2569:
425:
491:
1101:
39:
2219:
20:
1463:
1341:
471:
2209:
1701:
1269:
2151:
1411:
1733:
1536:
2271:
1901:
1821:
1811:
1791:
1631:
1556:
1453:
2481:
2143:
1891:
1771:
1219:
1941:
1753:
1506:
2701:
1131:
2133:
2083:
1999:
2589:
2301:
2281:
2199:
1713:
1141:
2737:
1476:
2641:
1546:
1486:
1381:
2681:
2549:
2239:
1881:
1801:
1611:
1331:
1301:
1289:
1249:
1121:
372:
520:
534:
2189:
2025:
1931:
1781:
1433:
1391:
1239:
1209:
1191:
2691:
2671:
2321:
2291:
1743:
1723:
1621:
1423:
1373:
1279:
1111:
341:
2093:
2053:
1763:
1681:
1671:
1566:
1496:
1401:
1161:
2661:
2501:
2491:
2261:
2113:
1691:
447:
2651:
2621:
2229:
1981:
1971:
1961:
548:
2471:
2249:
1871:
1851:
1831:
2631:
2461:
2035:
1951:
2045:
1661:
1641:
1443:
2609:
2539:
2169:
2015:
1911:
1576:
2725:
2529:
2063:
1353:
2073:
1861:
1841:
1516:
1363:
1229:
2311:
2179:
1586:
1181:
2159:
2103:
1921:
1651:
1601:
1526:
1311:
1321:
1259:
1171:
854:
2599:
2123:
2559:
1201:
1151:
2579:
191:, especially when the arms are shown putting out shoots from their corners. The Staffordshire Hoard 'crumpled cross' has vine leaves showing at the corners and represents Jesus the vine. It is sometimes shown on a mound representing
2568:
270:, which appears more commonly, was a disguised cross symbol. There was resistance to representations of the cross with the body of Christ on it, a practice that did not begin until the 5th century, becoming more common in the 6th.
273:
One of the earliest representations of a
Crucifixion scene rather oddly shows the three crosses of the gospel accounts, with the two thieves hanging in place on theirs, but with Christ standing at the foot of his. The fierce
362:
is commonly seen on coins, often held by a figure of
Victory, especially in the Eastern Empire. Another common Byzantine coin type shows a cross with a stepped base, which should be understood as a
424:
490:
282:, who rejected the human nature of Christ, objecting to the depiction of his body on the cross, and this influenced the use of the empty cross, especially in Byzantine-controlled areas such as
78:, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels. In an actual cross, rather than a painted image of one, the reverse side often has engraved images of the
470:
218:
outside Rome in 312 AD. The vision of
Constantine led to his having a large golden gem-studded processional cross made and the adoption of the cross as a standard by Christian armies.
160:
The cross very often has splayed ends to its arms, but the proportions of the vertical axis to the horizontal one depends entirely on the needs of the composition, and varies greatly.
199:); a stepped base represents the hill in actual crosses or more confined depictions. The link of the cross generally with the Tree of Life appears frequently in the hymns of
2704:
203:. Sharp (2016) has shown the interlace on the front of the Staffordshire Hoard cross corresponds with the river or tree of life described in Revelation 22. 1–2.
1076:
145:. In the case of the cross, such decorative embellishment was especially common, and the jewelled cross is a specific type that was represented in paint,
481:
298:
43:
402:
325:
at the top, above a large crux gemmata with stars in a circular frame, so very similar to Sant' Apollinare in Classe, and below that a dove for the
903:
Form of cross typical of Early
Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
337:
on a raised hillock in the centre, looking up. The bottom of the mosaic at Santa
Pudenziana in Rome originally also had a bottom level with this.
885:
822:
760:
502:
2709:
71:
446:
840:
255:
remains to the present day a central theme in
Christian devotion, and the jewelled cross was one of its first visual manifestations.
797:
780:
752:
734:
412:) has an example with thirteen jewels, but examples from the first millennium generally have more. It is not usual to use the term "
221:
For much of the period, a large jewelled cross is recorded as decorating the presumed site of the
Crucifixion, around which the
1069:
2769:
997:
38:
2218:
2136:
1924:
222:
215:
1012:
244:, at a time when interest in the cross was increasing, in part due to its use as a standard by the Roman Army under
19:
1884:
1704:
1559:
1100:
1062:
966:
393:, it is not especially typical for a cross to have thirteen gems, though when one does, it probably does symbolize
118:
102:
1340:
878:
418:" for crosses from more recent periods, especially for small crosses that fall under the category of jewellery.
2774:
1784:
1394:
1085:
763:
533:
2208:
1988:
694:
See
Hellemo, 98-101 for the interplay between imperial imagery of victory and the earliest images of the cross
179:, Rome (384–9), the jewelled cross stands on a hill or mound with a backdrop of a panoramic view representing
858:
519:
2274:
2252:
1854:
1268:
1134:
1462:
2613:
2542:
2264:
1944:
1794:
1043:
1017:
462:
172:
fragment from the late 4th century; the splayed ends of the arms are present from the earliest examples.
2779:
2764:
2654:
2284:
2150:
1664:
1410:
1344:
940:
871:
252:
1914:
1700:
1535:
137:, were studded with jewels in a style that in recent centuries has been restricted to crowns and other
1820:
925:
2086:
1974:
1964:
1894:
1864:
1509:
1144:
547:
258:
Although it is clear that the cross was associated with
Christians from a very early period, and the
200:
154:
79:
2700:
2480:
2142:
2729:
2353:
2232:
1954:
1940:
1874:
1834:
1824:
1752:
1242:
976:
935:
920:
817:, Volume 20, eds. Michael Lapidge, Malcolm Godden, Simon Keynes, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
685:
Syndicus, 138-9, with drawing reconstructing the Nola apse. For much more detail, see
Hellemo, 90ff
539:
525:
251:
The paradox whereby the instrument of execution is rendered the vehicle of Christ's triumph in the
106:
94:
1732:
2415:
2348:
2106:
1904:
1124:
1007:
930:
915:
206:
The use of large jewelled crosses as processional and military crosses stems from the victory of
138:
86:
2270:
2132:
1900:
1810:
1790:
1630:
1555:
1452:
2736:
2588:
2280:
1890:
1218:
305:
allows a reconstruction of a mosaic apse he had (as bishop) commissioned in the basilica of St
187:
or "heavenly city". The jewelled cross also served as a symbol of the Christian version of the
2634:
2624:
2572:
2202:
2192:
2066:
2056:
1716:
1644:
1539:
1505:
1252:
1222:
1038:
992:
836:
818:
793:
776:
756:
748:
730:
389:
318:
263:
259:
738:
301:, Ravenna (549), the jewelled cross stands specifically as a symbol for Christ. A poem by St
262:
was made by Christians, it is rarely seen in the earliest Christian art, such as that in the
2304:
1770:
1579:
1262:
1130:
1104:
971:
785:
768:
430:
371:
302:
233:
176:
98:
24:
2680:
2082:
1880:
1120:
712:
See Syndicus, 139–140 and Schiller, I, 148 for slightly different interpretations in detail
667:
See Syndicus, 139–140 and Schiller, I, 148 for slightly different interpretations in detail
2410:
2300:
2222:
2198:
2126:
1712:
1594:
1549:
1489:
1456:
1390:
1384:
1232:
1212:
1208:
1140:
398:
340:
294:
force of the opposite persuasion, who helped to popularize images of Christ on the cross.
226:
165:
90:
67:
1694:
2690:
2290:
1475:
195:, with four rivers flowing down it (the four rivers were understood as representing the
2640:
2420:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2343:
2338:
2294:
2212:
2052:
2018:
1804:
1762:
1756:
1680:
1614:
1545:
1519:
1485:
1380:
1366:
1334:
1272:
1154:
1114:
1002:
945:
345:
322:
59:
2660:
2548:
2490:
2260:
2238:
2112:
1800:
1610:
1330:
1300:
1288:
1248:
2758:
2437:
2390:
2314:
2242:
2182:
1934:
1736:
1684:
1654:
1589:
1479:
1436:
1324:
1194:
1184:
1033:
961:
553:
306:
245:
237:
229:
207:
184:
114:
110:
2650:
2620:
2228:
2188:
2024:
1970:
1960:
1930:
1780:
1432:
1238:
1190:
2670:
2494:
2432:
2405:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2320:
2248:
2096:
1870:
1850:
1830:
1774:
1746:
1742:
1722:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1404:
1372:
1314:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1110:
394:
376:
287:
279:
196:
188:
130:
75:
2630:
2608:
2092:
2034:
1950:
1670:
1565:
1495:
1400:
1160:
826:
164:, or hanging jewels or ornaments, may hang from the arms, especially the letters
2741:
2500:
2474:
2447:
2363:
2044:
1844:
1726:
1690:
1674:
1660:
1640:
1569:
1499:
1304:
1174:
1164:
604:
Syndicus, 104; see Hellemo 93, note for an example of the four rivers symbolism.
574:
459:
334:
326:
275:
169:
134:
2538:
2168:
2014:
1980:
1910:
1575:
2694:
2602:
2592:
2504:
2470:
2370:
2062:
2028:
1529:
1466:
1352:
241:
2724:
2674:
2460:
2162:
2072:
1984:
1920:
1860:
1840:
1515:
1362:
1228:
477:
384:
330:
211:
180:
142:
2310:
2178:
1585:
1442:
1320:
1180:
745:
Adventus Domini: eschatological thought in 4th-century apses and catecheses
2158:
2102:
1650:
1600:
1525:
1310:
853:
2684:
2664:
2644:
2562:
2116:
2038:
1356:
310:
192:
161:
2528:
1258:
1170:
133:
and Early Medieval periods, many objects of great significance, such as
2598:
2582:
2552:
2484:
2464:
2451:
2122:
1814:
349:
314:
286:, where several of the Emperors had Monophysite sympathies. It was the
283:
586:
Hellemo, 100-101. Lateran sarcophagus number 106 is the earliest work.
153:
and other media. Jewelled crosses were also carved in stone, e.g. the
2076:
1446:
437:
291:
267:
146:
2558:
1200:
1150:
727:
The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages
2578:
370:
368:
even though scale does not normally allow any indication of gems.
339:
150:
37:
18:
2532:
2427:
434:
16:
Jewelled cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art
1058:
867:
863:
297:
In so-called "mystical" images, such as the apse mosaic at the
2511:
2508:
573:
As on the Cross of Lothair. The Cross of Justin II has silver
792:, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
775:, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
833:
The Hoard and Its History: Staffordshire's Secrets Revealed
1054:
240:
in the early 4th century allegedly discovered part of the
175:
In depictions of the cross, such as that in the mosaic in
676:
Much of the basilica survives, but not the decorations.
266:, where there are only about 20 crosses, though the
2520:
2446:
2331:
2006:
1092:
1026:
985:
954:
908:
333:were twelve lambs, six on each side, with a haloed
2705:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1070:
879:
168:shaped in gold. The motif is first seen in a
8:
622:Friesen, 10; Wernher, 36 has further details
500:
453:
413:
363:
357:
52:
1077:
1063:
1055:
886:
872:
864:
729:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001,
183:, with the cross itself representing the
403:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
225:had been built. It was presented by the
566:
420:
157:with the jewels represented by bosses.
482:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe
299:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe
44:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe
790:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II
7:
2710:List of tallest crosses in the world
773:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I
375:Victory Cross at the reverse of the
313:in the early 5th century. The whole
503:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
14:
806:, Burns & Oates, London, 1962
2735:
2723:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1997:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1013:Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes
852:
546:
532:
518:
489:
469:
445:
423:
278:disputes of the period saw the
93:), the 'crumpled cross' in the
998:Essen cross with large enamels
85:Examples in metalwork are the
1:
508:
406:
383:Contrary to the assertion of
28:
317:was shown, represented by a
223:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
216:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
2796:
967:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
119:National Museum of Ireland
2718:
1995:
901:
595:Syndicus, 104 and 139–140
401:. The apse mosaic in the
103:Aachen Cathedral Treasury
2505:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
2730:Christianity portal
658:Syndicus, 108 and 145-6
577:figures on the reverse.
497:Exaltation of the Cross
329:. At the bottom of the
232:(reigned 408–450). The
2543:Armenian eternity sign
1115:Anchored/Saint Clement
831:Sharp, Robert (2016).
501:
463:illuminated manuscript
454:
414:
380:
364:
358:
353:
53:
47:
35:
23:The front side of the
2770:Christian iconography
2655:Shield of the Trinity
1737:Portate/Saint Gilbert
941:Treasure of Guarrazar
861:at Wikimedia Commons
374:
343:
89:(6th century, in the
41:
22:
2428:Rood/Triumphal cross
1865:Saint James/Santiago
1815:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1490:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1044:Cross of Chersonesus
1018:Cross of Stift Enger
811:The Liudhard Medalet
201:Venantius Fortunatus
141:and small pieces of
80:Crucifixion of Jesus
42:Detail of a mosaic,
2695:Triskelion/Triskele
2137:Cuthbert's pectoral
1560:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1550:Jerusalem/Crusaders
936:Cross of Desiderius
921:Cross of the Angels
815:Anglo-Saxon England
804:Early Christian Art
540:Cross of the Angels
107:Cross of the Angels
97:(8th century), the
95:Staffordshire Hoard
82:or other subjects.
1008:Cross of Theophanu
916:Cross of Justin II
725:Friesen, Ilse E.,
381:
354:
139:coronation regalia
87:Cross of Justin II
48:
36:
2750:
2749:
2665:Sunwheel swastika
2048:Blanc croix rouge
1052:
1051:
1039:Cross of Adelheid
993:Cross of Mathilde
857:Media related to
823:978-0-521-41380-0
809:Wernher, Martin,
802:Eduard Syndicus;
786:Schiller, Gertrud
769:Schiller, Gertrud
761:978-90-04-08836-8
649:Syndicus, 106–108
640:Syndicus, 103–104
390:The Da Vinci Code
264:Catacombs of Rome
260:sign of the cross
2787:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2117:Cross cramponnée
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1975:Syriac (Western)
1973:
1965:Syriac (Eastern)
1963:
1953:
1945:Serbian Orthodox
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1795:Russian Orthodox
1793:
1783:
1773:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
977:Cross of Peñalba
972:Cross of Lothair
926:Cross of Agilulf
888:
881:
874:
865:
856:
835:. Brewin Books,
713:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
683:
677:
674:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
571:
550:
536:
526:Cross of Peñalba
522:
513:
510:
506:
493:
473:
457:
449:
431:Santa Pudenziana
427:
417:
411:
408:
367:
361:
303:Paulinus of Nola
177:Santa Pudenziana
99:Cross of Lothair
56:
46:, Ravenna (549).
33:
30:
25:Cross of Lothair
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2775:Crosses by form
2755:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:Arts portal
2734:
2722:
2714:
2516:
2442:
2327:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1665:Order of Christ
1457:Globus cruciger
1273:Catherine wheel
1088:
1083:
1053:
1048:
1022:
981:
950:
931:Cross of Gisulf
909:6th–9th century
904:
897:
892:
850:
747:, BRILL, 1989,
743:Hellemo, Geir.
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
702:
698:
693:
689:
684:
680:
675:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
590:
585:
581:
572:
568:
563:
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227:Eastern Emperor
210:over his rival
166:alpha and omega
155:Shandwick Stone
127:
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105:), the Iberian
101:(10th century,
91:Vatican Museums
72:Early Christian
66:) is a form of
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1996:
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323:God the Father
276:Christological
234:Empress Helena
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125:History of use
123:
64:jewelled cross
32: 1000 AD
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1989:Saint Anthony
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1882:
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1845:Saint Florian
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1093:In modern use
1091:
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1034:Cross of Cong
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962:Victory Cross
960:
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798:0-85331-324-5
795:
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781:0-85331-270-2
778:
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765:
762:
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754:
753:90-04-08836-9
750:
746:
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735:0-88920-365-2
732:
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610:
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589:
583:
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554:Victory Cross
549:
544:
541:
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527:
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516:
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379:, Wolin, 980s
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307:Felix of Nola
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230:Theodosius II
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185:New Jerusalem
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115:Cross of Cong
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111:Victory Cross
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2780:Medieval art
2765:Crux gemmata
2752:
2612:
2495:Signum manus
2448:Christograms
2416:Processional
2349:Conciliation
2275:Saint Julian
2172:
2087:Consecration
1925:Saint Thomas
1905:Saint Philip
1855:Saint George
1125:Anuradhapura
1027:12th century
986:11th century
955:10th century
895:Crux gemmata
894:
859:Crux gemmata
851:
832:
827:google books
814:
810:
803:
789:
772:
764:google books
744:
739:google books
726:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
569:
496:
455:Crux gemmata
415:crux gemmata
395:Jesus Christ
388:
382:
377:Curmsun Disc
365:crux gemmata
359:crux gemmata
355:
296:
280:Monophysites
272:
257:
253:Resurrection
250:
236:, mother of
220:
205:
197:Four Gospels
189:Tree of Life
174:
159:
131:Late Antique
128:
84:
76:Medieval art
63:
54:crux gemmata
51:
49:
2635:Scientology
2475:IX monogram
2332:By function
2265:Saint Alban
2067:Carolingian
1955:Short Sword
1915:Saint Piran
1895:Saint Peter
1835:Saint David
1717:Patriarchal
1570:Latin/Roman
1395:Evangelists
1175:Balkenkreuz
1165:Arrow/Barby
631:Friesen, 10
613:Wernher, 37
512: 1410
480:in mosaic,
410: 1220
335:Lamb of God
327:Holy Spirit
319:Hand of God
246:Constantine
238:Constantine
208:Constantine
170:sarcophagus
135:reliquaries
70:typical of
2759:Categories
2305:Two-barred
2007:Historical
1875:Saint John
1825:Saint Chad
1766:Resistance
1580:Macedonian
1469:'s variant
1467:Archbishop
1263:Canterbury
1135:Archangels
720:References
703:Chapter 4.
352:, 450–457.
290:, another
288:Nestorians
242:True Cross
109:(808) and
74:and Early
2452:Chrismons
2411:Preaching
2253:Quarterly
2223:Nestorian
2163:Gammadion
2146:Engrailed
1385:Ethiopian
1233:Byzantine
1213:Bulgarian
499:from the
478:semi-dome
385:Dan Brown
331:semi-dome
292:heretical
248:her son.
212:Maxentius
181:Jerusalem
149:, carved
143:jewellery
117:(1120s?,
2685:Swastika
2645:Shamrock
2573:Kolovrat
2563:Irminsul
2521:See also
2421:Lalibela
2401:Pectoral
2396:Necklace
2386:Memorial
2354:Heraldry
2344:Blessing
2203:Lorraine
2173:Jewelled
2019:Avellane
1757:Quadrate
1645:Novgorod
1615:Maronite
1540:Jeremiah
1520:Huguenot
1357:Crucifix
1335:Crosslet
1305:Cercelée
1253:Camargue
1223:Burgundy
1155:Armenian
575:repoussé
458:from an
433:, Rome,
397:and his
311:Cimitile
193:paradise
162:Pendilia
2593:Mjölnir
2583:Lauburu
2553:Ichthys
2485:Labarum
2465:Chi Rho
2438:Wayside
2391:Mission
2315:Victory
2285:Templar
2243:Pierced
2233:Peñalba
2193:Lazarus
2183:Katanga
2154:Erminée
1935:Serbian
1785:Russian
1705:Fitchée
1685:Patonce
1655:Occitan
1590:Maltese
1480:Gnostic
1437:Fourchy
1325:Cossack
1293:Variant
1243:Calvary
1195:Bottony
1185:Bolnisi
1105:Alcoraz
1086:Crosses
460:Insular
440:, 384-9
350:Marcian
346:solidus
344:A gold
315:Trinity
284:Ravenna
214:at the
129:In the
2433:Summit
2406:Plague
2381:Mercat
2376:Market
2359:Nordic
2324:Voided
2097:Coptic
2077:Chouan
2057:Brigid
1775:Ringed
1747:Potent
1695:Pattée
1635:Nordic
1625:Moline
1605:Marian
1595:Marada
1447:Fylfot
1427:Forked
1415:Fitchy
1405:Fleury
1376:Double
1345:Fitchy
1315:Coptic
1283:Celtic
1204:Branch
839:
821:
796:
779:
759:
751:
733:
438:mosaic
268:anchor
147:mosaic
2364:Pisan
2339:Altar
2213:Neith
2127:Crown
2039:Black
1805:Salem
1727:Pommy
1675:Papal
1500:Greek
813:, in
561:Notes
476:Apse
151:ivory
68:cross
60:Latin
2614:Rota
2603:Rose
2533:Ankh
2371:High
2029:Aviz
1530:Iron
837:ISBN
819:ISBN
794:ISBN
777:ISBN
757:ISBN
749:ISBN
731:ISBN
435:apse
356:The
321:for
62:for
2675:Sun
2512:Rho
2509:Tau
1985:Tau
387:in
348:of
309:at
121:).
2761::
2450:,
825:,
788:,
771:,
755:,
737:,
509:c.
507:,
452:A
407:c.
50:A
29:c.
2507:/
1987:/
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
887:e
880:t
873:v
843:.
405:(
58:(
34:)
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
