Photographic filter - Knowledge (XXG)

696: 708: 458: 2988: 1765: 2315: 3018:. "A" (amateur) size is 67 mm wide, "P" (professional) size is 84 mm wide, and "X Pro" is 130 mm wide. Many other manufacturers make filters to fit Cokin holders. Cokin also makes a filter holder for 100 mm filters, which they call the "Z" size. Most of Cokin's filters are made of optical resins such as CR-39. A few round filter elements may be attached to the square/rectangular filter holders, usually polarizers and gradient filters which both need to be rotated and are more expensive to manufacture. 2140: 2090: 2036: 1986: 1936: 1886: 1836: 1786: 142: 2133: 2083: 2029: 1979: 1929: 1879: 1829: 171: 1673: 877: 281: 3025:, but both have withdrawn from the market. A small (84 mm) "system" range is still made (as of 2012) by Formatt Hitech. In general, square (and sometimes rectangular) filters from one system could be used in another system's holders if the size was correct, but each made a different system of filter holder which could not be used together. Lee, Tiffen, Formatt Hitech and Singh Ray also make square / rectangular filters in the 100 × 100 mm and Cokin "P" sizes. 2209: 2126: 2076: 2022: 1972: 1922: 1872: 1822: 1779: 1772: 2119: 2069: 2015: 1965: 1915: 1865: 1815: 2112: 2062: 2008: 1958: 1908: 1858: 1808: 1758: 2963:

112 mm 122 mm, 127 mm. The filter diameter has a steady increase from 43 to 58 mm every 3 mm and from 62 to 82 mm every 5 mm. Other filter sizes within this range may be hard to find since the filter size may be non-standard or may be rarely used on camera lenses. The specified diameter of the filter in millimeters indicates the diameter of the male threads on the filter housing. The

6003: 2105: 2055: 2001: 1951: 1901: 1851: 1801: 522: 6014: 167:, then a dominant force in film photography, are used by several manufacturers, including B+W, but the actual spectral characteristics of a filter may vary by manufacturer, despite having the same Wratten number. In addition, the Wratten numbers are sometimes used interchangeably with alternative names; for example, the Wratten filter number 6 is also named K1, while #11 is also named X1. 2394: 3319:, I to IX, though there are a few sizes not written that way, such as Series 4.5 and Series 5.5. Most Series filter sizes are now obsolete, production having ceased by the late 1970s. However, Series 9 became a standard of the motion picture industry and Series 9 filters are still produced and sold today, particularly for professional motion picture cinematography. 1751: 31: 3029: 179:

390 nm, respectively. Colored filters used to enhance contrast for black and white photography include a letter (Y, O, or R) and a similar wavelength cutoff: for example, R60 is a red filter with a step-like transmission function at 600 nm. For other filters, the alternate Wratten name is used (for example, X0 and X1 for green filters).

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transition wavelength where the filter achieves 50% transmittance at approximately 720 nm, while #87 has its transition wavelength at approximately 795 nm. Because black-and-white infrared film retains significant sensitivity to blue wavelengths, sometimes red and orange filters are used to decrease contrast.

782:(ND filter) is a filter of uniform density which attenuates light of all colors equally. It is used to allow a longer exposure (to create blur) or larger aperture (for selective focus) than otherwise required for correct exposure in the prevailing light conditions, without changing the tonal balance of the photograph. 3315:

mounted in metal rims. To mount the filters on a camera, the filter was placed between two rings; the mount ring either screwed into the lens threads or was slipped over the lens barrel and the retaining ring screws into the mounting ring to hold the filter in place. The series designations are generally written as

450:, and can subtly darken pale blue skies – which improves contrast between sky and clouds. Strong UV filters are also sometimes used for warming color photos taken in shade with daylight-type film. They were originally developed to increase contrast in airborne surveillance photography, and were adopted by 3063:

Graduated filters of a given width (67 mm, 84 mm, 100 mm, etc.) are often made oblong, rather than square, in order to allow the position of the gradation to be moved up or down in the picture. This allows, for example, the red part of a sunset filter to be placed at the horizon. These

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or plastic which must be held in rigid frames to prevent them from sagging. Gels are made not only for use as photo filters, but also in a wide range of colors for use in lighting applications, particularly for theatrical lighting. Gel holders are available from all of the square “system” makers, but

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The most common standard filter sizes for circular filters include 30.5 mm, 35.5 mm, 37 mm, 39 mm, 40.5 mm, 43 mm, 46 mm, 49 mm, 52 mm, 55 mm, 58 mm, 62 mm, 67 mm, 72 mm, 77 mm, 82 mm, 86 mm, 95 mm, 105 mm,

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to reduce reflections. Uncoated filters can reflect up to 12% of the light, single-coated filter can reduce this considerably, and multi-coated filters can allow up to 99.8% of the light to pass through (0.2% unwanted reflection); the loss of light is not important, but part of the light is reflected

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In general, CC filters are supplied in densities varying between 5 and 50% in primary colors, both additive (red, green, and blue) and subtractive (cyan, magenta, and yellow). They may be used for graphic effect or to compensate for differences in color balance between film batches for critical work.

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UV.) It can be left on the lens for nearly all shots: UV filters are often used mainly for lens protection in the same way as clear filters. A strong UV filter, such as a Haze-2A or UV17, cuts off some visible light in the violet part of the spectrum, and has a pale yellow color; these strong filters

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For example, a yellow filter or, more dramatically, an orange or red filter, will enhance the contrast between clouds and sky by darkening the blue sky while leaving the clouds bright (after exposure compensation). A deep green filter will also darken the sky, and additionally lighten green foliage,

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Other manufacturers may embed the transition wavelength in the name of the filter. For example, the Hoya R72 (720 nm) and RM90 (900 nm) are intended for infrared photography, corresponding to Wratten No. 89B and 87B, respectively. For use with color infrared film, some manufacturers advise

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The loss of some of the yellow light does not greatly affect humans' or cameras' ability perceive yellow colors, but does provide better color separation between shades of red, orange, and green. The greens look greener, the reds look redder, the oranges look redder, browns acquire a reddish tinge,

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lens. It also has the effect of reducing contrast, and the filters are designed, labeled, sold, and used for that purpose too. There are many ways of accomplishing this effect, and thus filters from different manufacturers vary significantly. The two primary approaches are to use some form of grid

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photography the majority of filters used with film cameras have been rendered redundant by digital filters applied either in-camera or during post processing. Exceptions include the ultraviolet (UV) filter typically used to protect the front surface of the lens, the neutral density (ND) filter, the

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Starting in the 1930s, filters were also made in a sizing system known as a series mount. The filters themselves were round pieces of glass (or occasionally other materials) with no threads. Very early filters had no rims around the glass, but the more common later production filters had the glass

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From the equation, when the film has a higher color temperature than the light source, a negative mired shift is required, which calls for a "cooling" filter; these have a perceptible blue color, and the more saturated the color, the stronger the cooling effect. Likewise, when the film has a lower

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of images, so that photographs under incandescent lighting show colours as they are perceived, rather than with a reddish tinge. There are filters that distort the image in a desired way, diffusing an otherwise sharp image, adding a starry effect, etc. Linear and circular polarising filters reduce

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is 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm or 1.0 mm, depending on the ring size. A few sizes (e.g. 30.5 mm) come in more than one pitch. Most filters have a 0.75 mm pitch thread, some manufacturers use a 1.0 mm pitch thread; filters with thread pitches are incompatible with lenses with a

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Stacking color conversion filters creates an additive mired shift: for example, stacking a Wratten 80A (-130 mired) with a Wratten 82C (-60 mired) results in a total mired shift of -190. A typical set of color conversion filters has a geometric sequence, e.g. ±15, ±30, ±60, and ±120 mired, which

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for amber warming filters), so there is no systematic logic that ties the number to its effect: for example, the 80A filter has the strongest "cooling" effect, followed by the 80B, and both are stronger than the 82C, which is stronger in turn than the 82B. The 80/85 series are regarded as "color

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light, to which most photographic sensors and film are at least slightly sensitive. The UV is typically recorded as if it were blue light, so this non-human UV sensitivity can result in an unwanted exaggeration of the bluish tint of atmospheric haze or, even more unnaturally, of subjects in open

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is a neutral density filter with different attenuation at different points, typically clear in one half shading into a higher density in the other. It can be used, for example, to photograph a scene with part in deep shadow and part brightly lit, where otherwise either the shadows would have no

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Some manufacturers use a combination of Wratten numbers and wavelengths to identify filters. For example, Nikon offers four UV / skylight filters: L1A, L1B, L37, and L39; the L1A and L1B correspond to Wratten numbers 1A and 1B, while L37 and L39 include the wavelength cutoffs of 370 nm and

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For square filters, 2" × 2", 3" × 3" and 4" × 4" were historically very common and are still made by some manufacturers. 100 mm × 100 mm is very close to 4" × 4", allowing use of many of the same holders, and is one of the more popular sizes currently (2006) in use; it is virtually a

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has been used to describe the spectral absorption characteristics of filters used with infrared photography. Common types include filters in the Wratten #87, 88, and 89 series; since Wratten numbers were assigned sequentially, there is no consistent logic (for instance, the #89B filter has a

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of the focal length in meters. Several close-up lenses may be used in combination; the optical power of the combination is the sum of the optical powers of the component lenses; a set of lenses of +1, +2, and +4 diopters can be combined to provide a range from +1 to +7 in steps of one.

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which attaches to a lens like a filter, hence the alternative but misleading term "close-up filter". They are often sold by filter manufacturers as part of their product lines, using the same holders and attachment systems. A close-up lens is a single or two-element converging

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filter, even older film only sensitive to blue light – rendering blue as light and red and green as dark, showing blue skies the same as overcast, with no contrast between sky and clouds, darkening blond hair, making blue eyes nearly white, and red lips nearly black.

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and 5500–5700 K for daylight. Color conversion filters attenuate a range of visible wavelengths to shift the perceived color temperature. The need for these filters has been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of digital photography, since

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exceeds the capability of the sensor. Not using optical filters in front of the lens has the advantage of avoiding the reduction of image quality caused by the presence of an extra optical element in the light path and may be necessary to avoid

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is used. Aluminum filter rings are much lighter in weight, but can "bind" to the aluminum lens threads they are screwed in to, requiring the use of a filter wrench to get the filter off of the lens. Aluminum also dents or deforms more easily.

124:, and the infra red (IR) filter. The neutral density filter permits effects requiring wide apertures or long exposures to be applied to brightly lit scenes, while the graduated neutral density filter is useful in situations where the scene's 3048:

are additionally provided by many camera manufacturers, by manufacturers of gel filters, and by makers of expensive professional camera accessories (particularly those manufacturers which target the movie and television camera markets.

747:. This reduces oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces, can darken the sky in colour photography (in monochrome photography colour filters are more effective), and can saturate the image more by eliminating unwanted reflections. 2322:

A multi-image filter, sometimes called multiple image or kaleidoscopic, uses a faceted lens which generally repeats the central subject one or more times in the periphery; the images may be repeated with a radial or parallel layout.

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Color conversion and light balancing (LB) filters must be distinguished from color correction filters (CC filters), which filter out a particular color cast that may have various causes, including reflections from colored surfaces,

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shift to name their filters, which quantifies the effect of a color conversion filter. The mired value associated with a given color temperature is computed as the reciprocal of the color temperature, in Kelvin, multiplied by

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Both effects can be achieved in software, which can in principle provide a very precise degree of control of the level of effect, however the "look" may be noticeably different. If there is too much contrast in a scene, the

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Adding another element may degrade image quality if its surfaces are less than perfectly flat and parallel. Filters from reputable makers are very unlikely to cause any problems, but some "bargain" products are optically

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Since the front element of this lens moves when focusing (zooming), you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or

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The shift is the difference in the mired values of the film and light source. Sometimes the decamired is used, where 10 mired = 1 decamired, as the smallest perceptible color temperature change is from a 10 mired shift.

82:. The filter can be of a square or oblong shape and mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk in a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed into the front of or clipped onto the 2199:

in the filter. The number of stars varies by the construction of the filter, as does the number of points each star has. The pattern of the diffraction grating can affect the shape of the resulting highlights as well.

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Since the front element of this lens moves when focusing, you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or water

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Since the front element of this lens moves when zooming, you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or water

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has just a semicircular half of a close-up lens in a normal filter holder. It can be used to photograph a close object and a much more distant background, with everything in sharp focus; with any non-split lens the

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filters work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors through. They can be used to demonstrate the primary colors that make up an image. They are perhaps most frequently used in the

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used with film for daylight use corrects the perceived orange/reddish cast of incandescent photographic photoflood lights, and significantly improves the stronger cast produced by lower-temperature household

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An extreme case: a Nikon D700 with a smashed filter which may have saved the Nikkor lens beneath. Usually, all that can reasonably be expected is protection from scratches, nicks and airborne contaminants.

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and the yellows dim slightly. The net effect is to make the colors of autumn leaves 'pop'. Looking through a didymium filter at a familiar human environment makes many colors appear gaudy or cartoonish.

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The two additional reflections at air-glass interfaces inevitably result in some light loss – at least four percent at each interface, if the surfaces are uncoated; they also increase the potential for

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Some filter manufacturers add light color-correction coatings to help preserve white balance, or heavier coatings to exaggerate some colors (e.g. "green enhancing"). The yellow-blocking material used

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Fluorescent filters generally have a magenta hue, selectively absorbing excessive green light, and have a name which includes the letters FL, such as FL-D for use with daylight balanced film.

408:, also known as window glass filters or optical flats, are transparent and (ideally) perform no filtering of incoming light. The only use of a clear filter is to protect the front of a lens. 93:, coloured filters affect the relative brightness of different colours; red lipstick may be rendered as anything from almost white to almost black with different filters. Others change the 811:, can also be used to oversaturate scenes that already have blue. The photo on the left was shot with a polarizer, while the one on the right was shot with a polarizer and an 80A filter. 465:

While in certain cases, such as harsh environments, a protection filter may be necessary, there are also downsides to this practice. Arguments for the use of protection filters include:

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recorded in black and white of the different colours. The standard rule-of-thumb is a colored filter will selectively lighten its color, while darkening other colors, especially the

965: 254:; photographic filters are roughly the same as "optical" filters, but in practice optical filters often need far more accurately controlled optical properties and precisely defined 661:

Unlike ultraviolet filters, which are suitable for general photography as they are designed to attenuate shorter ultraviolet wavelengths and pass visible wavelengths, filters for

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The bottom left image has a diffusion filter applied to the original image (shown in the top left). The top right is a cross screen effect. The bottom right shows a LOMO effect.

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are designed to block portions of the visible spectrum while passing longer wavelengths of light in the infrared spectrum, and hence they may appear dark red to black in color.

110:. As the filter is in the optical path, any imperfections – non-flat or non-parallel surfaces, reflections (minimised by optical coating), scratches, dirt – affect the image. 5971: 3442:

imitates photos made with a low-cost Russian camera brand, named "LOMO". It is approximated by saturated central colors, blurred periphery, and darkened corners and edges (

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Cokin formerly (1980s through mid-1990s) had competition from Hoya's 'Hoyarex' system (75 mm x 75 mm filters mostly made from resin) and also a range made by

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Filters modify the images recorded. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images; other times the image would simply not be possible without them. In

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conversion" filters, while the corresponding 82/81 series are "light balancing filters" which generally have a weaker effect than the 80/85 series. Typically, the

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than filters only made for general photography. Photographic filters sell in larger quantities, at correspondingly lower prices, than many laboratory filters. The

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Linear polarising filters, while effective, can interfere with metering and auto-focus mechanisms when mirrors or beam-splitters are in the light path, as in the

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The filter can be cleaned frequently without damage to the lens surface or coatings; a filter scratched by cleaning is much less expensive to replace than a lens.

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To avoid confusion and to assist photographers in selecting the appropriate filter, some manufacturers, including B+W, Rodenstock, and Hoya, include or use the

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These color conversion filters are identified by non-standardised numbers which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Many filter manufacturers use the

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Sometimes the filter is dyed in the mass, in other cases the filter is a thin sheet of material sandwiched between two pieces of clear glass or plastic.

4168: 1648:, sold as "color enhancement" or "fall color" filters act similarly: They remove a narrow (or broad) band of color in the yellow part of the spectrum ( 3356:

The approximate transition wavelength where the filter achieves 50% transmission; longer wavelengths are passed, while lower wavelengths are absorbed.

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but blocks virtually all ultraviolet radiation. (Most spectral manipulation filters are named for the radiation they pass; green and infrared filters

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Normally, the glass or plastic of a camera lens is practically opaque to short-wavelength UV, but transparent to long-wavelength (near-visible) UV. A

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filters which restrict blue and green visible wavelengths, but pass most of the red spectrum, with a transition wavelength around 550 nm.

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or film may be exceeded, which post-processing cannot compensate for, so contrast reduction at the time of image capture may be called for.

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for filters. Each design comes in several sizes, such as Bay I through Bay VIII for Rollei, and Bay 50 through Bay 104 for Hasselblad.

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use a particularly heavy dose of didymium in the glass, in order to completely block parts of the spectrum typically dominated by

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Transmission characteristics of three color conversion filters: Wratten #80 (blue line), #85 (orange line), and #85B (red line)

39: 6044: 5601: 5084: 4871: 3813: 2191:, creates a star pattern, in which lines radiate outward from bright objects. The star pattern is generated by a very fine 1410:

corresponds approximately to the pattern of the Wratten filters, and allows intermediate values to be obtained by stacking.

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lighting. Historically, there were two films balanced for tungsten lighting, Type A (3200 K) and Type B (3400 K).

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industry. 75 mm x 75 mm is very close to 3" × 3" and while less common today, was much in vogue in the 1990s.

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symbol. For example, a lens marking may indicate: “⌀55 mm” or “55⌀” meaning it would accept a 55 mm filter or

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color temperature than the light source, a positive mired shift is required, which calls for an amber "warming" filter.

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A few lenses, such as some of Canon's L series lenses, require the use of a filter to complete their weather sealing.

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Gel filters are very common in square form, rarely being used in circular form. These are thin flexible sheets of

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Spectral transmission by visible wavelength for Nikon UV (L39) and color filters (X0, X1, Y44, Y48, Y52, O56, R60)

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While the same information may be present, the specific sequence of colour and density may vary by manufacturer.

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have the opposite, contrast-reducing effect; in addition they "soften" focus, making small blemishes invisible.

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making it stand out against the sky. Light yellowish-green filters were used as standard portrait filters for

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If the lens is dropped, the filter may well suffer scratches or breakage instead of the front lens element.

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Manufacturers of lenses and filters have standardized on several different sets of sizes over the years.

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has information relevant to photographic filters, particularly special-purpose photographic filters like

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or make reference to it. The Wratten numbers were assigned sequentially as applications were created (80

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may be corrected with camera settings as the image is captured, or by software manipulation afterwards.

141: 5475: 3608: 3983: 3700: 1114:{\displaystyle \Delta M=M_{film}-M_{light}={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{film}}}-{\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{light}}}} 6007: 5616: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5561: 5215: 5134: 5104: 5057: 5002: 4992: 4917: 4742: 4689: 4402: 3485: 2376:

filters, they are no longer actually made from gelatin but from one of the plastics mentioned above.

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If there is blowing sand the filter will protect the front of the lens from abrasion and nicks.

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warming (left) and cooling (right) light balancing gel filters for color conversion from the

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Hoya and Minolta round threaded filters, colored for contrast enhancement and special effects

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used for reading. The insertion of a converging lens in front of the taking lens reduces the

2231:). This is most often used for portraits, providing an effect similar to that of a dedicated 1642:, and again, use has diminished as digital solutions have become more advanced and abundant. 5882: 5832: 5790: 5775: 5758: 5728: 5723: 5367: 5325: 5275: 5037: 4997: 4937: 4792: 4389: 3426: 3022: 3014:

makes a wide range of filters and holders in three sizes which is collectively known as the

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or netting in the filter, or to use something which is transparent but not optically sharp.

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Red filter tends to darken blue and green objects while lightening red and orange subjects.

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The rings on screw-on filters are often made of aluminum, though in more expensive filters

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There is a wide variation in the spectral UV blocking by filters described as ultraviolet.

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The filter diameter for a particular lens is commonly identified on the lens face by the

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There is no universal or reliably standard naming or labelling system for filters. The

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Certain kinds of filters use other materials inside a glass sandwich; for example,

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which don't use didymium typically are some kind of narrow pass-band color filter.

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Filters in photography can be classified according to their visible color and use:

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filters and high-quality photographic filters, like sharp cut-off UV filters.

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Effects of using a polarizer and a red filter in black-and-white photography

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photography to alter the effect of different colors in the scene, changing

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shift; light source is on the top scale, while film is on the bottom scale.

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UV filters test - Description of the results and summary - Lenstip.com

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Many filters absorb part of the light available, necessitating longer

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The 80A filter, mainly used to correct for the excessive redness of

766: 3468:"Sony FDR-AX100 review – Hands on with first consumer 4K camcorder" 5740: 5155: 4615: 3550:(17th ed.). Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company. 1945. 3032: 3027: 3011: 2995: 2986: 2402: 2392: 2387: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2313: 2207: 1791:

Black and white simulated by converting to luminance values only.

1671: 1588: 1578: 1560: 1550: 1529: 1511: 1501: 1483: 1462: 1452: 1271: 1130: 892: 884: 875: 802: 765: 520: 456: 279: 169: 164: 140: 29: 4280: 3915:(17th ed.). Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company. 1945 34:

Four photographic filters (clockwise from top-left): an infrared

4117: 4043:. Kodak Library of Creative Photography. Time-Life Books. 1984. 3957: 3584: 2160: 2152: 1941:

Yellow filter is generally used to neutralize atmospheric haze.

815:

Appropriate color conversion filters are used to compensate for

4398: 3401:

As an example of manipulating the didymium mixture and amount,

758:

is also effective, and does not affect metering or auto-focus.

4394: 250:

are used in various areas of science, including in particular

149:

multicoated skylight filter, identifying size and equivalent

1692:, as the filter passes that color while attenuating others. 4385:

Polarizing filters test - Results and summary - Lenstip.com

2409:

High quality filters are multi-coated, with multiple-layer

2195:

grating embedded in the filter, or sometimes by the use of

819:

caused by lighting not balanced for the film stock's rated

4229:"Tiffen filter manual for black and white and color films" 1414:

Mired shift and required filter(s) for typical situations

823:, which is usually 3200–3400 K for use with professional 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 2095:

Blue filter tends to accentuate haze and lighten skies.

1704:

Black and white simulations with color contrast filters

869:

will correct the bluish cast of daylight photographs on

454:

photographers to remedy the strong UV at high altitude.

2344:

plastics similar to those used for eyeglasses (such as

4169:"Rodenstock Quality Filters and Aspherical Magnifiers" 2386:

often use various special films, netting filters have

719:

Polarizing filter used to reduce reflection from water

498:

Low-quality filters may cause problems with autofocus.

4163: 4161: 4159: 1277: 1136: 978: 931: 902: 3942:. Buffalo, New York: Amherst Media Inc. p. 17. 3861:"Wratten filters for Infrared- & UV-Photography" 3064:

are used with the "system" holders described above.

2360:

is used. Historically, filters were often made from

377:

or macro diopters, and split diopters or split focus

5954: 5901: 5806: 5749: 5655: 5539: 5451: 5403: 5143: 4910: 4710: 4432: 4361:

filmtools.com, online catalog retrieved 2011-08-13

3701:"Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II USM Instruction Manual" 4258: 4095: 4036: 3935: 3562: 2318:Still life photographed using a multi-image filter 2289:are usually specified by their optical power, the 1891:Similar effects as red filter, but not as strong. 1286: 1145: 1113: 959: 915: 3386:is actually a naturally occurring mixture of two 3365:Professional "tungsten lighting" is also called 2262:A close-up lens is not technically a filter but 2224:) softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze ( 98:oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces. 27:Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter 4390:Analysis of Camera Filters | Camera Filters.biz 3883:Kodak filters for scientific and technical uses 501:A filter may be incompatible with the use of a 3730:"Canon EF 17-40mm f/4L USM Instruction Manual" 2145:Not generally used; included for completeness 774:demonstrates selective attenuation for the sky 4410: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 3759:"Canon EF 50mm f/1.2L USM Instruction Manual" 3680:"Photoshop technique: Remove purple fringing" 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 1614:, or the Schwarzschild effect (also known as 790:detail or the highlights would be burnt out. 186:filters are identified by a code of the form 8: 3905: 3903: 2368:. While some filters are still described as 5962:Conservation and restoration of photographs 4223: 4221: 4191: 4189: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3055:available to attach to the filter holders. 442:are more effective at cutting haze, reduce 5699:Comparison of digital and film photography 4417: 4403: 4395: 3091: 2433: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1749: 528: 295: 163:adopted in the early twentieth century by 5919:Photographs considered the most important 4174:. LINOS Photonics GmbH & Co. KG. 2020 3986:(in German). Hoya Filters. pp. 28–31 3978: 3976: 3974: 3633:The Photographer's Guide to Using Filters 3603: 3601: 1276: 1135: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1053: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1014: 992: 977: 946: 941: 938: 930: 907: 901: 343: 2418:and reducing the contrast of the image. 1702: 1494:Metal halide, "cool white" incandescent 1412: 1264: 1123: 3659:"Protection & UV Absorbing Filters" 3565:Nikon-Nikkormat Handbook of Photography 3458: 3349: 3192:M54.346-0.706 mm (2.139 in-36 960:{\displaystyle M={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T}}} 422:shade lit by the ultraviolet-rich sky. 2434: 338: 3334:List of photographic equipment makers 2444: 2439: 2336:Photo filters are commonly made from 1680:Colored filters are commonly used in 1418: 482:Arguments against their use include: 213:= strength or density of the filter ( 7: 4261:Special Effects Photography Handbook 3526:. Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH 3080:, have created their own systems of 3072:Certain manufacturers, most notably 2998:"A" graduated neutral density filter 1610:(which has an unbalanced spectrum), 437:their named colors, but a UV filter 5914:Museums devoted to one photographer 1991:Used to differentiate green tones. 51: 5461:Timeline of photography technology 4317:"UV filters test - Tiffen 72mm UV" 4098:The Tiffen practical filter manual 4092:"3: Filters for Color Photography" 1278: 1137: 979: 25: 3984:"Hoya Filter Catalog: Farbfilter" 3051:Square filter systems often have 2252:Close-up and split diopter lenses 752:digital single lens reflex camera 411:Clear glass will absorb some UV. 362: 6012: 6002: 6001: 3569:. Amphoto. pp. 8–45, 8–54. 2435:Common objective filter threads 787:graduated neutral density filter 772:graduated neutral density filter 706: 694: 429:passes all or nearly all of the 315:graduated neutral density filter 6013: 3886:. Eastman Kodak Company. 1970. 3466:Barton, Seth (9 January 2014). 2275:, and works in the same way as 1660:in heavier concentration. Even 727:Polarizing filter (photography) 3859:Markerink, Willem-Jan (2002). 3039:81 and 82 series, respectively 2383: 2167: 368: 337:Color separation, also called 305: 207:= type (for colour correction) 133:when using wide-angle lenses. 78:that can be inserted into the 1: 5511:Painted photography backdrops 5443:Golden triangle (composition) 4718:35 mm equivalent focal length 4338:"Format Hitech Still Filters" 4257:Stecker-Orel, Elinor (1998). 3938:Infrared photography handbook 2414:inside the camera, producing 2155:) mimics the effect of older 3609:"Cokin Z-Pro Series Filters" 847:for blue cooling filters, 81 417:are used to block invisible 353:of various kinds, including 5221:Intentional camera movement 4102:. Amphoto. pp. 33–44. 741:black-and-white photography 688:Effect of polarizing filter 74:accessory consisting of an 6061: 5909:Most expensive photographs 5266:Multi-exposure HDR capture 3764:. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1 3735:. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1 3706:. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1 3561:Cooper, Joseph D. (1974). 3421:, while leaving colors of 3390:; by adjusting the mix of 3225:74.8 mm × 5.6 mm 2422:Filter sizes and mountings 2332:Materials and construction 2306:would be far too shallow. 2255: 1445:"Warm white" incandescent 825:incandescent light sources 724: 398: 262:article on optical filters 238: 5997: 4231:. Tiffen Optical Co. 1959 3403:'light pollution filters' 2452: 2449: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 52:Cokin-style filter mounts 46:. The larger filter is a 5843:Digital image processing 4039:Creating special effects 3423:dim astronomical objects 3235:74.8 mm × 8 mm 3010:The French manufacturer 2968:different thread pitch. 1287:{\displaystyle \Delta M} 1146:{\displaystyle \Delta M} 809:incandescent light bulbs 5516:Photography and the law 4296:"Coated or Non-Coated?" 4294:Dr. Ching-Kuang Shene. 3788:"Filters by Thom Hogan" 2390:netting, and so forth. 223:= color (in this case, 122:color-enhancing filters 5863:Gelatin silver process 4887:Science of photography 4872:Photographic processes 4850:Perspective distortion 4265:. Amherst Media, Inc. 3934:White, Laurie (1995). 3630:Joseph Meehan (1998). 3419:mercury vapor lighting 3040: 2999: 2430:Threaded round filters 2398: 2319: 2271:used for close-up and 2213: 1712:Example 1 (still life) 1677: 1612:underwater photography 1473:Professional tungsten 1288: 1147: 1115: 961: 917: 916:{\displaystyle 10^{6}} 888: 812: 780:neutral density filter 775: 526: 462: 371:and contrast reduction 285: 175: 154: 91:monochrome photography 55: 6045:Photography equipment 5321:Schlieren photography 4860:Photographic printing 4783:Exposure compensation 4197:"Hoya Filter Catalog" 3912:Wratten Light Filters 3547:Wratten Light Filters 3521:"B+W Filter Handbook" 3486:"Camera lens filters" 3068:Bayonet round filters 3031: 2990: 2396: 2317: 2211: 1718:Example 3 (portrait) 1715:Example 2 (landscape) 1675: 1289: 1148: 1116: 962: 918: 879: 863:incandescent lighting 806: 769: 524: 460: 395:Clear and ultraviolet 325:Color conversion (or 296:Clear and ultraviolet 283: 173: 144: 33: 5105:Straight photography 4743:Chromatic aberration 4143:Olympus Life Science 4090:Smith, Robb (1975). 2283:of the combination. 2041:Simulates effect of 1668:Contrast enhancement 1662:astronomical filters 1654:astronomical filters 1608:fluorescent lighting 1275: 1134: 976: 929: 900: 663:infrared photography 365:and star diffractors 359:, called color grads 344:Contrast enhancement 292:Colorless / Neutral 5972:photographic plates 5657:Digital photography 4835:Hyperfocal distance 4748:Circle of confusion 4375:Photography Filters 4139:"Color Temperature" 3490:Cambridge in Colour 3429:largely unaffected. 3059:Rectangular filters 2436: 2185:cross screen filter 2157:orthochromatic film 2151:A sky-blue filter ( 1705: 1690:complementary color 1616:reciprocity failure 1415: 1267: 1126: 534: 390:Colorless / Neutral 256:transmission curves 120:polarising filter, 18:Cross screen filter 5476:Autochrome Lumière 5471:Analog photography 5296:Pigeon photography 5085:Social documentary 4564:discontinued films 4006:Reichmann, Michael 3636:. Watson-Guptill. 3415:sodium-vapor lamps 3041: 3000: 2445:Thread pitch (mm) 2399: 2320: 2214: 2187:, also known as a 1703: 1678: 1413: 1284: 1265: 1143: 1124: 1111: 957: 913: 889: 813: 776: 756:circular polarizer 668:Historically, the 529: 527: 463: 286: 176: 155: 56: 6027: 6026: 5828:Collodion process 5764:Chromogenic print 5751:Color photography 5261:Multiple exposure 5236:Lo-fi photography 4763:Color temperature 4008:(31 March 2011). 3812:Paul van Walree. 3407:amateur astronomy 3312: 3311: 2960: 2959: 2273:macro photography 2168:Diffusion filters 2149: 2148: 1698:panchromatic film 1640:color separations 1631:Color subtraction 1626:Color subtraction 1598: 1597: 1543:Electronic flash 1402: 1401: 1261: 1260: 1109: 1068: 955: 821:color temperature 733:polarizing filter 659: 658: 339:color subtraction 276:Photographic uses 184:colour correction 40:polarizing filter 16:(Redirected from 6052: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6004: 5883:Print permanence 5833:Cross processing 5791:CMYK color model 5776:Color management 5729:Foveon X3 sensor 5724:Three-CCD camera 5368:Miniature faking 5326:Sabattier effect 4938:Astrophotography 4793:Zebra patterning 4419: 4412: 4405: 4396: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4340:. Archived from 4336:Formatt Hitech. 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4101: 4087: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3941: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3816:. Archived from 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3790:. Archived from 3783: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745:water-resistant. 3741: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3568: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3463: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3427:dark-adapted eye 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3195: 3092: 3003:standard in the 2992:Minolta SR-T 101 2950: 2936: 2922: 2908: 2883: 2869: 2855: 2841: 2827: 2813: 2799: 2785: 2771: 2757: 2743: 2729: 2715: 2701: 2687: 2673: 2659: 2645: 2631: 2617: 2603: 2589: 2564: 2528: 2503: 2489: 2475: 2461: 2437: 2411:optical coatings 2228:photon diffusion 2222:softening filter 2218:diffusion filter 2142: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1706: 1646:Didymium filters 1601:Color correction 1416: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1268: 1266:Cooling filters 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1127: 1125:Warming filters 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1006: 1005: 966: 964: 963: 958: 956: 951: 950: 945: 939: 922: 920: 919: 914: 912: 911: 867:85B amber filter 799:Color conversion 735:, used for both 710: 698: 535: 525:Infrared filters 431:visible spectrum 333:Color correction 317:and solar filter 313:, including the 212: 192: 21: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6040:Optical filters 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 5993: 5950: 5897: 5888:Push processing 5809: 5802: 5796:RGB color model 5745: 5651: 5535: 5447: 5413:Diagonal method 5399: 5139: 5043:Photojournalism 4906: 4738:Black-and-white 4706: 4685:Slide projector 4680:Movie projector 4559:available films 4428: 4423: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4273: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4089: 4088: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4035: 4034: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3840:"UV or not UV?" 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3577: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3437: 3433: 3425:visible to the 3411:light pollution 3400: 3399: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3325: 3193: 3090: 3070: 3061: 2985: 2948: 2934: 2920: 2906: 2881: 2867: 2853: 2839: 2825: 2811: 2797: 2783: 2769: 2755: 2741: 2727: 2713: 2699: 2685: 2671: 2657: 2643: 2629: 2615: 2601: 2587: 2562: 2526: 2501: 2487: 2473: 2459: 2441: 2432: 2424: 2334: 2329: 2327:Physical design 2312: 2287:Close-up lenses 2260: 2254: 2244:of the digital 2220:(also called a 2206: 2181: 2176: 2174:Special effects 1682:black and white 1670: 1628: 1603: 1591: 1581: 1563: 1553: 1532: 1514: 1504: 1486: 1465: 1455: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1403: 1273: 1272: 1262: 1132: 1131: 1087: 1075: 1049: 1037: 1010: 988: 974: 973: 940: 927: 926: 903: 898: 897: 858:80A blue filter 801: 796: 764: 762:Neutral density 729: 723: 722: 721: 720: 716: 715: 714: 711: 703: 702: 699: 690: 689: 683: 519: 448:digital cameras 444:purple fringing 403: 397: 392: 357:Graduated color 351:Special effects 311:Neutral density 278: 269:color enhancing 247:Optical filters 243: 237: 235:Scientific uses 210: 196:, for example, 190: 160:Wratten numbers 139: 104: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6010: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5665:Digital camera 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:Camera obscura 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5433:Rule of thirds 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Harris shutter 5198: 5196:Hand-colouring 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4882:Red-eye effect 4879: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788:Exposure value 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Depth of focus 4770: 4768:Depth of field 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4369:External links 4367: 4364: 4363: 4354: 4328: 4307: 4286: 4271: 4242: 4217: 4185: 4155: 4130: 4108: 4063: 4049: 4021: 3997: 3970: 3948: 3926: 3899: 3892: 3873: 3851: 3830: 3814:"Filter Flare" 3804: 3778: 3749: 3720: 3691: 3670: 3649: 3642: 3622: 3597: 3575: 3553: 3537: 3503: 3477: 3472:Expert Reviews 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3431: 3371: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3339:Optical filter 3336: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3317:Roman numerals 3310: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095:Series number 3089: 3088:Series filters 3086: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3005:motion picture 2984: 2983:Square filters 2981: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2311: 2308: 2304:depth of field 2264:accessory lens 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2205: 2202: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043:orthochromatic 2039: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1669: 1666: 1656:similarly use 1627: 1624: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1283: 1280: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1142: 1139: 1122: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1041: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 991: 987: 984: 981: 954: 949: 944: 937: 934: 910: 906: 837:Wratten number 800: 797: 795: 792: 770:This handheld 763: 760: 725:Main article: 718: 717: 712: 705: 704: 700: 693: 692: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 682: 679: 670:Wratten number 657: 656: 653: 649: 648: 645: 641: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 617: 616: 613: 609: 608: 605: 601: 600: 597: 593: 592: 589: 585: 584: 581: 577: 576: 573: 569: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 553: 552: 549: 545: 544: 541: 518: 515: 511: 510: 499: 496: 488: 480: 479: 476: 473: 470: 452:mountaineering 399:Main article: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 384: 381: 378: 372: 366: 360: 348: 347: 346: 341: 335: 330: 320: 319: 318: 308: 303: 298: 277: 274: 241:Optical filter 239:Main article: 236: 233: 229: 228: 218: 208: 151:Wratten number 138: 135: 103: 100: 95:colour balance 76:optical filter 64:cinematography 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6057: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924:Photographers 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Bleach bypass 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:primary color 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:Reversal film 5769: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Image sharing 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637:United States 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Daguerreotype 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Stopping down 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:Rephotography 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Long-exposure 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Architectural 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Shutter speed 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Metering mode 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Color balance 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Angle of view 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Manufacturers 4668: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4355: 4344:on 2012-09-20 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4318: 4315:Lenstip.com. 4311: 4308: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4272:0-936262-56-7 4268: 4263: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4109:0-8174-0180-6 4105: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4052: 4050:0-7054-1548-1 4046: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3949:0-936262-38-9 3945: 3940: 3939: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3893:0-87985-029-9 3889: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3820:on 2011-03-21 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3794:on 2007-08-23 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3681: 3678:Gary Nugent. 3674: 3671: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3643:0-8174-5452-7 3639: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3623: 3611:. Cokin S.A.S 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576:0-8174-0566-6 3572: 3567: 3566: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248:87.5 mm 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217:66.7 mm 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3160:33.5 mm 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139:23.5 mm 3138: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101:Adapter ring 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3082:bayonet mount 3079: 3075: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:polycarbonate 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2299:split diopter 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2258:Close-up lens 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242:dynamic range 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638:industry for 1637: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1574:10000 K 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425:Light source 1417: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1140: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 989: 985: 982: 971: 967: 952: 947: 942: 935: 932: 924: 908: 904: 894: 886: 882: 878: 874: 872: 871:tungsten film 868: 864: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 830:color balance 826: 822: 818: 810: 805: 798: 794:Color filters 793: 791: 788: 783: 781: 773: 768: 761: 759: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 728: 709: 697: 680: 678: 674: 671: 666: 664: 654: 651: 650: 646: 643: 642: 638: 635: 634: 630: 627: 626: 622: 619: 618: 614: 611: 610: 606: 603: 602: 598: 595: 594: 590: 587: 586: 582: 579: 578: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 562: 558: 555: 554: 550: 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 523: 516: 514: 508: 504: 500: 497: 494: 489: 485: 484: 483: 477: 474: 471: 468: 467: 466: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 420: 416: 412: 409: 407: 406:Clear filters 402: 394: 389: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 354: 352: 349: 345: 342: 340: 336: 334: 331: 328: 327:color balance 324: 323: 321: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 291: 290: 289: 282: 275: 273: 271: 270: 265: 264: 263: 257: 253: 249: 248: 242: 234: 232: 226: 222: 219: 216: 209: 206: 203: 202: 201: 199: 195: 189: 185: 180: 172: 168: 166: 162: 161: 152: 148: 143: 136: 134: 132: 127: 126:dynamic range 123: 118: 117: 111: 109: 101: 99: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 32: 19: 5984:Polaroid art 5878:K-14 process 5873:Instant film 5868:Gum printing 5823:C-41 process 5808:Photographic 5709:Image sensor 5704:Film scanner 5358:Sun printing 5291:Print toning 5078:space selfie 5048:Pictorialism 4978:Ethnographic 4958:Conservation 4830:Guide number 4825:Focal length 4570: 4357: 4346:. 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