81:
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tests. The crosslinked sample is placed into a good solvent at a specific temperature, and either the change in mass or the change in volume is measured. The more crosslinking, the less swelling is attainable. Based on the degree of swelling, the Flory
Interaction Parameter (which relates the solvent
259:
for medical use. They offer a much wider range of properties than conventional cross-linked elastomers because the domains that act as cross-links are reversible, so can be reformed by heat. The stabilizing domains may be non-crystalline (as in styrene-butadiene block copolymers) or crystalline as in
466:
to hair involves the breaking and reformation of disulfide bonds. Typically a mercaptan such as ammonium thioglycolate is used for the breaking. Following this, the hair is curled and then "neutralized". The neutralizer is typically an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide, which causes new disulfide
240:. This process is often called sulfur curing. In most cases, cross-linking is irreversible, and the resulting thermosetting material will degrade or burn if heated, without melting. Chemical covalent cross-links are stable mechanically and thermally. Therefore, cross-linked products like car
346:
Two ASTM standards are commonly used to describe the degree of crosslinking in thermoplastics. In ASTM D2765, the sample is weighed, then placed in a solvent for 24 hours, weighed again while swollen, then dried and weighed a final time. The degree of swelling and the soluble portion can be
530:
functions by converting carboxyls into amine-reactive isourea intermediates that bind to lysine residues or other available primary amines. SMCC or its water-soluble analog, Sulfo-SMCC, is commonly used to prepare antibody-hapten conjugates for antibody development.
347:
calculated. In another ASTM standard, F2214, the sample is placed in an instrument that measures the height change in the sample, allowing the user to measure the volume change. The crosslink density can then be calculated.
1026:
Christoe, John R.; Denning, Ron J.; Evans, David J.; Huson, Mickey G.; Jones, Leslie N.; Lamb, Peter R.; Millington, Keith R.; Phillips, David G.; Pierlot, Anthony P.; Rippon, John A.; Russell, Ian M. (2005). "Wool".
189:. When polymer chains are crosslinked, the material becomes more rigid. The mechanical properties of a polymer depend strongly on the cross-link density. Low cross-link densities increase the viscosities of
834:
Casassa, E.Z; Sarquis, A.M; Van Dyke, C.H (1986). "The gelation of polyvinyl alcohol with borax: A novel class participation experiment involving the preparation and properties of a "slime"".
133:
Although the term is used to refer to the "linking of polymer chains" for both sciences, the extent of crosslinking and specificities of the crosslinking agents vary greatly.
539:
1398:
1059:
Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;135(5):620-7.
577:, which are incorporated into proteins. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the diazirines are activated and bind to interacting proteins that are within a few
343:
interaction with the sample), and the density of the solvent, the theoretical degree of crosslinking can be calculated according to Flory's
Network Theory.
904:"ASTM F2214 - 16 Standard Test Method for In Situ Determination of Network Parameters of Crosslinked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)"
371:
is a highly crosslinked polymer that comprises the main structural material of higher plants. A hydrophobic material, it is derived from precursor
1194:
Mizsei, RĂ©ka; Li, Xiaolong; Chen, Wan-Na; Szabo, Monika; Wang, Jia-huai; Wagner, Gerhard; Reinherz, Ellis L.; Mallis, Robert J. (January 2021).
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749:
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A solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be made into a slime by adding borax solution, which creates cross-links between polymer chains.
1069:
Prasad, Anand; Bekker, Peter; Tsimikas, Sotirios (2012-08-01). "Advanced glycation end products and diabetic cardiovascular disease".
712:
197:
properties and potentially high strengths. Very high cross-link densities can cause materials to become very rigid or glassy, such as
1044:
672:
1258:"Chemistry for the analysis of protein–protein interactions: Rapid and efficient cross-linking triggered by long wavelength light"
1196:"A general chemical crosslinking strategy for structural analyses of weakly interacting proteins applied to preTCR-pMHC complexes"
1120:
251:
rely on physical cross-links in their microstructure to achieve stability, and are widely used in non-tire applications, such as
495:
127:
483:
494:
Proteins can also be cross-linked artificially using small-molecule crosslinkers. This approach has been used to elucidate
126:
When "crosslinking" is used in the biological field, it refers to the use of a probe to link proteins together to check for
595:
590:
511:
879:"ASTM D2765 - 16 Standard Test Methods for Determination of Gel Content and Swell Ratio of Crosslinked Ethylene Plastics"
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213:
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123:"cross-linking" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties.
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In contrast to chemical cross-links, physical cross-links are formed by weaker interactions. For example, sodium
198:
407:. These effects can be put to good use (addressing cancer) or they can be lethal to the host organism. The drug
359:
Idealized structure of lignin, a highly crosslinked polymer that is the main structural material in many plants.
486:(AGEs), which have been implicated to induce crosslinking of collagen, which may lead to vascular stiffening.
314:
and the polymer's alcohol groups. Other examples of materials which form physically cross-linked gels include
770:
Hecht, Hadas; Srebnik, Simcha (2016). "Structural
Characterization of Sodium Alginate and Calcium Alginate".
400:
248:
1325:"Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein–protein interactions in living cells"
290:, the dominant type of commercial oil-based paint, cure by oxidative crosslinking after exposure to air.
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gels upon exposure to calcium ions, which form ionic bonds that bridge between alginate chains.
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375:. Heterogeneity arises from the diversity and degree of crosslinking between these lignols.
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functions by formation of intrastrand crosslinks in DNA. Other crosslinking agents include
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193:. Intermediate cross-link densities transform gummy polymers into materials that have
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Crosslinking generally involves covalent bonds that join two polymer chains. The term
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391:), a DNA crosslinker. Like most crosslinkers, this molecule has two reactive groups.
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435:, crosslinks are important in generating mechanically stable structures such as
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is an example of cross-linking. Schematic presentation of two "polymer chains" (
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518:. Each of these crosslinkers induces nucleophilic attack of the amino group of
498:. Crosslinkers bind only surface residues in relatively close proximity in the
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and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as
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bonds to form, thus permanently fixing the hair into its new configuration.
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930:"Cisplatin: Mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance"
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have strong effects on organisms because these lesions interfere with
1367:
Application note on how to measure degree of crosslinking in plastics
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and subsequent covalent bonding via the crosslinker. The zero-length
519:
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233:
186:
73:
1323:
Suchanek, Monika; Anna
Radzikowska; Christoph Thiele (April 2005).
383:
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Kou Qin; Chunmin Dong; Guangyu Wu; Nevin A Lambert (August 2011).
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216:. Free-radical polymerization gives a highly crosslinked polymer.
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Noll, David M.; Mason, Tracey
Mcgregor; Miller, Paul S. (2006).
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440:
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241:
237:
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to a more rigid, durable material associated with car and bike
232:, sulfur is the cross-linking agent. Its introduction changes
220:
In one implementation, unpolymerized or partially polymerized
581:
of the photo-reactive amino acid analog (UV cross-linking).
130:, as well as other creative cross-linking methodologies.
979:"Formation and Repair of Interstrand Cross-Links in DNA"
664:
Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber
Components
562:
crosslinking of protein complexes, cells are grown with
695:
Pham, Ha Q.; Marks, Maurice J. (2012). "Epoxy Resins".
636:
Hans
Zweifel; Ralph D. Maier; Michael Schiller (2009).
100:
is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one
868:
Flory, P.J., "Principles of
Polymer Chemistry" (1953)
84:
IUPAC definition for a crosslink in polymer chemistry
30:
Several terms redirect here. You may be looking for
1121:"Pierce Protein Biology - Thermo Fisher Scientific"
147:Chemical reactions associated with crosslinking of
104:chain to another. These links may take the form of
730:"Lipid-Based Polymer Building Blocks and Polymers"
540:photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins
546:(APS), an electron acceptor, the photosensitizer
459:formation is another type of protein crosslink.
1262:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1256:Fancy, David A.; Kodadek, Thomas (1999-05-25).
1029:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
810:Education: Inspiring your teaching and learning
697:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
640:(6th ed.). Munich: Hanser. p. 746.
8:
1037:10.1002/0471238961.2315151214012107.a01.pub2
734:Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference
27:Bonds linking one polymer chain to another
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506:crosslinker dimethyl suberimidate, the
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269:bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide
7:
474:in the cornea, a condition known as
548:tris-bipyridylruthenium (II) cation
1399:Protein–protein interaction assays
812:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2016
742:10.1016/b978-0-444-53349-4.00253-3
502:. Common crosslinkers include the
338:Crosslinking is often measured by
25:
728:Abraham, T.W.; Höfer, R. (2012),
310:through hydrogen bonding between
806:"Experiments: PVA polymer slime"
334:Measuring degree of crosslinking
1200:Journal of Biological Chemistry
538:cross-linking method is PICUP (
484:advanced glycation end-products
185:is characteristically used for
40:Water management infrastructure
661:Gent, Alan N. (1 April 2018).
275:groups link to silica and the
271:is a cross-linking agent: the
167:refers to the crosslinking of
1:
836:Journal of Chemical Education
705:10.1002/14356007.a09_547.pub2
596:Cross-linked enzyme aggregate
591:Branching (polymer chemistry)
247:A class of polymers known as
1083:10.1097/CRD.0b013e318244e57c
736:, Elsevier, pp. 15–58,
496:protein–protein interactions
389:bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine
260:thermoplastic copolyesters.
214:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
171:resins, such as unsaturated
151:, the process that produces
128:protein–protein interactions
638:Plastics additives handbook
244:cannot be recycled easily.
1420:
784:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00378
462:The process of applying a
306:gels upon the addition of
44:Reticular (disambiguation)
29:
1213:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100255
928:Siddik, Zahid H. (2003).
684:– via Google Books.
617:Phenol formaldehyde resin
601:Cross-linked polyethylene
68:) cross-linked after the
542:). Typical reagents are
455:are common crosslinks.
249:thermoplastic elastomers
1283:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6020
1151:Nature Chemical Biology
72:of natural rubber with
947:10.1038/sj.onc.1206933
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76:(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
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1071:Cardiology in Review
612:Fixation (histology)
508:N-Hydroxysuccinimide
294:Physical cross-links
226:crosslinking reagent
179:resin, and the term
1274:1999PNAS...96.6020F
848:1986JChEd..63...57C
607:Crosslinking of DNA
544:ammonium persulfate
510:-ester crosslinker
199:phenol-formaldehyde
32:Crosslinking of DNA
18:Cross-linking agent
1372:2013-11-02 at the
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224:is treated with a
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137:Synthetic polymers
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1404:Rubber properties
1394:Polymer chemistry
1268:(11): 6020–6024.
1125:www.piercenet.com
995:10.1021/cr040478b
940:(47): 7265–7279.
772:Biomacromolecules
751:978-0-08-087862-1
647:978-3-446-40801-2
304:Polyvinyl alcohol
210:vinyl ester resin
121:polymer chemistry
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230:vulcanization
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182:vulcanization
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1128:. Retrieved
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1021:
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911:. Retrieved
908:www.astm.org
907:
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886:. Retrieved
883:www.astm.org
882:
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839:
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821:
814:. Retrieved
809:
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771:
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755:, retrieved
733:
723:
696:
690:
678:. Retrieved
663:
656:
637:
631:
559:
552:[Ru(bpy)
535:
533:
526:crosslinker
524:carbodiimide
516:formaldehyde
500:native state
493:
470:Compromised
469:
461:
430:
395:Intrastrand
394:
367:
345:
337:
297:
286:
255:tracks, and
246:
225:
219:
180:
162:
160:
132:
125:
118:
97:
87:
64:
58:
569:analogs to
476:keratoconus
413:mustard gas
405:replication
373:monolignols
281:polyolefins
277:polysulfide
201:materials.
195:elastomeric
149:drying oils
110:ionic bonds
42:; see also
1383:Categories
1206:: 100255.
757:2022-06-27
667:. Hanser.
624:References
575:methionine
504:imidoester
351:In biology
312:boric acid
253:snowmobile
98:cross-link
1292:0027-8424
1222:0021-9258
1091:1538-4683
842:(1): 57.
579:ångströms
567:diazirine
449:cartilage
417:mitomycin
409:cisplatin
328:agar agar
257:catheters
173:polyester
90:chemistry
1370:Archived
1351:15782218
1310:10339534
1240:33837736
1181:21873996
1099:22314141
1013:16464006
956:14576837
934:Oncogene
792:27177209
585:See also
536:in-vitro
490:Research
482:through
472:collagen
433:proteins
427:Proteins
421:psoralen
340:swelling
320:collagen
300:alginate
208:Typical
153:linoleum
114:proteins
1270:Bibcode
1231:7948749
1172:3177959
1130:1 April
1107:8471652
1004:2505341
964:4350565
913:1 April
888:1 April
844:Bibcode
816:2 April
680:1 April
571:leucine
560:in-vivo
324:agarose
316:gelatin
187:rubbers
102:polymer
94:biology
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520:lysine
447:, and
419:, and
379:In DNA
369:Lignin
364:Lignin
326:, and
273:siloxy
234:rubber
164:curing
74:sulfur
1301:26828
1103:S2CID
960:S2CID
603:(PEX)
387:HN1 (
308:borax
242:tires
238:tires
228:. In
222:resin
177:epoxy
65:green
38:, or
1347:PMID
1306:PMID
1288:ISSN
1236:PMID
1218:ISSN
1177:PMID
1132:2018
1095:PMID
1087:ISSN
1041:ISBN
1009:PMID
952:PMID
915:2018
890:2018
818:2022
788:PMID
746:ISBN
709:ISBN
682:2018
669:ISBN
642:ISBN
573:and
514:and
445:skin
441:wool
439:and
437:hair
403:and
175:and
96:, a
92:and
62:and
59:blue
1337:doi
1296:PMC
1278:doi
1226:PMC
1208:doi
1204:296
1167:PMC
1159:doi
1079:doi
1033:doi
999:PMC
991:doi
987:106
942:doi
852:doi
780:doi
738:doi
701:doi
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528:EDC
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