Cross-cultural communication

418:, usually identified as Asian, Latin American, African, and Southern European cultures, an interdependent figure of self is dominant. There is a much greater emphasis on the interrelatedness of the individual to others and the environment; the self is meaningful only (or primarily) in the context of social relationships, duties, and roles. In some degree, the effect brought by cultural difference override the language gap. This culture style difference contributes to one of the biggest challenges for cross-culture communication. Effective communication with people of different cultures is especially challenging. Cultures provide people with ways of thinking—ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases. The study of cross-cultural communication is a global research area. As a result, cultural differences in the 590:

understanding through processes of organizational change and innovations. In general, university processes revolve around four major dimensions which include: organizational change, curriculum innovation, staff development, and student mobility. Ellingboe emphasizes these four major dimensions with his own specifications for the internationalization process. His specifications include: (1) college leadership; (2) faculty members' international involvement in activities with colleagues, research sites, and institutions worldwide; (3) the availability, affordability, accessibility, and transferability of study abroad programs for students; (4) the presence and integration of international students, scholars, and visiting faculty into campus life; and (5) international co-curricular units (residence halls, conference planning centers, student unions, career centers, cultural immersion and language houses, student activities, and student organizations).

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trustworthiness of the data as well as compromise the overall rigor of the study Temple and Edwards also describe the important role of translation in research, pointing out that language is not just a tool or technical label for conveying concepts; Indeed, language incorporates values and beliefs and carries cultural, social, and political meanings of a particular social reality that may not have a conceptual equivalence in the language into which will be translated. In the same veing, it has also been noted that the same words can mean different things in different cultures. For instance, as Temple et al. observe, the words we choose matter. Thus, it is crucial to give attention to how researchers describe the use of translators and/or interpreters since it reflects their competence in addressing language as a methodological issue.

987:: context is the most important cultural dimension and also difficult to define. The idea of context in culture was advanced by the anthropologist Edward T Hall. He divides culture into two main groups: High and Low context cultures. He refers to context as the stimuli, environment or ambiance surrounding the environment. Depending on how a culture relies on the three points to communicate their meaning, will place them in either high or low- context cultures. For example, Hall goes on to explain that low-context cultures assume that the individuals know very little about what they are being told, and therefore must be given a lot of background information. High-context cultures assume the individual is knowledgeable about the subject and has to be given very little background information. 632:. Qualitative researchers seek to develop a comprehensive understanding of human behavior, using inductive approaches to investigate the meanings people attribute to their behavior, actions, and interactions with others. In other words, qualitative researchers seek to gain insights into life experiences by exploring the depth, richness, and complexity inherent to human phenomenon. To gather data, qualitative researchers use direct observation and immersion, interviews, open-ended surveys, focus groups, content analysis of visual and textual material, and oral histories. Qualitative research studies involving cross-language issues are particularly complex in that they require investigating meanings, interpretations, symbols, and the processes and relations of social life. 827:

local impact. Through this process of cross-cultural communication, students build mutual respect, cultural competence and understanding of each others. I need to be more open to people and limit my mind in order to get clues about stereotypes, race, religion, and media. I should give people enough time to speak so I can figure out what my mind is missing about a particular group of people. By being open, I mean having healthy conversations with people, which should begin gradually depending on the situation and people involved. Allowing myself some time to reflect on these elements, where I am going wrong, and where I need to improve. Meanwhile, I'm updating my mental knowledge based on the authentic information I'm gaining through experiential learning.

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by arguing that "Research conducted by English-speaking researchers about other language speaking subjects is essentially cross-cultural and often multilingual, particularly with QR that involves participants communicating in languages other than English" (p. 53). Specifically, Lee addresses the problems that arise in making sense of interview responses in Mandarin, preparing transcriptions of interviews, and translating the Mandarin/Chinese data for an English-speaking/reading audience. Lee's work then, demonstrates the importance of reflexivity in cross-language research since the researcher's involvement in the language translation can impact the research process and outcome.

777:, which is a measure of the rigor of the study, Lincoln & Guba, Sutsrino et al. argue that it is necessary to minimize translation errors, provide detail accounts of the translation, involve more than one translator, and remain open to inquiry from those seeking access to the translation process. For example, in research conducted in the educational context, Sutsrino et al. recommend bilingual researchers the use of inquiry audit for establishing trustworthiness. Specifically, investigators can require an outside person to review and examine the translation process and the data analysis in order to ensure that the translation is accurate, and the findings are consistent. 397:

cross-cultural norms of communication. There are several potential problems that come with language socialization, however. Sometimes people can overgeneralize or label cultures with stereotypical and subjective characterizations. Another primary concern with documenting alternative cultural norms revolves around the fact that no social actor uses language in ways that perfectly match normative characterizations. A methodology for investigating how an individual uses language and other semiotic activity to create and use new models of conduct and how this varies from the cultural norm should be incorporated into the study of language socialization.

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technological, economic, and political health. It has become essential for universities to educate, or more importantly, "transform", to function effectively and comfortably in a world characterized by close, multi-faceted relationships and permeable borders. Students must possess a certain level of global competence to understand the world they live in and how they fit into this world. This level of global competence starts at ground level- the university and its faculty- with how they generate and transmit cross-cultural knowledge and information to students.

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someone who simply offers words in a one-to-one exchange. Rather, the translator is someone who negotiates meanings in relation to a specific context. These meanings cannot be found within the language of translation, but they are embedded in the negotiation process, which is part of their continual reactivation. For this reason, the translator needs to make continuous decisions about the cultural meanings language conveys. Thus, the process of meaning transfer has more to do with reconstructing the value of a term, rather than its cultural inscription.

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to adapt to these changes. As stated by Ellingboe, internationalization "is an ongoing, future-oriented, multidimensional, interdisciplinary, leadership-driven vision that involves many stakeholders working to change the internal dynamics of an institution to respond and adapt appropriately to an increasingly diverse, globally focused, ever-changing external environment". New distance learning technologies, such as interactive teleconferencing, enable students located thousands of miles apart to communicate and interact in a virtual classroom.

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attention is given to the involvement of interpreters in research interviews and even less attention to language difference in focus group research with people who do not speak English. An exception would be the work of Esposito. There is some work on the role of interpreters and translators in relation to best practice and models of provision, such as that of Thomson et al., However, there is a body of literature aimed at English speaking health and social welfare professionals on how to work with interpreters.

725:. In a globalized era, setting the criteria for qualitative research that is linguistically and culturally representative of study participants is crucial for improving the quality of care provided by health care professionals. Scholars in the health field, like Squires, provide useful guidelines for systematically evaluating the methodological issues in cross-language research in order to address language barriers between researchers and participants. 3274: 555:, which was consistent in countries with a steady influx of migrants or few migrants, and during times of economic prosperity or recession. Muijsenbergh found that migrants have worse health than native Europeans, with her findings suggesting that this is a result of the language and cultural barriers. She recommends medical professionals use different training and educational resources in order to become cross-cultural communicators. 83: 569:

conflicts (Liu et al., 2022), negative feedback can harm team dynamics and individual creativity by triggering psychological states that detract from collaboration (Kim & Kim, 2020). The effectiveness of this communication is significantly influenced by the cultural context, suggesting the need for a strategic approach that respects individual and cultural differences in communication styles and feedback reception.

3619: 551:. Muijsenbergh found in her study that there was a range of issues in primary care for migrants in Europe. There are both language and culture barriers between medical professionals and patients, which has an impact on their communication. Even with the translation methods that technology provides, language barriers remain to fall fast. The study also found that migrants were more likely to use 920: 146: 42: 573:

importance of complex communication practices that acknowledge the sophisticated dynamics of team interactions (Tavoletti et al., 2019; Wisniewski et al., 2020). The application of Feedback Intervention Theory (FIT) emphasizes focusing feedback on task-related aspects rather than personal attributes to optimize its effectiveness (Kluger & DeNisi, 1996).

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collection and analysis processes become more complicated due to the inseparability of the human experience and the language spoken in a culture Oxley et al. (2017). Therefore, it is crucial for researchers to be clear on what they know and believe. In other words, they should clarify their position in the research process.

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speaking are viewed in a negative light, withholding information and lacking in general confidence. However, in the Middle East, Africa, and especially Asia, eye contact is seen as disrespectful and even challenging of one's authority. People who make eye contact, but only briefly, are seen as respectful and courteous.

527:. Maria van den Muijsenbergh conducted a study on primary care in Europe as well as a new program, RESTORE. The program stands for: "Research into implementation STrategies to support patients of different ORigins and language background in a variety of European primary care settings". The countries participating are 1711: 1758:

Ellingboe, B.J. (1998). Divisional strategies to internationalize a campus portrait: Results, resistance, and recommendations from a case study at a U.S. university, in Mestenhauser, J.A. and Ellingboe, B.J (eds.), Reforming the Higher Education Curriculum: Internationalizing the Campus. Phoenix, AZ:

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Indigenous Australian conversational interactions – in contrast to those of westerners – tend to be: "communal" or multilateral, i.e. they involve several people simultaneously; direct eye contact is not important (or even deliberately minimised); listeners control the interaction, and; conversations

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contexts where interlingual translation is necessary.). Interpretation and understanding of meanings are essential in qualitative research, not only for the interview phase, but also for the final phase when meaning will be represented to the audience through oral or written text. Temple and Edwards

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Above all, universities need to make sure that they are open and responsive to changes in the outside environment. In order for internationalization to be fully effective, the university (including all staff, students, curriculum, and activities) needs to be current with cultural changes, and willing

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and looked at a single organization that had offices in eight countries. Results showed error orientation varied based on the culture they were in. Americans tend to be more open to errors and learn from them as well as speaking about their mistakes, whereas Japanese subjects had the lowest tolerance

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plays in setting researcher's priorities and his/her involvement in the translation process. Specifically, his study focuses on the dilemma that researchers speaking the same language of participants face when the findings are intended to an English-speaking audience only. Lee introduces the article

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differences may have consequences for the research process and outcome, because concepts in one language may be understood differently in another language. For these authors, language is central in all phases of qualitative research, ranging from data collection to analysis and representation of the

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with established areas of communication. At its core, cross-cultural communication involves understanding the ways in which culturally distinct individuals communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better communicate with

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challenges arise when researcher and participants speak the same non-English native language, but the results of the study are intended for an English-speaking audience. For instance, when interviews, observation, and other methods of gathering data are used in cross-cultural environments, the data

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as the process that occurs when a language barrier is present between the researcher and participants. This barrier is frequently mediated using a translator or interpreter. When the research involves two languages, interpretation issues might result in loss of meaning and thus loss of the validity

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Cross-language research refers to research involving two or more languages. Specifically, it can refer to: 1) researchers working with participants in a language that they are not fluent in, or; 2) researchers working with participants utilizing a language that is neither of their native languages,

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Jadranka Zlomislić, Ljerka Rados Gverijeri, and Elvira Bugaric study inter-cultural competency of students. As globalization progresses the world has become more interconnected, leading to job and study opportunities abroad in different countries and cultures, where the students are surrounded by a

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Ellingboe, B.J. (1998). Divisional strategies to internationalize a campus portrait: Results, resistance, and recommendations from a case study at a U.S. university, in Mestenhauser, J.A. and Elllingboe, B.J (eds.), Reforming the Higher Education Curriculum: Internationalizing the Campus. Phoenix,

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Spoken language is the most important communication tool between people. Spoken language is seen as people's natural production tool, more common and normal, while written language is seen as intricate because of its broad rules. The same language has different meanings in different contexts. When

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Regulators act as a way of conveying meaning through gestures (raising up a hand for instance indicates that one has a certain question about what was just said) and become more complicated since the same regulator can have different meanings across different cultures (making a circle with a hand,

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In 1989, Saville-Troike was one of the first to turn to apply the use of qualitative research (in the form of ethnographic investigation) to the topic of cross-cultural communication. Using this methodology, Saville-Troike demonstrated that for successful communication to take place, a person must

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can threaten the trustworthiness of cross-language qualitative research and the applicability of the translated findings on participant populations. Researchers who fail to address the methodological issues translators/interpreters present in a cross-language qualitative research can decrease the

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With the increasing pressures and opportunities of globalization, the incorporation of international networking alliances has become an "essential mechanism for the internationalization of higher education". Many universities from around the world have taken great strides to increase intercultural

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Given the global nature of modern teams, tools like GlobeSmart Profiles and Erin Meyer's Cultural Mapping offer valuable insights for tailoring feedback in culturally intelligent ways, thereby enhancing team performance across diverse settings (Lane & Maznevski, 2019; Meyer, 2024). Emphasizing

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Lateral feedback, or feedback exchanged among team members at the same hierarchical level, plays a pivotal role in enhancing team creativity and innovation. Studies highlight its dual-edged nature: while positive feedback fosters an environment conducive to creativity by reducing team relationship

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Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural communication, differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered “the norm” and

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refers to the ethical and relational issues the researchers face when choosing a language over another to communicate their findings. For example, in his study on Chinese international students in a Canadian university, Li considers the ethical and relational issues of language choice experienced

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Research has indicated that certain themes and images such as children, animals, life cycles, relationships, and sports can transcend cultural differences, and may be used in international settings such as traditional and online university classrooms to create common ground among diverse cultures

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Corporations have grown into new countries, regions, and continents around the world, which has caused people of various cultures to move and learn to adapt to their environment. This has led to cross-cultural communication becoming more important in the work environment. From nonverbal to spoken

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Nonverbal, oral and written: the main goal behind improving intercultural audiences is to pay special attention to specific areas of communication to enhance the effectiveness of the intercultural messages. The specific areas are broken down into three sub categories: nonverbal, oral and written

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is an innovative educational initiative aimed at creating a common professional language between Israeli and Palestinian young leaders. Israeli and Palestinian students are selected through an application process and work in small bi-national teams to develop technology and business projects for

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interviews, subsequently Stanton argued in 1996 that in order to avoid misunderstandings, the interviewer should try to walk in the other person's shoes. In other words, the interviewer needed to pay attention to the point of view of the interviewee, a notion dubbed as "connected knowing," which

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of a language, as well as how elements of language are socially situated in order to reach communicative competence. Human experience is culturally relevant, so elements of language are also culturally relevant. One must carefully consider semiotics and the evaluation of sign systems to compare

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Temple and Edwards point out the absence of technically focused literature on translation. This is problematic because there is strong evidence that communication across languages involves more than just a literal transfer of information. In this regard, Simon claims that the translator is not

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According to Temple et al., a growing number of researchers are conducting studies in English language societies with people who speak little or no English. However, few of these researchers acknowledge the influence of interpreters and translators. In addition, as Temple et al. noticed, little

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As one of the primary methods for collecting rich and detailed information in qualitative research, interviews conducted in cross-cultural linguistic contexts raise a number of issues. As a form of data collection, interviews provide researchers with insight into how individuals understand and

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is essential to working with others of different cultures in order to avoid conflict between the Western and Eastern cultural norms. It is important that workers understand both verbal and non-verbal communication styles. Expatriates who move to work in a culture that is not their own should be

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member states "to organize systematic and global comparative research on the different cultures of the world" and "to make all possible efforts for a more intensive training of diplomats in the field of international cultural co-operation ... and to develop the cultural aspects of their foreign

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Eye contact, Huseman goes on to explain, is the key factor in setting the tone between two individuals and greatly differs in meaning between cultures. In the Americas and Western Europe, eye contact is interpreted the same way, conveying interest and honesty. People who avoid eye contact when

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when working with the Chinese and English language. In this case, it is important that the researcher offers a rationale behind his/her language choice. Thus, as Squires observes, language plays a significant role in cross-cultural studies; it helps participants represent their sense of self.

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language that is not their mother tongue. Findings suggest that the internet is helpful but, not the answer; students should enroll in language and inter-cultural courses in order to fight stereotypes and develop inter-cultural competence and make them into better cross-cultural communicators.

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Research indicates that the impact of lateral feedback is complex, affecting various team performance dimensions differently. For instance, this communication can lead to increased individual performance and team effort but may not necessarily improve overall team performance, highlighting the

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In addition, as van Ness et al. observe, challenges of translation can be from the perspective that interpretation of meaning is the core of qualitative research. Interpretation and representation of meaning may be challenging in any communicative act; however, they are more complicated in

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The study of languages other than one's own can serve not only to help one understand what we as humans have in common, but also to assist in the understanding of the diversity which underlines our languages' methods of constructing and organizing knowledge. Such understanding has profound

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The application of cross-cultural communication theory to foreign language education is increasingly appreciated around the world. Cross-cultural communication classes can now be found within foreign language departments of some universities, while other schools are placing cross-cultural

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Informal space: the space and its importance, such as talking distance, how close people sit to one another and office space are all examples. A production line worker often has to make an appointment to see a supervisor, but the supervisor is free to visit the production line workers at

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SIETAR is an educational membership organization for those professionals who are concerned with the challenges and rewards of intercultural relations. SIETAR was founded in the United States in 1974 by a few dedicated individuals to draw together professionals engaged in various forms of

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There has become an increasing pressure for universities across the world to incorporate intercultural and international understanding and knowledge into the education of their students. International literacy and cross-cultural understanding have become critical to a country's cultural,

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prepared, be properly trained, and have access to educational resources to help them succeed and to appreciate the culture they have moved into, in order to navigate it effectively. Abugre's main finding is that cultural competency is important to cross-cultural communication.

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and international trade, it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet, conflict, and blend together. People from different culture find it is difficult to communicate not only due to language barriers, but also are affected by culture styles. For instance, in

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have the appropriate linguistic knowledge, interaction skills, and cultural knowledge. In a cross-cultural context, one must be aware of differences in norms of interaction and interpretation, values and attitudes, as well as cognitive maps and schemata. Regarding

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narrate aspects of their lives. Challenges may arise, however, when language barriers exist between researchers and participants. In multilingual contexts, the study of language differences is an essential part of qualitative research. van Ness et al. claim that

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communication, it is critical for a company or organizations performance. The entire company or organization will face drastic hardships when their communication is restricted. Over the past few decades, many Western corporations have expanded into

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on research done on multicultural groups, concluded "Research suggests that cultural diversity leads to process losses through task conflict and decreased social integration, but to process gains through increased creativity and satisfaction."

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Over 3000 participants from 110 countries have attended their courses, they have run in 5 continents. Its flagship International Leadership Programme is a 12-day residential course for 30 people from on average 20 countries (aged 18 – 35).

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is widely acknowledged to be one of the most significant contributors to the issue of language in qualitative social research. The challenges that arise in studies involving people who speak multiple languages have also been acknowledged.

479:. Together they had a focus on employees in each continent with a focus on error orientation. The authors define this as "one's attitude toward dealing with, communicating about, and learning from errors". They studied employees from 689:

claim that without a high level of translated understanding, qualitative research cannot shed light on different perspectives, circumstances that could shut out the voices of those who could enrich and challenge our understandings.

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or; 3) translation of research or findings in another language, or; 4) researchers and participants speak the same language (not English). However, the research process and findings are directed to an English-speaking audience.

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constructive, culturally informed, and task-related dialogue is essential for fostering an environment that leverages lateral feedback as a tool for continuous improvement, collaboration, and enhanced creativity within teams.

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two countries that use the same language communicate, there may also be some misunderstandings due to some dialects. American English and British English is an example for when two different of cross-cultural communication.

889:). There is a move to focus on 'cross-cultural interdependence' instead of the traditional views of comparative differences and similarities between cultures. Cross-cultural management is increasingly seen as a form of 414:, such as in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, an independent figure or self is dominant. This independent figure is characterized by a sense of self relatively distinct from others and the environment. In 391:

Language socialization can be broadly defined as "an investigation of how language both presupposes and creates anew, social relations in cultural context". It is imperative that the speaker understands the grammar and

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implications with respect to developing a critical awareness of social relationships. Understanding social relationships and the way other cultures work is the groundwork of successful globalization business affairs.

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Everett M. Rogers, William B. Hart, & Yoshitaka Miike (2002). Edward T. Hall and The History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan. Keio Communication Review No. 24, 1–5. Accessible at

1248: 299:. However, changes and advancements in economic relationships, political systems, and technological options began to break down old cultural barriers. Business transformed from individual-country capitalism to 2858:

Mary Ellen Guffey, Kathy Rhodes, Patricia Rogin. "Communicating Across Cultures." Mary Ellen Guffey, Kathy Rhodes, Patricia Rogin. Business Communication Process and Production. Nelson Education Ltd., 2010.

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Similarly, qualitative research interviews involve a continuous reflection on language choices because they may impact the research process and outcome. In his work, Lee illustrates the central role that

881:) for being based on the culture concept derived from 19th century cultural anthropology and emphasizing on culture-as-difference and culture-as-essence. Another criticism has been the uncritical way 1010:

Facial expressions are their own language by comparison and universal throughout all cultures. Dale Leathers, for example, states that facial expression can communicate ten basic classes of meaning.

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Oral and written communication is generally easier to learn, adapt and deal with in the business world for the simple fact that each language is unique. The one difficulty that comes into play is

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WYSE International is a worldwide educational charity specializing in education and development for emerging leaders established in 1989. It is a non-governmental organization associated with the

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Nonverbal contact involves everything from something as obvious as eye contact and facial expressions to more discreet forms of expression such as the use of space. Experts have labeled the term

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Cross-cultural communications and boundaries are present in all sectors. In Europe, cross-cultural communication in primary care is important, for example in dealing with migrants in the present

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Stahl, Günter; Maznevski, Martha; Voigt, Andreas; Jonsen, Karsten (May 2010). "Unraveling the Effects of Cultural Diversity in Teams: A Meta-Analysis of Research on Multicultural Work Groups".

1565:"Cultural agility and international assignees' effectiveness in cross-cultural interactions: Cultural agility and international assignees' effectiveness in cross-cultural interactions" 1067:

The last nonverbal type of communication deals with communication through the space around people, or proxemics. Huseman goes on to explain that Hall identifies three types of space:

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Van Hook, S.R. (2011, 11 April). Modes and models for transcending cultural differences in international classrooms. Journal of Research in International Education, 10(1), 5–27.

520:. The findings show a potential relationship between error orientation and an employee's culture. Other important factors are the country they live in or personality dimensions. 1604:"The relation between country differences, cultural values, personality dimensions, and error orientation: An approach across three continents – Asia, Europe, and North America" 855:

was also a contributor to this field. Also Jussi V. Koivisto's model on cultural crossing in internationally operating organizations elaborates from this base of research.

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Rudzki, R. E. J. (1995). The application of a strategic management model to the internationalization of higher education institutions. Higher Education, 29(4), 421–422.

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ENGAGING – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property

3076: 303:. Thus, the study of cross-cultural communication was originally found within businesses and government, both seeking to expand globally. Businesses began to offer 2942: 791:

intercultural learning and engagement research and training. SIETAR now has loosely connected chapters in numerous countries and a large international membership.

2790: 93: 941: 874:). There have also been several successful educational projects which concentrate on the practical applications of these theories in cross-cultural situations. 814:"provide education independently of political, religious or social backgrounds and promote visionary leadership capable of responding to evolving world needs." 163: 55: 835:

The main theories for cross-cultural communication are based on the work done looking at value differences between different cultures, especially the works of

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Everett M. Rogers, William B. Hart, & Yoshitaka Miike (2002). Edward T. Hall and The History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan.

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Mill, Judy E.; Ogilvie, Linda D. (January 2003). "Establishing methodological rigour in international qualitative nursing research: a case study from Ghana".

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Stanton, A. (1996). Reconfiguring teaching and knowing in the college classroom. In Goldberger, N.R., Tarule,J.M., Clinchy, B.M., & Beienky, M.F. (Eds).

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Cross-cultural communication gives opportunities to share ideas, experiences, and different perspectives and perception by interacting with local people.

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and communication. The field has also moved both toward the treatment of interethnic relations, and toward the study of communication strategies used by

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to their employees and programs were developed to train employees to understand how to act when abroad. With this also came the development of the

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contexts, no methodological consensus has emerged from these studies. For instance, Edwards noticed how the inconsistent or inappropriate use of

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Teather, D. (2004). The networking alliance: A mechanism for the internationalisation of higher education? Managing Education Matters, 7(2), 3.

1712:"Communication in cross-cultural consultations in primary care in Europe: the case for improvement. The rationale for the RESTORE FP 7 project" 1340: 1233: 1198: 2913: 2766: 2724: 1680: 1373: 984: 823: 1526:"Cross-cultural communication imperatives: Critical lessons for Western expatriates in multinational companies (MNCs) in sub-Saharan Africa" 858:

These theories have been applied to a variety of different communication theories and settings, including general business and management (

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Rymes, (2008). Language Socialization and the Linguistic Anthropology of Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2(8, Springer)

291:, the economy of the United States was largely self-contained because the world was polarized into two separate and competing powers: the 1311: 182: 3363: 3069: 320: 2919:

Rudzki, R. E. J. (1995). The application of a strategic management model to the internationalization of higher education institutions.

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Sutrisno, A., Nguyen, N. T., & Tangen, D. (2014). Incorporating Translation in Qualitative Studies: Two Case Studies in Education.

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Inter cultural Teachers Training Project INNOCENT: teachers learn cross-cultural communication by doing a free Web Based Training WBT

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Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher Education, 45(1), 44, 48, 49.

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for instance, in the Americas means agreement, in Japan is symbolic for money, and in France conveys the notion of worthlessness).

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for errors. The Japanese showed concern about how it may impact those around them and the organization. The study also referred to

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Esposito, Noreen (2001). "From Meaning to Meaning: The Influence of Translation Techniques on Non-English Focus Group Research".

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of cross-cultural communication can already be found. For example, cross-cultural communication is generally considered part of

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programs have an internationalization specialization which may place a focus on cross-cultural communication. For example, the

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If the interpreter doesn't come there is no communication: A study of bilingual support services in the North West of England.

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Semifixed feature space: deals with how space is arranged inside buildings, such as the placement of desks, chairs and plants.

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Cross-language issues are of growing concern in research of all methodological forms, but they raise particular concerns for

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of 1946, where government employees received training and prepared for overseas posts. There began also implementation of a "

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Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher Education, 45(1), 48.

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Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher Education, 45(1), 46.

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Edwards, Rosalind (January 1998). "A critical examination of the use of interpreters in the qualitative research process".

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Illustrators mimic what is spoken (such as gesturing how much time is left by holding up a certain number of fingers).

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Li, Y. (2011). Translating Interviews, Translating Lives: Ethical Considerations in Cross-Language Narrative Inquiry.

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Oxley, Judith; Günhan, Evra; Kaniamattam, Monica; Damico, Jack (2017). "Multilingual issues in qualitative research".

1258: 1003:, explains that the two most prominent ways of communication through kinesics are eye contact and facial expressions. 763: 272: 31: 332: 3121: 1781: 3454: 3323: 3288: 308: 1013:

The final part to nonverbal communication lies in our gestures, and can be broken down into five subcategories:

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Feature-fixed space: deals with how cultures arrange their space on a large scale, such as buildings and parks.

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Today, the main contributions concerning issues of translation and interpretation come from the field of

3383: 3313: 3186: 3085: 722: 512: 423: 361: 2804: 1157: 511:. Country differences, cultural values, and personality factors were also accounted for. The study was 1603: 1023:

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backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to

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Cross-cultural communication endeavors to bring together the relatively unrelated fields of

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Although a range of scholars have dedicated their attention to challenges in conducting

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Manchester: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, University of Manchester.

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refers to a clear and undistorted understanding of the perspective of the interviewee.

384:, i.e., communication strategies used to deal with majority or mainstream populations. 344: 27:

Field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate

1651:"When Value Words Cross Cultural Borders: English Tolerant Versus Russian Tolerantnyj" 3637: 3554: 3549: 3489: 3449: 3429: 3358: 3303: 3191: 3131: 2966: 2817: 2498: 2015: 1917:"Methodological challenges in cross-language qualitative research: A research review" 1855:"Methodological Challenges in Cross-Language Qualitative Research: A Research Review" 1690: 1635: 1588: 1510: 1213: 504: 476: 406: 300: 268: 2926:

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of the qualitative study. As Oxley et al. point out, in a multilingual setting

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Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication

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are "continuous" or episodic, spread over a longer, less definite timeframe.

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International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies (IATIS)

2976:"A 21st Century Imperative: Integrating intercultural competence in Tuning" 2756: 2711:(0 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 59–66, 25 November 2016, 2554: 2516: 2254: 2216: 2031: 1950: 1896: 1388:"A 21st Century Imperative: Integrating intercultural competence in Tuning" 706:

Significant contributions to cross-language studies in qualitative research

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These theories have been criticized mainly by management scholars (e.g.

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Adaptors are more subtle such as a yawn or clenching fists in anger.

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A Dozen Rules of Thumb for Avoiding Inter cultural Misunderstandings

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International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies

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3022: 492: 480: 448: 319:" perspective in the curriculum of higher education. In 1974, the 3032: 2179:

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to mean communicating through body movement. Huseman, author of

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Yaila Zotzmann, Dimitri van der Linden, and Knut Wyra looked at

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The Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research

139: 76: 35: 3009:"Voices on Antisemitism," Interview with Diego Portillo Mazal 2837:

Cross cultural communication problems in Aboriginal Australia

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Thomson, A.M., Rogers, A., Honey, S., & King, L. (1999).

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is a field of study investigating how people from differing

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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Differences between westerners and indigenous Australians

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Inter cultural Research: The Current State of Knowledge

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Monolingualism of the other or The prosthesis of origin

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Le monolinguisme de l'autre ou la prothèse de l'origine

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WYSE International's website states its aims are to:

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Destabilising theory: Contemporary feminist debates

885:'s dimensions are served up in textbooks as facts ( 464:techniques as a way to improve such communication. 170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1962: 1960: 1759:American Council on Education and Oryx Press, 199. 1417: 1415: 460:has proposed training of international workers in 2146:The ethnography of communication: An introduction 1657:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 73–93, 1569:International Journal of Training and Development 620:Challenges in cross-language qualitative research 443:. James Baba Abugre conducted a study on western 2058:Temple, Bogusia; Edwards, Rosalind (June 2002). 564:Feedback in Lateral Cross-Cultural Team Dynamics 1530:Critical Perspectives on International Business 1450:"Fact and Figure about cross cultural training" 812: 729:Cross-language concerns in qualitative research 609:has a course titled Cross Cultural Management. 2947:Journal of Research in International Education 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1719:Primary Health Care Research & Development 3070: 1152:In the view of Australian linguists, such as 559:Cross-cultural communication in lateral teams 434:Cross-cultural communication in the workplace 426:in the US, but is emerging as a sub-field of 90:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2943:"Cross-Cultural Communication: BEYOND WORDS" 2064:International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2761:. Leeva C. Chung (3rd ed.). New York. 2303:Medical practice in a multicultural society 2301:Fuller, J. H. S. & Toon, P. D. (1988). 948:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 70:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3077: 3063: 3055: 2789:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1477:"The Idiomatic Vocabulary of the Pandemic" 2991: 2758:Understanding intercultural communication 2663:Journal of International Business Studies 2506: 2206: 2196: 2075: 1940: 1886: 1670: 1492: 1403: 1140:Learn how and when to remove this message 968:Learn how and when to remove this message 248:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 128:Learn how and when to remove this message 2314:Karseras, P., & Hopkins, E. (1987). 1921:International Journal of Nursing Studies 1859:International Journal of Nursing Studies 2316:British Asians' health in the community 1969:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1276: 781:International educational organizations 2928:Encyclopedia of Language and Education 2906:Cultural Self-comprehension of Nations 2782: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2466:Social Science & Medicine, 35 (4), 1234:Intercultural communication principles 1199:The Contact Zone (theoretical concept) 2618: 2616: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2528: 2526: 2476: 2474: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2228: 2226: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2156: 2154: 2148:(2nd ed.). New York: Basil Blackweli. 2140: 2138: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1779:http://jri.sagepub.com/content/10/1/5 1524:Abugre, James Baba (1 January 2017). 1452:. Cultural Candor Inc. Archived from 824:Middle East Entrepreneurs of Tomorrow 819:Middle East Entrepreneurs of Tomorrow 518:Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory 343:, 27–29 July 1974) which called upon 7: 2595:Waikato Journal of Education, 22(2), 2535:Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 2453:Qualitative Health Research, 12 (6), 1160:, conversations between people from 946:adding citations to reliable sources 168:adding citations to reliable sources 2980:Tuning Journal for Higher Education 1392:Tuning Journal for Higher Education 581:Incorporation into college programs 321:International Progress Organization 1915:Squires, Allison (February 2009). 1853:Squires, Allison (February 2009). 1310:Schriefer, Paula (18 April 2016). 25: 51:This article has multiple issues. 3618: 3617: 3272: 2993:10.18543/tjhe-3(1)-2015pp137-147 2916:, Final Resolution, p. 142. 2499:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00652.x 2440:The secret art of Antonin Artaud 2162:Knowledge, difference, and power 2016:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02509.x 1405:10.18543/tjhe-3(1)-2015pp137-147 1285:"Japan Intercultural Consulting" 1098: 918: 801:Department of Public Information 144: 81: 40: 3137:Computer-mediated communication 603:Master of Science in Management 155:needs additional citations for 59:or discuss these issues on the 3013:U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 1933:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.006 1871:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.006 985:High- and low-context cultures 771:Therefore, in order to ensure 680:textual data in publications. 179:"Cross-cultural communication" 1: 3018:Communicating Across Cultures 2606:Lincoln, Y., Guba, E., 1985. 2547:10.1080/02699206.2017.1302512 1981:10.1080/1369183x.1998.9976626 356:Interdisciplinary orientation 275:is a related field of study. 3259:Text and conversation theory 2974:Deardorff, Darla K. (2015). 2941:Van Hook, Steven R. (2011). 2755:Ting-Toomey, Stella (2022). 2487:International Nursing Review 2429:. Stanford University Press. 1386:Deardorff, Darla K. (2015). 261:Cross-cultural communication 2908:. Tübingen: Erdmann, 1978, 2879:Journal of Higher Education 2364:(pp. 177–200). Polity Press 2235:Qualitative Health Research 2144:Saville-Troike, M. (1989). 2101:The Modern Language Journal 2004:Journal of Advanced Nursing 1798:"Cross Cultural Management" 1663:10.1007/978-981-32-9979-5_5 1376:, Final Resolution, p. 142. 1259:Intercultural communication 273:Intercultural communication 104:, discuss the issue on the 32:Intercultural communication 18:Cross culture communication 3675: 2935:Managing Education Matters 2577:TESL Canada Journal, 28(5) 2247:10.1177/104973201129119217 2185:European Journal of Ageing 2077:10.1177/160940690200100201 1620:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.06.013 1542:10.1108/cpoib-01-2017-0005 1494:10.47535/1991auoes30(2)048 1182:Different spoken languages 447:who have moved to work in 327:and under the auspices of 29: 3649:Cross-cultural psychology 3613: 3270: 3092: 2891:Keio Communication Review 2318:. John Wiley & Sons. 2198:10.1007/s10433-010-0168-y 1086:, how something is said. 309:Foreign Service Institute 3217:Nonviolent communication 3147:History of communication 2959:10.1177/1475240910395788 2874:, 45(1), 44, 46, 48, 49. 2717:10.1201/9781315372976-15 2388:Marges de la philosophie 2164:(pp, 25–56). Basic Books 412:individualistic cultures 3212:Nonverbal communication 3202:Models of communication 2834:Walsh, Michael (1997), 2329:The location of culture 1649:Gladkova, Anna (2020), 1239:Intercultural relations 803:of the United Nations. 525:European migrant crisis 416:interdependent cultures 382:co-cultural populations 3654:Cross-cultural studies 2807:; et al. (2015), 2401:Écriture et différence 2327:Bhabha, H. K. (1994). 1721:– via Cambridge. 1209:Cross-cultural studies 1120:by rewriting it in an 1001:Business Communication 864:Charles Hampden-Turner 816: 323:, with the support of 311:, or FSI, through the 3659:Communication studies 3364:Mediated cross-border 3086:Communication studies 3038:21 March 2009 at the 2438:Derrida, J. (1998b). 2425:Derrida, J. (1998a). 2399:Derrida, J. (1967b). 2386:Derrida, J. (1967a). 1784:13 March 2016 at the 723:transcultural nursing 424:communication studies 362:cultural anthropology 333:Léopold Sédar Senghor 3299:Communication theory 3294:Communication design 2930:, 2(8, Springer), 1. 2904:Hans Köchler (ed.), 2898:9 March 2021 at the 2675:10.1057/jibs.2009.85 2637:"WYSE International" 2608:Naturalistic Inquiry 2481:Squires, A. (2008). 2412:Derrida, J. (1996). 2403:. Éditions du Seuil. 2305:. Heinemann Medical. 1802:Ivey Business School 1343:9 March 2021 at the 1229:Cultural sensitivity 942:improve this section 901:, Andreas Voigt and 891:knowledge management 630:qualitative research 607:Ivey Business School 164:improve this article 110:create a new article 102:improve this article 3644:Human communication 2805:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 1264:Human communication 1219:Cultural competence 637:qualitative studies 453:cultural competence 428:applied linguistics 313:Foreign Service Act 283:Origins and culture 3329:Discourse analysis 3254:Telecommunications 3197:Meta-communication 2641:WYSE International 2375:Sociology, 31 (3), 2347:Simon, S. (1996). 1581:10.1111/ijtd.12085 1456:on 16 October 2015 1224:Cultural diversity 1158:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 1122:encyclopedic style 1109:is written like a 795:WYSE International 598:(Van Hook, 2011). 553:emergency services 441:Sub-Saharan Africa 3631: 3630: 2923:, 29(4), 421–422. 2914:978-3-7711-0311-8 2768:978-0-19-029744-2 2726:978-1-315-37297-6 1682:978-981-329-978-8 1374:978-3-7711-0311-8 1150: 1149: 1142: 978: 977: 970: 866:) and marketing ( 750:In this context, 721:, including from 305:language training 301:global capitalism 271:across cultures. 258: 257: 250: 240: 239: 232: 214: 138: 137: 130: 112:, as appropriate. 74: 16:(Redirected from 3666: 3621: 3620: 3276: 3227:Public relations 3122:Biocommunication 3079: 3072: 3065: 3056: 2997: 2995: 2970: 2921:Higher Education 2872:Higher Education 2851: 2850: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2823:on 30 March 2016 2822: 2815: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2780: 2752: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2604: 2598: 2591: 2580: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2541:(7–9): 612–630. 2530: 2521: 2520: 2510: 2478: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2200: 2176: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2055: 2036: 2035: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1890: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1674: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1536:(2/3): 170–187. 1521: 1515: 1514: 1496: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1422: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1383: 1377: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1316:Spring Institute 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1291:on 8 August 2019 1287:. 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Lewis 733:Squires defines 507:of America, and 462:cultural agility 405:With increasing 374:cultural studies 253: 246: 235: 228: 224: 221: 215: 213: 172: 148: 140: 133: 126: 122: 119: 113: 85: 84: 77: 66: 44: 43: 36: 21: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3609: 3398: 3277: 3268: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3088: 3083: 3040:Wayback Machine 3005: 3000: 2973: 2940: 2900:Wayback Machine 2866: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2781: 2769: 2754: 2753: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2709:Culture Matters 2703: 2702: 2698: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2178: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2136: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2057: 2056: 2039: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1786:Wayback Machine 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1683: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1345:Wayback Machine 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1194: 1178: 1146: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1118:help improve it 1115: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1049:Affect displays 974: 963: 957: 954: 939: 923: 912: 887:Peter W. Cardon 853:Clifford Geertz 833: 821: 797: 788: 783: 774:trustworthiness 731: 711:Jacques Derrida 708: 695: 672: 658: 622: 583: 566: 561: 458:Paula Caligiuri 436: 403: 358: 285: 254: 243: 242: 241: 236: 225: 219: 216: 173: 171: 161: 149: 134: 123: 117: 114: 99: 86: 82: 45: 41: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3369:Organizational 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319:Cross-cultural 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Intrapersonal 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3004: 3003:External links 3001: 2999: 2998: 2971: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2826: 2796: 2767: 2738: 2725: 2696: 2669:(4): 690–709. 2653: 2628: 2612: 2599: 2581: 2568: 2522: 2493:(3): 265–273. 2470: 2457: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2366: 2353: 2333: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2268: 2241:(4): 568–579. 2222: 2191:(4): 313–316. 2166: 2150: 2134: 2113:10.2307/327826 2091: 2037: 1994: 1975:(1): 197–208. 1956: 1927:(2): 277–287. 1902: 1865:(2): 277–287. 1845: 1834:(2): 433–451. 1814: 1789: 1770: 1761: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1702: 1681: 1641: 1608:Safety Science 1594: 1575:(4): 280–289. 1555: 1516: 1487:(2): 453–464. 1467: 1441: 1423: 1411: 1378: 1358: 1349: 1328: 1302: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1204:Cross-cultural 1201: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1177: 1174: 1164:are usually: " 1148: 1147: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1031: 1030: 1021: 1020: 993: 992: 988: 976: 975: 926: 924: 917: 911: 908: 903:Karsten Jonsen 845:Geert Hofstede 837:Edward T. Hall 832: 829: 820: 817: 796: 793: 787: 784: 782: 779: 743:interpretation 736:cross-language 730: 727: 707: 704: 694: 691: 686:cross-cultural 671: 668: 663:cross-cultural 657: 654: 641:cross-cultural 621: 618: 582: 579: 565: 562: 560: 557: 435: 432: 402: 399: 357: 354: 345:United Nations 284: 281: 256: 255: 238: 237: 152: 150: 143: 136: 135: 96:of the subject 94:worldwide view 89: 87: 80: 75: 49: 48: 46: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 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Retrieved 2640: 2631: 2626:, 1337–1353. 2623: 2607: 2602: 2594: 2576: 2571: 2538: 2534: 2490: 2486: 2465: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2442:. MIT Press. 2439: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2331:. Routledge. 2328: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2238: 2234: 2188: 2184: 2161: 2145: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2067: 2063: 2010:(1): 80–87. 2007: 2003: 1997: 1972: 1968: 1924: 1920: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1805:. Retrieved 1801: 1792: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1705: 1694:, retrieved 1654: 1644: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1458:. Retrieved 1454:the original 1444: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1366:Hans Köchler 1361: 1352: 1331: 1319:. Retrieved 1315: 1305: 1293:. Retrieved 1289:the original 1279: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1151: 1136: 1127: 1108: 1084:paralanguage 1081: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1028:Illustrators 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1000: 994: 979: 964: 955: 940:Please help 928: 895:Günter Stahl 879:Nigel Holden 876: 872:Stephan Dahl 857: 834: 822: 813: 809: 805: 798: 789: 772: 770: 762: 759: 751: 749: 741: 734: 732: 716: 709: 700: 696: 682: 673: 659: 649:interpreters 634: 627: 623: 615: 611: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 575: 571: 567: 522: 513:quantitative 466: 437: 419: 404: 390: 386: 370:anthropology 367: 365:each other. 359: 350: 286: 277: 260: 259: 244: 226: 217: 207: 200: 193: 186: 174: 162:Please help 157:verification 154: 124: 115: 91: 67: 60: 54: 53:Please help 50: 3289:Closed-loop 3152:Information 3114:terminology 3011:, from the 2881:55(2), 123. 2290:Social Work 2070:(2): 1–12. 1672:1885/216032 1614:: 185–193. 1254:Translation 764:reflexivity 719:health care 645:translators 545:Netherlands 501:Netherlands 445:expatriates 430:in the UK. 401:Global rise 287:During the 269:communicate 3638:Categories 3605:Wertheimer 3485:Horkheimer 3222:Propaganda 3177:Mass media 3172:Journalism 3112:Topics and 2937:, 7(2), 3. 2864:References 2777:1238131839 2732:9 February 2416:. 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Galilée. 2351:Routledge. 2292:, 315–319. 1696:16 October 1460:3 December 1176:Challenges 1038:Regulators 378:psychology 331:President 329:Senegalese 317:world view 220:March 2008 190:newspapers 56:improve it 30:See also: 3389:Technical 3374:Political 3282:Subfields 3207:New media 2967:220397297 2785:cite book 2121:0026-7902 2107:(1): 77. 2086:1609-4069 2024:0309-2402 1989:1369-183X 1879:0020-7489 1840:1847-2206 1691:210441331 1636:198479124 1628:0925-7535 1589:147917789 1550:1742-2043 1511:246524419 1503:1222-569X 1271:Footnotes 991:messages. 958:July 2013 929:does not 348:policy." 337:Innsbruck 106:talk page 62:talk page 3623:Category 3575:Richards 3500:Jakobson 3480:Habermas 3435:Castells 3425:Benjamin 3403:Scholars 3036:Archived 2953:: 5–27. 2896:Archived 2691:30065500 2683:40604760 2579:, 16–30. 2563:24812324 2555:28665758 2517:19522941 2468:603–612. 2377:607–618. 2263:43682083 2255:11521612 2217:21212820 2032:12519291 1951:18789799 1897:18789799 1782:Archived 1341:Archived 1321:30 April 1295:10 March 1192:See also 1059:Adaptors 997:kinesics 883:Hofstede 831:Theories 677:language 537:Scotland 497:Malaysia 295:and the 289:Cold War 265:cultural 100:You may 3595:Tankard 3590:Shannon 3585:Schramm 3570:Quebral 3565:Postman 3555:Packard 3535:McLuhan 3530:Marcuse 3525:Luhmann 3520:Lippman 3515:Kincaid 3510:Johnson 3475:Goffman 3470:Gerbner 3460:Flusser 3440:Chomsky 3420:Bateson 3415:Barthes 3384:Science 3314:Climate 3264:Writing 3232:Reading 3182:Meaning 3102:Outline 3097:History 2986:: 137. 2610:. Sage. 2508:2697452 2455:844–54. 2208:2995873 1942:2784094 1888:2784094 1807:5 April 1398:: 137. 1116:Please 1018:Emblems 950:removed 935:sources 910:Aspects 541:Austria 533:England 529:Ireland 509:Vietnam 489:Hungary 485:Germany 394:prosody 341:Austria 204:scholar 3600:Tannen 3580:Rogers 3560:Peirce 3545:Morgan 3490:Huxley 3465:Gasset 3455:Fisher 3410:Adorno 3394:Visual 3344:Health 3339:Global 3309:Crisis 3242:Symbol 3237:Speech 2965: 2912: 2859:68–89. 2844: 2775: 2765: 2723: 2689: 2681: 2597:53–62. 2561: 2553: 2515: 2505: 2261: 2253: 2215: 2205: 2129:327826 2127: 2119: 2084: 2030: 2022: 1987: 1949: 1939: 1895: 1885: 1877: 1838: 1689: 1679: 1634: 1626: 1587: 1548: 1509: 1501: 1372: 1166:dyadic 847:, and 549:Greece 547:, and 543:, the 503:, the 499:, the 475:, and 473:Europe 325:UNESCO 206: 199: 192: 185: 177: 3505:Janis 3495:Innis 3450:Ellul 3445:Craig 3430:Burke 3187:Media 2963:S2CID 2821:(PDF) 2814:(PDF) 2687:S2CID 2679:JSTOR 2559:S2CID 2259:S2CID 2125:JSTOR 1715:(PDF) 1687:S2CID 1632:S2CID 1585:S2CID 1507:S2CID 1078:will. 601:Many 493:Japan 481:China 449:Ghana 420:study 211:JSTOR 197:books 108:, or 3540:Mead 3379:Risk 3354:Mass 3247:list 2910:ISBN 2842:ISBN 2791:link 2773:OCLC 2763:ISBN 2734:2022 2721:ISBN 2648:2019 2551:PMID 2513:PMID 2251:PMID 2213:PMID 2117:ISSN 2082:ISSN 2028:PMID 2020:ISSN 1985:ISSN 1947:PMID 1893:PMID 1875:ISSN 1836:ISSN 1809:2018 1698:2022 1677:ISBN 1624:ISSN 1546:ISSN 1499:ISSN 1462:2015 1370:ISBN 1323:2024 1297:2014 1156:and 933:any 931:cite 862:and 469:Asia 297:West 293:East 183:news 3550:Ong 2988:doi 2955:doi 2713:doi 2671:doi 2543:doi 2503:PMC 2495:doi 2243:doi 2203:PMC 2193:doi 2109:doi 2072:doi 2012:doi 1977:doi 1937:PMC 1929:doi 1883:PMC 1867:doi 1667:hdl 1659:doi 1616:doi 1612:120 1577:doi 1538:doi 1489:doi 1400:doi 944:by 647:or 639:in 166:by 3640:: 2982:. 2978:. 2961:. 2951:10 2949:. 2945:. 2787:}} 2783:{{ 2771:. 2741:^ 2719:, 2707:, 2685:. 2677:. 2667:41 2665:. 2639:. 2615:^ 2584:^ 2557:. 2549:. 2539:31 2537:. 2525:^ 2511:. 2501:. 2491:55 2489:. 2485:. 2473:^ 2336:^ 2257:. 2249:. 2239:11 2237:. 2225:^ 2211:. 2201:. 2187:. 2183:. 2169:^ 2153:^ 2137:^ 2123:. 2115:. 2105:66 2103:. 2080:. 2066:. 2062:. 2040:^ 2026:. 2018:. 2008:41 2006:. 1983:. 1973:24 1971:. 1959:^ 1945:. 1935:. 1925:46 1923:. 1919:. 1905:^ 1891:. 1881:. 1873:. 1863:46 1861:. 1857:. 1832:29 1830:. 1826:. 1800:. 1717:. 1685:, 1675:, 1665:, 1653:, 1630:. 1622:. 1610:. 1606:. 1583:. 1573:20 1571:. 1567:. 1544:. 1534:14 1532:. 1528:. 1505:. 1497:. 1485:30 1483:. 1479:. 1426:^ 1414:^ 1394:. 1390:. 1314:. 897:, 870:, 851:. 843:, 839:, 539:, 535:, 531:, 495:, 491:, 487:, 483:, 471:, 376:, 372:, 339:, 65:. 3078:e 3071:t 3064:v 2996:. 2990:: 2984:3 2969:. 2957:: 2793:) 2779:. 2715:: 2693:. 2673:: 2650:. 2565:. 2545:: 2519:. 2497:: 2265:. 2245:: 2219:. 2195:: 2189:7 2131:. 2111:: 2088:. 2074:: 2068:1 2034:. 2014:: 1991:. 1979:: 1953:. 1931:: 1899:. 1869:: 1842:. 1811:. 1669:: 1661:: 1638:. 1618:: 1591:. 1579:: 1552:. 1540:: 1513:. 1491:: 1464:. 1408:. 1402:: 1396:3 1347:. 1325:. 1299:. 1143:) 1137:( 1132:) 1128:( 1124:. 971:) 965:( 960:) 956:( 952:. 938:. 251:) 245:( 233:) 227:( 222:) 218:( 208:· 201:· 194:· 187:· 160:. 131:) 125:( 120:) 116:( 98:. 72:) 68:( 20:)

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