2075:
4046:
most despicable had he wished to live to the point of crucifixion ... Is it worth so much to weigh down upon one's own wound, and hang stretched out from a patibulum? ... Is anyone found who, after being fastened to that accursed wood, already weakened, already deformed, swelling with ugly weals on shoulders and chest, with many reasons for dying even before getting to the cross, would wish to prolong a life-breath that is about to experience so many torments?" ("Contemptissimum putarem, si vivere vellet usque ad crucem ... Est tanti vulnus suum premere et patibulo pendere districtum ... Invenitur, qui velit adactus ad illud infelix lignum, iam debilis, iam pravus et in foedum scapularum ac pectoris tuber elisus, cui multae moriendi causae etiam citra crucem fuerant, trahere animam tot tormenta tracturam?" –
1958:
786:
1970:
1514:
1939:
1885:
678:, posit other causes of death. Zugibe suspended test subjects with their arms at 60° to 70° from the vertical. The test subjects had no difficulty breathing during experiments, but did suffer rapidly increasing pain, which is consistent with the Roman use of crucifixion to achieve a prolonged, agonizing death. However, Zugibe's positioning of the test subjects necessarily did not precisely replicate the conditions of historical crucifixion. In 2023, an analysis of medical literature concluded that asphyxiation is discredited as the primary cause of death from crucifixion.
45:
1923:
1245:
fibula, spear stab wounds into the heart, sharp blows to the front of the chest, or a smoking fire built at the foot of the cross to asphyxiate the victim." The Romans sometimes broke the prisoner's legs to hasten death and usually forbade burial. On the other hand, the person was often deliberately kept alive as long as possible to prolong their suffering and humiliation, so as to provide the maximum deterrent effect. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and be eaten by animals.
1429:
1029:, for example, described crucifixion as "a most cruel and disgusting punishment", and suggested that "the very mention of the cross should be far removed not only from a Roman citizen's body, but from his mind, his eyes, his ears". Elsewhere he says, "It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a wickedness; to put him to death is almost parricide. What shall I say of crucifying him? So guilty an action cannot by any possibility be adequately expressed by any name bad enough for it."
621:, who was crucified in the 1st century CE. The remains included a heel bone with a nail driven through it from the side. The tip of the nail was bent, perhaps because of striking a knot in the upright beam, which prevented it being extracted from the foot. A first inaccurate account of the length of the nail led some to believe that it had been driven through both heels, suggesting that the man had been placed in a sort of sidesaddle position, but the true length of the nail, 11.5 centimetres (
344:
1998:
319:
1792:, were retweeted by a Twitter account owned by a known member of ISIL causing major media outlets to incorrectly attribute the origin of the post to the militant group. In most of these cases of crucifixion the victims are shot first then their bodies are displayed but there have also been reports of crucifixion preceding shootings or decapitations as well as a case where a man was said to have been "crucified alive for eight hours" with no indication of whether he died.
1905:
1621:
the dead body to conserve costs. According to Haas, this could help to explain why only one nail has been found, as the tip of the nail in question was bent in such a way that it could not be removed. Haas had also identified a scratch on the inner surface of the right radius bone of the forearm, close to the wrist. He deduced from the form of the scratch, as well as from the intact wrist bones, that a nail had been driven into the forearm at that position.
1412:(i.e, being paraded about town on horseback); then the unfortunate was tied to a cross made from one vertical and two horizontal poles. The cross was raised, the convict speared several times from two sides, and eventually killed with a final thrust through the throat. The corpse was left on the cross for three days. If one condemned to crucifixion died in prison, his body was pickled and the punishment executed on the dead body. Under
2400:" (Alkimila), a female name. It is not clear, however, whether the inscription was written by the same person who drew the picture, or added by another person later. It is also not known whether the graffito is intended to depict an actual event, as distinguished from, perhaps, the writer's desire for someone to be crucified, or as a jest. As such, the graffito does not itself provide conclusive evidence of female crucifixion.
598:
1649:
1352:
1613:
relative to the bone suggests the feet had been nailed to the cross from their side, not from their front; various opinions have been proposed as to whether they were both nailed together to the front of the cross or one on the left side, one on the right side. The point of the nail had olive wood fragments on it indicating that he was crucified on a cross made of olive wood or on an olive tree.
2145:
353:
1081:
1221:
down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." One source claims that for Jews (apparently not for others), a man would be crucified with his back to the cross as is traditionally depicted, while a woman would be nailed facing her cross, probably with her back to onlookers, or at least with the
1072:
2597:
In partic., a cross, Ter. And. 3, 5, 15; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7; 2, 1, 4, § 9; id. Pis. 18, 42; id. Fin. 5, 30, 92; Quint. 4, 2, 17; Tac. A. 15, 44; Hor. S. 1, 3, 82; 2, 7, 47; id. Ep. 1, 16, 48 et saep.: "dignus fuit qui malo cruce periret, Gracch. ap. Fest. l. l.: pendula", the pole of a carriage, Stat. S. 4, 3, 28.
1735:. If a crucified person were to survive three days of crucifixion, that person would be allowed to live. Execution by hanging is described as follows: "In execution by hanging, the prisoner will be hung on a hanging truss which should look like a cross, while his (her) back is toward the cross, and (s)he faces the direction of
1187:– a sign board proclaiming the prisoner's name and crime. Upon arrival at the place of execution, selected to be especially public, the convict would be stripped of any remaining clothing, then nailed to the cross naked. If the crucifixion took place in an established place of execution, the vertical beam (
1093:, a satirical representation of the Christian worship, depicting a man worshiping a crucified donkey (Rome, c AD 85 to 3rd century). It is inscribed ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ (ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟϹ) ΣΕΒΕΤΕ (ϹΕΒΕΤΕ) ΘΕΟΝ, which translates as "Alexamenos worships his god". Visible at the museum on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy (
1709:
in the 2000s, although on occasion they were first beheaded and then crucified. In March 2013, a robber was set to be executed by being crucified for three days. However, the method was changed to death by firing squad. The Saudi Press Agency reported that the body of another individual was crucified
732:
I saw many captives crucified, and remembered three of them as my former acquaintances. I was very sorry at this in my mind, and went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him of them; so he immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have the greatest care taken of them, in order to their
1862:
issued a statement that a court had sentenced two murderers to be crucified, to be followed by their executions the next day. A Ministry of
Justice official later stated that the crucifixion sentence should be considered cancelled. The crucifixions were not carried out, and the convicts were instead
1291:
has called "Islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval
Europeans inflicted on traitors") is subject to "complex and contested rules" in classical jurisprudence. Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by
2596:
crux, ŭcis, f. (m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 195, 13; Gracch. ap. Fest. s. v. masculino, p. 150, 24, and 151, 12 Müll.) . I. Lit. A. In gen., a tree, frame, or other wooden instruments of execution, on which criminals were impaled or hanged, Sen. Prov. 3, 10; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3, 10 sqq. – B.
1620:
wood was located between the bones and the head of the nail, presumably to keep the condemned from freeing his foot by sliding it over the nail. His legs were found broken, possibly to hasten his death. It is thought that because in earlier Roman times iron was valuable, the nails were removed from
824:
or traditional hanging. However, Rabbinic law limited capital punishment to just 4 methods of execution: stoning, burning, strangulation, and decapitation, while the passage in
Deuteronomy was interpreted as an obligation to hang the corpse on a tree as a form of deterrence. The fragmentary Aramaic
4045:
that speaks of preferring life to death even when life is burdened with all the disadvantages of old age or even with acute torture ("vel acuta si sedeam cruce"), Seneca disagrees with the sentiment, saying death would be better for a crucified person hanging from the patibulum: "I should deem him
2954:
That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across
1624:
Many of Haas' findings have, however, been challenged. For instance, it was subsequently determined that the scratches in the wrist area were non-traumatic – and, therefore, not evidence of crucifixion – while reexamination of the heel bone revealed that the two heels were not nailed together, but
1244:
In Roman-style crucifixion, the condemned could take up to a few days to die, but death was sometimes hastened by human action. "The attending Roman guards could leave the site only after the victim had died, and were known to precipitate death by means of deliberate fracturing of the tibia and/or
1220:
There may have been considerable variation in the position in which prisoners were nailed to their crosses and how their bodies were supported while they died. Seneca the
Younger recounts: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head
1024:
While a crucifixion was an execution, it was also a humiliation, by making the condemned as vulnerable as possible. Although artists have traditionally depicted the figure on a cross with a loin cloth or a covering of the genitals, the person being crucified was usually stripped naked. Writings by
1503:
Four persons were crucified, viz. not nailed but tied with their hands and feet stretched out at full length, in an erect posture. In this posture they were to remain till death; every thing they wished to eat was ordered them with a view to prolong their lives and misery. In cases like this, the
1142:
was murdered by a slave, some in the Senate tried to prevent the mass crucifixion of four hundred of his slaves because there were so many women and children, but in the end tradition prevailed and they were all executed. Although not conclusive evidence for female crucifixion by itself, the most
1612:
with the crucified man's name on it, "Jehohanan, the son of
Hagakol." Nicu Haas, from the Hebrew University Medical School, examined the ossuary and discovered that it contained a heel bone with a nail driven through its side, indicating that the man had been crucified. The position of the nail
1499:
Six people were crucified in the following manner: their hands and feet nailed to a scaffold; then their eyes were extracted with a blunt hook; and in this condition they were left to expire; two died in the course of four days; the rest were liberated, but died of mortification on the sixth or
1342:
Most classical jurists limit the period of crucifixion to three days. Crucifixion involves affixing or impaling the body to a beam or a tree trunk. Various minority opinions also prescribed crucifixion as punishment for a number of other crimes. Cases of crucifixion under most of the legally
1264:
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His
Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy
1259:
Islam spread in a region where many societies, including the
Persian and Roman empires, had used crucifixion to punish traitors, rebels, robbers and criminal slaves. The Qur'an refers to crucifixion in six passages, of which the most significant for later legal developments is verse 5:33:
924:
Crucifixion was generally performed within
Ancient Rome as a means to dissuade others from perpetrating similar crimes, with victims sometimes left on display after death as a warning. Crucifixion was intended to provide a death that was particularly slow, painful (hence the term
4063:
Mason
Hammond, Arthur M. Mack – 1997 p. 109, "The patibulum (in the next line) was a crossbar which the convicted criminal carried on his shoulders, with his arms fastened to it, to the place for ... Hoisted up on an upright post, the patibulum became the crossbar of the
1504:
legs and feet of the criminals begin to swell and mortify at the expiration of three or four days; some are said to live in this state for a fortnight, and expire at last from fatigue and mortification. Those which I saw, were liberated at the end of three or four days.
781:
by How and Wells remarks: "They crucified him with hands and feet stretched out and nailed to cross-pieces; cf. vii.33. This act, supposedly unusual on the part of Greeks, may be explained by the enormity of the outrage or by
Athenian deference to local feeling."
105:. His death is the most prominent example of crucifixion in history, which in turn has led many cultures in the modern world to associate the execution method closely with Jesus and with Christian spirituality. Other figures in Christianity (such as the apostle
996:
In some cases, the condemned was forced to carry the crossbeam to the place of execution. A whole cross would weigh well over 135 kg (300 lb), but the crossbeam would not be as burdensome, weighing around 45 kg (100 lb). The Roman historian
1831:, claimed to have been kidnapped by unknown persons "speaking in Russian accents" and tortured for a week. His captors kept him in the dark, beat him, cut off a piece of his ear, and nailed him to a cross. His captors ultimately left him in a forest outside
2536:
LSJ anastauro ἀνασταυρ-όω, = foreg., Hdt.3.125, 6.30, al.; identical with ἀνασκολοπίζω, 9.78: – Pass., Th. 1.110, Pl.Grg.473c. II. in Rom. times, affix to a cross, crucify, Plb. 1.11.5, al., Plu.Fab.6, al. 2. crucify afresh,
4706:
2477:
1012:
The person executed may have been attached to the cross by rope, though nails and other sharp materials are mentioned in a passage by Josephus, where he states that at the Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), "the soldiers out of rage and hatred,
921:). Seneca the Younger wrote: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet".
2527:ἀποτυμπα^ν-ίζω (later ἀποτύμπα^ν-τυπ- UPZ119 (2nd century BC), POxy.1798.1.7), A. crucify on a plank, D.8.61,9.61: – Pass., Lys.13.56, D.19.137, Arist. Rh. 1383a5, Beros. ap. J.Ap.1.20. 2. generally, destroy, Plu.2.1049d.
579:) attached to the cross, perhaps for the purpose of taking the person's weight off the wrists, is sometimes included in representations of the crucifixion of Jesus but is not discussed in ancient sources. Some scholars interpret the
404:) states: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." According to
548:
the wounds are described as being "in his hands"), Jesus is shown with nails in his hands. But in Greek the word "χείρ", usually translated as "hand", could refer to the entire portion of the arm below the elbow, and to denote the
1884:
1495:
Four or five persons, after being nailed through their hands and feet to a scaffold, had first their tongues cut out, then their mouths slit open from ear to ear, then their ears cut off, and finally their bellies ripped open.
6076:
CORRECTION: This story misidentified the origin of a tweet and attributed it to an ISIS member when it actually came from Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a student at Oxford University who has no affiliation with ISIS. We regret the
1938:
674:, or have his feet supported by tying or by a wood block. When no longer able to lift himself, the condemned would die within a few minutes. This theory has been supported by multiple scholars. Other scholars, including
3764:
See Mishnah, Sanhedrin 7:1, translated in Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: A New Translation 591 (1988), supra note 8, at 595–596 (indicating that court ordered execution by stoning, burning, decapitation, or strangulation
2753:
scratched into a wall that was part of the imperial palace complex. It includes a caption – not by a Christian, but by someone taunting and deriding Christians and the crucifixions they underwent. It shows crude
1241:, or "horn," leading some scholars to believe it may have had a pointed shape designed to torment the crucified person. This would be consistent with Seneca's observation of victims with their private parts impaled.
1025:
Seneca the Younger state some victims suffered a stick forced upwards through their groin. Despite its frequent use by the Romans, the horrors of crucifixion did not escape criticism by some eminent Roman orators.
3250:
3737:
Translation by Aubrey de Selincourt. The original, "σανίδα προσπασσαλεύσαντες, ἀνεκρέμασαν ... Τούτου δὲ τοῦ Ἀρταύκτεω τοῦ ἀνακρεμασθέντος ...", is translated by Henry Cary (Bohn's Classical Library:
1702:) imposed in Islamic law is variously interpreted as exposure of the body after execution, crucifixion followed by stabbing in the chest, or crucifixion for three days, survivors of which are allowed to live.
2102:
to imitate the sufferings of Christ. Pre-sterilised nails are driven through the palm of the hand between the bones, while there is a footrest to which the feet are nailed. Rolando del Campo, a carpenter in
1147:
way to die that the subject was somewhat of a taboo in Roman culture, and few crucifixions were specifically documented. One of the only specific female crucifixions that are documented is that of Ida, a
4329:
5761:
1922:
670:. He wrote that the condemned would have severe difficulty inhaling, due to hyper-expansion of the chest muscles and lungs. The condemned would therefore have to draw himself up by the arms, leading to
1640:
in the United Kingdom. Further studies suggested that the remains may be those of a slave, because at that time crucifixion was banned in Roman law for citizens, although not necessarily for slaves.
2762:
and is upon a cross with arms spread wide and with hands nailed to the crossbeam. Here we have a Roman sketch of a Roman crucifixion, and it is in the traditional cross shape." Clayton F. Bower Jr.
5531:
Gualdi-Russo, E., Thun Hohenstein, U., Onisto, N. et al. A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion?. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 1783–1791 (2019).
1957:
1009:
by crucifixion. Upright posts would presumably be fixed permanently in that place, and the crossbeam, with the condemned person perhaps already nailed to it, would then be attached to the post.
651:) in November 2017 of the remains of the heel bone of a (probably enslaved) man with an iron nail through it, is believed by the archeologists to confirm the use of this method in ancient Rome.
6506:
1969:
1753:, includes execution followed by crucifixion as a penalty. When, in 2002, 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes,
1203:. Next the feet or ankles would be nailed to the upright stake. The 'nails' were tapered iron spikes approximately 13 to 18 cm (5 to 7 in) long, with a square shaft 10 millimetres (
929:, literally "out of crucifying"), gruesome, humiliating, and public, using whatever means were most expedient for that goal. Crucifixion methods varied considerably with location and period.
7126:
2210:. The rebellion was eventually crushed and, while Spartacus himself most likely died in the final battle of the revolt, approximately 6,000 of his followers were crucified along the 200-km
2974:
XX, 478–480, a spear-point is said to have pierced the χεῖρ "where the sinews of the elbow join" (ἵνα τε ξενέχουσι τένοντες / ἀγκῶνος, τῇ τόν γε φίλης διὰ χειρὸς ἔπειρεν / αἰχμῇ χακλκείῃ).
494:
came across the number 300 in the Old Testament they took it to be a mystical prefiguring of the cross of Christ". The earliest example, written around the late first century CE, is the
427:. This was the simplest available construction for torturing and killing the condemned. Frequently, however, there was a cross-piece attached either at the top to give the shape of a T (
1604:
by the Romans, there are few actual archaeological remains. A prominent example is the crucified body found in a Jewish tomb dating back to the first century CE which was discovered at
909:
The Greek and Latin words corresponding to "crucifixion" applied to many different forms of painful execution, including being impaled on a stake, or affixed to a tree, upright pole (a
468:, another writer of the same period, says that a cross is made of posts (plural) and nails and that the arms of the crucified are outstretched. Speaking of the generic execution cross,
282:, which classically referred to a tree or any construction of wood used to hang criminals as a form of execution. The term later came to refer specifically to a cross. The related term
4017:
2090:
frowns upon self-crucifixion as a form of devotion: "Penitential practices leading to self-crucifixion with nails are not to be encouraged." Despite this, the practice persists in the
1367:. A 25-year-old servant, Sokichi, was executed by crucifixion for murdering his employer's son during the course of a robbery. He was affixed by tying to a stake with two cross-pieces.
2864:
4491:
3129:
1132:
According to Roman law, if a slave killed his or her owner, all of the owner's slaves would be crucified as punishment. Both men and women were crucified. Tacitus writes in his
989:
ordered the crucifixion of 6,000 of Spartacus' followers who had been hunted down and captured after the slave defeat in battle. Josephus says that in the siege that led to the
2862:"The very form of the cross, too, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which the person rests who is fixed by the nails" ( Irenaeus,
2074:
109:) are traditionally believed to have undergone crucifixion as well. Today, limited numbers of Christians voluntarily undergo non-lethal crucifixions as a devotional practice.
6231:
1017:
those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest". Objects used in the crucifixion of criminals, such as nails, were sought as
2470:
1115:, and enemies of the state. It was originally reserved for slaves (hence still called "supplicium servile" by Seneca), and later extended to citizens of the lower classes (
993:
in AD 70, the Roman soldiers crucified Jewish captives before the walls of Jerusalem and out of anger and hatred amused themselves by nailing them in different positions.
950:, punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors) consisted of suspending someone from a tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death.
3243:
1424:) awaited mostly Christians: a cross was raised at low tide; when the high tide came, the convict was submerged under water up to the head, prolonging death for many days
1343:
prescribed categories have been recorded in the history of Islam, and prolonged exposure of crucified bodies was especially common for political and religious opponents.
6058:
5931:
4092:
6712:
Eulalia... was stripped, beaten, tormented with iron hooks, had her bosom mutilated, was burnt with torches, and was portrayed as hanging on a rack or X-shaped cross
5691:
482:
New Testament writings about the crucifixion of Jesus do not specify the shape of that cross, but subsequent early writings liken it to the letter T. According to
7059:
6656:
1555:
1164:
and his soldiers. First, the condemned would be stripped naked and scourged. This would cause the person to lose a large amount of blood, and approach a state of
6263:
946:("inauspicious tree") dedicated to the gods of the nether world. This hypothesis is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution (the
4326:
2524:
721:
Since death does not follow immediately on crucifixion, survival after a short period of crucifixion is possible, as in the case of those who choose each year
6783:
4581:
2546:
Plutarch Fabius Maximus 6.3 "Hannibal now perceived the mistake in his position, and its peril, and crucified the native guides who were responsible for it."
5863:
4825:
4128:
3018:
1229:
if viewed from the front. Such concessions were "unique" and not made outside a Jewish context. Several sources mention some sort of seat fastened to the
70:
in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the
2326:
was venerated as a saint and represented as a crucified woman, however her legend comes from a misinterpretation of a full-clothed crucifix known as the
1855:
5963:
5731:
5556:
3742:. London, G. Bell and Sons 1917, pp. 591–592) as: "They nailed him to a plank and hoisted him aloft ... this Artayctes who was hoisted aloft".
1773:(ISIL) had committed "several cases of mass executions of boys, as well as reports of beheadings, crucifixions of children and burying children alive".
1217:
would also be fastened to the cross to notify onlookers of the person's name and crime as they hung on the cross, further maximizing the public impact.
1287:(scripturally prescribed) punishment. The preference for crucifixion over the other punishments mentioned in the verse or for their combination (which
639:
was the only confirmed example of ancient crucifixion in the archaeological record. A second set of skeletal remains with holes transverse through the
6514:
1904:
1513:
833:... revealed sins. Investigate and seek and know how Jonah wept. Thus, you shall not destroy the weak by wasting away or by ... (partially legible)-
1517:
Poster showing a German soldier nailing a man to a tree, as American soldiers come to his rescue. Published in Manila by Bureau of Printing (1917).
7131:
5821:
3602:
773:
describes the execution of a Persian general at the hands of Athenians in about 479 BC: "They nailed him to a plank and hung him up ... this
5804:
3996:
635:
inches), suggests instead that in this case of crucifixion the heels were nailed to opposite sides of the upright. As of 2011, the skeleton from
2246:, for instance, five times in his First Letter to the Corinthians, written in 57 CE (1:13, 1:18, 1:23, 2:2, 2:8). Pilate, the Roman governor of
5383:
4346:
2629:
1997:
1379:(1467–1573), after a 350-year period with no capital punishment. It is believed to have been suggested to the Japanese by the introduction of
452:
Second-century writers who speak of the execution cross describe the crucified person's arms as outstretched, not attached to a single stake:
7106:
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2847:
2730:
2357:
1491:, crucifixion was a central element in several execution rituals. Felix Carey, a missionary in Burma from 1806 to 1812, wrote the following:
1281:(applied to two slaves who murdered their mistress). Classical Islamic jurisprudence applies the verse 5:33 chiefly to highway robbers, as a
5774:
7136:
1770:
1766:
728:
There is an ancient record of one person who survived a crucifixion that was intended to be lethal, but was interrupted. Josephus recounts:
2819:"It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified" (
1676:
In 2005, the BBC reported that a schizophrenic nun in Romania was crucified because it was believed to be a cure for diabolic possession.
5555:
Ingham D., Duhig C. Crucifixion in the Fens: life & death in Roman Fenstanton. British Archaeology, January–February 2022, pp. 18–29
659:
The length of time required to reach death could range from hours to days depending on method, the victim's health, and the environment.
5590:
376:
5544:
3136:
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1717:
479:), a Christian writer, describes it as composed of an upright and a transverse beam, sometimes with a small projection in the upright.
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2124:
2116:
1479:, an Australian prisoner of war, was crucified for killing cattle, along with two others. He survived 63 hours before being let down.
942:
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2184:
1538:
4347:"M. Tullius Cicero, Against Verres, actio 2, The Fifth Book of the Second Pleading in the Prosecution against Verres., section 170"
3333:
2220:: Jewish man who was crucified around the same time as Jesus; it is widely accepted that his ankles were nailed to the side of the
1040:, which was also frequently applied without crucifixion to slaves. This act hastened the death of the person but was also meant to
785:
6289:
5992:
4368:
1143:
ancient image of a Roman crucifixion may depict a crucified woman, whether real or imaginary. Crucifixion was such a gruesome and
6776:
2425:
Granger Cook, John (2018). "Cross/Crucifixion". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.).
2029:
1628:
In 2007, a possible case of a crucified body, with a round hole in a heel bone, possibly caused by a nail, was discovered in the
2766:
7111:
6731:
6035:
4462:
2297:
2003:
6736:
6014:
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3177:
1107:
Crucifixion was intended to be a gruesome spectacle: the most painful and humiliating death imaginable. It was used to punish
6726:
6454:
5491:
4845:
4727:
2589:
2166:
2095:
2023:
557:
some other word could be added, as "ἄκρην οὔτασε χεῖρα" (he wounded the end of the χείρ, i.e., "he wounded him in the hand".
3961:
2107:, vowed to be crucified every Good Friday for 15 years if God would carry his wife through a difficult childbirth, while in
3721:
460:
as crucified "above the ravine with his hands outstretched". He also says that the shape of the letter Τ (the Greek letter
7054:
2202:: Between 73 and 71 BCE, a band of slaves, eventually numbering about 120,000, under the (at least partial) leadership of
885:, crucifixion was an established mode of execution, which could even be imposed on generals for suffering a major defeat.
4622:
Crucifixion in Antiquity: An Inquiry into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion
3050:
The beauty of the cross: the passion of Christ in theology and the arts, from the catacombs to the eve of the Renaissance
2316:
was venerated as a saint. According to her hagiography, she was stripped naked, tortured, and ultimately crucified on an
1690:
In 2017, The Standard News Channel reported on a series of crimes against civilians, including women being hung up trees
7187:
6115:
4258:
2882:
2745:"The ... oldest depiction of a crucifixion ... was uncovered by archaeologists more than a century ago on the
2162:
1191:) might be permanently embedded in the ground. In this case, the condemned person's wrists would first be nailed to the
954:
mentions a 1st-century AD case in which trees were used for crucifixion, but Seneca the Younger earlier used the phrase
590:), the earliest surviving depiction of the crucifixion, as including such a foot-rest. Ancient sources also mention the
483:
38:
3000:
2837:
7162:
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5757:
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https://www.archaeologyuk.org/resource/free-access-to-crucifixion-in-the-fens-life-and-death-in-roman-fenstanton.html
3311:
Treatise on the Physical Cause of the Death of Christ and Its Relation to the Principles and Practice of Christianity
1273:
provides contradictory statements about the first use of crucifixion under Islamic rule, attributing it variously to
5706:
5367:
Overton, Iain (2001-04-17). "Revealed, the soldier who was crucified by Germans". International Express. p. 16.
7182:
7167:
7121:
6606:
4074:
2995:
2709:, 6.20.3, trans. John W. Basore, The Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946) 2:69
2044:
1713:
1296:
Exposure of the culprit's body after execution by another method, ascribed to "most scholars" and in particular to
413:
5852:
4585:
2915:
2155:
1315:
Crucifying the culprit alive, then executing him with a lance thrust or another method, ascribed to Malikis, most
594:, a small seat attached to the front of the cross, about halfway down, which could have served a similar purpose.
6818:
6528:
3026:
2052:
663:
7177:
1685:
1636:, in northern Italy. In 2017 part of a crucified body, with a nail in the heel, was additionally discovered at
1537:. Two investigations, one a post-war official investigation, and the other an independent investigation by the
1233:
to help support the person's body, thereby prolonging the person's suffering and humiliation by preventing the
1139:
990:
150:" but which in antiquity was used for any kind of wooden pole, pointed or blunt, bare or with attachments) and
5167:
4984:
Vogel, F.E. (2012). "Ṣalb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3775:
6375:
5967:
6924:
4369:"Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31–32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives"
2259:
1876:
1601:
1404:. Several related crucifixion techniques were used. Petra Schmidt, in "Capital Punishment in Japan", writes:
1108:
1006:
817:
560:
A possibility that does not require tying is that the nails were inserted just above the wrist, through the
5543:
First example of Roman crucifixion in UK discovered in Cambridgeshire village, Arkeonews, 9 December 2021,
3202:
6830:
6169:
2247:
2079:
1975:
1332:
874:, his official historian and biographer, for objecting to Alexander's adoption of the Persian ceremony of
855:
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held that, when the whole body weight was supported by the stretched arms, the typical cause of death was
240:
6093:
1597:
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6813:
5913:
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2268:: Christian apostle, who according to tradition was crucified upside-down at his own request (hence the
1754:
1698:
Crucifixion is still used as a rare method of execution in Saudi Arabia. The punishment of crucifixion (
1534:
1526:
1433:
1428:
501:
6746:
5828:
5086:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
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1859:
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Crucifying the culprit alive and sparing his life if he survives for three days, ascribed to Shiites.
1001:
records that the city of Rome had a specific place for carrying out executions, situated outside the
259:
86:
5670:
5545:
https://arkeonews.net/first-example-of-roman-crucifixion-in-uk-discovered-in-cambridgeshire-village/
5456:
11 (February, 1985): 44–53; Zias, Joseph. "The Crucified Man from Giv'at Ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal",
441:
cross. It is a graffito found in a taberna (hostel for wayfarers) in Puteoli, dating to the time of
343:
6956:
6944:
6873:
2633:
2362:
2334:
2293:
1441:
1165:
1121:). The victims of crucifixion were stripped naked and put on public display while they were slowly
1090:
851:
759:
636:
610:
580:
496:
318:
102:
6144:
4557:
4553:
3916:
3619:
Davis, CT (1962). "The Crucifixion of Jesus. The Passion of Christ From a Medical Point of View".
2394:(late 1st century to early 2nd century AD). An inscription over the person's left shoulder reads "
545:
7116:
7028:
6884:
6792:
6650:
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2036:, Italy. The attempt was unsuccessful, and he was sent to an asylum, where he died a year later.
1413:
1401:
1126:
841:
702:
394:
67:
6751:
5315:
4831:
Macall believes that the person would be given back his or her clothing following the scourging.
3829:
3102:
2009:
1541:, concluded that there was no evidence to support the story. However, British documentary maker
597:
6669:
3638:
Wijffels, F (2000). "Death on the cross: did the Turin Shroud once envelop a crucified body?".
2607:
643:
heel bones, found in 2007, could be a second archaeological record of crucifixion. The find in
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3290:
3224:"A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy:a possible case of crucifixion?"
3064:
3054:
2896:
2843:
2726:
2450:
2199:
1848:
1809:
1789:
974:
966:
are the two main sources for accounts of criminals carrying their own patibula to the upright
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671:
71:
28:
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2386:
It is a graffito found in a taberna (hostel for wayfarers) in Puteoli, dating to the time of
737:
Josephus gives no details of the method or duration of the crucifixion of his three friends.
82:, among others. Crucifixion has been used in some countries as recently as the 21st century.
7172:
6909:
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2794:
2491:
2442:
2438:
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1929:
1895:
1465:
1134:
982:
802:
790:
705:. Death could result from any combination of those factors, or from other causes, including
686:
675:
75:
4170:
2067:("Brothers of Light"), have annually conducted reenactments of Christ's crucifixion during
1533:
or combat knives. The event was initially reported in 1915 by Private George Barrie of the
7091:
7008:
6740:
6326:
6063:
5988:
5945:
5444:
Haas, Nicu. "Anthropological observations on the skeletal remains from Giv'at ha-Mivtar",
4333:
4047:
3725:
3005:
2770:
2488:
2108:
2087:
1545:
in 2001 published an article claiming that the story was true, identifying the soldier as
1453:
1384:
1195:, and then he or she would be hoisted off the ground with ropes to hang from the elevated
322:
94:
57:
2556:
37:
This article is about crucifixion as a method of capital punishment. For other uses, see
3910:
3552:
3527:
3341:
2945:
2446:
7033:
6929:
6899:
6835:
5517:
Zias J.; Sekeles, E. (1985). "The Crucified Man from Giv'at ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal".
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4270:
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3478:
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2347:
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2235:
2207:
1914:
1824:
1605:
1476:
1457:
1376:
1324:
1160:
Crucifixion was typically carried out by specialized teams, consisting of a commanding
1002:
810:
806:
682:
648:
644:
544:
In popular depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus (possibly because in translations of
491:
362:
352:
6430:
The Man Who Crucified Himself: Readings of a Medical Case in Nineteenth-Century Europe
1648:
733:
recovery; yet two of them died under the physician's hands, while the third recovered.
7151:
7084:
6934:
6747:"Dishonour, Degradation and Display: Crucifixion in the Roman World" by Philip Hughes
5461:
4993:
4853:
4820:
4525:
4392:
4123:
3675:
3658:
3223:
2991:
2967:
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2746:
2250:
at the time, is explicitly linked with the condemnation of Jesus by the Gospels, and
1836:
1301:
1288:
1047:
1033:
863:
755:
565:
533:
514:
429:
188:
123:
6727:"Forensic and Clinical Knowledge of the Practice of Crucifixion" by Frederick Zugibe
5056:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ..
4466:
3705:
3692:
2927:
2869:
2820:
1383:
into the region, although similar types of punishment had been used as early as the
1351:
896:, was put to death in 522 BCE by the Persians, and his dead body was then crucified.
6845:
6174:
6036:"Death and desecration in Syria: Jihadist group 'crucifies' bodies to send message"
5779:
5647:
5173:
5144:
Crucifixion and Death as Spectacle: Umayyad Crucifixion in Its Late Antique Context
5015:
4797:
A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon
3281:
Retief FP, Cilliers L (December 2003). "The history and pathology of crucifixion".
3181:
2755:
2680:
2307:
2275:
2120:
2040:
1981:
1944:
1864:
1805:
1706:
1567:
1542:
1472:
1380:
1356:
1117:
1055:
1051:
933:
910:
871:
825:
Testament of Levi (DSS 4Q541) interprets in column 6: "God ... (partially legible)-
710:
667:
386:
90:
79:
49:
6458:
5883:
Judicial Law on Retaliation, Stoning, Execution, Crucifixion, Hanging and Whipping
5335:
Prisoners of the Japanese: literary imagination and the prisoner-of-war experience
3382:
2509:
Prisoners of the Japanese: Literary imagination and the prisoner-of-war experience
2043:, as in the ceremonial re-enactment that has been performed yearly in the town of
1710:
after his execution in April 2019 as part of a crackdown on charges of terrorism.
1032:
Frequently, the legs of the person executed were broken or shattered with an iron
681:
There is scholarly support for several possible non-asphyxiation causes of death:
6428:
6059:"Islamic Extremists Now Crucifying People in Syria—and Tweeting Out the Pictures"
5758:
Saudi Arabia must immediately halt execution of children – UN rights experts urge
5477:
5333:
5263:
5228:
5198:
4441:
4213:
3526:
McGovern, Thomas W.; Kaminskas, David A.; Fernandes, Eustace S. (February 2023).
3159:
3048:
2569:
7074:
6889:
6879:
6840:
5568:
5130:(in Arabic). Vol. 17. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
5109:(in Arabic). Vol. 12. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
4418:
3964:("Having killed him in some way not fit to be told, Oroetes then crucified him")
3717:
2323:
2279:
2265:
2144:
2112:
2099:
2091:
2056:
2048:
1817:
1724:. In May 2014, Ali al-Nimr was sentenced to be publicly beheaded and crucified.
1721:
1653:
1522:
1144:
875:
867:
814:
698:
561:
465:
243:
106:
3494:
866:, as well as the doctor who unsuccessfully treated Alexander's lifelong friend
7038:
7002:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6976:
3543:
2242:, is referred to repeatedly as something well known in the earlier letters of
2211:
2060:
1844:
1828:
1750:
1746:
1637:
1546:
1461:
1449:
1328:
1309:
1297:
1149:
1041:
951:
889:
798:
765:
The Greeks were generally opposed to performing crucifixions. However, in his
529:
457:
433:) or just below the top, as in the form most familiar in Christian symbolism (
6301:
6243:
6210:
5989:"Sudan: Imminent Execution/Torture/Unfair trial | Amnesty International"
4384:
4292:
3598:
2798:
2655:
2559:. Polybius. Theodorus Büttner-Wobst after L. Dindorf. Leipzig. Teubner. 1893.
2454:
1183:
after the scourging, would be led through the most crowded streets bearing a
7096:
7069:
6971:
5707:"Saudi Arabia executes 37 people, crucifying one, for terror-related crimes"
5532:
5389:
5353:
5248:
4814:
4117:
3068:
2217:
2203:
2068:
1629:
1583:
1562:
It has been reported that crucifixion was used in several cases against the
1550:
1161:
978:
859:
845:
820:. This reference is to being hanged from a tree, and may be associated with
774:
770:
640:
618:
614:
602:
437:). The most ancient image of a Roman crucifixion depicts an individual on a
369:(1629 edition, p. 19); on right, crucifixion of Jesus (1593 edition, p. 47).
262:
3684:
3561:
3512:
3400:
3294:
1652:
Prisoner kneeling on chains, thumbs supporting arms, photographic print on
6577:
6551:
5466:
Crucifixion in the ancient world and the folly of the message of the cross
4156:
1080:
789:
A nineteenth-century depiction of the crucifixion of rebel leaders by the
329:
depicts a crucified young woman and a young man laying flowers at her feet
7101:
7013:
4702:
4042:
3160:
David W. Chapman, Ancient Jewish and Christian perceptions of crucifixion
2785:
Cook, John Granger (2012). "Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania".
2750:
2473:
2367:
2104:
1801:
1776:
On 30 April 2014, a total of seven public executions were carried out in
1657:
1589:
1445:
1360:
1274:
1234:
1054:, abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire in 337 out of veneration for
963:
882:
821:
694:
469:
405:
380:
98:
6402:"UAE: Further information on fear of imminent crucifixion and execution"
4492:"Crucifixion in the Roman World: The Use of Nails at the Time of Christ"
3309:
3178:"Joe Zias, Crucifixion in Antiquity — The Anthropological Evidence"
2806:
2238:(c. 30 or 33 CE), recounted in the four 1st-century canonical
1416:, one of the great 16th-century unifiers, crucifixion upside down (i.e,
888:
The oldest crucifixion may be a post-mortem one mentioned by Herodotus.
7023:
7018:
6966:
6961:
6850:
6808:
6507:"Directory on popular piety and the liturgy. Principles and guidelines"
6264:"Ukraine activist Dmytro Bulatov 'kidnapped, tortured and left to die'"
6232:"Ukraine protest leader 'crucified and mutilated' after being abducted"
5123:
5102:
4829:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.
4132:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.
2391:
2310:, he was depicted by followers as having died by crucifixion in 274 CE.
2287:
2255:
2169: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2128:
1840:
1785:
1609:
1563:
1530:
1320:
1305:
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himself (for murder and robbery of a shepherd) or to the second caliph
1254:
1226:
1122:
1018:
998:
986:
959:
446:
141:
17:
4936:
How Jesus became God: The exaltation of a Jewish preacher from Galilee
3365:
Habermas, Gary; Kopel, Jonathan; Shaw, Benjamin C.F. (July 30, 2021).
2272:), because he did not feel worthy enough to die the same way as Jesus.
1292:
other methods for this scenario. The main methods of crucifixion are:
936:
custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of
6761:
6737:"Crucifixion in antiquity – The Anthropological evidence" by Joe Zias
2759:
2434:
2430:
2387:
2239:
2033:
1851:. Bulatov said he believed Russian secret services were responsible.
1800:
The human rights group Karen Women Organization documented a case of
1633:
1617:
1593:
1316:
1270:
1112:
1026:
958:(unfortunate wood) for the transom ("patibulum") or the whole cross.
844:, king of Judea from 103 to 76 BCE, crucified 800 rebels, said to be
706:
453:
442:
417:
390:
247:
228:
216:
204:
192:
179:
175:
163:
151:
139:
127:
6697:
The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages
4143:
Ball, DA (1989). "The crucifixion and death of a man called Jesus".
2123:, while the government has noted that it cannot deter devotees. The
1757:
wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion.
1716:
was arrested in 2012 when he was 17 years old for taking part in an
1071:
709:
following infection due to the wounds caused by the nails or by the
6015:"ISIS is killing, torturing and raping children in Iraq, U.N. says"
5142:
4651:
The Letter to Philemon: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary
2282:'s brother, who is traditionally said to have been crucified on an
1625:
rather separately to either side of the upright post of the cross.
258:), "to fix or fasten to, impale, crucify" occurs only once, at the
7064:
4442:
Dictionary of Images and Symbols in Counselling By William Stewart
2971:
2227:
2073:
1813:
1781:
1777:
1742:
1736:
1512:
1488:
1427:
1372:
1364:
1350:
1237:
caused by hanging without support. Justin Martyr calls the seat a
1176:) to the place of execution, but not necessarily the whole cross.
1173:
893:
784:
596:
409:
317:
273:
147:
118:
53:
43:
5775:
When Beheading Won’t Do the Job, the Saudis Resort to Crucifixion
5643:"Saudi seven face crucifixion and firing squad for armed robbery"
2214:
between Capua and Rome as a warning to any other would-be rebels.
1471:
Crucifixion was used as a punishment for prisoners of war during
870:. Some historians have also conjectured that Alexander crucified
750:
Crucifixion (or impalement), in one form or another, was used by
713:
that often preceded crucifixion, or from stabbing by the guards.
423:
At times the gibbet was only one vertical stake, called in Latin
5230:
The Japanese mind: essentials of Japanese philosophy and culture
3419:
The cross and the shroud: a medical inquiry into the crucifixion
1832:
1739:, and his (her) legs are vertical and distant from the ground."
1732:
1728:
1571:
1283:
1278:
1180:
569:
393:(instrument of execution) for crucifixions took on many shapes.
6765:
5762:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3244:"Crucifixion in the Fens: life & death in Roman Fenstanton"
1928:
Car-float at the feast of the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos,
1608:, Jerusalem in 1968. The remains were found accidentally in an
34:
Inflicting death by nailing or tying a victim to a wooden cross
6552:"Filipino penitent cancels 'crucifixion' anew due to Covid-19"
4920:, "Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence,"
2337:: Japanese martyrs who were crucified and impaled with spears.
2138:
461:
4938:(First ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp. 133–165.
2984:
2511:(St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2006), Chapter 2 "
2395:
1168:. The convict then usually had to carry the horizontal beam (
1044:
those who observed the crucifixion from committing offenses.
253:
234:
227:), "to crucify with" or "alongside" occurs five times, while
222:
210:
198:
169:
157:
133:
5880:
3528:"Did Jesus Die by Suffocation? An Appraisal of the Evidence"
2466:
2464:
1549:. Overton's article was the basis for a 2002 episode of the
4275:
The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach
3367:"Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ"
2119:
has repeatedly voiced disapproval of crucifixions and self-
1464:. The executions marked the beginning of a long history of
27:"Christ-like pose" redirects here. Not to be confused with
7127:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
3334:"Columbia University page of Pierre Barbet on Crucifixion"
6578:"DOH to penitents: Make sure nails, whips are sterilized"
6143:. Karen Women Organization. February 2010. Archived from
2071:, in which a penitent is tied—but not nailed—to a cross.
464:) was that of the wooden instrument used for crucifying.
6684:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
6199:"Ukrainian protester says he was kidnapped and tortured"
5203:. Knopf : distributed by Random House. p. 32.
5147:. American Oriental Series 96. American Oriental Society
4582:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Anthropological Evidence"
4367:
Koskenniemi, Erkki; Kirsi Nisula; Jorma Toppari (2005).
2055:. Also, since at least the mid-19th century, a group of
1005:, and had a specific area reserved for the execution of
6094:"Group: ISIS 'crucifies' men in public in Syrian towns"
4238:
Ancient Jewish and Christian Perceptions of Crucifixion
3479:"Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion"
1468:, which continued until its decriminalization in 1871.
1152:(former slave) who was crucified by order of Tiberius.
203:), usually translated "cross". The most common term is
6732:
Jesus's death on the cross, from a medical perspective
6455:"Religion-Mexico: The Passion According to Iztapalapa"
5478:
Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome, by Donald G. Kyle
2758:
of a boy reverencing his 'God', who has the head of a
2127:
recommends that participants in the rites should have
1400:, crucifixion was used in Japan before and during the
528:) sees the cross of Christ represented in the crossed
5732:"Saudi Arabia executes dozens on 'terrorism' charges"
5426:(1970). "Jewish Tombs at and near Giv'at ha-Mivtar".
5233:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 145.
5036:
2955:
the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.
2515:
and the prisoner of war as Christ-figure", pp. 30–65.
1827:, a Ukrainian anti-government activist and member of
1705:
Several people have been subjected to crucifixion in
1179:
During the death march, the prisoner, probably still
6116:"ISIS terror in and around Rojava, March–April 2014"
5591:"South Sudan continues to burn as the world watches"
5452:. "Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence",
4145:
Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association
2131:
shots and that the nails used should be sterilized.
1596:
refer to the crucifixion of thousands in during the
1525:, there were persistent rumors that German soldiers
7047:
6859:
6799:
6087:
6085:
5338:. University of Queensland Press. p. 184 n.8.
5227:Moore, Charles Alexander; Aldyth V. Morris (1968).
2039:In some cases, a crucifixion is simulated within a
1963:
Protester tied to a cross in Washington D.C. (1970)
5705:Qiblawi, Tamara; Alhenawi, Ruba (April 23, 2019).
4799:. New York: Doubleday Image Books. pp. 46–51.
3821:
3446:
854:is reputed to have crucified 2,000 survivors from
310:, meaning "to crucify" or "to fasten to a cross".
6350:"UAE: Fear of imminent crucifixion and execution"
5912:Tribune, Tom Masland, Chicago (14 October 1988).
4308:Behold the Man: Jesus and Greco-Roman Masculinity
4075:"Appian • The Civil Wars – Book I"
2656:"Webster New World College Dictionary, "crucify""
1408:Execution by crucifixion included, first of all,
813:, have interpreted an allusion to crucifixion in
6482:The Penitentes of New Mexico: Hermanos de la Luz
5222:
5220:
3580:"On the physical cause of death of Jesus Christ"
3477:Maslen, Matthew; Piers D Mitchell (April 2006).
3308:William Stroud; Sir James Young Simpson (1871).
3019:"Why the BBC thinks Christ did not die this way"
2705:Seneca, Dialogue "To Marcia on Consolation", in
1749:, based upon the government's interpretation of
913:), or to a combination of an upright (in Latin,
5783:. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
5764:. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
2427:Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online
1839:spy and accepting money from the US Embassy in
1727:Theoretically, crucifixion is still one of the
1493:
1406:
1262:
6290:"A Kiev Question: What Became of the Missing?"
5946:"Amnesty International, Document AFR 54/21/91"
5671:"The execution of the Saudi Seven – iPolitics"
5620:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
5118:
5116:
5097:
5095:
3997:"Livy I.26 and the Supplicium de More Maiorum"
3755:(Clarendon Press, Oxford 1912), vol. 2, p. 336
2701:
2699:
2697:
2630:"Compact Oxford English Dictionary, "crucify""
1393:
490:and represented the number 300, "wherever the
239:), "to crucify again" occurs only once at the
6777:
6670:Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxxii.
6197:Walker, Oksana Grytsenko Shaun (2014-01-31).
5088:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
4419:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: crucifixion"
3975:"Dialogue "To Marcia on Consolation", 6.20.3"
3718:Stavros, Scolops (σταῦρός, σκόλοψ). The cross
3659:"Did Jesus Christ die of pulmonary embolism?"
3472:
3470:
3440:
3438:
722:
361:Two illustrations from editions of a book by
8:
6170:"Regime's human rights abuses go unpunished"
5930:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3796:Paul's Message of the Cross As Body Language
3449:The Crucifixion Of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry
3371:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
564:, between the two bones of the forearm (the
449:(late 1st century to early 2nd century CE).
6700:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 32.
5822:"The Sanctions of the Islamic Criminal Law"
5690:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3856:History of Alexander the Great of Macedonia
3587:Journal of the American Medical Association
3360:
3358:
2725:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 78.
2420:
2418:
2416:
305:
299:
293:
287:
277:
6784:
6770:
6762:
6655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5794:"Iran's Islamic Criminal Law, Article 195"
5404:Armageddon: the Battle for Germany 1944–45
5079:
5077:
5075:
4654:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 16.
4373:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
3573:
3571:
2842:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 289; cf. pp. 7–8.
1448:, Japan. Among those executed were Saints
1420:) was frequently used. Water crucifixion (
829:... right errors. ... (partially legible)-
191:uses four verbs, three of them based upon
6757:Crucifixion of Joachim of Nizhny-Novgorod
6529:"Man Crucifies Himself Every Good Friday"
5533:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0631-9
4846:"Postscript – The Mel Gibson Controversy"
3674:
3578:Edwards, WD; Gabel WJ; Hosmer FE (1986).
3551:
3502:
3390:
2632:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2185:Learn how and when to remove this message
1835:after forcing him to confess to being an
977:in 73–71 BCE (the slave rebellion led by
973:Notorious mass crucifixions followed the
486:, because tau is shaped exactly like the
5327:
5325:
5314:. London: Button&son. 1815. p.
4979:
4977:
4975:
4643:
4641:
4526:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence"
4465:. Bible-archaeology.info. Archived from
4259:Wikisource:Of Consolation: To Marcia#XX.
3483:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
2681:"Online Etymology Dictionary, "crucify""
1680:Crucifixion in the South Sudan Civil War
1647:
777:who suffered death by crucifixion." The
7132:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
5853:"Case Study in Iranian Criminal System"
5169:The body: photographs of the human form
5128:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
5107:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4362:
4360:
4310:. Oxford University Press. p. 67.
3936:. Oxford University Press. p. 23.
3053:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
3017:Wynne-Jones, Jonathan (16 March 2008).
2836:Cook, John Granger (10 December 2018).
2780:
2778:
2608:"Collins English Dictionary, "crucify""
2412:
2379:
2028:In July 1805, a man named Mattio Lovat
1880:
1765:On 5 February 2015, the United Nations
1125:to death so that they would serve as a
6648:
5923:
5683:
4839:
4837:
4648:Barth, Markus; Blanke, Helmut (2000).
2839:Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World
2570:"Online Etymology Dictionary, "cross""
1265:punishment is theirs in the Hereafter.
609:In 1968, archaeologists discovered at
162:) "crucify on a plank", together with
5995:from the original on December 3, 2007
4873:
4871:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4681:. Simon & Schuster. p. 193.
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4485:
4483:
4108:
4106:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3124:
3122:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2358:List of methods of capital punishment
2258:. The civil charge was a claim to be
1784:. The pictures, originally posted to
1323:Shi'is; the majority of the Malikis;
420:captives to crosses in various ways.
215:), "to crucify", occurring 46 times;
178:"). In earlier pre-Roman Greek texts
7:
7137:Capital punishment for homosexuality
5008:"Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 33 )"
4924:11.1 (Jan./Feb. 1985), 44–53 (p. 49)
3162:(Mohr Siebeck, 2008), pp. 86–89
2300:, crucified in either 106 or 107 CE.
2167:adding citations to reliable sources
1771:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1767:Committee on the Rights of the Child
1466:persecution of Christianity in Japan
1335:; or Malikis, Hanafis, and Shafi'is.
1021:with perceived medicinal qualities.
416:, Roman soldiers nailed innumerable
6376:"Crucifixion sentence is cancelled"
6038:. CNN/Associated Press. May 2, 2014
5617:Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law
5388:. Season 9. Episode 5. 2002-07-04.
4277:. InterVarsity Press. p. 304.
3915:. Oxford University Press. p.
3203:"The Bioarchaeology of Crucifixion"
2447:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000808
2096:voluntarily, non-lethally crucified
1574:forces at the end of World War II.
146:(which in modern Greek only means "
5669:Mar 18, Ali AlAhmed Published on.
5569:"Crucified nun dies in 'exorcism'"
3824:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible
3453:. New York: M. Evans and Company.
3101:Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G.
2590:Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short,
985:in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.
932:One hypothesis suggested that the
25:
7060:Most recent executions by country
6743: (archived February 12, 2012)
6680:Sundermann, Werner (2009-07-20).
6576:Leilani, Junio (March 29, 2018).
5268:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 14–15.
2115:has been crucified 34 times. The
1694:Legal execution in Islamic states
1539:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1359:crucifixion (c. 1865–1868),
837:... Let not the nail touch him."
6752:Jewish Encyclopedia: Crucifixion
6118:. Kurdistan Times. 13 April 2014
5964:"Death Penalty Worldwide: Sudan"
5901:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5869:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5810:from the original on 2016-03-28.
5308:"The Baptist Magazine, Volume 7"
5290:"The Baptist Union: Latest News"
5176:. Chronicle Books. p. 250.
4994:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6530
3676:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01525.x
3608:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2749:in Rome. It is a second-century
2206:were in open revolt against the
2143:
2051:, since 1833, and in the famous
1996:
1968:
1956:
1937:
1921:
1903:
1883:
1527:had crucified a Canadian soldier
1371:Crucifixion was introduced into
1079:
1070:
511: – c. 215).
377:Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion
351:
342:
187:The Greek used in the Christian
99:depicted with Jesus nailed to it
7112:Religion and capital punishment
6322:"Crucifixion for UAE murderers"
6057:Siegel, Jacob (30 April 2014).
5991:. Web.amnesty.org. 2002-07-17.
4769:. Kregel Academic. p. 265.
4214:"Jewish War, Book V Chapter 11"
3314:. Hamilton, Adams & Company
3256:from the original on 2022-10-09
2154:needs additional citations for
1951:magazine, April 15, 1896, issue
1892:Crucifixion, homage to Mondrian
101:) is Christianity's preeminent
6531:. Religious Freaks. 2006-04-12
6485:. Sunstone Press. p. 58.
6138:"Walking amongst sharp knives"
6092:Almasy, Steve (29 June 2014).
5521:. No. 35. pp. 22–27.
5037:"Surah Al-Ma'idah [5]"
4490:Robison, John C. (June 2002).
3909:Liddell, Henry George (1855).
3740:Herodotus Literally Translated
2916:Epistle of Barnabas, chapter 9
2024:Crucifixion in the Philippines
1588:Although the Roman historians
848:, in the middle of Jerusalem.
725:to be non-lethally crucified.
1:
7055:Enforcement or use by country
6288:Chivers, C. J. (2014-03-09).
5200:Japan, photographs, 1854–1905
4816:"Cross and Crucifixion"
4324:pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
4119:"Cross and Crucifixion"
3445:Zugibe, Frederick T. (2005).
3383:10.1080/08998280.2021.1951096
3283:South African Medical Journal
3180:. Joezias.com. Archived from
1985:
1661:
1199:while it was fastened to the
917:) and a crossbeam (in Latin,
584:
518:
505:
500:, with another example being
473:
398:
298:, past participle passive of
6682:"MANI". Encyclopædia Iranica
6479:Aragon, Ray John De (2006).
6427:Böhmer, Maria (2018-11-08).
5914:"MOSLEM CODE LOOMS IN SUDAN"
4767:Josephus: Essential Writings
3882:Gabriel, Richard A. (2011).
3820:VanderKam, James C. (2012).
3799:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 46.
3706:The Life Of Flavius Josephus
2823:Trial in the Court of Vowels
2030:attempted to crucify himself
1947:American political cartoon,
1529:on a tree or barn door with
1225:providing some semblance of
758:, and among the Greeks, the
248:
229:
217:
205:
193:
180:
164:
152:
140:
128:
39:Crucifixion (disambiguation)
6982:Hanged, drawn and quartered
6550:Cal, Ben (April 13, 2022).
6230:Blair, David (2014-01-31).
5468:(Augsburg Fortress, 1977).
5454:Biblical Archaeology Review
5265:Capital Punishment in Japan
4922:Biblical Archaeology Review
4879:Dialogue with Trypho, a Jew
4624:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 7.
4620:Samuelsson, Gunnar (2013).
4580:Zias, Joseph (2016-01-10).
4306:Conway, Colleen M. (2008).
4234:Mishna, Shabbath 6.10: see
3421:. New York: Paragon House.
3130:"Some Notes on Crucifixion"
3047:Viladesau, Richard (2006).
2893:Westminster John Knox Press
2610:. Collins. 31 December 2011
2094:, where some Catholics are
1720:in Saudi Arabia during the
769:, ix.120–122, Greek writer
741:History and religious texts
126:has two verbs for crucify:
7204:
6457:. IPS News. Archived from
5519:Israel Exploration Journal
5458:Israel Exploration Journal
5446:Israel Exploration Journal
5428:Israel Exploration Journal
5166:Ewing, William A. (1994).
5058:. macmillan. p. 241.
4463:"Archaeology of the Bible"
3930:Waterfield, Robin (2010).
3495:10.1177/014107680609900416
2985:
2396:
2082:, Philippines, Easter 2006
2078:Devotional crucifixion in
2021:
1874:
1804:forces crucifying several
1714:Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr
1683:
1581:
1444:were nailed to crosses at
1252:
1058:, its most famous victim.
414:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
374:
254:
235:
223:
211:
199:
170:
158:
134:
116:
36:
26:
6694:Friesen, Ilse E. (2006).
5506:– via Google Books.
5490:by Paul L. Maier (1997).
4417:Encyclopædia Britannica.
3778:Aramaic Testament of Levi
3753:A Commentary on Herodotus
3640:Br Soc Turin Shroud Newsl
3544:10.1177/00243639221116217
2764:"Cross or Torture Stake?"
2719:Barclay, William (1998).
2053:Oberammergau Passion Play
1913:(1914–1918), postcard by
1808:villagers in 2000 in the
1616:Additionally, a piece of
1394:
1097:). A modern-day tracing (
6801:Current judicial methods
6635:. New York. p. 29.
6631:Rest, Friedrich (1982).
6540:(dead link 6 April 2023)
5885:, section 5, article 24"
5614:Peters, Rudolph (2005).
5084:Peters, Rudolph (2006).
4934:Ehrman, Bart D. (2014).
4916:Barbet, 45; Zugibe, 57;
4744:. Simon & Schuster.
4385:10.1177/0142064X05055745
4041:After quoting a poem by
3854:"Quintus Curtius Rufus,
3599:10.1001/jama.255.11.1455
3025:. London. Archived from
2928:"Clement of Alexandria,
2799:10.1163/156853611X589651
2278:: Christian apostle and
2232:His death by crucifixion
2198:The rebel slaves of the
2117:Filipino Catholic Church
2018:As a devotional practice
1890:Sculpture construction:
1769:(CRC) reported that the
1686:South Sudanese Civil War
1570:when it was occupied by
1140:Lucius Pedanius Secundus
1127:spectacle and an example
991:destruction of Jerusalem
723:as a devotional practice
365:(1547–1606): on left, a
184:usually means "impale".
5496:. Kregel Publications.
5493:In the Fullness of Time
5448:20 (1–2), 1970: 38–59;
5262:Schmidt, Petra (2002).
5197:Clark Worswick (1979).
5054:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
4988:(2nd ed.). Brill.
4826:Encyclopædia Britannica
4740:Barry, Strauss (2009).
4708:Antiquities of the Jews
4675:Barry, Strauss (2009).
4129:Encyclopædia Britannica
3999:. Penelope.uchicago.edu
3933:Polybius. The Histories
3751:W.W. How and J. Wells,
3001:A Greek–English Lexicon
1898:, United Kingdom (2007)
1877:Crucifixion in the arts
1847:against then-President
1718:anti-government protest
1578:Archaeological evidence
1387:. Known in Japanese as
948:supplicium more maiorum
779:Commentary on Herodotus
662:A theory attributed to
605:(heel bone) with a nail
286:derives from the Latin
6582:Philippine News Agency
6556:Philippine News Agency
5332:Bourke, Roger (2006).
5141:Anthony, Sean (2014).
4986:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4059:Titus Maccius Plautus
3728:encyclopedia Hellinica
3205:. PoweredbyOsteons.org
2932:, book VI, chapter 11"
2098:for a limited time on
2083:
2080:San Fernando, Pampanga
2047:, on the outskirts of
2032:at a public street in
1668:
1518:
1506:
1437:
1426:
1368:
1267:
1213: in) across. The
1050:, the first Christian
794:
735:
606:
330:
306:
300:
294:
288:
278:
241:Epistle to the Hebrews
60:
6633:Our Christian symbols
6406:Amnesty International
6354:Amnesty International
5801:nyccriminallawyer.com
5460:35 (1), 1985: 22–27;
5380:The Crucified Soldier
4811:Fallow, Thomas Macall
4524:Zias, Joseph (1998).
4351:www.perseus.tufts.edu
4194:. Thelatinlibrary.com
4173:. Thelatinlibrary.com
4114:Fallow, Thomas Macall
4097:, book 5, chapter 11"
4079:penelope.uchicago.edu
3979:googleusercontent.com
2992:Liddell, Henry George
2077:
2022:Further information:
1755:Amnesty International
1672:Crucifixion in Europe
1651:
1582:Further information:
1535:1st Canadian Division
1516:
1436:included crucifixions
1434:Great Genna Martyrdom
1431:
1354:
1253:Further information:
1048:Constantine the Great
788:
730:
600:
553:as distinct from the
502:Clement of Alexandria
321:
117:Further information:
47:
5589:Reporter, Standard.
3828:. Eerdmans. p.
3793:Shi, Wenhua (2008).
2948:Dialogue with Trypho
2353:Crucifixion darkness
2328:Volto Santo of Lucca
2314:Eulalia of Barcelona
2288:Saint Andrew's Cross
2270:Cross of Saint Peter
2163:improve this article
2135:Notable crucifixions
2125:Department of Health
1932:, Mexico City (2011)
1860:United Arab Emirates
1823:On 22 January 2014,
1566:civil population of
1442:26 Christian Martyrs
260:Acts of the Apostles
87:crucifixion of Jesus
7188:Crosses by function
6945:Republican marriage
6874:Damnatio ad bestias
6236:The Daily Telegraph
5641:AP (5 March 2013).
5450:Tzaferis, Vassilios
4241:(Mohn Siebeck 2008
4212:Flavius, Josephus.
4095:The War of the Jews
3657:Brenner, B (2005).
3415:Zugibe, Frederick T
3107:Jewish Encyclopedia
2888:The Apostles' Creed
2722:The Apostles' Creed
2660:yourdictionary.com/
2363:Positional asphyxia
2335:26 Martyrs of Japan
2298:Bishop of Jerusalem
2294:Simeon of Jerusalem
1871:In culture and arts
1856:Ministry of Justice
1091:Alexamenos graffito
852:Alexander the Great
617:the remains of one
581:Alexamenos graffito
497:Epistle of Barnabas
7163:Capital punishment
7117:Wrongful execution
7029:Suffocation in ash
6885:Blowing from a gun
6793:Capital punishment
6382:. 8 September 1997
6294:The New York Times
5952:. 4 November 1991.
5918:chicagotribune.com
5126:[Hiraba].
5105:[Taslib].
4918:Vassilios Tzaferis
4795:Barbet, P (1953).
4332:2016-03-04 at the
4236:David W. Chapman,
3724:2011-06-28 at the
2769:2008-03-29 at the
2592:A Latin Dictionary
2084:
1911:Allegory of Poland
1669:
1519:
1438:
1414:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1402:Tokugawa Shogunate
1369:
842:Alexander Jannaeus
795:
703:pulmonary embolism
607:
532:used to roast the
402: 4 BCE–65 CE
395:Seneca the Younger
331:
68:capital punishment
61:
56:crucified between
7183:Public executions
7168:Execution methods
7145:
7144:
7122:Botched execution
6707:978-0-88920-939-8
6517:on June 23, 2012.
6492:978-0-86534-504-1
6330:. 23 October 2011
5627:978-1-139-44534-4
5503:978-0-8254-3329-0
5412:978-0-330-49062-7
5345:978-0-7022-3564-1
5275:978-90-04-12421-9
5240:978-0-8248-0077-2
5210:978-0-394-50836-8
5183:978-0-8118-0762-3
5065:978-0-09-952327-7
5041:Surah Al-Ma'idah
4945:978-0-06-177818-6
4765:Josephus (1990).
4751:978-1-4391-5839-5
4742:The Spartacus War
4688:978-1-4391-5839-5
4678:The Spartacus War
4661:978-0-8028-3829-2
4631:978-3-16-152508-7
4317:978-0-19-532532-4
4284:978-0-8308-2719-0
4247:978-3-16-149579-3
4192:"Annales 15:60.1"
4048:Letter 101, 12–14
3983:The Latin Library
3943:978-0-19-953470-8
3912:A History of Rome
3895:978-1-59797-766-1
3888:. Potomac Books.
3839:978-0-8028-6679-0
3806:978-3-16-149706-3
3593:(11): 1455–1463.
3532:Linacre Quarterly
3460:978-1-59077-070-2
3428:978-0-913729-75-5
3060:978-0-19-518811-0
2902:978-0-664-25826-9
2865:Adversus Haereses
2849:978-3-16-156001-9
2787:Novum Testamentum
2732:978-0-664-25826-9
2555:Polybius 1.11.5
2513:A Town Like Alice
2306:: the founder of
2286:cross (hence the
2200:Third Servile War
2195:
2194:
2187:
1849:Viktor Yanukovych
1810:Dooplaya District
1790:Oxford University
1598:Roman-Jewish wars
1553:documentary show
975:Third Servile War
938:arbori suspendere
801:, beginning with
691:hypovolemic shock
408:, during Emperor
325:'s 1866 painting
272:derives from the
268:The English term
119:Cross § Name
29:Jesus Christ Pose
16:(Redirected from
7195:
6831:Nitrogen hypoxia
6826:Lethal injection
6786:
6779:
6772:
6763:
6715:
6714:
6691:
6685:
6678:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6513:. Archived from
6503:
6497:
6496:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6408:. September 1997
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6356:. September 1997
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:on 21 April 2011
6149:
6142:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5966:. Archived from
5960:
5954:
5953:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5889:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5827:. Archived from
5826:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5798:
5790:
5784:
5771:
5765:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5738:. April 23, 2019
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5487:
5481:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5420:
5414:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5312:Baptist Magazine
5304:
5298:
5297:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5172:. photograph by
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5070:
5069:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5014:. Archived from
5004:
4998:
4997:
4981:
4950:
4949:
4931:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4892:Against Heresies
4888:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4856:on March 6, 2004
4852:. Archived from
4841:
4832:
4830:
4818:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4737:
4731:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4617:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4584:. Archived from
4577:
4564:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4504:
4503:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4459:
4453:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4395:. Archived from
4364:
4355:
4354:
4343:
4337:
4322:(citing Cicero,
4321:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:"Annales 2:32.2"
4167:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4121:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4071:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3860:. Archived from
3850:
3844:
3843:
3827:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3678:
3663:J Thromb Haemost
3654:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3621:Arizona Medicine
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3340:. Archived from
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3135:. Archived from
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3098:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:on 19 March 2008
3014:
3008:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2946:"Justin Martyr,
2942:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2883:Barclay, William
2879:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2793:(1): 60, 92–98.
2782:
2773:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:. Etymonline.com
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:. Etymonline.com
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:LSJ apotumpanizo
2522:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2483:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2439:Brill Publishers
2422:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2319:
2285:
2260:King of the Jews
2190:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2147:
2139:
2005:Christ Crucified
2000:
1990:
1989: 1430–1440
1987:
1972:
1960:
1941:
1930:Colonia Doctores
1925:
1907:
1896:Barbara Hepworth
1887:
1788:by a student at
1666:
1663:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1083:
1074:
1036:, an act called
983:Roman civil wars
892:, the tyrant of
840:The Jewish king
746:Pre-Roman states
676:Frederick Zugibe
637:Giv'at ha-Mivtar
634:
633:
629:
626:
611:Giv'at ha-Mivtar
589:
586:
527:
523:
520:
510:
507:
478:
475:
440:
403:
400:
355:
346:
309:
303:
297:
291:
281:
257:
256:
251:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
196:
183:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
155:
145:
137:
136:
131:
103:religious symbol
21:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7178:Human positions
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7107:List of methods
7092:Final statement
7043:
6864:
6862:
6855:
6795:
6790:
6741:Wayback Machine
6723:
6718:
6708:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6664:
6647:
6643:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6464:
6462:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6380:The Irish Times
6374:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6327:The Independent
6320:
6319:
6315:
6306:
6304:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6273:
6271:
6268:The Independent
6262:
6261:
6257:
6248:
6246:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6215:
6213:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6178:. 28 March 2010
6168:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6083:
6069:
6067:
6064:The Daily Beast
6056:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5922:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5898:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5860:uni-muenchen.de
5855:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5807:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5772:
5768:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5682:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5480:p. 181, note 93
5443:
5439:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5241:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5083:
5082:
5073:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4983:
4982:
4953:
4946:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4721:
4717:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4619:
4618:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4567:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4530:www.mercaba.org
4523:
4522:
4507:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4402:
4400:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4334:Wayback Machine
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4285:
4271:Licona, Michael
4269:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4253:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:Miles gloriosus
4058:
4054:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3780:4Q541 column 6"
3774:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3732:
3726:Wayback Machine
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3289:(12): 938–941.
3280:
3279:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3023:Daily Telegraph
3016:
3015:
3011:
3006:Perseus Project
2982:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2771:Wayback Machine
2744:
2740:
2733:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2636:on May 21, 2013
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2489:Perseus Project
2485:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2344:
2317:
2283:
2248:Judaea province
2191:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2148:
2137:
2109:San Pedro Cutud
2088:Catholic Church
2065:Hermanos de Luz
2026:
2020:
2013:
2010:Diego Velázquez
2001:
1992:
1988:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1798:
1796:Other incidents
1763:
1731:punishments in
1696:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1664:
1646:
1586:
1580:
1511:
1485:
1454:Philip of Jesus
1418:sakasaharitsuke
1391:
1385:Kamakura period
1349:
1257:
1251:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1158:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1062:Society and law
940:—hanging on an
907:
902:
876:royal adoration
797:Some Christian
748:
743:
719:
657:
631:
627:
624:
622:
587:
542:
525:
521:
508:
484:William Barclay
476:
438:
401:
383:
373:
372:
371:
370:
358:
357:
356:
348:
347:
336:
323:Gabriel von Max
316:
121:
115:
66:is a method of
58:the two thieves
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7201:
7199:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7048:Related topics
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7034:Upright jerker
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6930:Disembowelment
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6900:Breaking wheel
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6869:
6867:
6863:Post-classical
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6729:
6722:
6721:External links
6719:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6686:
6673:
6662:
6641:
6623:
6611:
6594:
6568:
6542:
6520:
6511:www.vatican.va
6498:
6491:
6471:
6446:
6439:
6419:
6393:
6367:
6341:
6313:
6280:
6255:
6222:
6189:
6161:
6129:
6107:
6081:
6049:
6027:
6005:
5980:
5955:
5937:
5904:
5872:
5844:
5813:
5785:
5766:
5749:
5723:
5697:
5661:
5633:
5626:
5606:
5581:
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5509:
5502:
5482:
5462:Hengel, Martin
5437:
5415:
5402:Max Hastings,
5395:
5385:Secret History
5370:
5359:
5344:
5321:
5299:
5294:baptist.org.uk
5281:
5274:
5254:
5239:
5216:
5209:
5189:
5182:
5158:
5133:
5112:
5091:
5071:
5064:
5046:
5028:
4999:
4951:
4944:
4926:
4909:
4905:To the Nations
4896:
4883:
4877:Justin Martyr
4867:
4844:Zias, Joseph.
4833:
4821:Chisholm, Hugh
4802:
4772:
4757:
4750:
4732:
4715:
4694:
4687:
4667:
4660:
4637:
4630:
4599:
4565:
4542:
4505:
4496:Studia Antiqua
4479:
4454:
4434:
4423:Britannica.com
4409:
4379:(4): 379–391.
4356:
4338:
4316:
4298:
4283:
4262:
4251:
4227:
4204:
4183:
4162:
4135:
4124:Chisholm, Hugh
4102:
4084:
4066:
4052:
4034:
4024:. Grtbooks.com
4009:
3988:
3966:
3949:
3942:
3922:
3901:
3894:
3874:
3845:
3838:
3812:
3805:
3785:
3767:
3757:
3744:
3730:
3710:
3698:
3649:
3630:
3611:
3567:
3518:
3489:(4): 185–188.
3466:
3459:
3434:
3427:
3406:
3354:
3325:
3300:
3266:
3235:
3215:
3194:
3164:
3152:
3118:
3074:
3059:
3039:
3009:
2976:
2959:
2937:
2919:
2908:
2901:
2895:. p. 79.
2874:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2812:
2774:
2738:
2731:
2711:
2693:
2672:
2647:
2621:
2599:
2582:
2561:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2517:
2507:Roger Bourke,
2500:
2479:The Jewish War
2460:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Breaking wheel
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2273:
2263:
2236:Pontius Pilate
2225:
2215:
2208:Roman republic
2193:
2192:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1915:Sergey Solomko
1909:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1875:Main article:
1872:
1869:
1825:Dmytro Bulatov
1797:
1794:
1762:
1759:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1645:
1642:
1606:Givat HaMivtar
1579:
1576:
1556:Secret History
1510:
1507:
1484:
1481:
1477:Ringer Edwards
1458:Pedro Bautista
1432:The 1622
1377:Sengoku period
1348:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1313:
1269:The corpus of
1250:
1247:
1157:
1154:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1003:Esquiline Gate
956:infelix lignum
906:
903:
901:
898:
811:Galatians 3:13
747:
744:
742:
739:
718:
715:
656:
655:Cause of death
653:
649:United Kingdom
645:Cambridgeshire
541:
540:Nail placement
538:
477: 130–202
363:Justus Lipsius
360:
359:
350:
349:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
335:
332:
315:
312:
114:
111:
89:is central to
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7200:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7085:Scharfrichter
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:Dismemberment
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:Electrocution
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6644:
6642:0-8298-0099-9
6638:
6634:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6569:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6543:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6472:
6461:on 2009-12-26
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6442:
6440:9789004353602
6436:
6432:
6431:
6423:
6420:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6281:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6223:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6146:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6050:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6016:
6009:
6006:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5970:on 2018-10-03
5969:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5884:
5876:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5834:on 2011-08-26
5830:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5610:
5607:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5582:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5474:0-8006-1268-X
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5374:
5371:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5018:on 2018-01-29
5017:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4588:on 2018-03-10
4587:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:John 19:23–25
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:Matthew 27:35
4546:
4543:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4469:on 2010-03-05
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4450:1-85302-351-5
4447:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4399:on 2009-01-22
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4010:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3864:on 2016-04-08
3863:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
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3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:(6): 748–52.
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3344:on 2009-12-11
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3184:on 2004-03-11
3183:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3142:on 2011-07-18
3138:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3103:"Crucifixion"
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:Scott, Robert
2993:
2989:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:Homeric Greek
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2923:
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2917:
2912:
2909:
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2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2878:
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2871:
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2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:stick-figures
2752:
2748:
2747:Palatine Hill
2742:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:of the cross.
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2152:This section
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:In 1997, the
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:seventh day.
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1422:mizuharitsuke
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:Sadakat Kadri
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
981:), and other
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
943:arbor infelix
939:
935:
934:Ancient Roman
930:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
904:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:He will judge
828:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
791:Carthaginians
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
756:Carthaginians
753:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
726:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:heart failure
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Pierre Barbet
660:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
620:
616:
613:in northeast
612:
604:
599:
595:
593:
582:
578:
575:A foot-rest (
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
547:
539:
537:
535:
534:Passover lamb
531:
516:
515:Justin Martyr
512:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:crux commissa
485:
480:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
436:
432:
431:
430:crux commissa
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
396:
392:
388:
382:
378:
368:
364:
354:
345:
333:
328:
324:
320:
313:
311:
308:
302:
296:
290:
285:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
261:
250:
245:
242:
231:
219:
207:
195:
190:
189:New Testament
185:
182:
177:
166:
154:
149:
144:
143:
130:
125:
124:Ancient Greek
120:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
76:Carthaginians
73:
69:
65:
59:
55:
52:depiction of
51:
46:
40:
30:
19:
7019:Slow slicing
7001:
6914:
6872:
6819:firing squad
6711:
6696:
6689:
6676:
6665:
6632:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6602:
6597:
6585:. Retrieved
6581:
6571:
6559:. Retrieved
6555:
6545:
6533:. Retrieved
6523:
6515:the original
6510:
6501:
6481:
6474:
6463:. Retrieved
6459:the original
6449:
6429:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6405:
6396:
6384:. Retrieved
6379:
6370:
6358:. Retrieved
6353:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6325:
6316:
6305:. Retrieved
6293:
6283:
6272:. Retrieved
6270:. 2014-01-31
6267:
6258:
6247:. Retrieved
6235:
6225:
6214:. Retrieved
6203:The Guardian
6202:
6192:
6180:. Retrieved
6175:Bangkok Post
6173:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6145:the original
6132:
6120:. Retrieved
6110:
6098:. Retrieved
6075:
6068:. Retrieved
6062:
6052:
6040:. Retrieved
6030:
6018:. Retrieved
6008:
5997:. Retrieved
5983:
5972:. Retrieved
5968:the original
5958:
5949:
5940:
5917:
5907:
5891:
5882:
5875:
5859:
5847:
5836:. Retrieved
5829:the original
5816:
5800:
5788:
5780:The Atlantic
5778:
5769:
5752:
5740:. Retrieved
5735:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5710:
5700:
5674:. Retrieved
5664:
5652:. Retrieved
5648:The Guardian
5646:
5636:
5616:
5609:
5598:. Retrieved
5595:The Standard
5594:
5584:
5573:. Retrieved
5571:. 2005-06-18
5563:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5518:
5512:
5492:
5485:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5403:
5398:
5384:
5373:
5362:
5334:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5264:
5257:
5229:
5199:
5192:
5174:Felice Beato
5168:
5161:
5149:. Retrieved
5143:
5136:
5127:
5106:
5085:
5055:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5020:. Retrieved
5016:the original
5011:
5002:
4985:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4878:
4858:. Retrieved
4854:the original
4849:
4824:
4805:
4796:
4766:
4760:
4741:
4735:
4723:
4718:
4707:
4697:
4677:
4670:
4650:
4621:
4590:. Retrieved
4586:the original
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4529:
4499:
4495:
4471:. Retrieved
4467:the original
4457:
4437:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:
4412:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:the original
4376:
4372:
4350:
4341:
4323:
4307:
4301:
4274:
4265:
4254:
4237:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4207:
4196:. Retrieved
4186:
4175:. Retrieved
4165:
4151:(3): 77–83.
4148:
4144:
4138:
4127:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4055:
4037:
4026:. Retrieved
4019:
4012:
4001:. Retrieved
3991:
3981:(in Latin).
3978:
3969:
3957:
3952:
3932:
3925:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3877:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:the original
3855:
3848:
3823:
3815:
3795:
3788:
3777:
3770:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3713:
3701:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3590:
3586:
3538:(1): 64–79.
3535:
3531:
3521:
3486:
3482:
3448:
3418:
3409:
3374:
3370:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:the original
3338:columbia.edu
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3310:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3258:. Retrieved
3238:
3227:. Retrieved
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3197:
3186:. Retrieved
3182:the original
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3110:. Retrieved
3106:
3049:
3042:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:the original
3022:
3012:
2999:
2979:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2930:The Stromata
2929:
2922:
2911:
2887:
2877:
2863:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2790:
2786:
2741:
2721:
2714:
2707:Moral Essays
2706:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2602:
2591:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2564:
2551:
2542:
2537:Ep.Hebr.6.6.
2532:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2478:
2426:
2382:
2308:Manicheanism
2276:Saint Andrew
2252:subsequently
2221:
2181:
2172:
2161:Please help
2156:verification
2153:
2121:flagellation
2085:
2064:
2041:passion play
2038:
2027:
2004:
1982:Jan Van Eyck
1976:
1948:
1910:
1891:
1865:firing squad
1863:executed by
1853:
1843:to organize
1822:
1799:
1775:
1764:
1741:
1726:
1712:
1707:Saudi Arabia
1704:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1675:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1587:
1568:East Prussia
1561:
1554:
1543:Iain Overton
1520:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1473:World War II
1470:
1460:, a Spanish
1439:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1388:
1381:Christianity
1370:
1357:Meiji period
1341:
1282:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1238:
1235:asphyxiation
1230:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1056:Jesus Christ
1046:
1038:crurifragium
1037:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1011:
995:
972:
967:
955:
947:
941:
937:
931:
927:excruciating
926:
923:
918:
914:
911:crux simplex
908:
900:Ancient Rome
887:
880:
872:Callisthenes
850:
839:
834:
830:
826:
796:
778:
766:
764:
749:
736:
731:
727:
720:
680:
668:asphyxiation
661:
658:
608:
601:1st century
591:
576:
574:
559:
554:
550:
543:
513:
495:
487:
481:
451:
435:crux immissa
434:
428:
425:crux simplex
424:
422:
387:Roman Empire
384:
367:crux simplex
366:
326:
307:cruci figere
283:
269:
267:
186:
171:ἀνασκολοπίζω
165:anaskolopizo
159:ἀποτυμπανίζω
153:apotumpanizo
122:
91:Christianity
84:
63:
62:
50:15th century
7158:Crucifixion
7075:Executioner
6915:Crucifixion
6890:Brazen bull
6880:Blood eagle
6861:Ancient and
6841:Gas chamber
6020:11 February
5950:amnesty.org
5476:. See also
5424:Tzaferis, V
5151:13 December
4903:Tertullian
4850:JoeZias.com
4726:, Book 14,
4093:"Josephus,
3956:Herodotus,
2665:12 December
2640:12 December
2614:12 December
2324:Wilgefortis
2280:Saint Peter
2266:Saint Peter
2113:Ruben Enaje
2100:Good Friday
2092:Philippines
2057:flagellants
2049:Mexico City
1977:Crucifixion
1949:Sound Money
1945:Antisemitic
1818:Kayin State
1780:, northern
1722:Arab Spring
1665: 1906
1654:stereo card
1523:World War I
1410:hikimawashi
1375:during the
1145:humiliating
868:Hephaestion
835:crucifixion
815:Deuteronomy
809:writing in
799:theologians
760:Macedonians
699:dehydration
577:suppedaneum
562:soft tissue
466:Artemidorus
334:Cross shape
301:crucifigere
295:cruci fixus
255:προσπήγνυμι
249:Prospegnumi
113:Terminology
107:Saint Peter
97:(sometimes
64:Crucifixion
7152:Categories
7039:Waist chop
7003:Mazzatello
6997:Ishikozume
6992:Impalement
6987:Immurement
6977:Guillotine
6925:Decimation
6603:Civil Wars
6535:2009-12-19
6465:2009-12-19
6412:3 November
6360:3 November
6307:2020-04-05
6274:2020-04-05
6249:2020-04-05
6216:2020-04-05
6013:CBS News.
5999:2009-12-19
5974:2013-09-16
5838:2010-12-09
5654:3 November
5600:2024-09-20
5575:2024-09-20
5022:2018-01-27
4558:Luke 23:34
4554:Mark 15:24
4473:2009-12-19
4428:2009-12-19
4403:2008-06-13
4216:. ccel.org
4198:2009-12-19
4177:2009-12-19
4028:2009-12-19
4003:2009-12-19
3868:2020-03-26
3669:(9): 1–2.
3348:2009-12-22
3260:2021-12-10
3229:2021-06-01
3209:2011-11-04
3188:2009-12-19
3146:2009-12-19
3112:2018-03-06
3033:2008-03-16
2687:2009-12-19
2576:2009-12-19
2408:References
2244:Saint Paul
2212:Appian Way
2175:March 2018
2061:New Mexico
2045:Iztapalapa
1829:AutoMaidan
1747:penal code
1684:See also:
1644:Modern use
1638:Fenstanton
1547:Harry Band
1462:Franciscan
1450:Paulo Miki
1329:Abu Hanifa
1302:Al-Shafi'i
1298:Ibn Hanbal
1150:freedwoman
1138:that when
1118:humiliores
952:Tertullian
890:Polycrates
860:Phoenician
687:arrhythmia
672:exhaustion
588: 200
546:John 20:25
526: 165
524: – c.
522: 100
509: 150
458:Prometheus
456:speaks of
375:See also:
289:crucifixus
236:ἀνασταυρόω
230:anastauroo
135:ἀνασταυρόω
129:anastauroo
7097:Last meal
7070:Death row
6972:Gibbeting
6846:Beheading
6651:cite book
6433:. BRILL.
6302:0362-4331
6244:0307-1235
6211:0261-3077
5742:April 23,
5716:April 23,
5686:cite news
5390:Channel 4
5012:irebd.com
4890:Irenaeus
4860:March 10,
4722:Tacitus.
4711:. 18.3.4.
4535:March 10,
4393:170143075
4293:620836940
4249:), p. 182
3958:Histories
2557:Historiae
2482:. 5.11.1.
2455:2589-7993
2296:: second
2218:Jehohanan
2204:Spartacus
2069:Holy Week
2063:, called
1660:, China (
1630:Po Valley
1584:Jehohanan
1551:Channel 4
1440:In 1597,
1389:haritsuke
1333:al-Awza'i
1319:and most
1197:patibulum
1193:patibulum
1170:patibulum
1162:centurion
979:Spartacus
919:patibulum
856:his siege
846:Pharisees
793:in 238 BC
775:Artayctes
771:Herodotus
767:Histories
711:scourging
641:calcaneum
619:Jehohanan
615:Jerusalem
603:calcaneum
327:Martyress
224:συσταυρόω
218:sustauroo
181:anastauro
7102:Penology
7014:Scaphism
6952:Elephant
6940:Drowning
6920:Crushing
6814:Shooting
6621:, 15.44.
6601:Appian,
6386:30 April
6334:30 April
6182:19 April
6154:19 April
5993:Archived
5926:cite web
5896:Archived
5892:mehr.org
5864:Archived
5805:Archived
5736:I24 News
5676:14 April
5434:: 18–32.
5354:70257905
5249:10329518
4813:(1911).
4703:Josephus
4592:March 9,
4452:, p. 120
4330:Archived
4273:(2010).
4116:(1911).
4043:Maecenas
4022:, IX, 1"
4020:Apologia
3885:Hannibal
3722:Archived
3693:38121158
3685:16102134
3603:Archived
3562:36923675
3553:10009142
3513:16574970
3417:(1988).
3401:34733010
3318:12 March
3295:14750495
3251:Archived
3069:58791208
2950:, XL, 3"
2885:(1998).
2821:Lucian,
2807:23253630
2767:Archived
2751:graffiti
2492:BJ5.11.1
2474:Josephus
2397:Ἀλκίμιλα
2368:Tropaion
2342:See also
2318:X-shaped
2284:X-shaped
2105:Pampanga
1845:protests
1837:American
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