181:(spear). Conflict with records showing the existence of Shakespeares in the Stratford area long before the possible arrival of Michelangelo Florio "Crollalanza" is avoided by suggesting that these were a branch of his mother's family. Carla Dente notes that in Iuvara's 2002 book he supposes that "Crollalanza" took the identity of "a cousin on his mother's side, who had died prematurely and had lived in Stratford like the rest of the Crollalanza family, whose name was roughly translated as Shakespear", but that his evidence for this is very indirect.
645:"Giovanni Florio non ha nulla a che fare con la buffa e colorata storia di Crollalanza siciliano (…) Di questo pasticcio Crollalanza io non ho visto uno straccio di documento probante in dieci anni di ricerche ed ho letto anche l'opuscolo di Martino Iuvara che lo sostiene". (Giovanni Florio has nothing to do with the funny and colorful story about a Sicilian Crollalanza (…) About this Crollalanza mess I have not seen even a shred of a proof during ten years of research, and I even read Martino Iuvara's booklet which supports it".)
330:, Camilleri teases believers in Crollalanza over coincidences in their story: "... he went to live in Venice in a palace that, wouldn't you know it, was built by a certain Mr Othello who had in a fit of jealousy strangled his wife (wouldn't you know it, her name was Desdemona)..." He also suggests that a better English translation of Crollalanza would be "Collapsespeare"; and asks why, if Shakespeare was so Sicilian, he never set a play in
373:) to the novel, Bellomo makes it clear that for him the Crollalanza theory is an enjoyable literary myth. He describes Iuvara's book as "amusing and embarrassing" and "lacking any scientific rigor", and says it contains theories so fanciful and reckless ("fantasiose e temerarie") that: "It is only possible to embellish/fictionalize them; and this Domenico Seminario has done, with masterful irony, in
280:(Pierfrancesco Diliberto), universally recognized in Italy as a prankster. Pif argues that "This exhibition is a usurpation" ("Questa manifestazione è abusiva") because it does not recognize that Shakespeare was a Sicilian called Guglielmo (William) Scrollalanza, and that he wrote originally not "To be or not to be" but (in Sicilian dialect) "Iessere o nun iessere". The British ambassador
196:(Shakespeare? It is John Florio's pen name) which makes a case, similar to Iuvara's, that both Shakespeare's fondness for Italian settings and his knowledge of Italy exceed what is credible for the historical William Shakespeare from Stratford. However in a public discussion in 2011 Tassinari insisted that the Michelangelo or Michel Agnolo Florio who features in his scenarios is always
1093:
232:
evidence of the internationalization of
Shakespeare, in that the desire to believe that the real Shakespeare was a person of one's own class, ethnicity, views, or religion has now spread to other nations. After noting that, "Such fantastic biographical reconstructions and equally fantastic textual attributions regularly occur, both in England and in other countries," she comments:
341:, by Domenico Seminerio, a luckless Sicilian schoolteacher finds evidence of Shakespeare's being Sicilian and shows it to a famous writer who fictionalises the material, with comic results. Seminerio includes in his acknowledgements a tribute to Iuvara: "I address affectionate thanks to the late schoolteacher Martino Iuvara, author of the study titled
164:
was adopted as a pseudonym by this
Michelangelo Florio, born in Messina in 1564 to a couple named Giovanni Florio and Guglielma Crollalanza. The father was a Calvinist who placed the family in difficult circumstances by writing a heretical pamphlet. The son, Michelangelo, sought sanctuary in Venice,
368:
character narrates a very unreliable memory of having met there a shipwrecked
Englishman called Shakespeare, who speaks fluent Italian, says his mother Guglielma Scrollalanza came from Sicily—and proceeds to collect some of his most famous lines from conversations on the island. However, in a brief
231:
Iuvara's book is not available in
English, and there is little peer-reviewed literature that considers it. However the academic Carla Dente, writing in 2013 in the Journal of Anglo-Italian Studies, offers a brief discussion of his contentions. She finds Iuvara's theory implausible, but sees it as
52:
This story has become known in Italy, but is much less well known elsewhere. Its central notion is that the name "Shakespeare" is an anglicised translation of an
Italian immigrant's surname. But no historical documents proved those claims: in fact Michelangelo Florio lived in England only from 1
44:
was involved in creating
Shakespeare's works, the Crollalanza hypothesis has gone through several permutations and developments. In most recent versions, the character's birthplace has moved from the North to the South of Italy. Paladini suggested that Michelangelo Florio was the real author of
284:
appears briefly in the interview, and responds, with understated sardonic humour, to Pif's claims. However, this interview was clearly a joke around the
Scrollalanza theory, in which the RAI journalist, Pif (nickname for Pierfrancesco Diliberto) and Christopher Prentice enjoyed playing their
57:
ascended to the throne and she re-established
Catholicism in England and Ireland. Consequently, on 4 March 1554, Michelangelo and his family fled to continental Europe. The theory has been dismissed by Sonia Massai, reader in Shakespeare studies at
248:
The
Shakespearean editor and scholar Keir Elam disagrees with Iuvara (and Tassarini) about Shakespeare's Italian knowledge. He argues that this required no personal experience of Italy, but was obtained in England, and primarily by reading
129:
Luigi
Bellotti who in 1936 told a reporter that Shakespeare had communicated with him "psychographically" and revealed that his real name was Crollalanza, from Valtellina. In 1943 Bellotti published a pamphlet repeating these claims:
31:
a.k.a. "Crollalanza", whose mother's family name is variously given as Crollalanza or Scrollalanza ("shake-speare"). He is said to have emigrated to England where he became (or at least was responsible for the works attributed to)
66:
calls it an example of "fantastic biographical reconstructions", and remarks that it depends too much on the assumption that Shakespeare's heavy use of Italian settings in his plays must mean that he was Italian.
257:. Scholars, including the Renaissance theater scholar Jack D'Amico, have also noted the "generic" vagueness of many of Shakespeare's Italian settings, and occasional outright errors like, "Milan's seaport in
236:
One can only conclude that, to all appearances, the phenomenon of moving from an appropriation of Shakespeare's texts to the appropriation of his person has recently taken root also in Italy.
153:'s father, and likely related to their family) who was born in the Sicilian city of Messina on April 23, 1564, the same date as is commonly given for William Shakespeare's birth in Stratford.
1030:
244:
I shall only mention the question of language: according to Juvara, Shakespeare wrote in Italian and then had his first works translated by his wife before putting them on at The Globe.
45:
Shakespeare's works. But historical documents written by Michelangelo Florio himself disproved those claims. Independent filmmaker Alicia Maksimova released in 2016 a documentary film
886:
The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined: An analysis of cryptographic systems used as evidence that some author other than William Shakespeare wrote the plays commonly attributed to him
219:
Some believers in the Crollalanza theory came close to creating a minor international incident in Rome in March 2016 when they "crashed" the British embassy's exhibition
114:, and that the father and son collaborated on the plays, with John Florio improving his father's English—making the Crollalanza theory, at this stage, a version of the
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208:(whom he considers to be the real Shakespeare). At present, therefore, it seems the Crollalanza theory must be considered separate from theories that the Elizabethan
1065:
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The italian original reads: "Vi si leggono ipotesi fantasiose e temerarie. È solo possibile romanzarle, e lo ha fatto, con magistrale ironia, Domenico Seminerio,
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967:
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326:, which plays mischievously on the theory that Shakespeare was of Sicilian origin. Earlier, in a humorous article in 2000, "Shakespeare, Mafia Made-Man from
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Some Italian writers have welcomed the story of a Sicilian Shakespeare as an attractive literary myth. In retelling it some have also changed the name from
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83:("Shakespeare would be the pen name of an Italian poet"). In the early versions Crollalanza was said to be from a Calvinist family in
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875:
Elam, Keir (2007). ""At the Cubiculo": Shakespeare's Problems with Italian Language and Culture". In Marrapodi, Michele (ed.).
24:
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As mentioned above under "Origins of the Theory", in 2016 when the British Embassy in Rome hosted an exhibition called
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Iuvara's theories had emerged into broader public awareness in 2000, during a round-table discussion conducted at the
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suggests that the first clear identification of Crollalanza as Shakespeare's original name came from the once-famous
1349:
1234:
889:
797:
Dente, Carla (2013). "Counterfeit Classics: Shakespeare/Camilleri Joking with Masks, Translations and Traditions".
334:? Yet Camilleri concludes: "I confess: it would please me quite a lot to know Shakespeare was a fellow Sicilian."
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Elam implies that the name Crollalanza was part of Palladino's theories from the 1920s, but Shaul Bassi of the
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authorship theory. Elam also remarks that "Italian, or perhaps Sicilian nationalism" gave rise to this theory.
435:
On connections to Northern Italy and the Crollalanzas of Piuro in Sondrio (Lombardy), see Guido Scaramellini,
59:
1394:
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and then subsequently escaped to England, where he assumed a new name, "Shakespeare", this being an English
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573:"Sensazionale esperimento medianico a Venezia: un autografo di Shakespeare caduto nel cofano del medium",
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145:). In this work, Iuvara, a retired Sicilian journalist and teacher of languages, claimed to have traced a
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918:""Was Shakespeare English?", un'affascinante ipotesi nel docufilm della regista russa Alicia Maksimova"
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106:. However, according to Keir Elam, in the 1950s Paladino decided that Shakespeare was in fact
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818:"Renaissance Actors and Lawyers: Instability of Texts and of Social Trafficking:
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633:"Sono Lamberto Tassinari e vi spiego perché Shakespeare è in realtà John Florio"
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and Keir Elam believe that Paladino initially confused the Elizabethan linguist
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395:, the idea that Michelangelo Florio's son was the author of Shakespeare's work
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88:
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200:, the well attested North-Italian-born father of the Elizabethan humanist
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Giano Books, Montreal, republished by Giano Books in 2009 in English as
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L'Italianità di Shakespeare: Guglielmo Crollalanza grande genio italiano
346:
53:
November 1550, when he arrived in the City of London, until 1554, when
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called Michelangelo Florio (the same name as the Elizabethan humanist
166:
877:
Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare & his Contemporaries
817:
562:
Shakespeare's Italy and Italy's Shakespeare: Place, "Race," Politics
276:, in which she interviewed an actor and media personality known as
223:, claiming that the British were appropriating a Sicilian author.
671:'Pif: Shakespeare era siciliano, diceva "Iessere o nun iessere."'
389:, the idea that John Florio was the author of Shakespeare's work
1012:
466:"Was Shakespeare English? (In Italian, with English subtitles)"
345:." However, according to Manlio Bellomo, a professor of law at
269:
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A series on alternative authorship theories for the works of
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University, this should not be taken entirely at face value.
40:. First proposed in the 1920s by Santi Paladino, who claimed
997:
John Florio: The Life of an Italian in Shakespeare's England
240:
Of the practical problems with Iuvara's story, Dente says,
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The Crollalanza theory seems to have been first set out in
307:, the celebrated writer who created the detective figure
216:) wrote, or collaborated in writing Shakespeare's plays.
505:
503:
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311:, has co-written with Giuseppe Dipasquale a comedy in
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Shakespeare sarebbe lo pseudonimo di un poeta italiano
49:, covering this topic, which lacks scholarly support.
544:
542:
884:
Friedman, William F.; Friedman, Elizabet S. (1957).
484:
482:
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1058:
521:
253:'s 1591 book about Italian culture and language
1066:History of the Shakespeare authorship question
27:posits that Shakespeare was an Italian called
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783:Euno Edizioni, Leonforte (Italy), 2013, p. 64
708:Shakespeare and Italy: the City and the Stage
8:
564:, Palgrave Macmillan, NY and UK, 2016, p. 69
194:Shakespeare? È il nome d'arte di John Florio
711:, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 58.
1031:
1017:
1009:
942:"Martino Iuvara, Shakespeare era italiano"
586:Venice, Opera D.N. Sezione Lettere, 1943.
16:Posits Shakespeare was an Italian emigrant
1164:List of Shakespeare authorship candidates
437:"Shakespeare, l'inglese di... Valtellina"
160:that year. According to Iuvara, the name
879:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company.
621:John Florio: The Man Who Was Shakespeare
393:Florian theory of Shakespeare authorship
387:Florian theory of Shakespeare authorship
453:Apologia di M. Michel Agnolo Fiorentino
428:
405:
607:
595:
488:
289:The Crollalanza story as literary myth
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681:
533:
509:
7:
734:"Shakespeare picciotto di Canicattì"
693:
548:
143:Shakespeare was an Italian: an Essay
916:Landro, Rosaria (12 October 2016).
14:
137:In 2002 Martino Iuvara published
1091:
800:Journal of Anglo-Italian Studies
139:Shakespeare era Italiano: Saggio
1416:Shakespeare authorship theories
1083:Declaration of Reasonable Doubt
1071:Shakespeare attribution studies
1040:Shakespeare authorship question
925:Massai, Sonia (25 April 2012).
816:Dente, Carla (September 2014).
320:(2009), based on Shakespeare's
927:"Why Shakespeare is … Italian"
268:, Paola Marinozzi presented a
1:
1000:. Cambridge University Press.
414:Il manoscritto di Shakespeare
375:Il manoscritto di Shakespeare
339:Il Manoscritto di Shakespeare
102:with his Italian-born father
984:Istituto Italiano di Cultura
657:"John Florio is Shakespeare"
522:Friedman & Friedman 1957
352:In Bellomo's own 2013 novel
212:(with or without his father
968:"Shakespeare era siciliano"
1432:
980:"Was Shakespeare English?"
909:"Shakespeare era italiano"
890:Cambridge University Press
343:Shakespeare was an Italian
266:Shakespeare lives in Italy
221:Shakespeare Lives in Italy
192:published a 378 page book
1310:Charlton Greenwood Ogburn
1089:
1046:
317:Troppu trafficu ppi nenti
947:. Algora. Archived from
907:Iuvara, Martino (2002).
764:Sellerio, Palermo, 2008.
750:See also Scaramellini's
654:See his book's website:
47:Was Shakespeare English?
1395:Robin Williams (writer)
940:Monaco, Gianni (2002).
441:La Provincia di Sondrio
1230:Charles Wisner Barrell
920:. Agorà Metropolitana.
354:L'isola di Shakespeare
323:Much Ado About Nothing
246:
238:
94:The literary scholars
25:Shakespeare's identity
1375:Bernard Mordaunt Ward
844:10.1515/pol-2014-0019
754:re "Othello's house".
242:
234:
177:(collapse/shake) and
71:Origins of the theory
60:King's College London
1255:Ignatius L. Donnelly
1077:Is Shakespeare Dead?
820:The Comedy of Errors
575:La Stampa della Sera
364:, a semi-historical
282:Christopher Prentice
272:television program,
227:Impact and criticism
123:University of Venice
1325:John Denham Parsons
1300:Sandra Day O'Connor
1174:Christopher Marlowe
1051:William Shakespeare
809:University of Malta
214:Michelangelo Florio
198:Michelangelo Florio
108:Michelangelo Florio
104:Michelangelo Florio
91:in Northern Italy.
42:Michelangelo Florio
38:Stratford-upon-Avon
34:William Shakespeare
29:Michelangelo Florio
1340:William Rubinstein
954:on 31 October 2017
337:In the 2008 novel
285:respective roles.
190:Lamberto Tassinari
21:Crollalanza theory
1403:
1402:
1365:Roger Stritmatter
1360:John Paul Stevens
1320:Orville Ward Owen
1250:Jeffery Donaldson
1235:Charles Beauclerk
992:Yates, Frances A.
911:. Ragusa: Ispica.
836:Walter de Gruyter
635:. 2 February 2011
79:'s 1929 pamphlet
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1295:J. Thomas Looney
1265:George Greenwood
1245:Charles Champlin
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974:. 23 March 2016.
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892:. pp. 7–8.
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309:Salvo Montalbano
305:Andrea Camilleri
274:available online
188:literary editor
186:Italian Canadian
110:, the father of
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986:. 19 July 2016.
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740:. 18 May 2000.
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1240:Alden Brooks
1205:Joseph Adler
1143:Prince Tudor
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932:The Guardian
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1390:James Wilde
1315:John Orloff
1260:Bert Fields
1220:Delia Bacon
1113:Crollalanza
608:Monaco 2002
596:Iuvara 2002
489:Massai 2012
371:Postfazione
369:afterword (
295:Crollalanza
259:The Tempest
251:John Florio
210:John Florio
206:John Florio
202:John Florio
162:Shakespeare
151:John Florio
116:John Florio
112:John Florio
100:John Florio
1370:Mark Twain
1225:Ros Barber
1198:Proponents
1157:Candidates
982:. London:
838:: 309–20.
790:References
721:Dente 2014
682:Dente 2013
534:Yates 1934
510:Dente 2014
89:Valtellina
87:or nearby
55:Mary Tudor
1138:Oxfordian
1133:Nevillean
1128:Marlovian
868:193030904
860:2035-5262
852:2036-4601
738:La Stampa
694:Elam 2007
549:Elam 2007
424:Citations
332:Canicattì
328:Canicattì
147:Calvinist
1410:Category
1118:Derbyite
1108:Baconian
1101:Theories
1059:Overview
994:(1934).
972:Askanews
970:. Rome:
958:13 April
381:See also
827:Pólemos
752:article
639:12 June
471:14 July
347:Catania
175:scrolla
1123:Florio
896:
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455:, 1557
362:Salina
171:crolla
167:calque
127:medium
952:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
864:S2CID
848:eISSN
834:(2).
400:Notes
179:lanza
960:2017
894:ISBN
856:ISSN
669:See
641:2021
473:2021
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840:doi
377:."
360:of
278:Pif
270:RAI
169:on
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