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1494:, became the next duke. During his reign production continued to decrease. The duke himself was more interested in glamorous celebrations and spent more money than he had. This forced him to sell Tobago to the British. During this period, the Commonwealth increased its influence in the political and economic life of the Duchy. Additionally,
1370:, which was the overlord of the Duchy of Courland, supported the landowners. Wilhelm expressed his disappointment with the landowners, but this ended with his removal from the duke's seat in 1616. Finally, Wilhelm left Courland and spent the rest of his life abroad. Thus, Friedrich became the only duke of Courland after 1616.
1662:(reigned 1762–1796) solved this situation by recalling Ernst von Biron from exile in 1763. By doing this, she avoided the possible increase of influence of the Commonwealth in Courland. However, political fighting had exhausted Ernst Biron, and he turned the seat of duke over to his son,
1624:
the following year. From there, through the
Council of the Duke, he continued to control the Duchy, with the agreement of the king of Poland. However, the landowners of Courland disliked the agreement and even refused to follow the regulations of the Council of the Duke.
1568:. Because the law required the duke to reside within the Duchy, the Diet did not recognize him. Because Ferdinand was the last representative of Kettler's family, a remarkable number of candidates tried to gain the dukedom during this period. One favorite was
2448:
1478:(1655–1660). The Swedish army captured Duke Jacob (1658–1660). During this period, the Dutch took over both of Courland's colonies that lacked supplies and manpower, and the merchant fleet and factories suffered destruction. This war ended with the peace
1529:, received a promise from Friedrich Wilhelm that he would marry one of the daughters of the tsar's brother. By having this promise, Peter the Great wished to increase the influence of Russia in Courland. In 1710, Friedrich Wilhelm married
2441:
1540:
1588:
was given responsibility for removing
Maurice de Saxe from Courland. As the result Maurice de Saxe had to leave Courland, and Russia increased its influence. This was achieved in good measure due to service of Peter Lacy who was
1580:, Duchess of Courland at that time. He was elected duke in 1726, but only managed to maintain himself by force of arms till the next year. Russia disliked him and sent an army to western Courland to destroy Maurice's base. When
3325:
1482:(1660). Courland regained Tobago on the basis of the treaty and held it until 1689. Duke Jacob set about restoring the fleet and factories, but the Duchy of Courland never again reached its pre-war level of prosperity.
2434:
1670:(1795). Given a "nice recommendation" by Russia, Duke Peter von Biron gave up his rights to Russia in 1795. With the signing of the final document on March 28, 1795, the Duchy of Courland was incorporated into the
1473:
However, during this time, the Duchy of
Courland remained an object of interest for both Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy, starting the
2457:
1666:, in 1769. But political tumult continued in Courland. Some landowners supported the Commonwealth, some Russia. Ultimately, Russia determined the further fate of Courland when with its allies it began the
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1605:. (Because of the duchy's position as a vassal of the Commonwealth and Ferdinand Kettler's lack of issue, the duchy would otherwise formally have devolved onto the Polish throne.) Anna appointed
1601:, in his successful bid to succeed his father on the Polish throne in the 1730s, agreed to grant Anna of Russia her choice of successor to the Courish duchy in exchange for Russian support in the
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ideas. Metalworking and shipbuilding became much more developed, and powder mills began producing gunpowder. Trading relations developed not only with nearby countries but also with
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and
Denmark. As a result of the war, Russia took control of Swedish Livonia starting in 1710. In Courland, Russia also had such a strong influence that its ambassador,
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Several parts of the
Courish area did not belong to the Duchy. The Order of Livonia had already loaned the Grobiņa district (on the coast of Baltic Sea) to the
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1960:
1310:
Like the other members of the Order, Kettler was German and set about establishing the Duchy along the lines of similar German states. In 1570, he issued the
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Sigismund
Augustus King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania incorporates fiefdoms, Duchies of Courland and Semigalia into the Crown in 1569
1909:
1654:, the next duke. Thus, the Duchy of Courland had two dukes simultaneously thereafter. The situation became extremely tense – one part of the
1441:
1351:). Wilhelm regained the Grobiņa district when he married the daughter of the Duke of Prussia. He also paid out and regained control over the
70:
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2510:
1280:, with the fiefdoms they had hitherto held becoming their estates. In all, Kettler received nearly one-third of the land in the new duchy.
1303:, son of the king of Denmark. He promised to transfer it to the Duchy of Courland after his death, but this plan failed and only later did
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there. The main export goods included ivory, gold, furs and spices. Soon afterwards, in 1652, Courlanders established another colony, in
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1400:, the Duchy reached the peak of its prosperity. During his travels in Western Europe, Jacob became a eager proponent of
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1329:, became the dukes of Courland. They divided the Duchy into two parts in 1596. Friedrich controlled the eastern part,
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Von Biron received remarkable financial support from Russia and invested it in construction – for example, the
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This article is about the early modern duchy. For the short-lived state founded during World War I, see
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with the same name that existed from March 8 to
September 22, 1918. Plans for it to become part of the
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However, relations between the duke and the landowners were quite hostile. In addition, the
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1420:. Jacob established the merchant fleet of the Duchy of Courland, with its main harbours in
1355:
district, but eventually, it fell to the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth. Here he developed
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1389:. The Commonwealth retained the eastern part of the Duchy of Livonia, thereafter called
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1576:, King of Poland. Saxe had managed to gain support and was even mentioned as marrying
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in Polish. Courland was also involved in this war, but did not suffer severe damage.
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was selected as Biron's successor on June 27, 1741, with the support of his cousin
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After the death of
Friedrich Wilhelm, the next candidate for the seat of duke was
1537:, he took ill and died. Anna ruled as the duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730.
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1513:(1700–1721) began between Sweden and Russia with its allies – the Commonwealth,
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33:
1710:
2221:
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737:, were thwarted by Germany's surrender of the Baltic region at the end of the
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from 1727 until his death in 1751. Russian influence increased further when
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1381:. As a result, Sweden gained control of what is today central and northern
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1470:. There the main export goods included sugar, tobacco, coffee and spices.
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1363:, and the new ships delivered the goods of Courland to other countries.
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1620:. Anna Ivanovna died in 1740, resulting in von Biron's exile to
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of his uncle
Ferdinand – a Polish general. During this time the
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1315:
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1643:
carried out a coup on December 6, 1741, and he lost the title.
2408:
1544:
Coin of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia with portrait of
27:
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Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3326:
1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2263:"How the Duchy of Courland was briefly resurrected in 1918"
2148:
German map of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (about 1600)
1658:
accepted von Biron, the other, Carl of Saxony. The Empress
1373:
From 1600 to 1629, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and
16:
1561–1795 Polish–Lithuanian vassal state in the Baltics
2121:
Greater coat of arms of the Dukes of Courland of the
2339:. New York: Lang, Little & Hillman. p. 106.
1685:
1533:(later Empress of Russia), but on his way back from
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58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1377:conducted a war with its main battlefields around
1284:(Jelgava) was designated as the new capital and a
1230:. The part of Latvia between the west bank of the
714:in 1726. On March 28, 1795, it was annexed by the
1616:projected by the distinguished Italian architect
1521:, became the most powerful man in the duchy. The
698:, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominally
179:
1674:and title of Duke of Courland was added to the
1501:Friedrich Casimir died in 1698. His successor,
2240:Volumina Legum, t. II, Petersburg 1859, p. 106
1321:When Gotthard Kettler died in 1587, his sons,
3346:States and territories disestablished in 1795
2785:
2442:
1343:). Wilhelm owned the western part, Courland (
1226:between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the
1171:
207:
151:
8:
710:from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the
193:
165:
1505:, was only six years old and was under the
381:Courlander, Couronian, Courish, Courlandish
137:
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2815:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2449:
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2427:
2016:Appointed by Augustus III, King of Poland
1178:
1164:
772:
264:
129:
1276:. Other members of the Order became the
757:Double-Denar with monogram of Grand Duke
271:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1714
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2337:Sketches of Irish soldiers in every land
2319:History & Culture Academy of Latgale
1446:In 1651 the Duchy established its first
2330:
2328:
2233:
2111:
1629:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
786:
775:
533:
518:
515:27,290 km (10,540 sq mi)
508:
503:
23:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
2207:Couronian colonisation of the Americas
2040:Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden
2033:November 23, 1690 – December 29, 1772
1946:Benigna Gottlieb von Trotha gt Treyden
1939:November 23, 1690 – December 29, 1772
278: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2399:Ritterschaften der Familie in Kurland
2136:Naval Flag of Courland and Semigallia
2065:February 15, 1724 – January 13, 1800
1910:Johanna Magdalene of Saxe-Weissenfels
1442:Curonian colonization of the Americas
1318:the native peasantry on their lands.
523:
486:
473:
460:
456:
421:
408:
404:
394:
7:
1870:January 22, 1698 – January 21, 1711
1757:November 25, 1569 – August 17, 1642
1347:), with his residence in Goldingen (
1034:The First Latvian National Awakening
56:adding citations to reliable sources
2315:"The Fall of Curonian Colonization"
2048:Reappointed by Catherine the Great
1922:Uncle of Frederick William Kettler
1824:January 1, 1682 – January 22, 1698
1789:October 28, 1610 – January 1, 1682
1314:, which allowed the landholders to
1202:was disbanded. On the basis of the
1971:September 25, 1718 – May 12, 1788
1967:Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1792:August 17, 1642 – January 1, 1682
1490:When Jacob died in 1682, his son,
706:and subsequently made part of the
67:"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia"
14:
2252:, t. VI, Petersburg 1860, p. 209.
2163:, the main residence of the dukes
1974:June 27, 1741 – December 6, 1741
1886:Son of Frederick Casimir Kettler
1867:July 19, 1692 – January 21, 1711
1724:November 28, 1561 – May 17, 1587
1498:showed an interest in this area.
1107:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
1072:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
676:Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė
209:Hertigdömet Kurland och Semgallen
181:Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė
3321:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
3261:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2812:Medieval district principalities
2759:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2549:
2168:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2114:
2053:
2021:
1985:
1959:
1927:
1891:
1855:
1821:July 6, 1650 – January 22, 1698
1809:
1777:
1764:Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania
1745:
1721:February 2, 1517 – May 17, 1587
1709:
1682:Dukes of Courland and Semigallia
1339:), with his residence in Mitau (
1288:was to meet there twice a year.
1147:
996:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
797:
644:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
614:
589:
575:
247:
233:
134:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
32:
2403:
2073:Caroline of Waldeck and Pyrmont
1906:January 21, 1711 – May 4, 1737
1903:November 1, 1655 – May 4, 1737
1842:Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg
1796:Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg
1760:May 17, 1587 – August 17, 1642
1652:Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony
1295:. Another district, the former
668:Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste
660:Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen
652:Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ
195:Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen
153:Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste
139:Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ
43:needs additional citations for
3206:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
2101:Son of Ernst Johann von Biron
1997:July 13, 1733 – June 16, 1796
1829:Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen
1368:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
910:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
712:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
684:Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii
288:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
167:Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii
1:
3336:1561 establishments in Europe
2394:Die Kurländische Ritterschaft
2366:The Latvians: A Short History
1564:, who, at the time, lived in
1127:2008 Latvian financial crisis
3331:Historical regions in Latvia
2714:Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)
2082:Yevdokiya Borisovna Yusupova
1804:Nephew of Friedrich Kettler
1639:to get this title ratified,
1603:War of the Polish Succession
741:. The area became a part of
3194:State of the Teutonic Order
2368:, Hoover Institution Press.
1218:. On 25 December 1566, the
1122:Restoration of Independence
745:at the end of World War I.
708:Crown of the Polish Kingdom
3362:
3316:Royal residences in Latvia
3203:Early modern fiefs of the
3189:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
2541:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
1609:duke of Courland in 1737.
1435:
20:
2547:
2212:Ernst Friedrich von Ockel
2000:November 10, 1758 – 1763
1863:Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler
1817:Friedrich Casimir Kettler
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1676:title of Russian emperors
1554:coat of arms of Lithuania
1503:Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler
1268:, the last Master of the
1210:and the northern part of
1102:1944 Soviet re-occupation
763:coat of arms of Lithuania
727:short-lived wartime state
720:Third Partition of Poland
554:
500:
491:Third Partition of Poland
457:
435:
405:
263:
229:
224:
3255:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2749:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2364:Plakans, Andrejs (1995)
2359:University of Washington
2335:McGee, James E. (1873).
2187:Coat of arms of Courland
1772:Son of Gotthard Kettler
1688:
1668:third division of Poland
1633:Maria Theresa of Austria
1312:Privilegium Gotthardinum
1216:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1082:1934 Latvian coup d'état
704:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
540:7.3/km (18.9/sq mi)
307:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2962:Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród
1206:, the southern part of
1198:was dismantled and the
1112:Popular Front of Latvia
1097:The Holocaust in Latvia
895:Principality of Koknese
890:Principality of Jersika
2202:Couronian colonisation
2068:1769 – March 28, 1795
2029:Ernst Johann von Biron
1935:Ernst Johann von Biron
1660:Catherine II of Russia
1648:Augustus III of Poland
1635:, but while he was in
1607:Ernst Johann von Biron
1574:Augustus II the Strong
1557:
1550:coat of arms of Poland
1546:Ernst Johann von Biron
1307:regain this district.
1254:with the exception of
1246:. It was ruled by the
1196:Livonian Confederation
1087:1940 Soviet occupation
1019:Governorate of Livonia
1001:Couronian colonization
770:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
208:
194:
180:
166:
152:
138:
3292:56.63639°N 23.71528°E
1850:Son of Jacob Kettler
1543:
1438:Curonian colonisation
1396:Under the next duke,
1297:Bishopric of Courland
925:Bishopric of Courland
920:Archbishopric of Riga
756:
583:Bishopric of Courland
478:Colonial acquisitions
331:Common languages
3142:Other medieval fiefs
2731:Inflanty (1621–1772)
2004:Franciszka Krasińska
1650:proclaimed his son,
1618:Bartolomeo Rastrelli
1595:Frederick August III
1391:Inflanty Voivodeship
1238:became the Duchy of
1190:In 1561, during the
1024:Courland Governorate
978:Polish–Swedish Wars
968:Inflanty Voivodeship
610:Courland Governorate
52:improve this article
3288: /
2192:Duchess of Courland
1728:Anna of Mecklenburg
1656:Landtag of Courland
1641:Elizabeth of Russia
1614:Castle of Ruhenthal
1591:governor of Livonia
1272:, became the first
1077:War of Independence
1067:United Baltic Duchy
1029:Vitebsk Governorate
986:Second Northern War
947:Early modern period
824:Corded Ware culture
731:United Baltic Duchy
3341:Fiefdoms of Poland
3297:56.63639; 23.71528
3114:Pomerania-Stargard
2828:Seniorate Province
2698:Duchy of Samogitia
2384:Courland 1641–1795
2093:Dorothea von Medem
1913:September 20, 1730
1558:
1511:Great Northern War
1476:Swedish–Polish war
1452:St. Andrews Island
1278:Couronian nobility
1256:Ernst Johann Biron
1214:were ceded to the
1117:Singing Revolution
1013:National Awakening
991:Great Northern War
958:Kingdom of Livonia
771:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3229:Duchy of Oświęcim
3224:Duchy of Siewierz
3137:
3136:
2767:
2766:
2625:Duchy of Siewierz
2425:
2424:
2389:Flags of Courland
2355:Duchy of Courland
2105:
2104:
2078:1 son (stillborn)
1942:June 1737 – 1740
1899:Ferdinand Kettler
1877:November 11, 1710
1753:Friedrich Kettler
1599:Elector of Saxony
1572:, natural son of
1562:Ferdinand Kettler
1492:Friedrich Casimir
1204:Treaty of Vilnius
1188:
1187:
1154:Latvia portal
1062:German occupation
981:
980:(1600–1629)
733:, subject to the
725:There was also a
640:
639:
626:
625:
622:
621:
602:
601:
465:Treaty of Vilnius
424:• 1769–1795
411:• 1561–1587
128:
127:
120:
102:
3353:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3250:
3244:Lębork and Bytów
3239:Duchy of Troppau
3219:Duchy of Prussia
3214:Duchy of Masovia
3129:Lębork and Bytów
3119:Pomerania-Słupsk
2816:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2754:Duchy of Prussia
2634:
2630:Duchy of Siveria
2553:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2404:
2353:Ceaser, Ray A.,
2341:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2172:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2118:
2096:November 6, 1779
2057:
2025:
1989:
1963:
1931:
1895:
1859:
1813:
1781:
1749:
1717:Gotthard Kettler
1713:
1686:
1274:duke of Courland
1266:Gotthard Kettler
1252:House of Kettler
1228:Duchy of Livonia
1180:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1057:Latvian Riflemen
979:
963:Duchy of Livonia
905:Livonian Crusade
801:
791:
773:
694:, then known as
618:
617:
606:
605:
593:
592:
579:
578:
572:
571:
556:
555:
470:28 November 1561
416:Gotthard Kettler
313:Poland–Lithuania
290:
285:
279:
277:
268:
251:
237:
219:
211:
205:
197:
191:
183:
177:
169:
163:
155:
149:
141:
130:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3248:
3204:
3198:
3133:
3095:
3003:
2976:
2952:Brześć Kujawski
2933:
2885:
2847:
2807:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2735:
2702:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2476:Brześć Kujawski
2467:
2460:
2455:
2421:
2419:
2375:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2304:Palkans, p. 50.
2303:
2299:
2288:"Duke Gotthard"
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2076:October 5, 1765
2075:
2061:Peter von Biron
2044:
2042:
2012:
2008:
2006:
1950:
1948:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:October 5, 1675
1831:
1800:
1799:October 9, 1645
1798:
1768:
1766:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1684:
1664:Peter von Biron
1570:Maurice de Saxe
1527:Peter the Great
1519:Pyotr Bestuzhev
1488:
1480:Treaty of Oliwa
1444:
1434:
1387:Swedish Livonia
1385:, which became
1305:Wilhelm Kettler
1293:Duke of Prussia
1260:Peter von Biron
1220:Union of Grodno
1184:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1092:Nazi occupation
1052:
1044:
1043:
1014:
1006:
1005:
973:Swedish Livonia
948:
940:
939:
885:
877:
876:
809:
789:
782:
759:Stephen Báthory
751:
739:First World War
615:
590:
576:
537:
530:~200,000 (1794)
527:
526:• Estimate
512:
493:
480:
467:
429:Peter von Biron
425:
412:
357:
315:
310:
294:
293:
283:
282:
275:
274:
259:
258:
257:
252:
244:
243:
238:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
178:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
135:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Duchy of Zator
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Greater Poland
2857:
2855:
2853:Greater Poland
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2710:
2708:
2707:Polish Livonia
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:Grand Duchy of
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:Greater Poland
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2373:External links
2371:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2306:
2297:
2279:
2254:
2250:Volumina Legum
2242:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:Jelgava Palace
2159:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2123:Kettler family
2120:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2007:March 25, 1760
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:Karl of Saxony
1990:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:Never married
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:St. Petersburg
1874:Anna of Russia
1871:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:April 29, 1691
1825:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:March 14, 1600
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1731:March 11, 1566
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1672:Russian Empire
1578:Anna Ioannovna
1531:Anna Ioannovna
1487:
1484:
1458:, and founded
1433:
1430:
1299:, belonged to
1270:Livonian Order
1222:established a
1200:Livonian Order
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
935:Baltic Germans
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Livonian Order
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
835:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:Ancient Latvia
807:
806:
803:
802:
794:
793:
784:
783:
776:
750:
747:
716:Russian Empire
638:
637:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
612:
603:
600:
599:
597:Livonian Order
594:
586:
585:
580:
568:
567:
562:
552:
551:
546:
542:
541:
538:
536:• Density
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
488:
485:
484:
481:
475:
472:
471:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
426:
423:
420:
419:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
370:Roman Catholic
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
280:
270:
269:
261:
260:
253:
246:
245:
239:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
136:
133:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2820:Lesser Poland
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Brest Litovsk
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2562:Lesser Poland
2557:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2292:archiv.org.lv
2289:
2283:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2085:March 6, 1774
2083:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Jacob Kettler
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:St Petersburg
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:St Petersburg
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Jacob Kettler
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1192:Livonian Wars
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1051:Modern Latvia
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814:Kunda culture
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496:28 March 1795
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63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
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41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
24:
19:
3273:
3260:
2986:Sieradz Land
2758:
2365:
2361:, June 2001.
2348:Bibliography
2336:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
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2245:
2236:
2013:2 daughters
1645:
1627:
1611:
1584:was Empress
1559:
1500:
1489:
1486:18th century
1472:
1456:Gambia River
1445:
1432:Colonization
1402:mercantilist
1395:
1372:
1365:
1357:metalworking
1344:
1334:
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1309:
1290:
1264:
1258:and his son
1189:
1138:
995:
953:Livonian War
872:Semigallians
838:Baltic Finns
765:, minted in
724:
700:vassal state
643:
641:
565:Succeeded by
564:
559:
511:• Total
303:Vassal state
255:Coat of arms
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
18:
3295: /
3013:Lubusz Land
2633:(1619–1635)
2560:Province of
2466:Province of
2272:February 8,
2098:6 children
2045:3 children
1951:3 children
1847:2 children
1801:9 children
1737:3 children
1704:Succession
1525:of Russia,
1468:West Indies
1450:in Africa,
1414:Netherlands
1039:New Current
884:Middle Ages
788:History of
560:Preceded by
440:Legislature
316:(1569–1795)
309:(1561–1569)
3310:Categories
3283:23°42′55″E
3280:56°38′11″N
2957:Inowrocław
2838:Sandomierz
2668:Nowogródek
2615:Sandomierz
2521:Pomeranian
2491:Inowrocław
2267:eng.lsm.lv
2228:References
2222:Semigallia
2036:1763–1769
1838:5 children
1734:Königsberg
1586:Peter Lacy
1460:Jacob Fort
1436:See also:
1244:Semigallia
1236:Baltic Sea
1224:real union
1139:Chronology
857:Latgalians
829:Amber Road
672:Lithuanian
520:Population
386:Government
377:Demonym(s)
188:Lithuanian
108:March 2019
78:newspapers
3253:With the
3179:Wallachia
3164:Volodymyr
3124:Pomerelia
3109:Pomerania
3101:Pomerania
2967:Gniewkowo
2663:Mstsislaw
2645:Lithuania
2610:Ruthenian
2600:Podlaskie
2580:Chernihów
1919:no issue
1883:no issue
1835:The Hague
1769:no issue
1701:Consorts
1695:Lifespan
1689:Portrait
1582:Catherine
1422:Ventspils
1361:shipyards
1331:Semigalia
1323:Friedrich
1250:from the
867:Selonians
862:Curonians
842:Livonians
483:1637–1690
362:Religion
353:Latgalian
225:1561–1795
3174:Moldavia
3149:Kopanica
3091:Oświęcim
3086:Oleśnica
3081:Siewierz
3031:Racibórz
2801:Fiefdoms
2678:Smolensk
2620:Volhynia
2605:Podolian
2511:Masovian
2379:Courland
2197:Courland
2181:See also
2089:no issue
1980:Elected
1954:Elected
1552:and the
1418:Portugal
1240:Courland
1234:and the
779:a series
777:Part of
761:and the
686:) was a
545:Currency
390:Monarchy
366:Lutheran
348:Livonian
3169:Podolia
3071:Cieszyn
3046:Legnica
3021:Silesia
3009:Silesia
2999:Sieradz
2994:Łęczyca
2982:Łęczyca
2972:Dobrzyń
2947:Kuyavia
2939:Kuyavia
2899:Masovia
2891:Masovia
2871:Gniezno
2843:Wiślica
2722:Parnawa
2693:Vitebsk
2688:Vilnius
2575:Bracław
2536:Sieradz
2506:Malbork
2501:Łęczyca
2486:Gniezno
2481:Chełmno
2217:Livonia
2108:Gallery
2087:Jelgava
1622:Siberia
1507:regency
1466:in the
1454:at the
1406:Britain
1353:Piltene
1349:Kuldīga
1345:Kurzeme
1341:Jelgava
1336:Zemgale
1327:Wilhelm
1286:Landtag
1208:Estonia
749:History
718:in the
702:of the
696:Livonia
690:in the
664:Latvian
489:•
476:•
463:•
450:History
444:Landtag
418:(first)
343:Latvian
321:Capital
216:Swedish
160:Latvian
92:scholar
3066:Lwówek
3041:Lubusz
3036:Głogów
2914:Warsaw
2904:Czersk
2881:Wieluń
2876:Kalisz
2866:Poznań
2833:Kraków
2805:Poland
2726:Wenden
2718:Dorpat
2683:Trakai
2673:Połock
2595:Lublin
2590:Kraków
2526:Poznań
2496:Kalisz
2010:Warsaw
1916:Danzig
1740:First
1698:Reign
1597:, the
1566:Danzig
1556:, 1764
1515:Saxony
1496:Russia
1464:Tobago
1448:colony
1412:, the
1410:France
1383:Latvia
1375:Sweden
1316:enserf
1301:Magnus
1212:Latvia
1194:, the
900:Tālava
790:Latvia
781:on the
769:, 1578
743:Latvia
680:Polish
656:German
635:Latvia
549:Thaler
453:
431:(last)
401:
338:German
299:Status
286:
284:
276:
212:
202:German
198:
184:
174:Polish
170:
156:
142:
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3184:Caffa
3159:Chełm
3154:Spisz
3076:Brzeg
3061:Bytom
3056:Żagań
3051:Jawor
3026:Opole
2929:Wizna
2909:Płock
2741:Fiefs
2658:Minsk
2516:Płock
1692:Name
1646:King
1426:Libau
1282:Mitau
1248:dukes
852:Balts
846:Vends
833:Aesti
767:Mitau
688:duchy
648:Latin
325:Mitau
146:Latin
99:JSTOR
85:books
3011:and
2924:Belz
2919:Rawa
2585:Kiev
2570:Bełz
2531:Rawa
2274:2023
2091:(3)
2080:(2)
2071:(1)
2043:1723
1949:1723
1840:(2)
1827:(1)
1523:Tsar
1440:and
1424:and
1416:and
1379:Riga
1359:and
1325:and
1242:and
642:The
505:Area
397:Duke
311:and
241:Flag
71:news
2803:of
678:;
305:of
54:by
3312::
2724:,
2720:,
2716::
2357:,
2327:^
2317:.
2290:.
2265:.
1678:.
1548:,
1428:.
1408:,
1262:.
844:,
831:/
722:.
682::
674::
670:;
666::
662:;
658::
654:;
650::
368:,
2984:-
2793:e
2786:t
2779:v
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2443:t
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2321:.
2294:.
2276:.
1333:(
1179:e
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96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
