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1731:. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon. According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU).
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1330:) became the largest bloc in the National Assembly, gaining 23 of the 51 seats. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the necessary two-thirds supermajority to become president, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former opponent,
1123:. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across the
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The amnesty law was later overturned by a court ruling, and in
November 2019 the military court convicted Bouterse to 20 years imprisonment for the December killings. On 22 January 2020, Bouterse appeared before the court, in military uniform, to appeal this decision. On 20 December 2023, Suriname's
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television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in
December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia". Years later Bouterse said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the
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On 13 April 2012, the public prosecutor in the
December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court
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proposed a law in the parliament which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the
December Murders, including Dési Bouterse. The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial. The parliamentary voting was to be held on 23 March, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in
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in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, Bouterse's party member Andre
Misiekaba said, during a debate in the
1679:, who was on seventh place on the NDP list, had become eligible for taking the seat in the National Assembly. Moestadja, being the oldest member, chaired the first meeting of the Assembly. Bouterse was not a candidate for the presidency in the 2020 elections, and as no other candidates other than
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The military takeover, which was widely supported by the population, was officially aimed at fighting corruption and unemployment (which at the time affected 18 per cent of the working population), and at restoring order in public affairs. However, "the political plans were vague, no ideological
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Herman
Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the
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because he wanted to clear his name before he died: he was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live. After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and
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ordered
Suriname to pay US$ 3 million in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a US$ 1.2 million fund for the development of Moiwana. The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished; however, previous
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On 4 April 2012, after three days of debate, the
Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed. The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of Bouterse's coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should
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In
December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years' imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader. Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge
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After passage of the amnesty law, the
Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid set aside for Suriname. President Bouterse was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you for 20 million euros. We have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars". The
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Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven. Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial.
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Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence.
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was sentenced in 2005 to eight years' imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior. The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role.
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The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative. It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing.
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In 2023, he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for the 1982 murders of fifteen political dissidents. He was reported missing by the Surinamese authorities in January 2024 after refusing to report to prison. He is currently considered a fugitive.
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has issued a warrant for his arrest. At that time, he could not be arrested in Suriname, because he was still president. As he was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as head of state, he risked arrest if he left Suriname.
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On 8 January 2024, Bouterse filed another appeal against his conviction, which was rejected the next day by the Attorney-General. On 12 January, a manhunt was launched against Bouterse after he failed to turn himself in to prison authorities.
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Meriba was arrested again on 23 March 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub. He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.
1896:{{cite web|Thomas M. Antkowiak, Moiwana Village v. Suriname: A Portal into Recent Jurisprudential Developments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 25 Berkeley J. Int'l Law. 268 (2007). Available at scholarship.law.berkeley.edu
1220:. Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-called
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The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends should not get a pardon" said former justice minister
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The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until 30 November 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In an interview with
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set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, Dino Bouterse insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only by profit. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting in
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On the day of the coup, Bouterse's soldiers burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution". Annually, on 25 February, the coup is commemorated.
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prices, Suriname's main export, accentuated the economic crisis. The regime was quickly confronted with several uprisings, sometimes led by part of the army, sometimes by civilians. In 1983, in the wake of the
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court that Bouterse personally killed two of the fifteen men: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus. That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue.
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On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands. He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request by
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The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event. It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre.
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support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community." The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law.
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condemned the law and urged the Surinamese judges and the Public Prosecutor's Office to continue the trial. On 19 April 2012, Human Rights Watch demanded an immediate retraction of the law.
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Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed."
817:, but his regime did not show any Communist orientation. The Netherlands suspended development aid to its former colony, destabilizing the Surinamese economy. At the same time, the fall in
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1036:, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairs
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1224:, which is held responsible for the trafficking and smuggling of large amounts of cocaine from Suriname and Brazil into Europe (especially into the Netherlands) in the 1980s and 90s.
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extended amnesty to him in 2012. After the trial was forced to continue, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 29 November 2019. He is also suspected of having directed the
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1032:(VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MP
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1198:, who was serving as acting army commander, called Shankar and forced his resignation. By all accounts, however, Bouterse was the mastermind of what became known as the
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said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial).
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Bouterse has hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former military
1555:(KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded by
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The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop.
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Later in 1985, the government lifted the ban on opposition parties, beginning a transition to civilian rule. A new constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a
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On 1 February 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about the
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600:. Bouterse always maintained his innocence. He claimed the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. According to the
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1703:, the highest honor of Suriname. This action was met with international outrage, all nine (and Bouterse) having been involved with the December murders.
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After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent
1194:. Angered that Shankar, who happened to be on the same flight to Amsterdam, didn't protest, Bouterse resigned as army commander. The following day,
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1250:, former fellow soldier of Bouterse and also a suspect in the December 1982 murders, said that in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bouterse supplied the
1111:(1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by Dési Bouterse, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, a
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with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC.
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During his presidency Dési Bouterse introduced universal health care, free school meals, a minimum wage and a national pension scheme.
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1289:. He was prosecuted and in March 2015, he was sentenced to a 16-year prison term on convictions of drug smuggling and trying to help
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On 19 July 2010, Bouterse was elected president with 36 of the 51 votes; he assumed office on 12 August 2010. His running mate
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1622:, started as the deputy minister of Public Works & Traffic, but was moved in October 2012 to the ministry of Agriculture.
1946:
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had been nominated by the deadline of 8 July 2020 at 15:00 (UTC−3), Santokhi was elected as his successor on 13 July in an
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as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installed
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However, Bouterse retained much power as army commander. He scuttled a number of government efforts to negotiate with the
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In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy and
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By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They included
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536:, Bouterse was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes. He was inaugurated on 12 August 2010.
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2368:"'Rambocus and Daal killed by Bouterse' – witness tells Suriname hearing – Stabroek News – Georgetown, Guyana"
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dictator of Suriname. From then until 1988, Bouterse was the power behind puppet presidents installed by him.
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The controversial amnesty law was protested both nationally and internationally. Organizations such as the
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were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed.
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686:. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team.
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846:(then Bouterse's headquarters), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as the
835:
826:, Suriname drew closer to Washington and expelled Cuban diplomats, perhaps for fear of U.S. aggression.
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2750:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents"
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1995:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents"
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1823:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponent"
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Supreme Court upheld Bouterse's conviction. He could still request a pardon to Suriname's president
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Thousands of people in Paramaribo conduct a silent march on 10 April 2012 against the amnesty law
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657:, where he was raised by an aunt. He attended St. Jozefschool (a boarding school) and later the
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2802:"Former Suriname dictator vanishes after being sentenced in killings of 15 political opponents"
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United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
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2020:
1707:
1626:
1318:, and Venetiaan again, Bouterse tried repeatedly to return to power through elections. In the
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to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking 474 kg (1,045 lb) of
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discussions had taken place in preparation for the coup," notes historian Rosemarijn Hoefte.
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under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law.
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On 7 and 8 December 1982, fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse's
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661:(roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.
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1202:. A year later, new elections were held that returned the country to civilian rule.
500:
military officer, politician, convicted murderer, and drug trafficker who served as
3627:
2539:"Human Rights Watch: 'Trek de Amnestiewet in' 19-4-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws"
1714:
has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning.
1630:
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806:
778:
540:
532:("Mega combination"), which included the NDP, won the parliamentary elections, and
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After becoming president, Bouterse designated 25 February, the anniversary of the
693:. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base in
543:
violations committed during his military rule in the 1980s. Most notable were the
2845:
1667:
On 23 June 2020, Bouterse announced that he did not want to take his seat in the
3536:
2863:"Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case of the Moiwana Community v. Suriname"
2732:"Suriname court upholds ex-president's conviction over activist murders in 1982"
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1191:
814:
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On 25 February 1980, Bouterse, Horb, and fourteen other sergeants overthrew the
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2161:
Suriname in the Long Twentieth Century: Domination, Contestation, Globalization
749:(Group of Sixteen), led by Bouterse. After the coup, he became chairman of the
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in 1982. He was prosecuted for the murders, and a trial was initiated, but the
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873:
783:
664:
In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into the
654:
2024:
2013:"Former Suriname dictator missing after failing to turn himself in to prison"
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decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for 23 March 2012.
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3276:. Verkiezingensuriname.nl (30 December 2011). Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2826:
1664:, Bouterse's NDP won 26 seats; he was reelected unopposed on 14 July 2015.
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2776:"Suriname court upholds 20-year sentence for ex-president in murder trial"
2064:
1633:, who advises the president about foreign affairs and international laws;
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in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms of
539:
Bouterse is a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numerous
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2705:"Bouterse in militair uniform voor de rechtbank, zitting in maart verder"
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has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to the
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1342:(6 seats), who had left the ruling New Front party before the election.
790:. It was characterized by a high level of government corruption and the
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The NGO Development Foundation » Moiwana Human Rights Organization
1629:, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs;
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818:
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3176:"Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein"
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3098:"Simons voert laatste voorbereidend overleg met fungerend voorzitter"
1299:
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to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa;
672:). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as a
1908:"NOVA – detail – Nieuws – Hoge raad bevestigt veroordeling bouterse"
1797:"Desi Bouterse: Suriname president gets 20 years in jail for murder"
1776:
1563:. The second minister to leave office for personal reasons was Miss
1151:
governments, including Bouterse's government, have failed to do so.
604:
released in 2011, Bouterse was active in the drug trade until 2006.
2639:"Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op – Amnestiewet Suriname – VK"
1687:. Bouterse announced his retirement from politics on 16 July 2020.
1281:
while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to the
1637:, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; and
1187:
1171:, an opponent of Bouterse, was elected president in January 1988.
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Bouterse grants pardon to foster son | 2010 Elections in Suriname
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Desi Bouterse is al een mythe: sportleraar, legerleider, zakenman
3248:. Volkskrant.nl. (30 December 2011) Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
3246:
Bouterse geeft bevriende roofmoordenaar gratie – Buitenland – VK
2482:"Starnieuws – Alleen Wim Carbière vraagt om voortzetting proces"
1969:"Suriname President Bouterse sentenced to 20 years for killings"
1567:, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet.
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After the return of democratic government, led in succession by
1139:
country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation.
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839:
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782:, was allowed to continue publishing, but was subject to heavy
2349:"Starnieuws – "Bouterse heeft Daal en Rambocus doodgeschoten""
1735:, son of President Bouterse, was appointed to head this unit.
745:. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as the
653:
ancestry. As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capital
63:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
18:
1641:, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointed
2974:"Suriname leader's son sentenced to over 16 years in prison"
2557:"Starnieuws – Human Rights Watch: Amnestiewet is belediging"
229:
President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
3202:"Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname"
2301:"Starnieuws – Breaking news: Amnestie voor 8 december 1982"
1753:. "Such people now circulate around the state power", said
2612:"Announcement | Mededeling | Radio Netherlands Worldwide"
3305:"Meriba weer vrij 31-03-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws"
1178:, and a number of Bouterse's opponents were murdered or
960:
On 19 March, five members of Bouterse's political party
504:
from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987, he was Suriname's
2420:"Suriname Grants Amnesty to 'Narco-President' Bouterse"
2319:"The Surinamese amnesty act is a blessing for Bouterse"
1298:
and Panama with DEA operatives posing as Hezbollah and
1182:. Matters came to a head when Bouterse was detained at
953:
witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, the
786:). In 1985, it banned political parties and restricted
2254:"Parbode Surinaams opinie maandblad – Ruben Rozendaal"
1786:. Ndp.sr (24 April 2004). Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
1777:
According to the Statutes of the DNP written as Desiré
1235:, since Bouterse was convicted before his election as
563:
which pitted his government first against the maroon
3258:"Controversy as Bouterse grants pardon to foster son"
3072:"Bouterse heeft niet bewilligd voor lidmaatschap DNA"
2045:
Bouterse achterachterkleinkind van Zeeuwse boerenzoon
1334:, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (
915:
Frank Wijngaarde, journalist (with Dutch citizenship)
3033:
Suriname's Bouterse Secures Second Presidential Term
3287:"Starnieuws – Meriba aangehouden voor mishandeling"
2500:"Grote teleurstelling over goedkeuring amnestiewet"
1373:Labor, Technological Development & Environment
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3124:"Kandidaatstelling Santokhi en Brunswijk een feit"
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798:of fifteen opponents in 1982, Bouterse closed the
2594:"Bouterse: "Nederland, de tijden zijn veranderd""
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980:decided whether the trial would continue or not.
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2836:. Ngocaribbean.org. Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2141:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2059:
2057:
1499:Spatial Planning, Land- & Forest Management
1359:His cabinet consisted of the following members:
3046:"Bouterse bewilligt niet voor lidmaatschap DNA"
3264:30 December 2011; Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
1884:Court in Surinam convicts Bouterse to 20 years
3597:
3477:
805:He established diplomatic relations with the
768:The military dictatorship imposed an evening
8:
2941:"Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk"
2123:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010
1939:"Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk"
1269:On 29 August 2013, Dino was arrested by the
327:25 February 1980 – 27 November 1987
2962:, Countrywatch; Retrieved on 26 August 2016
2464:"Geen moleculen van bloed aan mijn vingers"
2173:
2171:
2169:
3604:
3590:
3582:
3484:
3470:
3462:
3336:
2518:"Reporters Without Borders tegen amnestie"
2280:"Amnesty law change may end current trial"
1710:, as a national holiday. Former president
1699:; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of the
1043:On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime minister
964:and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party
842:attempt on 11 March 1982, were brought to
151:
140:
56:about living persons that is unsourced or
3814:Surinamese politicians of Chinese descent
2887:"Suriname Coup Leaders Had Power Already"
1618:, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairman
1013:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
241:30 August 2013 – 4 December 2014
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3231:"Bouterse eert plegers staatsgreep 1980"
2999:"Enorme winst voor Bouterse in Suriname"
1866:Omstreden Bouterse beëdigd als president
1361:
1210:On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was convicted
1030:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
621:Bouterse was born on 13 October 1945 in
586:On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was sentenced
2576:"Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op"
2236:"Misiekaba: Dit is een politiek proces"
1848:Bouterse gekozen tot president Suriname
1769:
1671:even though he had been elected in the
1559:, also a member of the political party
1551:The first minister of Spatial Planning
1529:Transport, Communication & Tourism
920:On 10 December 1982 Bouterse stated on
2689:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2682:
2134:
1993:Rozenblad, Gerold (20 December 2023).
1625:The president's four top advisors are
181:12 August 2010 – 16 July 2020
2222:"Ex-Suriname head faces murder trial"
2155:
2153:
1119:, led by Bouterse's former bodyguard
1051:2019 conviction by the military court
751:National Military Council of Suriname
526:, Bouterse's political alliance, the
491:
7:
3794:Surinamese people of Chinese descent
2446:"Bouterse vraagt mogelijk vergeving"
1662:2015 Surinamese legislative election
1320:2010 Surinamese legislative election
1148:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
602:United States diplomatic cables leak
3804:Surinamese people of French descent
3150:"Breaking: NDP dient geen lijst in"
2972:Neumeister, Larry (10 March 2015).
1691:Controversial honouring of the coup
1606:had served as the secretary of the
1040:did not agree with these requests.
737:government with a violent military
284:4 July 1987 – 13 July 2024
3834:Fugitives wanted on murder charges
3799:Surinamese people of Dutch descent
2385:"President Bouterse works to put "
1322:, Bouterse and his coalition, the
794:of political opponents. After the
14:
3759:People convicted of drug offenses
2730:Kuipers, Ank (20 December 2023).
2147:. historiek.net. 25 februari 2010
1701:Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
1657:of the Central Bank of Suriname.
1306:President of Suriname (2010–2020)
1115:Maroon group better known as the
3779:Royal Netherlands Army personnel
3703:
3570:
3505:
3324:
2912:Neilan, Terence (17 July 1999).
1757:, former president of Suriname.
1673:2020 Surinamese general election
518:. In 1987, Bouterse founded the
23:
3774:Politicians convicted of murder
3444:President pro tempore of UNASUR
2950:, Radio Nederland, 21 July 2010
2366:Stabroek, ed. (24 March 2012).
2224:. Al Jazeera. 21 February 2009.
1275:Drug Enforcement Administration
666:armed forces of the Netherlands
571:, led by his former bodyguard,
456:
3744:Leaders who took power by coup
3035:Voice of America, 14 July 2015
2960:"Suriname 2016 Country Review"
2852:, Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2422:. 10 July 2012. Archived from
2256:. 14 July 2012. Archived from
1937:Brader, Peggy (21 July 2010).
1574:(Sport- & Youth Affairs),
1:
3789:Surinamese military personnel
2976:. Yahoo! News. Archived from
1886:. wpxi news 29 November 2019.
1507:Social Affairs & Housing
1019:Reaction from the Netherlands
912:Robby Sohansingh, businessman
906:Jiwansingh Sheombar, military
891:Sugrim Oemrawsingh, scientist
727:Commander of the Armed Forces
555:in 1986 against a village of
496:; born 13 October 1945) is a
1586:(Regional Development), and
1161:30 September 1987 referendum
925:commander of the battalion,
882:, journalist and businessman
679:Koninklijke Militaire School
34:biography of a living person
3784:Surinamese drug traffickers
3764:People from Wanica District
1697:1980 Surinamese coup d'état
1653:(IMF) official, as the new
1651:International Monetary Fund
1518:Sport- & Youth Affairs
1480:Public Works & Traffic
838:or were connected with the
61:must be removed immediately
3850:
3715:* denotes acting Commander
3208:(in Dutch). Archived from
2163:, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014
1351:Vice President of Suriname
1086:
909:Jozef Slagveer, journalist
3712:
3701:
3623:
3568:
3512:
3503:
3450:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3390:Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
3386:
3380:National Democratic Party
3376:
3371:
3366:
3353:National Military Council
3349:
3344:
3339:
2946:22 September 2012 at the
1614:of Regional Development.
1104:in the east of Suriname.
1009:Reporters Without Borders
894:Lesley Rahman, journalist
870:Kenneth Gonçalves, lawyer
867:Cyrill Daal, union leader
520:National Democratic Party
516:a period of military rule
493:[ˈdeːsiˈbʌutərsə]
478:
417:National Democratic Party
373:
320:
315:National Military Council
307:Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
277:
272:National Democratic Party
234:
174:
162:
150:
16:8th President of Suriname
3617:Armed Forces of Suriname
3367:Party political offices
2071:, 14 May 2005 (in Dutch)
1782:20 December 2013 at the
1578:(Justice & Police),
903:Harold Riedewald, lawyer
824:U.S. invasion of Grenada
711:Bond voor Militair Kader
674:non-commissioned officer
659:Middelbare Handelsschool
625:, located in Suriname's
510:leader after conducting
3819:Politicide perpetrators
3809:Surinamese Pentecostals
3262:Stabroek News – Guyana,
1943:Radio Nederland archive
1415:Finance & Planning
1155:Transition to democracy
670:Nederlandse Krijgsmacht
575:, and then against the
561:Surinamese Interior War
157:Official portrait, 2010
3769:Presidents of Suriname
2832:7 October 2011 at the
2402:"BEP-fractie liep weg"
2208:thecuttingedgenews.com
2121:"Desi Bouterse (1945)"
1502:Steven Relyveld (NDP)
1483:Rabin Parmessar (NDP)
1163:. Elections were held
1109:Suriname Guerrilla War
1084:
992:
800:University of Suriname
730:
485:Desiré Delano Bouterse
387:Desiré Delano Bouterse
48:Please help by adding
3693:Henri van Axeldongen*
3412:President of Suriname
3016:"Presidential pardon"
1488:Regional Development
1437:Justice & Police
1430:Don soejit Tosendjojo
1426:Trade & Industry
1079:
1005:Amnesty International
990:
858:John Baboeram, lawyer
853:The 15 victims were:
836:military dictatorship
776:(only one newspaper,
724:
502:President of Suriname
169:President of Suriname
3824:Surinamese murderers
3333:at Wikimedia Commons
2980:on 20 September 2016
2185:. 14 September 2012.
2179:"Timeline: Suriname"
1999:The Associated Press
1685:uncontested election
1553:Martinus Sastroredjo
1146:In August 2005, the
1028:and the then ruling
888:, university teacher
489:Dutch pronunciation:
54:Contentious material
3690:Robert Kartodikromo
3373:New political party
2671:on 30 November 2019
2159:Rosemarijn Hoefte,
2098:on 3 September 2016
2019:. 12 January 2024.
1600:Ginmardo Kromosoeto
1239:in 2010, he has no
788:freedom of assembly
741:, now known as the
629:. He was born in a
3696:Werner Kioe A Sen*
3527:Fred Ramdat Misier
3397:Political offices
3212:on 15 January 2021
2918:The New York Times
2893:. 27 December 1990
2782:. 20 December 2023
2756:. 20 December 2023
2204:"The Cutting Edge"
1829:. 20 December 2023
1803:. 30 November 2019
1740:Etienne Boerenveen
1677:Soewarto Moestadja
1647:Gillmore Hoefdraad
1616:Abigail Lie A Kwie
1588:Simon Martosatiman
1557:Simon Martosatiman
1458:Natural Resources
1302:drug traffickers.
1102:Marowijne District
1085:
1026:Dutch Labour Party
1001:Human Rights Watch
993:
792:summary executions
731:
439:(divorced)
356:Office established
344:Fred Ramdat Misier
3721:
3720:
3579:
3578:
3547:Jules Wijdenbosch
3460:
3459:
3451:Succeeded by
3429:Diplomatic posts
3419:Succeeded by
3387:Succeeded by
3378:President of the
3361:Office abolished
3340:Military offices
3329:Media related to
3309:dewest-online.com
2808:. 13 January 2024
2711:. 22 January 2020
2543:dewest-online.com
2329:on 4 October 2013
2240:NOS (Netherlands)
1973:www.aljazeera.com
1918:on 5 October 2013
1669:National Assembly
1627:Jules Wijdenbosch
1610:and was made the
1582:(Public Health),
1580:Celsius Waterberg
1549:
1548:
1492:Stanley Betterson
1383:Interior Affairs
1316:Jules Wijdenbosch
898:Surendre Rambocus
747:Groep van zestien
581:Tucayana Amazonas
549:National Assembly
514:and establishing
482:
481:
295:Party established
270:President of the
137:
136:
129:
111:
37:needs additional
3841:
3739:December murders
3716:
3707:
3684:
3663:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3552:Ronald Venetiaan
3542:Ronald Venetiaan
3532:Ramsewak Shankar
3509:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3434:Preceded by
3405:Ronald Venetiaan
3402:Preceded by
3351:Chairman of the
3337:
3328:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:Dagblad Suriname
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2914:"World Briefing"
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2667:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:on 22 April 2012
2614:. Archived from
2608:
2602:
2601:
2600:. 21 April 2012.
2590:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2524:. 30 March 2012.
2514:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2470:. 14 April 2012.
2460:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2325:. Archived from
2315:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2091:. Archived from
2086:
2078:
2072:
2061:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1945:. Archived from
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1755:Ronald Venetiaan
1748:
1712:Ronald Venetiaan
1643:Cliffton Limburg
1590:. The ministers
1576:Martin Misiedjan
1393:Foreign Affairs
1362:
1332:Ronnie Brunswijk
1324:Mega Combination
1312:Ronald Venetiaan
1206:Drug trafficking
1184:Schiphol Airport
1169:Ramsewak Shankar
1165:two months later
1127:to neighbouring
1121:Ronnie Brunswijk
1089:Moiwana massacre
1081:Moiwana massacre
1072:Moiwana massacre
1062:justice minister
950:December Murders
880:André Kamperveen
848:December murders
830:December murders
796:December murders
774:freedom of press
772:, and curtailed
753:and as such the
725:Bouterse as the
573:Ronnie Brunswijk
553:Moiwana massacre
545:December murders
495:
490:
460:
458:
440:
400:
396:
394:
378:Personal details
368:Office abolished
364:
352:
325:
313:Chairman of the
303:
291:
282:
260:
248:
239:
218:
210:Ronald Venetiaan
206:
188:
179:
155:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
50:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3699:
3678:
3657:
3649:Ivan Graanoogst
3638:Ivan Graanoogst
3619:
3610:
3580:
3575:
3566:
3522:Henk Chin A Sen
3510:
3499:
3490:
3456:
3447:
3439:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3392:
3383:
3356:
3321:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3102:Suriname Herald
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3050:Suriname Herald
3044:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:. 11 June 2015.
3014:
3013:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2948:Wayback Machine
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2834:Wayback Machine
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2665:www.nytimes.com
2661:"Archived copy"
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2641:. Volkskrant.nl
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2426:on 10 July 2012
2418:
2417:
2413:
2408:. 6 April 2012.
2400:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2260:on 14 July 2012
2252:
2251:
2247:
2242:. 4 April 2012.
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2151:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2069:NRC Handelsblad
2062:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1949:on 15 June 2015
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1864:
1860:
1853:NRC Handelsblad
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1784:Wayback Machine
1775:
1771:
1767:
1742:
1720:
1693:
1620:Paul Somohardjo
1612:deputy minister
1544:Michel Blokland
1347:Robert Ameerali
1340:Paul Somohardjo
1336:Volks Alliantie
1328:Mega Combinatie
1308:
1271:U.S. government
1261:Bouterse's son
1248:Ruben Rozendaal
1246:In April 2012,
1208:
1196:Ivan Graanoogst
1176:Jungle Commando
1157:
1125:Marowijne River
1117:Jungle Commando
1100:village in the
1091:
1074:
1053:
1021:
966:Pertjajah Luhur
946:
927:Paul Bhagwandas
918:
832:
719:
627:Wanica District
619:
569:Jungle Commando
534:on 19 July 2010
512:a military coup
488:
463:
462:
459: 1990)
454:
450:
449:Ingrid Waldring
442:
438:
434:
433:Ingrid Figueira
413:Political party
401:
398:
397:13 October 1945
392:
390:
389:
388:
362:
350:
342:
340:Henk Chin A Sen
338:
326:
321:
301:
289:
283:
278:
258:
246:
240:
235:
216:
204:
195:
192:Robert Ameerali
186:
180:
175:
158:
146:
133:
122:
116:
113:
76:"Dési Bouterse"
70:
68:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3829:Missing people
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3676:Ronni Benschop
3673:
3672:Hedwig Gilaard
3670:
3667:
3664:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3491:
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3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3206:De Ware Tijd
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2978:the original
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2708:
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2424:the original
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2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
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2258:the original
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2182:
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2125:. Retrieved
2100:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2076:
2048:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2017:The Guardian
2016:
2007:
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
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1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
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1916:the original
1911:
1902:
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1831:. Retrieved
1826:
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1721:
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1639:Andy Rusland
1631:Errol Alibux
1624:
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1522:Ismanto Adna
1473:Ashwin Adhin
1448:Agriculture
1419:Andy Rusland
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217:Succeeded by
197:Ashwin Adhin
176:
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43:verification
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3734:1945 births
3679: [
3658: [
3655:Arthy Gorré
3537:Johan Kraag
3454:José Mujica
3128:Star Nieuws
2786:21 December
2760:21 December
1743: [
1708:coup d'état
1675:. As such,
1649:, a former
1511:Alice Amafo
1227:Since 1999
1222:Suri kartel
1213:in absentia
1192:Switzerland
1180:disappeared
815:North Korea
739:coup d'état
735:Henck Arron
633:family of
631:Multiracial
594:Netherlands
589:in absentia
559:during the
351:Preceded by
290:Preceded by
264:José Mujica
247:Preceded by
205:Preceded by
199:(2015–2020)
194:(2010–2015)
3728:Categories
3613:Commanders
3493:Presidents
3448:2013–2014
3416:2010–2020
3384:1987–2024
3357:1980–1987
3346:New office
3235:BN De stem
3182:(in Dutch)
3156:(in Dutch)
3130:(in Dutch)
3104:(in Dutch)
3078:(in Dutch)
3076:GFC Nieuws
3052:(in Dutch)
3003:Volkskrant
2938:(in Dutch)
2871:4 December
2812:13 January
2715:22 January
2709:NOS Nieuws
2675:17 January
2637:Redactie.
2574:Redactie.
2504:amnesty.nl
2430:4 December
2284:amnesty.ch
2264:4 December
2089:unesco.org
2082:"Suriname"
2030:16 January
1978:30 January
1833:14 January
1807:30 January
1765:References
1660:After the
1584:Linus Diko
1572:Paul Abena
1469:Education
1045:Mark Rutte
936:Al Jazeera
900:, military
874:Eddy Hoost
784:censorship
655:Paramaribo
635:Amerindian
617:Early life
577:indigenous
498:Surinamese
393:1945-10-13
117:April 2022
87:newspapers
3180:Waterkant
2984:26 August
2846:"Moiwana"
2780:France 24
2622:1 January
2102:8 January
2025:0261-3077
1912:novatv.nl
1608:president
1368:Minister
1365:Ministry
1291:Hezbollah
1113:guerrilla
862:Bram Behr
565:guerrilla
332:President
323:In office
280:In office
237:In office
177:In office
39:citations
3497:Suriname
3108:28 April
2944:Archived
2830:Archived
2685:cite web
2645:12 March
2333:15 April
2183:BBC News
2137:cite web
1801:BBC News
1780:Archived
1655:governor
1404:Defense
1256:Colombia
1241:immunity
1011:and the
876:, lawyer
755:de facto
707:Roy Horb
507:de facto
468:Children
407:Suriname
65:libelous
3615:of the
3216:13 July
3186:13 July
3082:23 June
3056:23 June
2897:23 June
2806:AP News
2754:AP News
2736:Reuters
2127:4 March
2051:(Dutch)
1953:13 June
1874:(Dutch)
1856:(Dutch)
1827:AP News
1718:Pardons
1535:(ABOP)
1524:(KTPI)
1513:(ABOP)
1494:(ABOP)
1464:(PALU)
1462:Jim Hok
1443:(ABOP)
1432:(abop)
1349:became
1300:Mexican
1229:Europol
1218:cocaine
1094:Moiwana
1083:victims
944:Amnesty
819:bauxite
729:in 1985
699:Germany
695:Seedorf
676:at the
651:Chinese
639:African
623:Domburg
606:Europol
598:cocaine
592:in the
557:Maroons
522:(NDP).
461:
453:
441:
437:
423:Spouses
403:Domburg
101:scholar
3160:8 July
3134:8 July
2023:
1922:9 June
1475:(NDP)
1421:(NDP)
1410:(NDP)
1399:(NDP)
1296:Greece
1279:Panama
1167:, and
1098:Maroon
770:curfew
649:, and
647:French
579:group
567:group
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2923:1 May
2866:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
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1188:Ghana
1096:is a
684:Weert
643:Dutch
455:(
451:
435:
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
3218:2020
3188:2020
3162:2020
3136:2020
3110:2020
3084:2020
3058:2020
2986:2016
2925:2010
2899:2020
2873:2017
2814:2024
2788:2023
2762:2023
2717:2020
2691:link
2677:2022
2647:2014
2624:2014
2432:2017
2335:2012
2266:2017
2143:link
2129:2010
2104:2012
2032:2024
2021:ISSN
1980:2022
1955:2015
1924:2012
1835:2024
1809:2022
1749:and
1598:and
1561:KTPI
1252:FARC
1190:and
1107:The
922:STVS
840:coup
813:and
811:Cuba
691:Dino
383:Born
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