Cross-country skiing - Knowledge (XXG)

1073:. Skate-skiing usually involves a coordinated use of poles and the upper body to add impetus. Three common techniques are "V1", "V2" and "V2 alternate". In "V1" the skier pushes with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on a temporarily "dominant" side, this technique is optimal for climbing. In "V2 alternate" the skier performs the double pole plant before the "dominant" ski is extended, this technique allows for maintaining a higher speed and is often used on slightly downhill terrsin. In "V2" the skier performs the double pole plant each time the ski is extended on either side, on flat ground and in slight inclines this technique is often the fastest and most efficient of the 3. Skiers climb hills with these techniques by widening the angle of the "V" and by making more frequent, shorter strides and more forceful use of poles. A variant of the technique is the "marathon skate" or "Siitonen step", where the skier leaves one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski. 1424: 1109: 300: 751:, where trails are laid out and groomed for both classic and skate-skiing. Such grooming and track setting (for classic technique) requires specialized equipment and techniques that adapt to the condition of the snow. Trail preparation employs snow machines which tow snow-compaction, texturing and track-setting devices. Groomers must adapt such equipment to the condition of the snow—crystal structure, temperature, degree of compaction, moisture content, etc. Depending on the initial condition of the snow, grooming may achieve an increase in density for new-fallen snow or a decrease in density for icy or compacted snow. Cross-country ski facilities may incorporate a course design that meets 1055:

motion, alternating foot to foot. With the "diagonal stride" variant the poles are planted alternately on the opposite side of the forward-striding foot; with the "kick-double-pole" variant the poles are planted simultaneously with every other stride. At times, especially with gentle descents, double poling is the sole means of propulsion. On uphill terrain, techniques include the "side step" for steep slopes, moving the skis perpendicular to the fall line, the "herringbone" for moderate slopes, where the skier takes alternating steps with the skis splayed outwards, and, for gentle slopes, the skier uses the diagonal technique with shorter strides and greater arm force on the poles.

1372:. They feature a foot (called a basket) near the end of the shaft that provides a pushing platform, as it makes contact with the snow. Baskets vary in size, according to the expected softness/firmness of the snow. Racing poles feature smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing. Traditional skiing in the 1800s used a single pole for both cross-country and downhill. The single pole was longer and stronger than the poles that are used in pairs. In competitive cross-country poles in pairs were introduced around 1900. 1294: 1173:: Designed for skiing in tracks. For adult skiers (between 155 cm/50 kg and 185 cm/75 kg), recommended lengths are between 180 and 210 centimetres (approximately 115% of the skier's height). Traction comes from a "grip zone" underfoot that when bearing the skier's weight engages either a textured gripping surface or a grip wax. Accordingly, these skis are classified as "waxable" or "waxless". Recreational waxless skis generally require little attention and are adapted for casual use. Waxable skis, if prepared correctly, provide better grip and glide. 1404: 1146: 580:, regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. He further noted that in some competitions the skier "is also required to show his skill in turning his ski to one side or the other within given marks" at full speed on a steep hill. Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across the country". In Germany, Nansen's Greenland report was published as 382: 1475: 1439: 1459: 1491: 1004: 4031: 4021: 1212:

Width and short length aid turning in loose and deep snow. Longer, narrower and more rigid skis with sharp edges are suited for snow that has been compacted by wind or freeze-thaw. Touring ski design may represent a general-purpose compromise among these different ski conditions, plus being acceptable for use in groomed tracks. Traction may come from a textured or waxed grip zone, as with classic skis, or from

830: 47: 721: 193: 1325:: Boots and bindings have an integrated connection, typically a bar across the front end of the sole of the boot, and platform on which the boot rests. Two families of standards prevail: NNN (New Nordic Norm) and SNS (Salomon Nordic System) Profil. Both systems have variants for skiing on groomed surfaces and in back country. These systems are the most common type of binding. 470: 627: 1157:. Ski bottoms are designed to provide a gliding surface and, for classic skis, a traction zone under foot. The base of the gliding surface is a plastic material that is designed both to minimize friction and, in many cases, to accept waxes. Glide wax may be used on the tails and tips of classic skis and across the length of skate skis. 1384: 1280:

are classified according to their hardness: harder waxes are for colder and newer snow. An incorrect choice of grip wax for the snow conditions encountered may cause ski slippage (wax too hard for the conditions) or snow sticking to the grip zone (wax too soft for the conditions). Grip waxes generate

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overlays. Fluorocarbons decrease surface tension and surface area of the water between the ski and the snow, increasing speed and glide of the ski under specific conditions. Either combined with the wax or applied after in a spray, powder, or block form, fluorocarbons significantly improve the glide

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on natural snow conditions. Recommended lengths are between 150 and 195 centimeters for adult skiers, depending on height and weight of the user. Back country skis are typically heavier and wider than classic and skate skis; they often have metal edges for better grip on hard snow; and their greater

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Each type of ski is sized and designed differently. Length affects maneuverability; camber affects pressure on the snow beneath the feet of the skier; side-cut affects the ease of turning; width affects forward friction; overall area on the snow affects bearing capacity; and tip geometry affects the

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The classic style is often used on prepared trails (pistes) that have pairs of parallel grooves (tracks) cut into the snow. It is also the most usual technique where no tracks have been prepared. With this technique, each ski is pushed forward from the other stationary ski in a striding and gliding

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on the snow to allow the skier to slide the other ski forward in virgin or tracked snow. With the skate skiing technique a skier slides on alternating skis on a firm snow surface at an angle from each other in a manner similar to ice skating. Both techniques employ poles with baskets that allow the

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Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at a target while skiing at "top speed", downhill racing among trees, downhill racing on large slopes without falling, and "long racing" on "flat ground". An early record of a public

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The geometry of a back country ski depends on its purpose—skis suited for forested areas where loose powder can predominate may be shorter and wider than those selected for open, exposed areas where compacted snow may prevail. Sidecut on Telemark skis promotes turning in forest and rugged terrain.

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in some terrain, allowing for traverses and ascents that would be harder in the summer. Skis can also be used to access backcountry alpine climbing routes when snow is off the technical route, but still covers the hiking trail. In some countries, organizations maintain a network of huts for use by

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diminishes the pressure of the grip zone on the snow and promotes bearing on the remaining area of the ski—the "glide zone". A test for stiffness of camber is made with a piece of paper under the skier's foot, standing on skis on a flat, hard surface—the paper should be pinned throughout the grip

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or other assistance. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of travel. Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved, sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are

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that is combined with additive materials. The paraffin hardness and additives are varied based on snow type, humidity and temperature. Since the 2021-2022 race season, fluorinated products are banned in FIS sanctioned competitions. Before the ban, most race waxes combined fluorinated hydrocarbon

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used skis at least from 1675, and the Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747—details of military ski exercises from 1767 are on record. Skis were used in military exercises in 1747. In 1799 French traveller Jacques de la Tocnaye recorded his visit to Norway in his

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Poles contribute to forward propulsion, either simultaneously (usual for the skate technique) or in alternating sequence (common for the classical technique as the "diagonal stride"). Double poling is also used with the classical technique when higher speed can be achieved on flats and slight

954:. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total running distance/time. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules. 268:(1274) stated that "No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land." Cross-country skiing evolved from a utilitarian means of transportation to being a worldwide recreational activity and sport, which branched out into other forms of skiing starting in the mid-1800s. 1191:: Designed for skiing on groomed surfaces. The usual recommended length is skier length +5-15cm. The entire bottom of each skate ski is a glide zone—prepared for maximum glide. Traction comes from the skier pushing away from the edge of the previous ski onto the next ski. 1531: 1281:

grip by interacting with snow crystals, which vary with temperature, age and compaction. Hard grip waxes do not work well for snow which has metamorphosed to having coarse grains, whether icy or wet. In these conditions, skiers opt for a stickier substance, called

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in Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing. This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. It became widespread during the 1980s after the success of

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is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the

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Glide waxes enhance the speed of the gliding surface. The wax is either melted on the base using an iron or applied in a liquid form. The excess wax is first scraped off and then finished by brushing. Most glide waxes are based on

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Cross-country skiing has two basic propulsion techniques, which apply to different surfaces: classic (undisturbed snow and tracked snow) and skate skiing (firm, smooth snow surfaces). The classic technique relies on a

461:, developed a one-sided variant of the style in the 1970s, leaving one ski in the track while skating to the side with the other one during endurance events; this became known as the "marathon skate". 1423: 1019: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 2124: 1024: 1149:

Cross-country ski equipment for skate-skiing (left) and classic-style skiing (right). Ski and pole lengths are different for each. Classic skis have a "grip zone" in the area under the binding.

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are attached to the ski only at the toe, leaving the heel free. Depending on application, boots may be lightweight (performance skiing) or heavier and more supportive (back-country skiing).

2389: 1787: 1438: 972:; other symbols indicate whether any roads are snow-covered or clear. Standard skate-skiing equipment is used, along with a map holder attached to the chest. It is one of the four 849:

have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the

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Skis designed for classic technique, both in track and in virgin snow, rely on a traction zone, called the "grip zone" or "kick zone", underfoot. This comes either from a)

4993: 995:. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. 287:—one being up to 100 cm (39 in) longer than the other—allowing skiers to propel themselves with a scooter motion. This combination has a long history among the 3364: 1474: 4067: 1458: 1069:

With skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a smooth, firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to

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standards for such organizations as the International Olympic Committee, the International Ski Federation, or national standards. Standards address course distances,

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which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski". Norwegian language does not use a verb-form equivalent in idiomatic speech, unlike English "to ski". In modern

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arms to participate in the propulsion. Specialized equipment is adapted to each technique and each type of terrain. A variety of turns are used, when descending.

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with maximums in elevation difference and steepness—both up and downhill, plus other factors. Some facilities have night-time lighting on select trails—called

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translated as "ski running samis". Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more than 6000 years, evidenced by the very old Sami word

2655: 2833: 2800: 3050: 2116: 3393: 1108: 1331:: The boot-gripping system comprises three pins that correspond to three holes in the sole of the boot's toe, used primarily for back-country skiing. 2289:

A Complete Guide to Alpine Ski Touring Ski Mountaineering and Nordic Ski Touring Including Useful Information for Off Piste Skiers and Snow Boarders

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secures the free-moving heel and keeps the toe of the boot pushed into a boot-gripping section, used primarily for back-country and telemark skiing.

128:. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on 838: 450: 437: 3080: 1020: 1694: 2890: 2735: 2381: 960:

is a form of cross-country skiing competition that requires navigation in a landscape, making optimal route choices at racing speeds. Standard

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dates to 1741. Traditional skis, used for snow travel in Norway and elsewhere into the 1800s, often comprised one short ski with a natural fur

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Cross-country ski competition encompasses a variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the

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refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in groomed tracks in the shortest possible time". In Norway,

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binding system for classic skiing. The skier clicks the toe of the boot into the binding and releases with the button in front of the boot.

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maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter.

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ability to penetrate new snow or to stay in a track. Each of the following ski types has a different combination of these attributes:

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skins, designed to slide forward but not backwards, that is built into the grip zone of waxless skis, or from applied devices, e.g.

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zone of the ski on which all the skier's weight is placed, but slide freely when the skier's weight is bearing equally on both skis.

2859: 1216:, which are applied to the ski bottom for long, steep ascents and have hairs or mechanical texture that prevents sliding backwards. 3350: 1873: 350: 3195: 3164: 2561: 2440: 4053: 3423: 987: 1554: 341:

travel diary: Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US midwest from around 1836. Norwegian immigrant "

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started as a technique for traveling cross-country over snow on skis, starting almost five millennia ago with beginnings in

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Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including

1672: 5024: 1361: 345:" transported mail by skiing across the Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada from 1856. In 1888 Norwegian explorer 2946: 3418: 877: 873: 794: 788: 638:

and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. It is an accessible form of recreation for persons with

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hunter using skis of unequal length—short for traction, long for gliding—and a single pole. Both were employed until

4084: 3930: 3619: 3543: 881: 806: 715: 433: 1145: 3720: 3657: 2920: 425:) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age intervals. 4978: 4839: 4706: 4219: 4164: 3710: 2647: 1315: 1007:

Skiers employing step turns, while descending during a 2006 FIS World Cup Cross Country competition in Otepää,

482: 291:. Skis up to 280 cm have been produced in Finland, and the longest recorded ski in Norway is 373 cm. 2826: 2796: 4786: 4076: 3046: 362: 2532: 2167: 1046:

downhills than is available in the diagonal stride, which is favored to achieve higher power going uphill.

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started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style. Finnish skier,

381: 5029: 5003: 4941: 4827: 4456: 4446: 3725: 3548: 1038: 984:. Upper body strength is especially important because of frequent double poling along narrow snow trails. 271:

Early skiers used one long pole or spear in addition to the skis. The first depiction of a skier with two

2002: 4034: 3990: 858: 3072: 2797:"Swedish Olympic Champion Recalls the Early Development of Skate Skiing – Cross Country Ski Technique" 1968: 332:

in the 13th century. These troops were reportedly able to cover distances comparable to that of light

4124: 3985: 3958: 1698: 977: 917: 880:. Skiers race in classic or free-style (skating) events, depending on the rules of the race. Notable 850: 756: 2898: 2743: 4341: 4281: 4189: 4154: 4139: 4108: 3776: 3705: 3218: 1410: 937: 909: 257: 2505: 4987: 4266: 4214: 4174: 3852: 3624: 3579: 3489: 3255: 2774: 2170:(database search). Språkrådet (Language Council of Norway) and University of Oslo. Archived from 686: 611: 563: 418: 1914: 1637: 432:, was experimented with early in the 20th Century, but was not widely adopted until the 1980s. 178:

is a form of cross-country skiing, which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks.

4382: 4377: 4256: 4199: 3388: 3110: 2989: 2713: 2703: 2419: 2323: 2292: 2150: 2099: 2034:"Wordloppet Anniversary Book—30 years of skiing around the world (Skating, Siitonen and Koch)" 1920: 1836: 1641: 1605: 1560: 1521: 921: 896: 486: 442: 342: 187: 2319: 2313: 4811: 4610: 4492: 4365: 3745: 3667: 3639: 3463: 1429: 1356:

Ski poles are used for balance and propulsion. Modern cross-country ski poles are made from

961: 957: 810: 558:, literally "On skis across Greenland", while the English edition of the report was titled, 478: 404: 329: 175: 1368:, depending on weight, cost and performance parameters. Formerly they were made of wood or 4951: 4687: 4615: 4559: 4549: 4398: 4316: 4291: 4241: 4209: 4179: 4144: 4114: 4024: 3781: 3740: 3629: 3442: 3023: 2475: 2358: 1085: 549: 474: 366: 346: 261: 233: 125: 385: 1100:. The step turn is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats. 30:

This article is about cross-country skiing in general. For the competitive aspects, see

4908: 4896: 4879: 4867: 4731: 4692: 4569: 4529: 4356: 4286: 4271: 4236: 4194: 4149: 4099: 3948: 3564: 1830: 1630: 1414: 951: 728:, track-set for classic skiing at the sides and groomed for skate skiing in the center. 458: 370: 354: 3020:"Back to Basics: A Quick Look at Paste Waxes, Waxless Ski Preparation and Kick Waxing" 1869: 1003: 5018: 4884: 4872: 4662: 4564: 4296: 4246: 4204: 4159: 3920: 3888: 3796: 3786: 3771: 3647: 3609: 3528: 3513: 3494: 3403: 3187: 3156: 2557: 2448: 2239: 1481: 1465: 1445: 1338: 1154: 1113: 1097: 1093: 1089: 964:

are used, but with special green overprinting of trails and tracks to indicate their

933: 901: 767: 761: 744: 732: 682: 678: 639: 598:, in the late 19th century. The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term, 446: 369:, motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during a snow storm. Starting in 1919, 163: 145: 132:

against the snow. It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes, including

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Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89

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Field, Patrick; Corradini, Angelo (2007), Paal, Epp; Corradini, Angelo (eds.),

570:(he used the term also in the English translation), which may be translated as 192: 4781: 4667: 4646: 4636: 4554: 4539: 4497: 4461: 4451: 4441: 4331: 4326: 4231: 4129: 3925: 3915: 3879: 3827: 3791: 3735: 3687: 3677: 3662: 3574: 3435: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 1261: 1120:

Equipment comprises skis, poles, boots and bindings; these vary according to:

886: 310: 305: 2993: 2717: 646:—a winter sport where a cross-country skier is assisted by one or more dogs. 4931: 4677: 4584: 4579: 4482: 4345: 3965: 3953: 3898: 3893: 3859: 3842: 3766: 3730: 3682: 3499: 2620: 1357: 1305: 1269: 1213: 925: 834: 776: 736: 725: 690: 643: 498: 469: 454: 349:

and his team crossed the Greenland icecap on skis. Norwegian workers on the

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along with skiing skills. Ski touring can be faster and easier than summer

508: 4045: 3342: 1763:(in Norwegian). Ranheim: Norske Skiloperer Ostlandet Nord Oslo. p. 9. 1130:

Performance level, from recreational use to competition at the elite level

872:—races with distances greater than 40 kilometers—have two cup series, the 604:, (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing. Around 1900 the word 4958: 4926: 4682: 4436: 4429: 4311: 4306: 4276: 4119: 3940: 3910: 3864: 3837: 3822: 3604: 1351: 965: 947: 674: 272: 265: 171: 109: 1464:

A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in

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of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by

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Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier.

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Skis used in cross-country are lighter and narrower than those used in

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involves independently navigating and route finding through potential

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allow for free movement of the heel to enable a walking pace, as with

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with classic technique in the women's 10 km classic race at the

748: 698: 225: 141: 137: 133: 105: 3131:"Flourinated Wax Ban implementation to begin in the 2021-22 season" 520:(literally "walk on skis")—a general term for self-propelled skiing 4726: 4721: 3905: 2528: 2418:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990. p. 197. 1318:

used in cross-country skiing (in descending order of importance):

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Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering

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Beschreibung von dem unter schwedischer Krone gehörigen Lappland

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and Cross Country Ski Canada. It also encompasses cross-country

562:. Nansen referred to the activity of traversing snow on skis as 528:(literally "hiking on skis")—refers to ski touring as recreation 4049: 3346: 2171: 1314:

connect the boot to the ski. There are three primary groups of

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When the skier's weight is distributed on both skis, the ski's

586:(literally "On snowshoes through Greenland"). The German term, 511:, a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including: 4936: 3847: 1140: 666: 321: 211: 81: 365:

in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to the

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whereby skiers traverse snow-covered terrain without use of

2447:. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA). Archived from 1969:"Russia's love/hate relationship with cross-country skiing" 264:'s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis. The 2357:. The Norwegian Trekking Association. 2015. Archived from 2312:

Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007).

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Pre-1940 ski gear in Oslo: bamboo poles, wooden skis, and

536:(literally "long race")—refers to cross-country ski racing 453:

drew more attention to the skating style. Norwegian skier

2259:. Hamburg: autorisirte deutsche Uebersetzung von M. Mann. 1632:

Cross-Country Skiing: Building Skills for Fun and Fitness

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Terrain, which may vary from groomed trails to wilderness

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Turns, used while descending or for braking, include the

817:, and Paralympic cross-country skiing, sanctioned by the 2195:

Engelske idiomer. Ord og vendinger fra norsk til engelsk

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introduced skiing in South America around 1890. In 1910

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Riksmål og moderat bokmål: en sammenlignende oversikt.

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Video of skiers demonstrating a variety of techniques.

2860:"The Novice; Mastering the Practical Curtsy, on Skis" 1604:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990. 1480:

A blind cross-country skier with guide at a regional

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cross-country skiers in wintertime. For example, the

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helped popularize the activity in the Soviet Union.

232:. It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in 4971: 4919: 4860: 4853: 4820: 4804: 4774: 4751: 4714: 4705: 4655: 4624: 4603: 4522: 4506: 4470: 4407: 4391: 4355: 4092: 4083: 3939: 3878: 3810: 3754: 3696: 3638: 3597: 3557: 3521: 3512: 3477: 3451: 3411: 3402: 2592:

Rules adopted by the 2012 10th Regular IBU Congress

77: 69: 64: 56: 2767:"Technique & Training: Three steps to skating" 1629: 665:. Tours may extend over multiple days. Typically, 1592: 1590: 1588: 797:(FIS) and by national organizations, such as the 592:, was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word, 3279:"Skistavens historie: Hjelpemiddel og bråkmaker" 1835:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Aventura – Skiforeningen. 1697:. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from 1037:or texture on the ski bottom under the foot for 3241: 3239: 2623:. International Orienteering Federation. 2011. 599: 575: 553: 541: 531: 523: 515: 502: 408: 219: 3109:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. 31–32. 2594:. International Biathlon Union. Archived from 2552: 2550: 2504:. International Ski Federation. Archived from 1954:Promenade d'un Français en Suède et en Norvège 1623: 1621: 857:, and the FIS World Cup events (including the 771:(electric-light trails) in Swedish. The first 4061: 3358: 2700:Cross-country skiing: touring and competition 2040:, World Loppet Ski Foundation, archived from 1990:. W. Edson Richmond (trans.). Oslo: Samlaget. 540:In contrast, alpine skiing is referred to as 8: 3328:Tutorial on the stem or wedge christie turn. 2921:"Cross Country Skiing Equipment and History" 2827:"Cross Country Certification Standards 2014" 2009:. International Skiing History Association. 1893: 1891: 693:terrain and often requires familiarity with 605: 593: 587: 581: 39: 2832:. Professional Ski Instructors of America. 1956:(in French). Brunswick: P.F. Fauche et Cie. 1919:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 452. 1636:. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. 1452:, a North American groomed-trail ski venue. 775:opened in 1946 in Nordmarka and at Byåsen ( 634:Recreational cross-country skiing includes 4994:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums 4857: 4711: 4089: 4068: 4054: 4046: 3936: 3518: 3408: 3365: 3351: 3343: 2474:. Cross Country Ski Canada. Archived from 1746:I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne 735:trail skiing occurs at facilities such as 38: 3394:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms 3323:Tutorial on the snowplough or wedge turn. 3100: 3098: 2060: 2058: 552:, describes the crossing of Greenland as 3248:"Cross country skiers venture off track" 2702:(3d ed.). Toronto: Copp C. Pitman. 2693: 2268: 2266: 1870:"Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus" 1733:(Research report). Høgskolen i Finnmark. 988:Paralympic cross-country ski competition 724:Groomed ski trails for cross-country in 610:was used in German in the same sense as 309:military patrol on skis training in the 3047:"Cross-Country Ski Gear: How to Choose" 2858:Fabricant, Florence (26 January 1999). 2820: 2818: 2729: 2727: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2003:"Cross-country skating: How it started" 1824: 1822: 1820: 1761:Milepeler og merkedager gjennom 4000 ar 1506: 1379: 839:2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 451:1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships 60:Cross-country, XC skiing, Nordic skiing 51:Cross-country skiers in western Norway. 2825:PSIA Standards Committee (June 2014). 2654:. International Paralympic Committee. 2070:Cross Country Ski Tips and Information 1876:from the original on 14 September 2013 1849:from the original on 17 September 2020 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 351:Buenos Aires - Valparaiso railway line 3291:from the original on 23 December 2015 3045:Recreational Equipment, Inc. (2015). 2803:from the original on 19 February 2019 2652:IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon 2392:from the original on 13 February 2014 2127:from the original on 29 December 2019 1933:from the original on 28 December 2019 1916:Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing 1573:from the original on 28 December 2019 1534:from the original on 28 December 2019 982:International Orienteering Federation 815:International Orienteering Federation 240:. Early historical evidence includes 113:specifically designed for the sport. 7: 3083:from the original on 23 October 2014 3073:"How to choose the right ski length" 2927:from the original on 16 October 2014 2839:from the original on 7 November 2016 2658:from the original on 4 December 2014 2564:from the original on 25 October 2014 2560:. Worldloppet Ski Federation. 2012. 2013:from the original on 23 October 2014 1393:woman or goddess hunting on skis by 741:Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort 320:, the use of ski-equipped troops in 2957:from the original on 13 August 2012 2923:. International Olympic Committee. 2870:from the original on 3 January 2017 2291:. Authorhouse. 2014. p. xvii. 2076:from the original on 4 January 2015 1675:from the original on 12 August 2014 3287:(in Norwegian). Oslo. p. 14. 3277:Brugge, Mette (20 December 2015). 3198:from the original on 25 April 2012 3188:"Information on Fluorinated Waxes" 3167:from the original on 25 April 2012 3157:"Information on Fluorinated Waxes" 2947:"Cross Country Skis (Nordic Skis)" 2412:Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon 2168:"Nynorskordboka og Bokmålsordboka" 1776:"A Short History of Alpine Skiing" 1598:Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon 993:International Paralympic Committee 950:combines cross-country skiing and 855:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 847:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 819:International Paralympic Committee 799:U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association 642:. A related form of recreation is 436:used the skating technique at the 388:skate-skis at a qualifier for the 244:'s (around CE 550) description of 25: 2627:from the original on 17 July 2015 2585:"IBU Event and Competition Rules" 2244:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1813:(in German). Leipzig: von Rother. 1790:from the original on 10 June 2016 876:, which started in 2011, and the 630:Ski touring in untracked terrain. 166:sports. Cross-country skiing and 4030: 4029: 4020: 4019: 3053:from the original on 16 May 2015 2765:Hindman, Steve (December 2008). 2734:Hindman, Steve (February 2004). 2535:from the original on 13 May 2020 2257:Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland 1489: 1473: 1457: 1437: 1422: 1402: 1389:An early depiction of a skier—a 1382: 765:(light trails) in Norwegian and 583:Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland 283:, and one long for gliding, the 160:Competitive cross-country skiing 45: 3246:Dzierzak, Lou (November 2008). 3217:Jhung, Lisa (5 December 2020). 3155:Harvey, Ian (9 February 2011). 3000:from the original on 6 May 2016 2441:"Cross Country Sport Committee" 2241:The first crossing of Greenland 1952:de La Tocnaye, Jacques (1801). 1731:Norske ski: til glede og besvær 1517:Australian Cross Country Skiing 640:vision and mobility impairments 560:The first crossing of Greenland 3333:Tutorial on the Telemark turn. 2976:Woodward, Bob (January 1995), 2648:"Nordic Skiing Classification" 2380:Thomson, Jim (November 2009). 2318:. Mountaineers Books. p. 1556:New Zealand Backcountry Skiing 704:Norwegian Trekking Association 260:'s 950 CE saga describes King 1: 2978:"Cross Country's Short Story" 2386:Officials' Manual Version 3.4 2212:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 2117:"Språknytt 40 år (1973–2013)" 1967:Childs, Olga (2 March 2020). 1652:Cross country ski paper test. 1409:Loyal retainers transporting 1362:fibreglass-reinforced plastic 546:(literally "stand on skis"). 200: 3252:Cross Country Skier Magazine 2895:Cross Country Skier Magazine 2893:. Training & Technique. 2771:Cross Country Skier Magazine 2738:. Training & Technique. 2210:English-Norwegian Dictionary 2098:. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014. 1774:Lund, Morten (Winter 1996). 1669:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary 865:Other sanctioned competition 795:International Ski Federation 789:Cross-country skiing (sport) 403:ski competition occurred in 398:Cross-country skiing (sport) 32:Cross-country skiing (sport) 3192:A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer 3161:A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer 3107:Friluftsliv i vinterfjellet 2953:. Mountain Equipment Coop. 1671:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1559:. New Zealand Alpine Club. 1297:Cross-country ski boot and 1124:Technique, classic vs skate 870:Cross-country ski marathons 324:, is first recorded by the 224:which means stick of wood. 5046: 3338:Tutorial on the step turn. 3313:Tutorial on classic style. 2208:Kirkeby, Willy A. (1998). 2197:. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 2193:Follestad, Sverre (1993). 1349: 1249: 1224: 1138: 1062: 825:FIS-sanctioned competition 813:events, sanctioned by the 807:Worldloppet Ski Federation 805:events, sanctioned by the 786: 716:Cross-country skiing trail 713: 395: 185: 170:are the two components of 29: 4015: 3384: 3318:Tutorial on skate skiing. 3186:Swix (22 February 2011). 2275:Norske ski erobrer verden 2255:Nansen, Fridtjov (1891). 2238:Nansen, Fridtjof (1890). 2145:Bleken, Brynjulv (1973). 1988:Skiing throughout history 1913:Needham, Richard (1979). 1898:Bergsland, Einar (1946). 1744:Birkely, Hartvig (1994). 1553:Broadbent, James (2004). 685:. Ski touring's subgenre 44: 4979:Animal-powered transport 2388:. Cross Country Canada. 2227:. Kristiania: Aschehoug. 2096:Norsk etymologisk ordbok 1227:Ski wax § Glide wax 415:ski touring competitions 361:. In 1902 the Norwegian 4854:Non-vehicular transport 4077:Human-powered transport 2889:Hindman, Steve (2003). 2527:Nilsson, David (2015). 2472:"Rules and Regulations" 2007:Skiing History Magazine 2001:Bengtsson, Bengt Erik. 1628:Hindman, Steve (2005). 1432:as crown-prince in 1939 1252:Ski wax § Grip wax 1092:(or "wedge christie"), 1088:(or "wedge turn"), the 503: 438:1931 World Championship 220: 5004:Zero-emissions vehicle 2558:"What is Worldloppet?" 2416:Encyclopedia of Sports 1602:Encyclopedia of Sports 1302: 1150: 1117: 1029: 1012: 842: 729: 631: 615: 606: 600: 594: 588: 582: 576: 567: 554: 542: 532: 524: 516: 490: 422: 409: 407:, 1843. In Norwegian, 393: 314: 207: 4035:Category:Snowboarding 3105:Melbye, Mats (1997). 2583:IBU Congress (2012). 2273:Vaage, Jacob (1952). 1809:Hergstrom, P (1748). 1759:Vaage, Jakob (1955). 1296: 1206:helps to carve turns. 1148: 1111: 1027: 1006: 832: 723: 629: 472: 384: 359:South Pole Expedition 302: 195: 5025:Cross-country skiing 3755:Technique / learning 3485:Cross-country skiing 3419:Cross-country skiing 3250:. On the Wild Side. 3079:. 2 September 2013. 3018:Bergin, Ron (2008). 2698:Rees, David (1981). 2601:on 23 September 2015 2529:"Visma Ski Classics" 2174:on 21 September 2014 1829:Berg, Karin (1993). 1729:Saur, Lasse (1999). 1695:"Ancient Ice Sports" 1514:Hampel, Ian (1988). 918:American Birkebeiner 851:Winter Olympic Games 757:degree of difficulty 710:Groomed-trail skiing 555:På ski over Grønland 434:Johan Grøttumsbråten 102:Cross-country skiing 73:Outdoor winter sport 40:Cross-country skiing 18:Cross-country skiers 4942:Alpine touring skis 4752:Hand and foot power 4342:Cold-weather biking 4282:Small-wheel bicycle 4190:Glossary of cycling 4155:Cyclo-cross bicycle 4140:Cold-weather biking 3522:Olympic disciplines 2746:on 29 November 2014 2740:Cross Country Skier 2736:"Poling Principles" 2361:on 1 September 2015 2072:. XCSki.com. 2010. 1323:Standardized system 938:Forestville, Quebec 910:Engadin Skimarathon 258:Egil Skallagrimsson 41: 27:Form of snow skiing 4947:Cross-country skis 4611:Litter/sedan chair 4175:Flat bar road bike 3853:List of ski brands 3625:Ski mountaineering 3580:Para-alpine skiing 3490:Backcountry skiing 2901:on 23 October 2014 2864:The New York Times 2777:on 17 October 2014 2621:"Ski Orienteering" 2478:on 23 October 2014 2470:Directors (2012). 2451:on 5 November 2014 2439:Directors (2012). 2277:. Oslo: Gyldendal. 2223:Nansen, Fridtjof. 2094:Caprona, Yann de: 1902:. Oslo: Aschehoug. 1520:. Kangaroo Press. 1303: 1289:Boots and bindings 1151: 1118: 1030: 1013: 843: 730: 687:ski mountaineering 679:Nordic disciplines 632: 491: 473:Arctic travelers, 394: 336:. The garrison in 315: 208: 168:rifle marksmanship 5012: 5011: 4967: 4966: 4800: 4799: 4701: 4700: 4383:Motorized scooter 4378:Motorized bicycle 4257:Recumbent bicycle 4200:Motorized bicycle 4043: 4042: 4011: 4010: 3593: 3592: 3558:Other disciplines 3508: 3507: 3389:History of skiing 2709:978-0-7730-4045-8 2355:Routes and cabins 2329:978-1-59485-038-7 2298:978-1-4918-8808-7 2149:Oslo: Aschehoug. 1986:Bø, Olav (1993). 1926:978-0-06-014006-9 1647:978-0-89886-862-3 1444:A skate-skier in 1195:Back country skis 1025: 962:orienteering maps 922:Tour of Anchorage 487:Northbrook Island 483:Frederick Jackson 428:A new technique, 357:used skis on his 343:Snowshoe Thompson 236:, in what is now 188:History of skiing 99: 98: 16:(Redirected from 5037: 4858: 4812:Amphibious cycle 4767:(sliding rigger) 4712: 4493:Invalid carriage 4408:Other foot power 4366:Electric bicycle 4090: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4047: 4033: 4032: 4023: 4022: 3937: 3746:Snowboard racing 3668:Half-pipe skiing 3640:Freestyle skiing 3519: 3464:Ski orienteering 3409: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3344: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3254:. Archived from 3243: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3022:. Archived from 3015: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3005: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2897:. Archived from 2891:"Going Downhill" 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2773:. Archived from 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2742:. Archived from 2731: 2722: 2721: 2695: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2600: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508:on 7 August 2014 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2164: 2158: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2123:(in Norwegian). 2113: 2107: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2066:"Marathon Skate" 2062: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2038:Anniversary Book 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1826: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1635: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1594: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1511: 1493: 1477: 1461: 1441: 1430:Olav V of Norway 1426: 1411:Prince Haakon IV 1406: 1386: 1246:Traction surface 1026: 958:Ski orienteering 841:in Oslo, Norway. 811:ski orienteering 809:, cross-country 657:takes place off- 609: 603: 597: 591: 585: 579: 557: 545: 535: 527: 519: 506: 479:Hjalmar Johansen 412: 330:Saxo Grammaticus 277:traction surface 223: 206:. (1673 woodcut) 205: 202: 176:Ski orienteering 49: 42: 21: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4963: 4915: 4849: 4816: 4796: 4770: 4747: 4697: 4688:Summer toboggan 4651: 4625:Weight shifting 4620: 4616:Scoop stretcher 4599: 4560:Pulled rickshaw 4550:Flatbed trolley 4518: 4502: 4466: 4403: 4399:Treadle bicycle 4387: 4351: 4317:Utility bicycle 4292:Touring bicycle 4242:Porteur bicycle 4210:Mountain biking 4180:Folding bicycle 4145:Cruiser bicycle 4115:Bicycle trailer 4079: 4074: 4044: 4039: 4025:Category:Skiing 4007: 3935: 3874: 3806: 3750: 3741:Snowboard cross 3692: 3634: 3630:Telemark skiing 3589: 3553: 3504: 3473: 3447: 3443:Nordic combined 3398: 3380: 3371: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3258:on 2 March 2015 3245: 3244: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3135:www.fis-ski.com 3129: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 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467: 400: 379: 347:Fridtjof Nansen 313:, January 1932. 311:Giant Mountains 297: 262:Haakon the Good 214:comes from the 203: 190: 184: 126:Telemark skiing 65:Characteristics 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4972:Related topics 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4909:Stair climbing 4901: 4900: 4899: 4897:Stair climbing 4889: 4888: 4887: 4880:Roller skating 4877: 4876: 4875: 4868:Inline skating 4864: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4761:(sliding seat) 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732:Paddleboarding 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4693:Gravity biking 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 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3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3415: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3307:External links 3305: 3303: 3302: 3269: 3235: 3223:Outside Online 3209: 3178: 3147: 3122: 3115: 3094: 3064: 3037: 3010: 2988:(1): 127–132, 2968: 2938: 2912: 2881: 2850: 2814: 2788: 2757: 2723: 2708: 2669: 2638: 2612: 2575: 2546: 2519: 2489: 2462: 2431: 2424: 2403: 2372: 2342: 2328: 2304: 2297: 2280: 2262: 2247: 2230: 2215: 2200: 2185: 2159: 2138: 2108: 2087: 2054: 2044:on 3 July 2015 2024: 1993: 1978: 1959: 1944: 1925: 1905: 1887: 1860: 1841: 1816: 1801: 1766: 1751: 1736: 1712: 1701:on 22 May 2012 1686: 1656: 1646: 1617: 1610: 1584: 1565: 1545: 1526: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1415:Knud Bergslien 1408: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1326: 1290: 1287: 1270:climbing skins 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1192: 1185: 1184: 1175: 1174: 1162: 1159: 1139:Main article: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1114:cable bindings 1105: 1102: 1081: 1078: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1000: 997: 952:rifle shooting 884:, include the 866: 863: 826: 823: 787:Main article: 784: 781: 714:Main article: 711: 708: 651: 648: 623: 620: 574:. Nansen used 538: 537: 529: 521: 466: 463: 459:Pauli Siitonen 396:Main article: 378: 375: 371:Vladimir Lenin 355:Roald Amundsen 296: 295:Transportation 293: 186:Main article: 183: 180: 162:is one of the 97: 96: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5042: 5031: 5030:Nordic skiing 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4952:Telemark skis 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Gravity racer 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Shopping cart 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523:Pushed/pulled 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392:Treadle power 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Track bicycle 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Prone bicycle 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4205:Mountain bike 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160:Downhill bike 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3921:Snow grooming 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889:Dry ski slope 3887: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797:Ski simulator 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787:Stem christie 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3772:Parallel turn 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:Aerial skiing 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3610:Indoor skiing 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514:Alpine skiing 3511: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Roller skiing 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3404:Nordic skiing 3401: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3116:82-00-42088-4 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:"FIS History" 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2450: 2446: 2445:USSA Programs 2442: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2425:82-573-0408-5 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104:9788248910541 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1973:Russia Beyond 1970: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1842:82-588-0951-2 1838: 1834: 1833: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611:82-573-0408-5 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1572: 1568: 1566:9780958242134 1562: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1546: 1533: 1529: 1527:9780864171993 1523: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1482:Ski for Light 1476: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Gatineau Park 1440: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1272:, or b) from 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1155:alpine skiing 1147: 1142: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1098:Telemark turn 1095: 1094:parallel turn 1091: 1090:stem christie 1087: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1010: 1005: 998: 996: 994: 989: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 934:Boreal Loppet 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:Tartu Maraton 899: 898: 897:Birkebeineren 893: 889: 888: 883: 882:ski marathons 879: 875: 871: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 840: 836: 831: 824: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 782: 780: 778: 774: 770: 769: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:Gatineau Park 742: 738: 734: 727: 722: 717: 709: 707: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Alpine skiing 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 649: 647: 645: 644:dog skijoring 641: 637: 628: 621: 619: 617: 613: 608: 602: 596: 590: 584: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 551: 547: 544: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513: 512: 510: 505: 500: 496: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 464: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:United States 444: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 406: 399: 391: 387: 383: 376: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 312: 308: 307: 301: 294: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:skrithiphinoi 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:Daxing'anling 231: 227: 222: 217: 213: 198: 194: 189: 181: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164:Nordic skiing 161: 157: 155: 151: 147: 146:United States 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118:alpine skiing 114: 111: 107: 104:is a form of 103: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4946: 4920:Snow and ice 4739:(fixed seat) 4642:Caster board 4575:Stairclimber 4535:Baggage cart 4514:Rowing cycle 4425:Kick scooter 4415:Balance bike 4337:Wheelie bike 4302:Trailer bike 4262:Road bicycle 4135:City bicycle 4003:Surface lift 3981:Gondola lift 3802:Skate skiing 3698:Snowboarding 3615:Night skiing 3598:Other skiing 3585:Speed skiing 3570:Glade skiing 3534:Giant slalom 3484: 3478:Recreational 3459:Ski marathon 3378:snowboarding 3293:. 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