265:; erratics being a phrase indicating they are out of place. It is thought that glaciers deposited the blocks on the plateau when they retreated. The Silurian boulders sit atop small carboniferous limestone columns (about 50 centimetres (20 in) in height), which have been progressively worn down by weathering. This has left the boulders looking like they have been 'perched' on small stones. The Norber Erratics were 'swept up' from the valley floor by the glaciers, and deposited some 340 metres (1,120 ft) on the ridge above the valley. Geological studies have shown that a glacier moved south from Ribblesdale into Crummackdale, coercing the Silurian rocks to the upper sides of the valley. The presence of the Norber Erratics has led the dale to be described as "one of the most entrancing of Yorkshire's small dales".
31:
376:, a combined Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The woodland covers areas where quarrying by local people (mainly from Austwick), has pockmarked the woodland floor. The trees inside the wood are mostly ash, hawthorn and hazel, with dog's mercury and wood sorrel flowering on the woodland floor. The wood sits on a "dome of limestone", covering 89 acres (36 ha) and was originally four separate woods, bordered by Austwick, Wharfe and Feizor, with each wood being named after the nearest settlement, apart from the one closest to Austwick, which was known as Oxenber. At the western edge of the wood is a limestone pavement on which lesser meadow-rue (
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299:
226:. The farmers would get together and dam a low-lying section of the beck, so that they could clean the wool whilst still on the sheep before the sheep were sold. The introduction of chemical sheepwashes, ceased this activity. The great scar limestone at the north eastern end of the dale is quarried at Horton lime quarry on the other side of the hill in
323:
and
Juniper Gulf at the limestone boundary, resurging from Austwick Beck head at the base of the limestone. The cave has been penetrated for 100 metres (330 ft) by cave divers. The water then runs down Crummackdale before disappearing into the ground near to the village of
314:
span the river which are listed structures; Flascoe Bridge and Pant Bridge. The beck emerges from a cave near the top of the dale, Austwick Beck Head, but it has been demonstrated that the source of the water is from the limestone plateau above. Water draining from
281:
and Arcow. The north eastern edge of
Crummackdale, which is underlain by Great Scar Carboniferous limestone, is fringed with a south-facing limestone pavement. The lower part of the valley lies on Ordovician rocks, which have been exposed by weathering. The
211:. These strips were used to grow oats in and around Austwick village. Though Crummackdale has not seen as much human interaction with its landscape as other Yorkshire Dales, its recorded history in documents, extends as far back as 1190, when the landowner,
195:
The valley is "sparsely populated" and runs in a north–south direction with the village of
Austwick at the southern valley end. Whilst evidence of human habitation can be dated to the third century, widespread population use did not occur until
1407:
419:
are on its southern and eastern sides respectively. All of
Crummackdale is within the parish of Austwick, which had a population of 476 at the 2001 census, 463 at the 2011 census, and an estimated population of 440 in 2015.
344:; however, the use of the beck to wash sheep to prepare their fleeces for market, prompted the widening of the beck in the 1780s. This allowed for the water flow to be slowed and to prevent flooding in the washing area.
347:
The beck has a natural population of salmon, brown trout and sea trout in the
Austwick area. However, in the 1980s, a programme to encourage salmon spawning further up beck nearer to the hamlet of Wharfe was developed.
335:
Evidence at
Austwick Beck head points to human habitation in and around the second and third centuries. It is thought that the freshwater spring provided the reason for the settlement. The beck remains listed with the
268:
The small valley is bounded on three sides by limestone outcrops. Towards the east, where a narrow gap caused by glaciation affords the space for a road from
Austwick to Helwith Bridge, lies Moughton Fell.
237:, is the site of a former tarn, Thwaite Tarn, which was drained around 1811. Much of the dale is inaccessible to motor vehicles, but there are many paths and green lanes that criss-cross the dale.
1466:
Johnson, David (2015). The
Crummack Dale Project : excavation of three early medieval steadings and a lime kiln, Austwick, North Yorkshire (Report). Ingleton: Ingleborough Archaeology Group.
1418:
328:, leaving just a trickle of water above ground. However, many springs from both sides of the dale feed water into the beck, and as it meanders past Austwick village and the
273:
lies to the north, and
Clapdale to the west. The south of the Crummackdale opens out into the valley of the upper reaches of the River Wenning. Moughton (pronounced
1386:
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Sheep farming dominates the Dale, with some dairy farming occurring on the lower slopes towards
Austwick. Austwick Beck used to have what was known locally as a
1092:
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277:) and Moughton Nab at the north-east of the valley, rises to 1,401 feet (427 m), and leads over into the quarries of Ribblesdale, Horton,
30:
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The Craven and north-west Yorkshire highlands. Being a complete account of the history, scenery, and antiquities of that romantic district
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Crummackdale is noted for the presence of silurian gritstone boulders on a plateau at Norber. The boulders are known as the
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998:
184:
104:
316:
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Austwick Beck drains the valley, which stretches for 4.8 miles (7.7 km) before flowing into the River Wenning near
97:
298:
1449:
The Place Names of Yorkshire; Cities, Towns, Villages, Rivers and Dales, some Pubs too, in Praise of Yorkshire Ales
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runs east west across the valley floor just north of Austwick village, and the valley floor is overlain with a
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1498:
The land of the Lune - and its tributaries : a guide to the region within the Lune Watershed
1057:
Go slow Yorkshire dales & moors : local, characterful guides to Britain's special places
999:"The Underground Waters of North-West Yorkshire. Part II. The Underground Waters of Ingleborough"
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Parry, Brian (June 2020). "The provenance of the Norber erratics, North Yorkshire, UK".
400:
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403:, which heads north through Wharfe and exits Crummackdale westwards past Simons Fell.
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183:. Crummackdale is a narrow south west facing dale, at the south west corner of the
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396:) grow. This is notified in the SSSi statement as being of national importance.
227:
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Cordingley, John (August–September 2021). "Austwick Beck Head Extended".
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332:, it joins with Clapham Beck and Kettles Beck to form the River Wenning.
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175:, England. The Valley is drained by Austwick Beck, which flows into the
234:
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416:
1481:
The geology of the area round Crummack Dale near Austwick Yorkshire
1172:"JUVENILE SALMONID INVESTIGATIONS RIVER WENNING CATCHMENT 1981-86"
355:
297:
494:
Mitchinson, James, ed. (6 February 2021). "Scenic Yorkshire".
415:
is the only settlement in Crummackdale, though Austwick and
233:
To the west of Austwick village, along Thwaite Lane towards
1059:. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 5.
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550:
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179:, which in turn heads westwards to empty into the
1379:"Local Area Report – Austwick Parish (E04007057)"
850:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 29.
671:"Crummack :: Survey of English Place-Names"
1346:"Local Area Report – Austwick Parish (36UB004)"
1003:Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society
764:(2 ed.). Ashbourne: Landmark. p. 57.
723:Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society
399:The eastern edge of the wood is trailed by the
1277:"Oxenber: The History of an Ancient Woodland"
448:. 1:25,000. Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 2016.
446:Yorkshire Dales - Southern & Western Area
342:not designated artificial or heavily modified
163:), is a small valley north of the village of
8:
1417:. December 2016. p. 10. Archived from
1226:"Out of Oblivion: A landscape through time"
1564:Map of the SSSI at Oxenber and Wharfe Wood
940:"Flascoe Bridge (Grade II) (1317073)"
290:, which makes the ground slightly acidic.
20:
411:Some writers maintain that the hamlet of
1328:
997:Carter, W.L.; Dwerryhouse, A.R. (1904).
870:
821:
784:
605:
568:
1519:. Chichester, West Sussex: Phillimore.
971:"Pant Bridge (Grade II) (1131649)"
894:
882:
696:"WALK: Just the best limestone scenery"
556:
429:
319:sinks into a number of caves including
905:
903:
1309:designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk
7:
1408:"2015 Population Estimates Parishes"
801:. Otley: Smith Settle. p. 115.
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533:. Otley: Smith Settle. p. 114.
516:
439:
437:
435:
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240:The name of the valley derives from
16:A valley in North Yorkshire, England
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35:View from Thwaite over Crummackdale
976:National Heritage List for England
945:National Heritage List for England
14:
1451:(1 ed.). Catrine: Stenlake.
470:"CRUMMACK DALE, CRAVEN (LA2 8DJ)"
1517:The story of the Yorkshire Dales
1483:(Thesis). University of Durham.
622:. London: E Stock. p. 172.
474:getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/
215:, granted some of the fields to
29:
1251:"Feizor circular from Austwick"
364:In the east of the valley, lie
1387:Office for National Statistics
1354:Office for National Statistics
1281:www.northcravenheritage.org.uk
1150:www.northcravenheritage.org.uk
1100:archive.yorkshiredales.org.uk/
302:Austwick Beck below the rising
1:
1500:. Brookhouse: Drakkar Press.
1036:. Wild Places Publishing: 8.
649:archive.yorkshiredales.org.uk
201:
185:Yorkshire Dales National Park
846:Wright, Geoffrey N. (1986).
498:. Country Week. p. 28.
200:farmers arrived in the dale
1489:10.13140/RG.2.2.16617.03688
392:) and bloody crane's-bill (
1600:
1201:"Oxenber and Wharfe Woods"
1302:"Oxenber and Wharfe Wood"
28:
1515:Mitchell, W. R. (1999).
1230:www.outofoblivion.org.uk
586:www.outofoblivion.org.uk
44:520 ft (160 m)
1447:Chrystal, Paul (2017).
1125:environment.data.gov.uk
915:environment.data.gov.uk
797:Hartley, Marie (1991).
618:Speight, Harry (1892).
529:Hartley, Marie (1991).
308:Clapham railway station
1479:Metcalfe, Ian (1971).
1055:Bagshaw, Mike (2010).
384:), northern bedstraw (
361:
303:
1542:yorkshiredales.org.uk
1205:yorkshiredales.org.uk
1015:10.1144/pygs.15.2.248
760:Scholes, Ron (2006).
675:epns.nottingham.ac.uk
380:), green spleenwort (
359:
301:
735:10.1144/pygs2019-008
388:), mountain melick (
1496:Self, John (2008).
848:The Yorkshire Dales
799:The Yorkshire Dales
531:The Yorkshire Dales
394:geranium sanguineum
213:Richard de Morevill
116: /
1535:LCA 13 Ribblesdale
1179:aquaticcommons.org
702:. 15 February 2020
642:"The Craven Dales"
582:"Austwick washdub"
496:The Yorkshire Post
362:
338:Environment Agency
321:Long Kin East Cave
304:
284:North Craven Fault
205: 7th century
1415:northyorks.gov.uk
1257:. 24 October 2013
1121:"Wenning - Upper"
1093:"25 Crummackdale"
1066:978-1-84162-323-8
897:, pp. 13–14.
455:978-0-319-26331-0
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