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433:. Many Crypto-Christian communities existed in Middle-East till the 19th century, as Muslim authorities continued to tolerate minimal requirements of obedience by converts. From late 19th century onward most of crypto-religious groups disappeared as a result of the rise of nationalism in the new Middle Eastern states.
445:
Churches. After the break-up of the Warsaw Pact and the end of the Soviet era in the 1990s, some of these groups re-joined the official above-ground churches, but others continued their independent existence, believing the official churches had been irreconcilably tainted by their cooperation with
396:
of 1915. Representatives of a different, much smaller crypto-Armenian group live in separate villages which are inhabited by Turks and Kurds in
Eastern Turkey (on the territories of the traditional Armenian homeland). This group differs from the above-mentioned "Islamized" group due to the process
405:
In the first few centuries the
Christian religion spread rapidly around the Mediterranean region with Egypt and Syria becoming especially important centers of the religion. Even as the Roman Empire disintegrated between the 5th and 7th centuries, the Christian faith only deepened in the Eastern
211:
All the inhabitants of the empire were required to sacrifice before the magistrates of their community 'for the safety of the empire' by a certain day (the date would vary from place to place and the order may have been that the sacrifice had to be completed within a specified period after a
160:
wanted to avoid the immediate occurrence of a confrontation with Rome, because the Roman governor
Pontius Pilate would not have tolerated the existence of a popular leader who would have referred to himself as the Messiah. There are also theological interpretations, of mixed historical and
128:, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians". In places and time periods where Christians were persecuted or Christianity was outlawed, instances of crypto-Christianity have surfaced.
559:) were permitted to retain their ritual peculiarities on condition of recognizing Papal jurisdiction over their ecclesial affairs, yet in many cases the faithful maintained their Orthodox identities despite the superficial concessions made by their hierarchs.
169:" (A title of Hebrew origin, given to a promised man who would carry both kingly and religious authority as the anointed leader of Israel). Theologically and politically, the meaning of this title was possibly misunderstood by the Roman authorities.
247:
with viewed
Christianity as disloyal and a threat to their power. Churches were destroyed, known Christians faced forced conversion to Buddhism and all signs of Christian influence were systematically eliminated. The ban was not lifted until 1858.
380:
Further information is contained in "The Crypto-Christians of the Pontos and Consul
William Gifford Palgrave of Trebizond," London: Valiorum Reprints, 1988, from Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus 800–1900, by Anthony Bryer
414:. However, often the only actual requirement for being considered a Muslim was to profess a belief in God and proclaim Mohammed as his prophet. As a result, many Egyptians, Syrians, and others in the region officially converted to
651:
These groups names are: Droverstvo (Serbia), Patsaloi or
Linovamvakoi (Cyprus), Laramanoi (Albania), Kouroumlides, Stavriotai, Santaoi, Klostoi (Pontus, Anatolia), Kourmoulides (Crete), Crypto Copts (Egypt), Crypto Maronites
184:
forced
Christians to make a choice: they could choose to recant their faith, which meant that they would be allowed to live, or they could choose not to recant their faith, which meant that they would be executed as
334:. With the threat of retribution for the religious and ethnic conflicts, many Christian minority groups keep their religion private to protect themselves. Crypto-Christianity was mostly practiced following the
1496:
152:, Jesus was concealing his mission or his messianic identity until a certain time, and he ordered his disciples to do the same, for e.g. in Mark 9:9, after the Transfiguration "
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Various time periods and places have seen large crypto-Christian groups and underground movements. This was usually the reaction to either threats of violence or legal action.
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those who by the fear of punishment want to believe and practice
Christianity secretly, they will be also saved, provided they study god's orders as far as possible
384:
Crypto-Armenians are believed to represent at least two groups of
Armenians which are living in modern-day Turkey. One group has been Islamized under the threat of
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Additionally, historically
Eastern Orthodox populations in the Balkans and Eastern Europe that had come under the dominion of various Roman Catholic polities (the
1999:
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741:(1860), p. 184. Mentioned also in Kitsikis Dimitris, "The importance of bektashism-alewism for hellenism", Athens, "Hekate", 2006, p. 47, in Greek language.
735:
Ioannes 14th (patriarch), "Promittit Nicaeensibus reversuris in sinum ecclesiae remissionem" (Πιττάκιον πατριαρχικόν εις τους ευρισκομένους εις την Νϊκαιαν)
1955:
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were often violently persecuted for not adopting the Catholic faith. Compromises were enacted whereby these formerly Orthodox peoples (such as those in
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community received the edict). When they sacrificed they would obtain a certificate (libellus) recording the fact that they had complied with the order.
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197:, chose to retain their beliefs and suffer persecution, due to the fact that Christian doctrine did not allow Christians to publicly profess another
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795:, in Washburn u.a. (Hrsg.): Converting cultures : religion, ideology of transformations of modernity. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007 pp. 408 -433
189:. The term crypto-Christianity can be applied to that segment of the church population which concealed its Christian beliefs as a means to avoid
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Crypto-Greek Orthodox reportedly lived in many parts of the Ottoman Balkans and Anatolia. A good description of the Crypto-Christians among
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An early attestation and justification of crypto-Christianism is found in an epistle of Patriarch Ioannes 14th (Ιωάννης ΙΔ') (1334-1347) of
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156:". This motif has been called "the messianic secret" and it has been interpreted in different ways. According to one interpretation, the
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David F. Watson, "Honor Among Christians: The Cultural Key to the Messianic Secret", Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 2010, pp. 1-10, passim.
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took over what is now called the Middle East. Initially Christianity was well tolerated though preferential treatment was given to
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argues that Jesus was executed based on the claim that he was the "King of the Jews" a claim which also signalled the status of "
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or "hidden Christians". Crypto-Christian crosses and graves, camouflaged to resemble Buddhist imagery, can still be seen in the
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Crypto-Protestants have sometimes practised in Catholic territories. During the early modern era, this was the case for French
425:, Christian (and Jewish) practices became more hidden. Secretive communities appeared in Egypt during the 11th century and in
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traced their ancestry to both Catholics, Maronites and Greek Orthodox Christians who converted under Ottoman oppression. The
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In addition to Christians practising their faith secretly in a non-Christian society, there have been instances of crypto-
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draws from the oral history of Japanese Catholic communities pertaining to the time of the suppression of the Church.
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Many Christian communities in the Soviet sphere of influence during the Cold War had to go underground in so-called
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F. W. Hasluck (1929) Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, ed. Clarendon press, Oxford, vol. 2, pp. 469-474.
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Hidden Believers, Hidden Apostates: The Phenomenon of Crypto-Jews and Crypto-Christians in the Middle-East
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322:, instances of crypto-Christian behavior are reported to this day in Muslim-dominated areas of the former
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hailed from the northern Albania highlands and converted after settling in the 18th century. Accounts of
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countries. For example, Catholicism was banned and individual Catholics were legally persecuted in
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conquests of the Balkans, but the earliest scholarly record of the phenomenon dates back to 1829.
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https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/26864394/Chrysovalantis_Kyriacou_Thesis_2_vols.pdf
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which operate independently of the official government-run religious institutions: the
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During this period, converts moved underground into a crypto-Christian group called
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With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus? and Carpatho-Rusyns
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were documented as early as the 19th century and persisted into the 20th century.
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1022:(2). The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies: 227–46.
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1012:(June 1967). "Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans".
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Secrecy is a motif which is found in the New Testament, particularly in
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821:"Reflections on the Background to the Union of Uzhhorod/Ungvár (1646)"
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and Jewish opinions on the matter, but many did so out of weakness:
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Gizli Hristiyanlık - Crypto Christianity at Pontus region (Turkish)
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Crypto-Christians of the Trabzon Region of Pontos - Full article
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Jesus gave them orders not to tell anyone what they had seen
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The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia
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The Turkish-Cypriot Community and the Cryptochristians
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Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1999).
737:, published by Franz Miklosich & Josef Müller in
373:), including a bibliography about other parts of the
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Acta et Diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi Sacra et Profana
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As oppression of Christians arose under the Fatimid
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Due to the religious strife that has existed in the
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Letter written by a committee of Crypto-Christians,
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935:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
239:in 1550. Christianity was banned in 1643 by the
509:. Likewise, Catholicism was suppressed in the
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2000:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
1699:
1116:
1070:"Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus"
465:(TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for
418:while still adhering to Christian practices.
161:theological value. The New Testament scholar
8:
1058:Centre for the Study of South Eastern Europe
457:are unregistered Christian churches in the
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493:, or Protestant-dominated territories and
406:Mediterranean. During the 7th century the
193:. In contrast, many Christians, including
995:Learn how and when to remove this message
513:, in favour of Eastern Orthodoxy, and in
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
719:, University of Michigan, archived from
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446:the previous Soviet-supported regimes.
283:Ottoman Empire (Balkans and Asia Minor)
837:
826:
471:Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
172:During the initial development of the
888:. Central European University Press.
7:
933:adding citations to reliable sources
47:adding citations to reliable sources
882:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2015-11-30).
551:) from the Middle Ages through the
365:from northeastern Anatolia and the
14:
534:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
526:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
501:from 1558 onwards. This inspired
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437:Soviet Russia and the Warsaw Pact
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1411:State church of the Roman Empire
909:
858:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
377:, is provided by F. W. Hasluck.
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1394:First seven ecumenical councils
920:needs additional citations for
397:and depth of its Islamization.
227:Christianity was introduced to
34:needs additional citations for
16:Secret practice of Christianity
2261:Relations with other religions
1667:Church of the East (Nestorian)
1662:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
861:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
614:Doctrine of mental reservation
549:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
429:in the 12th century under the
1:
463:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
369:region (often referred to as
517:, in favour of Lutheranism.
307:(Asia Minor). He says that "
1968:Views on poverty and wealth
124:is the secret adherence to
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2213:World Evangelical Alliance
2175:Traditionalist Catholicism
459:People's Republic of China
450:People's Republic of China
388:, particularly during the
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2326:Persecution of Christians
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2208:World Council of Churches
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1695:Latter Day Saint movement
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392:of the mid-1890s and the
265:islands and far south in
2236:Anti-Christian sentiment
1416:Christian biblical canon
1086:Russia's Catacomb Saints
627:San Manuel Bueno, Mártir
2290:Christianity portal
1449:Investiture Controversy
545:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2241:Christian universalism
1632:Western Rite Orthodoxy
1477:Protestant Reformation
836:Cite journal requires
791:Reinkowski M. (2007)
530:Protestants in Eritrea
455:Chinese house churches
386:physical extermination
356:Crypto-Christian Serbs
296:
214:
1899:Anointing of the Sick
944:"Crypto-Christianity"
481:Intra-Christian cases
303:to the Christians of
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223:Christianity in Japan
58:"Crypto-Christianity"
2220:Nondenominationalism
2093:Role in civilization
1560:Independent Catholic
1502:Relations with Islam
1482:Catholic Reformation
929:improve this article
237:Saint Francis Xavier
43:improve this article
2321:Crypto-Christianity
2266:Unlimited atonement
2251:Cultural Christians
1690:Jehovah's Witnesses
1312:Sermon on the Mount
1241:Christian tradition
1168:Lists of Christians
1081:The Catacomb Church
273:'s acclaimed novel
259:Shimabara Peninsula
148:. According to the
122:Crypto-Christianity
2111:Crusading movement
1379:Ante-Nicene period
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541:Republic of Venice
408:Rashidun Caliphate
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1359:Apostolic fathers
1327:Great Commandment
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895:978-615-5053-46-7
868:978-90-04-14595-5
682:Trajan in Pliny,
528:. More recently,
394:Armenian genocide
254:kakure kirishitan
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350:in southeastern
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158:historical Jesus
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918:This article
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2200:
1995:Architecture
1889:Confirmation
1837:Ecclesiology
1768:Original sin
1758:Nicene Creed
1555:Old Catholic
1439:Papal States
1371:Great Church
1337:Resurrection
1279:Christianity
1236:New Covenant
1187:(Scriptures)
1132:Christianity
1073:
1019:
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939:
927:Please help
922:verification
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829:cite journal
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721:the original
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579:Cretan Turks
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140:Roman Empire
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126:Christianity
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2256:Persecution
2191:Christendom
2184:Cooperation
2121:Charismatic
2032:Holy Spirit
1941:Natural law
1904:Holy orders
1753:Christology
1746:Holy Spirit
1620:Pentecostal
1600:Evangelical
1595:Charismatic
1434:Monasticism
1426:Middle Ages
1389:Constantine
1332:Crucifixion
1214:Foundations
752:"Hristiyan"
569:Linobambaki
515:Scandinavia
467:Protestants
401:Middle East
367:Pontic Alps
340:Linobamvaki
231:during its
191:persecution
163:Bart Ehrman
2315:Categories
2170:Prosperity
2146:Liberation
2086:Cathedrals
2071:Pilgrimage
2056:Literature
1933:Philosophy
1869:Sacraments
1842:Four marks
1803:Protestant
1778:Born again
1575:Anabaptist
1565:Protestant
1507:Influences
1469:Modern era
1173:By country
955:newspapers
756:Karalahana
697:"Polycarp"
660:References
609:Nicodemite
574:Vallahades
547:, and the
524:following
507:in Ireland
491:Protestant
469:, and the
371:Stavriotes
324:Yugoslavia
245:government
233:feudal era
221:See also:
69:newspapers
2246:Criticism
2196:Ecumenism
2160:Mysticism
2126:Democracy
2116:Anarchism
2103:Movements
2066:Mythology
2044:Catechism
2039:Education
1956:Evolution
1879:Eucharist
1862:Canon law
1820:Theotokos
1815:Mariology
1773:Salvation
1763:Tradition
1615:Methodist
1570:Adventist
1404:Chalcedon
1044:163987636
985:June 2007
701:Theopedia
652:(Lebanon)
522:Huguenots
503:Recusancy
487:Catholics
475:Catholics
267:Kagoshima
241:Tokugawa
99:June 2007
2300:Category
2165:Pacifism
1979:features
1963:Politics
1916:Ablution
1884:Marriage
1788:Catholic
1718:Theology
1610:Lutheran
1605:Holiness
1590:Reformed
1580:Anglican
1550:Catholic
1454:Crusades
1399:Nicaea I
1349:Apostles
1322:Miracles
1317:Parables
1307:Ministry
1297:Nativity
1261:timeline
1158:Prophets
1153:Glossary
563:See also
443:Catacomb
348:Laramans
320:Anatolia
305:Bithynia
199:religion
195:Polycarp
2229:Related
2022:Trinity
1987:Culture
1951:Science
1921:Hygiene
1911:Mission
1894:Penance
1874:Baptism
1810:Worship
1783:Liturgy
1731:Trinity
1642:Eastern
1625:Quakers
1585:Baptist
1542:Western
1532:members
1302:Baptism
1256:History
1246:Worship
1148:Outline
1036:2492452
969:scholar
684:Letters
633:Taqiyya
499:England
427:Morocco
412:Muslims
328:Albania
293:Trabzon
276:Silence
263:Amakusa
204:taqiyya
187:martyrs
176:in the
167:Messiah
150:Gospels
132:History
83:scholar
1946:Ethics
1827:Saints
1736:Father
1655:Church
1267:spread
1231:Gospel
1221:Church
1163:People
1042:
1034:
971:
964:
957:
950:
942:
892:
865:
686:10.97.
543:, the
352:Kosovo
344:Cyprus
332:Turkey
330:, and
295:, 1857
243:bakufu
182:Trajan
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2155:Right
2061:Music
2012:Jesus
1977:Other
1832:Angel
1287:Jesus
1277:Early
1226:Creed
1195:Canon
1183:Bible
1143:Index
1040:S2CID
1032:JSTOR
976:JSTOR
962:books
639:Notes
532:, an
416:Islam
229:Japan
217:Japan
90:JSTOR
76:books
2151:Left
2051:Flag
2017:Mary
1528:list
948:news
890:ISBN
863:ISBN
842:help
473:for
318:and
62:news
2007:Art
1741:Son
1726:God
1024:doi
931:by
342:in
311:".
235:by
45:by
2317::
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1038:.
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1018:.
833::
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827:{{
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39:.
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