resignation of a government minister,
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Science As Power: Discourse and Ideology in Modern Society
2037:
Science As Power: Discourse and Ideology in Modern Society
1981:
Science As Power: Discourse and Ideology in Modern Society
1900:"Are Journalism Students Equipped to Write About Science?"
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Science As Power: Discourse and Ideology in Modern Society
268:, which holds that there are no useful and exception-free
987:
Stanley Aronowitz in conversation with Derrick Jensen in
370:
uses biblical references to bolster their claim that the
1983:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 272–273, 276.
1463:
Greenhalgh, T.; Howick, J.; Maskrey, N. (13 June 2014).
2011:. Porter Sargent. p. Preface to the 1914 edition.
1030:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 185.
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use of science and scientific arguments by politicians
1519:"New Theory on How The Aggressive Egg Attracts Sperm"
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890:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp.
450:
Several academics have offered critiques concerning
300:, and considers the dominance of science in society
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1720:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. p.
1944:
1802:Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, "Introduction,"
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1193:"Most biomed studies irreproducible, reviews find"
856:
1846:. Science and Development Network. Archived from
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1510:
1508:
1028:African divination systems : ways of knowing
1465:"Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?"
996:. Chelsea Green Publishing Company. p. 31.
1928:"1988: Egg industry fury over salmonella claim"
681:
624:Feminist scholars and women scientists such as
304:and unjustified. He also contended (along with
4004:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1844:"Science journalism must keep a critical edge"
517:shifted science from a focus on understanding
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2642:
2255:
2107:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 20.
2039:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 40.
1763:, Princeton University Press, 2005, p. 94-95.
1712:Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002).
8:
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1930:, "On This Day," BBC News, December 3, 1988.
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1407:
1551:(4). USA: Harvard University Press: 56–57.
458:, for example, the professor of philosophy
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1832:, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 174-175.
1746:International Journal of Science Education
1716:Qualitative Communication Research Methods
525:, to a focus on manipulating nature, i.e.
100:. Please do not remove this message until
3907:Relationship between religion and science
2214:. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
1654:Price, Janet; Shildrick, Margrit (1999).
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185:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
847:
845:
843:
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162:of all important aspects of the article.
96:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4228:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1817:Science, Women and Revolution in Russia
837:
3583:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2095:
2093:
1656:Feminist Theory and the Body: A Reader
1128:
1115:
1061:. New Falcon Publications. p. 4.
762:philosopher, socialist, and zoologist
444:An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump
158:Please consider expanding the lead to
2176:(Reprinted ed.). London: Verso.
1898:McIlwaine, S.; Nguyen, D. A. (2005).
1139:
1137:
7:
1687:. Rutgers University Press. p.
1658:. New York: Routledge. p. 487.
1629:. Indiana University Press. p.
1191:Fikes, Bradley J. (4 January 2016).
3143:Digital media use and mental health
2857:Sociology of the history of science
1842:Dickson, David (October 11, 2004).
1780:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
944:Science: The Glorious Entertainment
3860:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1760:Complexities: Women in Mathematics
1165:Carey, Benedict (27 August 2015).
226:, and from within science itself.
25:
4188:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4172:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
4028:The Course in Positive Philosophy
2852:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2697:History and philosophy of science
2679:Economics of scientific knowledge
2059:Wilson, Robert Anton: 1999, pg 92
1830:Reflections on Gender and Science
1806:, Rutgers University Press, 1987.
744:include the controversy over the
671:Other feminist scholars, such as
513:considered that the 17th century
45:This article has multiple issues.
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3444:
3419:
1904:Australian Studies in Journalism
1217:French, Chris (March 15, 2012).
597:Cognitive and publication biases
136:
75:
34:
4180:History and Class Consciousness
1683:The Politics of Women's Biology
312:of distinguishing science from
284:or social institutions such as
150:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
27:Critical observation of science
4044:Critical History of Philosophy
2658:Science and technology studies
2606:Appraisal (discourse analysis)
2212:Science, reality, and language
1086:. Cambridge University Press.
620:Feminist philosophy of science
160:provide an accessible overview
1:
4252:Knowledge and Human Interests
3588:Rankean historical positivism
1623:"'Is Therea Feminist Method'"
1517:Freedman, David (June 1992).
1362:"The Trouble with Scientists"
1360:Philip, Ball (May 14, 2015).
965:University of Minnesota Press
533:Critiques from within science
405:stance of science to that of
222:, from social movements like
204:of "Science" in front of the
4370:
4036:A General View of Positivism
3205:Normalization process theory
2762:Philosophy of social science
1748:, vol. 9 (1987), p. 399-407.
1420:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1328:10.1371/journal.pone.0066463
1269:10.1371/journal.pone.0018362
4236:Conjectures and Refutations
4068:The Logic of Modern Physics
3885:Deductive-nomological model
2193:Key debates in anthropology
1082:Rollin, Bernard E. (2006).
827:Empirical limits in science
786:military-industrial complex
368:Fundamentalist Christianity
102:conditions to do so are met
4457:
4196:The Poverty of Historicism
4092:The Universe in a Nutshell
4076:Language, Truth, and Logic
4060:The Analysis of Sensations
2828:construction of technology
2210:Marsonet, Michele (1995).
1874:Columbia Journalism Review
1432:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.010
967:. p. viii (preface).
705:
617:
562:
543:Metascience is the use of
536:
446:, National Gallery, London
401:David Parkin compared the
214:addresses problems within
4404:
4276:The Rhetoric of Economics
3962:
3957:Positivist-related debate
3951:
3515:
3415:
3360:Politicization of science
2191:Ingold, Tim, ed. (1996).
2173:Science in a Free Society
2170:Feyerabend, Paul (1982).
1386:How We Know What Isn't So
1382:Gilovich, Thomas (1991).
884:Gould, Stephen J (1987).
708:Politicization of science
266:epistemological anarchism
4212:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3929:Structural functionalism
3855:Naturalism in literature
2767:Philosophy of technology
1625:. In Nancy Tuana (ed.).
1621:Harding, Sandra (1989).
663:, criticize traditional
4339:Willard Van Orman Quine
4052:Idealism and Positivism
3644:Critique of metaphysics
3578:Sociological positivism
2550:Criticism of technology
2151:Chu, Dominique (2013).
1197:San Diego Union-Tribune
501:Many thinkers, such as
237:Philosophical critiques
4384:
4353:Concepts in contention
3994:
3984:
3974:
3865:Objectivity in science
3763:Non-Euclidean geometry
3729:Methodological dualism
3690:
2840:Sociology of knowledge
2233:The Limits of Science,
2076:. Verso. p. 102.
1868:Mooney, Chris (2004).
1679:Hubbard, Ruth (1990).
1627:Feminism & Science
922:. Verso. p. 100.
686:
545:scientific methodology
447:
440:Joseph Wright of Derby
323:in short, as noted by
259:Philosopher of science
255:
229:The emerging field of
208:
4441:Philosophy of science
4260:The Poverty of Theory
3880:Philosophy of science
3769:Uncertainty principle
3407:Transition management
3397:Technology assessment
3365:Regulation of science
3340:Evidence-based policy
3225:Sociotechnical system
3074:Traditional knowledge
2954:Psychology of science
2927:Mapping controversies
2833:shaping of technology
2792:Social constructivism
2757:Philosophy of science
2714:History of technology
2352:Intellectual property
2155:. London: Iff Books.
2132:Conway, Erik (2011).
784:all thought that the
515:scientific revolution
470:social anthropologist
438:
264:advanced the idea of
244:
206:Boston Public Library
200:
4426:Criticism of science
4268:The Scientific Image
3939:Structuration theory
3902:Qualitative research
3803:Criticism of science
3798:Critical rationalism
3734:Problem of induction
3312:Women in engineering
3158:Financial technology
3138:Digital anthropology
2907:Criticism of science
2820:Actor–network theory
2782:Religion and science
2674:Economics of science
2545:Criticism of science
2534:Science, technology,
1815:Ann Hibner Koblitz,
1055:Anton Wilson, Robert
833:Notes and references
802:Anti-intellectualism
665:scientific discourse
653:Anne Fausto-Sterling
475:, and scholars from
329:begging the question
270:methodological rules
212:Criticism of science
18:Criticism of Science
4244:One-Dimensional Man
3692:Geisteswissenschaft
3675:Confirmation holism
3153:Engineering studies
3123:Cyborg anthropology
2912:Demarcation problem
2797:Social epistemology
2472:Walt Disney Company
1828:Evelyn Fox Keller,
1319:2013PLoSO...866463D
1260:2011PLoSO...618362P
1059:The New Inquisition
774:Robert Anton Wilson
696:human fertilization
689:Language in science
424:Robert Anton Wilson
383:Abrahamic worldview
310:demarcation problem
274:progress of science
89:of this article is
4319:Hans-Georg Gadamer
4120:Alexander Bogdanov
3996:Positivismusstreit
3791:Post-behavioralism
3755:history of science
3607:Principal concepts
3563:Logical positivism
3433:History of science
3350:Funding of science
3220:Skunkworks project
2917:Double hermeneutic
2702:History of science
2285:Literary criticism
2101:Aronowitz, Stanley
2074:Farewell To Reason
2033:Aronowitz, Stanley
1977:Aronowitz, Stanley
1819:, Routledge, 2000.
1475:(jun13 4): g3725.
1390:. The Free Press.
1084:Science and Ethics
957:Aronowitz, Stanley
920:Farewell To Reason
702:Media and politics
673:Ann Hibner Koblitz
614:Feminist critiques
591:Proteus phenomenon
587:replication crisis
565:Replication crisis
456:Science and Ethics
448:
338:termed science "a
256:
209:
4436:Politics by issue
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4294:Theodor W. Adorno
4110:Richard Avenarius
3986:Werturteilsstreit
3947:
3946:
3895:Sense-data theory
3593:Polish positivism
3568:Positivist school
3475:
3474:
3402:Technology policy
3133:Dematerialization
2942:black swan events
2624:
2623:
2589:
2588:
2536:engineering, and
2300:Theatre criticism
2221:978-0-7914-2475-9
2202:978-0-415-15020-0
2183:978-0-86091-753-3
2162:978-1-78279-047-1
2143:978-1-4088-2466-5
2114:978-0-8166-1659-6
2083:978-0-86091-184-5
2046:978-0-8166-1659-6
2018:978-1-4043-1945-5
1990:978-0-8166-1659-6
1962:978-0-86091-646-8
1951:. Verso. p.
1731:978-0-7619-2493-7
1698:978-0-8135-1490-1
1665:978-0-415-92566-2
1640:978-0-253-20525-4
1481:10.1136/bmj.g3725
1397:978-0-02-911706-4
1093:978-0-521-85754-3
1068:978-1-56184-002-1
1037:978-0-253-34309-3
1003:978-1-931498-52-4
974:978-0-8166-1659-6
929:978-0-86091-184-5
901:978-0-674-89198-2
870:978-0-86091-646-8
863:. London: Verso.
778:Stanley Aronowitz
719:scientific debate
661:Evelyn Fox Keller
638:Londa Schiebinger
630:Evelyn Fox Keller
604:confirmation bias
575:social psychology
485:critical theorist
363:Stanley Aronowitz
325:Stephen Jay Gould
321:Uniformitarianism
276:or the growth of
195:
194:
187:
177:
176:
130:
129:
122:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4448:
4389:
4375:
4299:Gaston Bachelard
4220:Truth and Method
4204:World Hypotheses
4084:The Two Cultures
3999:
3989:
3979:
3964:
3953:
3695:
3649:Unity of science
3558:Legal positivism
3517:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3448:
3447:
3423:
3375:Right to science
3355:Horizon scanning
3330:Academic freedom
3230:Technical change
3091:Women in science
3086:Unity of science
2867:Strong programme
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2594:Similar concepts
2556:
2452:Paramount Global
2332:Social criticism
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2229:Nicholas Rescher
2225:
2206:
2187:
2166:
2147:
2136:. : Bloomsbury.
2119:
2118:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2070:Feyerabend, Paul
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2005:Kropotkin, Peter
2001:
1995:
1994:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1950:
1941:Feyerabend, Paul
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
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1813:
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1755:
1749:
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1709:
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1702:
1686:
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1492:
1460:
1454:
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1411:
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1401:
1389:
1379:
1373:
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1132:
1125:
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1105:
1079:
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1051:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
985:
979:
978:
953:
947:
942:Jacques Barzun,
940:
934:
933:
916:Feyerabend, Paul
912:
906:
905:
881:
875:
874:
862:
853:Feyerabend, Paul
849:
822:Pseudoskepticism
608:publication bias
511:E. F. Schumacher
503:Carolyn Merchant
190:
183:
172:
169:
163:
140:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
79:
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71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4392:
4348:
4314:Paul Feyerabend
4309:Wilhelm Dilthey
4282:
4159:
4098:
4015:
3958:
3943:
3890:Ramsey sentence
3845:Instrumentalism
3774:
3752:
3750:paradigm shifts
3743:
3680:Critical theory
3658:
3654:Verificationism
3602:
3598:Russian Machism
3546:
3511:
3506:
3476:
3471:
3411:
3370:Research ethics
3316:
3215:Reverse salient
3109:
3102:
2878:
2871:
2862:Sociotechnology
2806:
2718:
2683:
2660:
2655:
2625:
2620:
2585:
2554:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2520:Washington Post
2481:
2417:Electronic Arts
2373:
2320:
2304:
2273:
2268:
2238:
2222:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2125:Further reading
2122:
2115:
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2098:
2091:
2084:
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2063:
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2047:
2031:
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1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1145:Uncommon Wisdom
1143:Fritjof Capra,
1142:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
990:Jensen, Derrick
988:
986:
982:
975:
955:
954:
950:
941:
937:
930:
914:
913:
909:
902:
883:
882:
878:
871:
851:
850:
839:
835:
798:
782:Paul Feyerabend
764:Peter Kropotkin
746:MMR inoculation
710:
704:
691:
622:
616:
599:
571:social sciences
567:
561:
559:Reproducibility
541:
535:
468:scholars, like
454:in science. In
433:
403:epistemological
399:
377:New-age writer
354:as integral to
262:Paul Feyerabend
247:Paul Feyerabend
239:
202:Personification
191:
180:
179:
178:
173:
167:
164:
157:
145:This article's
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
95:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
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4411:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
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4393:
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4390:
4381:
4376:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Émile Durkheim
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3981:
3976:Methodenstreit
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3917:Social science
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3870:Operationalism
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3780:
3779:Related topics
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3685:Falsifiability
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Antipositivism
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Postpositivism
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3380:Science policy
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Digital divide
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:Technological
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Design studies
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3064:Scientometrics
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2937:Paradigm shift
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Postpositivism
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Antipositivism
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:and technology
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:
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2646:
2639:
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2622:
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2404:
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2381:
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2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2325:Social systems
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2316:Self-criticism
2312:
2310:
2309:Human behavior
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:Film criticism
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2237:
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2201:
2188:
2182:
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2148:
2142:
2128:
2126:
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2121:
2120:
2113:
2089:
2082:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2024:
2017:
1996:
1989:
1968:
1961:
1947:Against Method
1932:
1920:
1890:
1860:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1765:
1750:
1737:
1730:
1704:
1697:
1671:
1664:
1646:
1639:
1613:
1600:10.1086/494680
1594:(3): 485–501.
1578:
1557:10.1086/495540
1535:
1504:
1455:
1426:(5): 235–241.
1403:
1396:
1374:
1352:
1293:
1234:
1209:
1183:
1171:New York Times
1157:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1092:
1074:
1067:
1043:
1036:
1018:
1009:
1002:
980:
973:
948:
935:
928:
907:
900:
876:
869:
859:Against Method
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
797:
794:
723:beat reporters
706:Main article:
703:
700:
690:
687:
648:Sandra Harding
615:
612:
598:
595:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
537:Main article:
534:
531:
507:Theodor Adorno
466:Social science
460:Bernard Rollin
432:
429:
398:
395:
336:Jacques Barzun
272:governing the
252:Against Method
238:
235:
193:
192:
175:
174:
168:September 2016
154:the key points
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4453:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:György Lukács
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4155:Vienna Circle
4153:
4151:
4150:Berlin Circle
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Eugen DĂĽhring
4128:
4126:
4125:Auguste Comte
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:Contributions
4018:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Structuralism
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Phenomenalism
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:Behavioralism
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Human science
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Pseudoscience
3637:
3635:
3634:Justification
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:Technoscience
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Media studies
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Early adopter
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Co-production
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
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3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:communication
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Pseudoscience
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Boundary-work
2895:
2893:
2892:Bibliometrics
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:Transhumanism
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
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2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Desktop Linux
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
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2448:
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2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
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2415:
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2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
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2384:
2382:
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2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
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2348:
2345:
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2338:
2335:
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2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Art criticism
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1850:on 2007-11-09
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1793:, March 1990.
1792:
1791:The Scientist
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
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1747:
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1421:
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1399:
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1378:
1375:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:(6): e66463.
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:(3): e18362.
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:0-671-47322-0
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:, p. 19)
1130:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
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1050:
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1005:
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991:
984:
981:
976:
970:
966:
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958:
952:
949:
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939:
936:
931:
925:
921:
917:
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
889:
888:
880:
877:
872:
866:
861:
860:
854:
848:
846:
844:
842:
838:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Pseudoscience
815:
813:
812:Postmodernism
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
759:
757:
756:
751:
750:Edwina Currie
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
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715:
709:
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699:
697:
688:
685:
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674:
669:
666:
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611:
609:
605:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
566:
558:
556:
554:
553:Meta-research
550:
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528:
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512:
508:
504:
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478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
445:
441:
437:
430:
428:
425:
422:
421:Discordianism
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
314:pseudoscience
311:
307:
303:
302:authoritarian
299:
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287:
283:
279:
275:
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267:
263:
260:
254:
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236:
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227:
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203:
199:
189:
186:
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161:
155:
153:
148:
143:
139:
134:
133:
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121:
113:
103:
99:
93:
92:
88:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4010:Science wars
3808:Epistemology
3802:
3739:Reflectivism
3699:Hermeneutics
3551:Declinations
3527:Antihumanism
3520:Perspectives
3455:Associations
3290:criticism of
3200:Leapfrogging
3183:linear model
3069:Team science
3059:Scientocracy
2982:Neo-colonial
2906:
2732:Anthropocene
2544:
2379:Corporations
2232:
2211:
2192:
2171:
2152:
2133:
2104:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2036:
2027:
2008:
1999:
1980:
1971:
1946:
1935:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1873:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1837:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1715:
1707:
1682:
1674:
1655:
1649:
1626:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1423:
1419:
1385:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1355:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1223:The Guardian
1222:
1212:
1202:21 September
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1176:21 September
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1144:
1123:
1118:, p. 9)
1110:
1083:
1077:
1058:
1027:
1021:
1012:
993:
983:
960:
951:
943:
938:
919:
910:
886:
879:
858:
790:corporations
772:
760:
753:
733:
727:
711:
692:
682:
670:
657:Ruth Hubbard
646:
634:Ruth Hubbard
626:Emily Martin
623:
600:
579:reproducible
568:
542:
500:
464:
455:
449:
443:
411:
400:
397:Epistemology
376:
361:Sociologist
360:
333:
318:
306:Imre Lakatos
257:
250:
228:
211:
210:
181:
165:
149:
147:lead section
116:
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48:
47:Please help
44:
4365:Objectivity
4334:Karl Popper
4324:Thomas Kuhn
4304:Mario Bunge
4055:(1879–1884)
3990:(1909–1959)
3724:Metaphysics
3704:Historicism
3619:Demarcation
3614:Consilience
3537:Rationalism
3300:theories of
3285:and society
3281:Technology
3275:transitions
3265:determinism
3260:convergence
3235:Technocracy
3017:controversy
3003:Scientific
2987:post-normal
2932:Metascience
2902:Consilience
2887:Antiscience
2752:Neo-Luddism
2747:Fuzzy logic
2538:mathematics
2462:Tesla, Inc.
2337:Advertising
1528:November 3,
1129:Ingold 1996
1116:Ingold 1996
807:Antiscience
677:Lenore Blum
642:gender bias
539:Metascience
358:existence.
308:) that the
231:metascience
4431:Criticisms
4420:Categories
4145:Ernst Mach
4140:Ernst Laas
4115:A. J. Ayer
4103:Proponents
3922:Philosophy
3719:Humanities
3663:Antitheses
3532:Empiricism
3509:Positivism
3438:Technology
3390:science of
3385:history of
3270:revolution
3178:disruptive
3168:Innovation
3163:Hype cycle
3108:Technology
3079:ecological
3052:skepticism
3042:misconduct
3027:enterprise
2845:scientific
2772:Positivism
2742:Empiricism
2724:Philosophy
2611:Evaluation
2581:Windows 10
2487:Mass media
2342:Capitalism
2009:Mutual Aid
1914:2008-02-20
1884:2013-05-29
1854:2008-02-20
1774:Gila Hanna
1368:2015-03-11
1364:. Nautilus
1228:2015-03-11
768:capitalism
755:Salmonella
738:mass media
714:mass media
618:See also:
573:, such as
492:humanities
481:humanities
477:philosophy
473:Tim Ingold
407:divination
379:Alan Watts
346:as any in
334:Historian
282:ideologies
220:philosophy
87:neutrality
50:improve it
4386:Verstehen
4372:Phronesis
4360:Knowledge
4344:Max Weber
4164:Criticism
3912:Sociology
3850:Modernism
3828:pluralism
3813:anarchism
3709:Historism
3629:Induction
3542:Scientism
3345:Factor 10
3173:diffusion
3012:consensus
3007:community
2972:education
2812:Sociology
2787:Scientism
2666:Economics
2525:Knowledge
2457:Starbucks
2442:McDonalds
2437:Microsoft
2407:Coca-Cola
2357:Copyright
2347:Democracy
2271:Criticism
1608:145638689
1573:225088475
1155:, p. 213.
1102:238793190
547:to study
417:Episkopos
344:fanatical
298:mythology
290:education
278:knowledge
152:summarize
98:talk page
56:talk page
4407:Category
3823:nihilism
3818:idealism
3748:Related
3624:Evidence
3465:Scholars
3460:Journals
3450:Category
3424:Portals
3305:transfer
3295:dynamics
3245:feminist
3047:priority
3032:literacy
2992:rhetoric
2958:Science
2922:Logology
2601:Critique
2559:Software
2495:Fox News
2397:AT&T
2369:Religion
2278:The arts
2103:(1988).
2072:(1987).
2035:(1988).
2007:(1955).
1979:(1988).
1943:(1983).
1565:17089478
1523:Discover
1499:24927763
1450:24656991
1347:23840479
1307:PLOS ONE
1288:21479240
1248:PLOS ONE
1057:(1999).
992:(2004).
959:(1988).
918:(1987).
855:(1993).
796:See also
788:, large
583:medicine
496:the arts
479:and the
442:(1768):
286:religion
224:feminism
110:May 2018
91:disputed
4287:Critics
4012:(1990s)
4006:(1980s)
4000:(1960s)
3980:(1890s)
3833:realism
3765:(1830s)
3753:in the
3428:Science
3110:studies
3022:dissent
2962:citizen
2879:studies
2877:Science
2824:Social
2689:History
2467:Walmart
2447:Netflix
2412:Comcast
2402:Chevron
2362:Patents
1910:: 41–60
1776:, ed.,
1490:4056639
1441:4078993
1338:3688764
1315:Bibcode
1279:3066227
1256:Bibcode
742:Britain
581:. Now,
549:science
483:, like
389:or the
352:meaning
348:history
216:science
4279:(1986)
4271:(1980)
4263:(1978)
4255:(1968)
4247:(1964)
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4175:(1909)
4095:(2001)
4087:(1959)
4079:(1936)
4071:(1927)
4063:(1886)
4047:(1869)
4039:(1848)
4031:(1830)
3967:Method
3840:Holism
3771:(1927)
3322:Policy
3255:change
3188:system
3037:method
2977:normal
2616:Review
2477:Yahoo!
2427:Huawei
2422:Google
2392:Amazon
2387:Airbnb
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523:wisdom
519:nature
488:Adorno
452:ethics
431:Ethics
413:Author
288:, and
4379:Truth
2515:MSNBC
1604:S2CID
1588:Signs
1569:S2CID
1545:Signs
734:facts
527:power
521:, or
391:Logos
372:Bible
356:human
340:faith
294:magic
292:, or
3193:user
3096:STEM
2997:wars
2576:Java
2510:ESPN
2505:CNBC
2432:IKEA
2216:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1561:PMID
1530:2015
1495:PMID
1446:PMID
1392:ISBN
1343:PMID
1284:PMID
1204:2016
1178:2016
1149:ISBN
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1032:ISBN
998:ISBN
969:ISBN
924:ISBN
896:ISBN
865:ISBN
712:The
659:and
569:The
509:and
494:and
415:and
296:and
84:The
2566:C++
2500:BBC
1880:(4)
1722:357
1596:doi
1553:doi
1485:PMC
1477:doi
1473:348
1469:BMJ
1436:PMC
1428:doi
1333:PMC
1323:doi
1274:PMC
1264:doi
892:120
419:of
387:God
342:as
249:in
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