339:
the Reagan administration seeks to blame all sides equally for the violence in the region, ignoring the fact that the violence stems from apartheid. In reality there is no even-handedness in the US's engagement in southern Africa: a policy which in the last three years has resulted in an increased South
African ability to harass and dominate regionally. A study of the easing of the arms embargo reveals that more than $ 28.3 million worth of military equipment was authorised for sale to South Africa for fiscal years 1981-1984, as compared to $ 25,000 for 1979.
289:, where they had formed a 700 km defensive line to prevent South African assaults similar to the 'Zulu' invasion of 1975. In April 1981, Assistant Secretary of State Crocker was dispatched to Africa on a two-week, eleven-nation tour to lay the groundwork for the new policy. However, Crocker was met with distrust on one side – the black leaders wary of the Reagan administration's friendly approach towards the white-minority government in South Africa – and hostility from the other, with prime minister
278:, which many U.S. diplomats considered to be of vital importance. Without Cuban withdrawal, it was deemed unlikely by diplomats that South Africa would see an incentive to begin the removal of its own troops from Namibia. It was hoped that Cuba would view the withdrawal of its troops as a successful conclusion to their efforts in Africa as it would confirm Cuba's role as a significant player on the diplomatic stage.
42:
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Studies and
Training that "there is no doubt that the South African opening to the outside world, which Crocker's diplomacy ultimately brokered and which produced the Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola and the Namibian independence in 1989, was a fundamental factor in impelling P. W. Botha's successor,
419:
Chas. W. Freeman Jr commented at the time that "the emergence of
Namibia as a stable, decent society with a well-managed economy would inspire more rapid change away from apartheid in South Africa." He later commented in a 1995 interview with Charles Stuart Kennedy for the Association for Diplomatic
381:
Crocker intensified his mediation efforts in successive years. In May 1988 he headed a U.S. mediation team which brought negotiators from Angola, Cuba and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Intense diplomatic maneuvering characterized the next seven months so as to
303:
Resolution 435 already required South Africa to leave
Namibia so the incorporation of Cuba and Angola was deemed unnecessary in the eyes of some. The policy's requirement to cooperate with the South African government was viewed unfavorably by politicians and human rights organizations on account of
338:
The Reagan administration's policy of constructive engagement has already led to a significant relaxation of the arms embargo. Stressing the goal of regional stability, the
American government has now adopted a policy which they see as an 'even-handed' approach to all countries in the region. Thus
316:
contended that "South Africa had not the least intention of relinquishing
Namibia." Crocker's analysis of the situation from the perspective of the South African government concluded that this delay would never be overcome unless the South Africans felt that the execution of resolution 435 offered
431:
Martti
Ahtisaari was also of the opinion that the policy of constructive engagement acted as an undeniable catalyst for resolution. He remarked that "those of us close to the matter were aware that if nothing new was put forward we would remain in this situation for the rest of our lives. But we
325:
and Vernon
Walters, he managed to gain the trust of Kenneth Kaunda, the Zambian president. Kaunda visited the White House for talks with Ronald Reagan in March 1983, and agreed to host an international conference in February 1984 which resulted in the Lusaka Accords, a small but significant step
298:
Security, of which the Cuban troop issue is an integral part, has always been a prerequisite for agreement on
Namibian independence. As a practical diplomatic matter, it will not be possible to obtain a Namibian independence agreement without satisfactory regional security
257:
journal. In the article, Crocker was highly critical of the outgoing Carter administration for its apparent hostility to the white minority government in South Africa, by acquiescing in the United
Nations Security Council's imposition of a mandatory arms embargo
293:
refusing to meet with him. Undeterred, Crocker continued to insist that a comprehensive solution was the only way to allay the fears on both sides. In his testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on February 15, 1983, he argued:
320:
In spite of such criticisms and the initial distrust among black African leaders, Crocker persevered in his pursuit of a negotiated settlement for the related conflicts in Angola and Namibia. With help from skilled subordinates such as
608:
was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."
252:
presidency and towards a new policy which he termed "constructive engagement." Shortly after the election, Crocker attracted the attention of the Reagan transition team with an article he wrote in the winter 1980/81 edition of the
583:, which supports research, education and training, as well as operating programs in conflict zones. He held the position of chairman of the board from 1992 to 2004, after which Crocker continued on as a board member until 2011.
1514:
232:, where he lectured in African politics and international relations. Over the course of the next nine years, Crocker advanced to assistant professor, and finally became associate professor at Georgetown University.
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590:, an independent, non-profit organisation which lends the expertise of established diplomats and world leaders to current governments. From May 2014 Crocker acted as a distinguished fellow with
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334:
On April 3, 1984, Richard Knight of the American Committee on Africa reported to the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid on the effects the new policy was having:
394:(May 29-June 1, 1988) it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The
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campaign's "Africa working group", Crocker sought to change US policy on apartheid South Africa away from what he saw as the confrontational approach adopted by the
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couldn't declare publicly that this was an excellent idea – although in the final analysis it was a bold and adroit move by Crocker."
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at the School of Advanced International Studies. From 1969 to 1970, Crocker was a lecturer in African government and politics at the
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547:
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In 2020, Crocker, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that
580:
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Campbell, Horace. "Constructive Engagement? Chester Crocker and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola 1981-1988."
359:, which was identified as a socialist group. By the end of the 1970s, Angola had become the focus of the USSR's African policy.
630:
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Elections were held from the 7–11 November 1989 and Namibia finally achieved independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990.
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On February 7, 1981, Crocker formally proposed that the United States should link Namibian independence to the withdrawal of
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594:'s Global Security & Politics Program, leading a project that examines Africa's regional conflict management strategy.
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Kagan-Guthrie, Zachary. "Chester Crocker and the South African Border War, 1981–1989: A Reappraisal of Linkage."
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406:. UNSR Martti Ahtisaari took over from Crocker in April 1989 and began the implementation of UNSCR 435.
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Agreement Among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa
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Reagan administration's policy of "constructive engagement" and the arms embargo against South Africa
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1132:"The Soviet Union in Angola Soviet and African Perspectives on the Failed Socialist Transformation"
213:
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989:
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647:'s new Independent Advisory Board, (IAB), which will provide advice on anti-corruption measures.
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From 1969 to 1970 Crocker was professional lecturer in African government and politics at the
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In May 1989 Crocker stepped down as Assistant Secretary of State and returned to academia at
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The Mediator: A Biography of Martti Ahtisaari, trans. David Mitchell and Pamela Kaskinen
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The Mediator: A Biography of Martti Ahtisaari, trans. David Mitchell and Pamela Kaskinen
576:
Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies at Georgetown University (1999–present).
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1262:"Interview with Ambassador Chas W. Freeman, Jr. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy"
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Crocker married the South African Saone Barren who had previously been the partner of
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Driver, C. J. (n.d.). Used to be Great Friends (Radical Jews in 1970s South Africa):
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and graduated with distinction in History in 1963. He obtained a master's degree at
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in New York on December 22, 1988. Crocker attended the signing ceremony along with
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America's Role in the World: Foreign Policy Choices for the Next Administration
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262:) and the UN's demand for the end of South Africa's illegal occupation of
168:(born October 29, 1941) is an American diplomat and scholar who served as
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Managing Global Chaos: Origins of and Responses to International Conflict
428:
and opening the political process to black South African participation."
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1271:. 1 The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. April 14, 1995
881:"The United States and the Decolonization of Namibia: The Reagan Years"
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683:– James R. Schlesinger Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies
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In addition to these, Crocker sits on the board of directors for the
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High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood
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Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict
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High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood
348:
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Minding the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change
781:
Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World
356:
344:
282:
209:
811:. Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2016.
312:, rather than to constructive engagement. However, UN diplomat
790:. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 2008.
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
439:
1515:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni
800:
Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall (ed.),
355:
had provided billions of dollars in military support for the
224:
in 1970, but returned to academia in 1972 as director of the
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Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict
767:
Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases
779:
Chester A Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, ed.
776:. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
783:. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2007.
1510:
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
1316:"Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden"
636:
In 1992, Crocker was awarded an honorary doctorate from
398:, which gave effect to these decisions, were signed at
304:
the implicit condoning of apartheid. Author/journalist
947:(70th ed.). New Jersey: Marquis Who's Who. 2016.
797:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2010.
769:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2004.
762:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2001.
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Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa
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For the sake of Argument: Essays and Minority Reports
1020:
For the sake of Argument: Essays and Minority Reports
793:
Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall,
786:
Chester Crocker, Casimir Yost, and Thomas Pickering,
753:
Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World
698:
International advisory board, international affairs (
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Interview with Chester Crocker about Southern Africa
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Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall,
765:
Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall,
758:
Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall,
751:
Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall,
643:
On September 18, 2008, Crocker was appointed to the
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Other notable positions held include service at the
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forward in the search for peace in southern Africa.
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International Journal of African Historical Studies
308:gives credit for the independence agreement to the
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1294:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103.
1048:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100.
180:" towards Southern Africa including apartheid-era
1446:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
216:in Washington, D.C. He was recruited to join the
1379:Appointments to World Bank Anti-Corruption Board
795:Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World
755:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1999.
748:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1996.
741:. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1995.
629:In 1989, Ronald Reagan awarded Crocker with the
170:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
58:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
1204:United Nations report on Namibia's independence
681:Georgetown University School of Foreign Service
687:Center for International Governance Innovation
570:Center for Strategic and International Studies
384:United Nations Security Council Resolution 435
351:were funded by South Africa and the U.S., the
172:from June 9, 1981, to April 21, 1989, in the
8:
1505:United States Assistant Secretaries of State
1290:Merikallio, Katri; Ruokanen, Tapani (2015).
1044:Merikallio, Katri; Ruokanen, Tapani (2015).
712:International Institute of Strategic Studies
176:. Crocker, architect of the U.S. policy of "
920:"71 People the President Should Listen To"
739:African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role
669:International Peace and Security Institute
599:International Peace and Security Institute
477:about living persons that is unsourced or
40:
29:
1495:American international relations scholars
692:Universal Corporation, Inc – board member
548:Learn how and when to remove this message
386:and secure Namibian independence. At the
807:Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, ed.
184:, is credited with setting the terms of
1490:Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
1354:"Rhodes University Honorary Doctorates"
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744:Chester Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson,
310:South-West Africa People's Organization
373:History of Namibia § Independence
70:June 9, 1981 – April 21, 1989
7:
1102:(London: Bloomsbury, 2016), 186-196.
226:Master of Science in Foreign Service
1429:Journal of Southern African Studies
1215:Freeman Jr., Chas. W. (June 1989).
968:Freeman Jr., Chas. W. (June 1989).
802:Managing Conflict in a World Adrift
734:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1992.
25:
1342:http://nivat.f2s.com/cjdriver.doc
737:Chester Crocker and David Smock,
659:– group executive chairman
860:United States Institute of Peace
581:United States Institute of Peace
444:
424:, in the direction of releasing
918:Lindsay, Drew (November 2001).
885:Transafrican Journal of History
695:Ngena Foundation – board member
856:"Episode 25 - Chester Crocker"
413:'s School of Foreign Service.
1:
718:American Academy of Diplomacy
27:American diplomat (born 1941)
1320:Defending Democracy Together
1217:"The Angola/Namibia Accords"
1180:"AFRICAN ELECTIONS DATABASE"
970:"The Angola/Namibia Accords"
879:Kaela, Laurent C.W. (1993).
706:Council on Foreign Relations
663:Global Leadership Foundation
631:Presidential Citizen's Medal
588:Global Leadership Foundation
455:biography of a living person
1424:(1992). 533 pp; his memoir.
1184:AfricanElections.tripod.com
586:He is also a member of the
482:must be removed immediately
369:Angolan War of Independence
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665:– founder and board member
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246:1980 presidential election
1396:January 10, 2013, at the
829:Office of the Historian.
330:Relaxing the arms embargo
218:National Security Council
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1227:(Summer 1989): 126–141.
980:(Summer 1989): 126–141.
657:G3 Good Governance Group
613:Personal and family life
377:South African Border War
206:Johns Hopkins University
725:List of published works
675:U.S. Institute of Peace
236:Constructive engagement
208:in 1965, followed by a
178:constructive engagement
689:– Distinguished Fellow
469:Please help by adding
436:Notable positions held
341:
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166:Chester Arthur Crocker
1400:, G3, 2 October 2012.
1117:July 1, 2009, at the
1078:. Verso. p. 99.
1070:Hitchens, Christopher
1023:. Verso. p. 99.
1015:Hitchens, Christopher
566:Georgetown University
411:Georgetown University
363:Namibian independence
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230:Georgetown University
202:Ohio State University
200:in 1941. He attended
174:Reagan administration
945:Who's Who in America
831:"Chester A. Crocker"
677:– board of directors
671:, board of directors
651:List of affiliations
574:James R. Schlesinger
475:Contentious material
306:Christopher Hitchens
196:Crocker was born in
1431:35.1 (2009): 65–80.
562:American University
317:them an incentive.
214:American University
18:Crocker, Chester A.
1485:Cold War diplomats
1480:American diplomats
1420:Crocker, Chester.
1391:Chester A. Crocker
1166:2009-01-14 at the
1130:Bervoets, Jeremy.
453:This section of a
1301:978-1-84904-318-2
1055:978-1-84904-318-2
954:978-0-8379-7062-2
924:Washingtonian.com
835:history.state.gov
730:Chester Crocker,
638:Rhodes University
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929:12 January
865:2023-07-30
816:References
702:) – member
645:World Bank
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390:summit in
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343:While the
192:Background
152:Occupation
147:Republican
128:1941-10-29
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1364:9 January
1326:26 August
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460:citations
75:President
66:In office
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1358:RU.ac.za
1269:ADST.org
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1164:Archived
1136:sras.org
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349:UNITA
283:Cuban
272:Cuban
1366:2017
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