510:
77:
960:
1463:
1208:
3667:
1196:
2373:(HRE) was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Northern Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducal families every agnate would bear the ducal title of the family as a
2960:
2014:
3185:, a Mongolian royal and noble rank from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord", analogous to Duke. After revolutions and the falling Empire system in those countries (changing the ruling system to democratic and republic systems), those Khans and the other equal ranks titles added to the titleholder's surnames, and the ranking system, as usual, was disqualified as an official ranking.
699:", and that "By 1205, England had lost most of its French lands, including Normandy. However, the Channel Islands, part of the lost Duchy, remained a self-governing possession of the English Crown. While the islands today retain autonomy in government, they owe allegiance to The King in his role as Duke of Normandy."
2234:), who also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The
3140:
Like other major
Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent,
1598:
Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such
785:
and it seems that dukes ruled over these areas. They were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king, most notably in the latter period before
864:
The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies. The dukes were the highest-ranking officials in the realm, typically
Frankish (whereas the counts were often Gallo-Roman), and formed the class from which the kings'
2202:) and received the title of Duchess of Västergötland. The practice of conferring ducal titles has since extended to Swedish princesses as well as princes. Currently, there are five dukes and four duchesses in their own right. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to ten of the
1994:
823:
in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the
Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the
1575:
for lack of male heirs of the initial grantee. Henrietta, 2nd
Duchess of Marlborough and Her Highness Princess Alexandra (HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught), 2nd Duchess of Fife were duchesses in their own right. Both were succeeded in their titles by nephews born by younger sisters of the
609:
dynasty) in
Portugal (though now a republic), Spain, and the United Kingdom. In Sweden, members of the royal family are given a personal dukedom at birth. The Pope, as a temporal sovereign, has also, though rarely, granted the title of duke or duchess to persons for services to the
3180:
in Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iran after
Mongolian war against them, was added as generals and kings of districts or states. In the Kingdom of Persians and Ottomans, the systems cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts so they called those generals and kings as
934:
The stem duchies were the constituent duchies of the kingdom of
Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (the death of Louis the Child in 911) and the transitional period leading to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire later in the 10th century.
3601:), literally means chief of town or territory, which is equivalent to the title of Duke. All royals were given the honor to possess at least one territory by the King. They all were mostly called by their possessions. For instance, Burma's last king,
844:, in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal
1570:
All dukedoms in the UK apart from the Duchy of
Lancaster are inherited through the male line only, although dukedoms such as Marlborough and Fife (second creation) have passed through the female line for one generation under terms of a
586:: in the United Kingdom and Spain all dukes are/were also peers of the realm, in France some were and some were not, while the term is not applicable to dukedoms of other nations, even where an institution similar to the peerage (e.g.
662:
holds both the dukedom (title) and duchy (estate holdings), the latter being the source of his personal income; those living on the ducal estates are subjects of the
British sovereign and owe neither fealty nor services to the duke
694:
in 1259, the Crown still maintains that the title is retained: "In 1106, William's youngest son Henry I seized the Duchy of
Normandy from his brother Robert; since that time, the English sovereign has always held the title
2342:
The theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late 13th century, when some of the peerage (the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.
439:
3229:; sometimes translated as "Duke", sometimes as "Lord") was sparingly granted. Under the principle of "Three Deferences and Two Royal Descendants" (三恪二王後), the three former royal houses were granted the title of
4030:
Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde : revue géographique et ethnographique de la Malaisie, de la Micronésie, de la Polynésie et de la Mélanésie, ainsi que ses nouvelles classifications et divisions de ces
851:
The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the duke pool when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and
2346:
At the end of this same century, the king elevated some counties into duchies, a practice that increased up until the Revolution. Many of these duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').
1434:
was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch.
3253:, including the patriarch of a lineage, a non-inheritable title signifying a very broad and senior position within the court, or a respectful appellation for any regional ruler or deceased ancestor.
1925:
1153:
690:, the last vestiges of the lands of the Duchy of Normandy. The Islanders in their loyal toast will say "Le Roi, notre Duc" (The King, Our Duke). Though the title was apparently renounced under the
1343:
All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes. In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day.
2805:(inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.
1239:
432:
1583:
Dukes of Lancaster are called dukes even when they are female, and by tradition the monarch of the UK, whether male or female, is known in the Channel Islands as the Duke of Normandy.
1623:
2186:
reinstated the appointment of titular dukes but as a non-hereditary title for his brothers. Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth. When the
2129:
Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a Duke of Finland during the Swedish reign (until 1809). Some of the provinces are still considered duchies for the purposes of heraldry.
3756:
2312:; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th-century dukes, cousins of the kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt)
1528:
2614:. As in the later Roman Empire, it remained a military office and was not a feudal or hereditary rank. In the 10th century, it was given to the military commanders over several
1619:
1564:
3286:. The title during the Han was inferior to that of prince (諸侯王), which was only available to imperial princes. The "five ranks of nobles" were implemented as such during the
425:
3249:(宋). According to tradition, these states were considered the king's guests rather than subjects. However, recent scholarship has identified multiple other meanings for
888:
were commonly employed instead of duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. But the titles were basically equivalent.
1602:
Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as a part of Sweden) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.
3809:
3095:
3065:
In the late 15th and early 16th century, the kingdom of Georgia collapsed and most of the western Georgian dukes became princes. In the 19th century the title of
2179:
Sweden has a history of making the sons of its kings ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Only one non-royal person was ever given a dukedom.
3103:
1751:
of the monarch, other dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as
711:, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.
3980:
3694:
2145:
in 1217, and as such got responsibility for the army, and then in 1237, as another attempt at compromise, Skule was given the first Norwegian title of duke (
1232:
1924:
Usually, the title of duke was granted to relatives of the royal family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as
4117:
1344:
2938:
After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke no longer existed in the Netherlands. There is, however, one exception; the title
3328:
to recognize distinguished civil and military officials. These could include a taxable base for the official, or could be purely honorary. For example,
3460:
3090:
duke was the highest rank for people born outside the imperial house and only three dukedoms were created. Two of these titles were for relatives of
601:
During the 19th century, many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by dukes or grand dukes. But at present, with the exception of the
1325:
1313:
in 1337. Upon the death of the Black Prince, the duchy of Cornwall passed to his nine-year-old son, who would eventually succeed his grandfather as
2101:, a complex system of appanages were created for male-line descendants of the king, being granted non-sovereign ducal titles in both Schleswig and
3421:
1613–1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of
3135:
1333:
1225:
3448:(Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure.
3122:
dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes. They were short-lived and only recognized in the country.
2199:
3274:) attributed to the Western Zhou dynasty. However, the title was not in use until the end of the Western Han, granted to the descendants of the
2774:
as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as
2117:
and Duke of Nordborg. This arrangement occurred in both territories despite Schleswig being a fief of Denmark and Holstein being a fief of the
2060:, in personal union with the Danish crown, was nonetheless always a German principality. The two duchies jointly became a member of the German
1599:
titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
1159:
1543:). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as "Your Grace" and referred to as "His Grace". Currently, there are thirty-five dukedoms in the
4013:
3660:
1418:. Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne. When the
1149:
724:
3848:
3233:; however, not all scholars recognize such a tradition in the Western Zhou dynasty. For that dynasty, this would be the descendants of the
2946:) still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e., the king or queen of the Netherlands).
1611:
1427:
1329:
2545:
dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal. These duchies usually were
2356:
1955:
1352:
1328:, but became extinct upon the duke's death in 1361. The following year, Edward III bestowed the title (2nd creation) on his fourth son,
1257:
In Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the highest political rank beneath that of king was
595:
545:
where it continued in several contexts, signifying a rank equivalent to a captain or general. Later on, in the 11th century, the title
3739:
3169:. Thus, a Rao (in the ruling system) or a Jagirdar, Deshmukh, Patil, and Zamindar (in a feudal way) are closely equivalent to a Duke.
3131:
1443:
514:
3830:
3007:
1760:
591:
2712:
865:
generals were chosen in times of war. The dukes met with the king every May to discuss policy for the upcoming year, the so-called
3917:
Li Feng (2008). "Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the "Five Ranks"". In Dieter Kuhn; Helga Stahl (eds.).
2476:
1701:
1431:
4171:
3309:
Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as a hereditary office of the
66:
2985:
1963:
1134:
978:
605:, there are no dukes ruling as monarchs. Duke remains the highest hereditary title (aside from titles borne by a reigning or
655:
is a fully independent state and its head, the Grand Duke, is a sovereign monarch reigning over his Luxembourgish subjects.
621:
A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is married to a duke, is normally styled duchess.
509:
475:, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ranked below princes and grand dukes. The title comes from French
2293:
with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.
2009:(Latin for "Duke of the Swedes"); the design of his coronet combined those used by continental European and English dukes.
1705:
1560:
1102:
881:
747:
651:
A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke, whereas his title or area is often called a dukedom. The
3577:. He is barred from wearing a crown as a matter of tradition and is generally seen as the reigning representative of his
3438:
2836:
and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.
1838:
1426:
on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown.
1144:
518:
1946:
Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a royal dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the
1615:
950:
1929:
1535:
has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (excepting the
959:
3783:
4088:
4043:
2616:
2528:
2433:
1281:
856:, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions.
751:
3702:
3287:
3153:
cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts. The closest equivalent to the title of Sovereign Duke is
797:(city district). The cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the
2875:
1941:
1878:
was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with
1512:
Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any
746:, so Robert received Achaea from John in exchange for 5,000 ounces of gold and the rights to the diminished
652:
3445:
3208:
2970:
2926:
2187:
1913:
1552:
1423:
1306:
1129:
1092:
31:
1527:
In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a
3971:
1332:, who was also married to the first duke's daughter. On the same day Edward III also created his second son,
2989:
2974:
2826:
Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy I Oldenburgskiy I prochaya, I prochaya, i prochaya
2720:
2195:
1454:
over the ensuing century. England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day.
1169:
500:
origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province. In most countries, the word
679:, but it is held separately from the Crown, with the income of the duchy estates providing the sovereign's
76:
4106:
3490:
3329:
2724:
2687:
2098:
1844:
1637:
1439:
743:
691:
671:
as well, but this is a dukedom (title) without a duchy. Similarly, the British monarch rules and owns the
39:
3026:
is equivalent to duke. The word means "head of the nation" or "head of the army". A duke ruled a duchy (
4156:
3263:
3216:
3212:
2981:
2844:
2809:
2456:
1815:
1447:
1314:
1302:
1212:
739:
35:
3294:, usurpers typically sought the title of duke, then prince, before compelling the monarch to abdicate.
3141:
especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank.
2594:) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary.
2591:
2114:
1966:. In Spain all dukes hold the court rank of grandee, which has precedence over all other noble titles.
1490:
1374:
By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York,
3110:. None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system.
2226:
The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original
3537:
3502:
3099:
2871:
2511:
2480:
2444:
2183:
2110:
1903:
1879:
1871:
1829:
was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of king.
1772:
1633:
1139:
896:
542:
366:
46:
3484:
2910:
2898:
2587:
2284:
2245:
2203:
1848:
1548:
1087:
1060:
735:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4166:
3949:
3894:
3291:
3107:
2848:
2683:
2654:
2534:
2496:
2289:
2149:). There is no indication that those two titles meant the same thing, or was mixed. He was first
2083:
2067:
1947:
1852:
1822:
1669:
1661:
1641:
1592:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1407:
1364:
1348:
1097:
1082:
1027:
904:
762:
687:
672:
606:
3552:, the enogie is expected to rule his domain as he sees fit, subject to the approval of the oba.
3381:), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example, a sister of the king
4005:
3999:
866:
4009:
3826:
3803:
3735:
3638:
3628:
3482:
have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a
3434:
3407:
3310:
3091:
3032:
2572:
2507:
2472:
2381:
2370:
2327:
2174:
2138:
2118:
2102:
2061:
1982:
1970:
1917:
1856:
1799:
1752:
1689:
1673:
1649:
1572:
1536:
1498:
1368:
1321:
1297:
877:
873:
841:
829:
782:
731:
676:
634:
626:
573:
565:
413:
58:
3932:
Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1996). "The Concept of Wen in the Ancient Chinese Ancestral Cult".
1889:
There are examples of duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble houses:
1563:, held by thirty different people, as three people hold two dukedoms and two hold three (see
4161:
3941:
3886:
3548:
is usually referred to as a duke in English. Often a cadet of the dynasty that produces the
3530:
3321:
3298:
3200:
3150:
3119:
3087:
2863:
2840:
2576:
2537:
no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as
2488:
2448:
2437:
2421:
2405:
2316:
2301:
2256:
2018:
1993:
1974:
1897:
1893:
1756:
1709:
1677:
1653:
1645:
1403:
1379:
1337:
1310:
1124:
969:
696:
668:
659:
493:
325:
189:
2086:
to a younger son of the monarch. Short-lived dukedoms were created for the same purpose in
1462:
3731:
3725:
3648:
3633:
3574:
3325:
2650:
2580:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2425:
2215:
2191:
2106:
2022:
1959:
1860:
1736:
1720:
1713:
1665:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1395:
1375:
1270:
1200:
1050:
825:
630:
382:
91:
3593:
era of 11th century, each and every single one of the royal family received the title of
2567:
In the Jagiellonian era (1490–1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty:
4151:
3655:
3643:
3271:
3258:
2918:
2867:
2859:
2829:
2779:
2767:
2716:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2638:
2634:
2611:
2417:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2374:
2056:(a portion of which later became part of Germany). Its southern neighbor, the duchy of
1907:
1697:
1681:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1181:
810:
489:
480:
242:
216:
177:
3666:
1195:
529:(which separated the civilian and military administrations of the Roman provinces), a
4145:
4125:
3898:
3569:
3377:
3373:
3333:
3275:
3238:
2775:
2751:
2429:
2236:
1883:
1864:
1768:
1764:
1748:
1740:
1451:
1360:
408:
144:
139:
134:
4111:
3058:
only for Georgian dukes. When talking about foreign dukes, they use the German word
2787:
1928:, who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of
614:. In some realms the relative status of "duke" and "prince", as titles borne by the
3549:
3545:
3411:
3403:
3246:
3221:
3204:
3182:
2833:
2824:, especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor:
2813:
2699:
2642:
2556:
1875:
1821:
principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled duke. A few (as Portugal
1693:
1685:
1657:
1478:
1356:
622:
468:
460:
237:
201:
149:
124:
119:
2296:
The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:
618:
rather than by members of reigning dynasties, varied—e.g., in Italy and Germany.
3975:
3605:
was called by his possession, when he was a prince, of a town Thibaw (Hsipaw in
3602:
3578:
3382:
3352:, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into
3234:
3154:
3044:
2959:
2568:
2499:
and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon duchies were the sovereign ducal families.
1998:
1791:
1521:
1419:
1164:
918:
892:
758:
708:
680:
555:
2252:(in Champagne; who crowns and anoints the king, traditionally in his cathedral)
2013:
492:
to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of
3890:
3606:
3564:
3560:
3514:
3510:
3306:
3242:
3048:
3027:
2906:
2763:
2560:
1788:
1776:
1517:
939:
602:
578:
547:
526:
472:
156:
4074:. Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana nhaṅʻʹ ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Cā kraññʻʹ Tuikʻ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna. 2001.
3967:
3534:
3506:
3349:
3302:
3279:
2882:
2802:
2798:
2695:
2691:
2078:
Beginning in the 11th century, Danish kings frequently awarded the title of
2049:
1978:
1818:
1811:
1258:
1055:
900:
778:
403:
299:
294:
284:
268:
103:
3069:
was abolished by the Russian conquerors and the former dukes took the word
2783:
720:
3671:
1284:, their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman
3618:
3195:
3022:
2735:
Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual ruler titles,
2704:
2679:
2622:
2538:
2503:
2401:
2221:
2057:
1843:
In Portugal, the title of duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to
1744:
1471:
1442:
at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit. It was restored to his son
1023:
1014:
1004:
816:
667:. In Scotland, the male heir apparent to the British crown is always the
615:
611:
464:
387:
330:
309:
289:
279:
232:
227:
184:
161:
3757:"Felipe VI no ha concedido un solo título nobiliario en todo su reinado"
4098:
Lewis, Archibald R. "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751".
3397:
3283:
2855:
2791:
2759:
2755:
2750:
petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish
2274:
2270:(in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment)
2091:
2087:
2037:
2033:
2029:
1951:
1882:), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of
1732:
1467:
885:
853:
845:
587:
583:
398:
361:
356:
247:
86:
3953:
3226:
1644:". Ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include
551:
was introduced for the post of commander-in-chief of the entire navy.
3454:
3337:
3040:
2771:
2747:
2626:), and in the late 11th century it became used for the governor of a
2542:
2492:
2397:
2385:
2227:
2041:
1763:
held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as
1486:
1482:
790:
560:
377:
351:
335:
304:
206:
172:
17:
3360:
was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of
3945:
2816:; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification
2782:, including (there are often also important Latin or German forms)
2380:
In Northern Italy some important sovereign ducal families were the
576:, the highest-ranking peers of the king. A duke may or may not be,
3623:
3590:
3393:
3166:
3162:
3158:
2754:
are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such:
2737:
2452:
2045:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1513:
1461:
1285:
1019:
837:
646:
569:
568:. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the
508:
497:
456:
340:
320:
258:
27:
Noble or royal title in some European countries and their colonies
2893:
meaning "duke" in the Middle Ages, whereas Latin for "prince" is
3921:. Würzberg: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften. pp. 103–134.
3429:. Prior to the unification of Java by Sultan Agung, independent
2633:
When the Catholic crusaders overran the Byzantine Empire in the
2413:
2267:
1277:
1009:
263:
211:
114:
98:
1969:
The last non-royal hereditary dukedom created was the title of
1767:) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical
3877:
Pines, Yuri (2020). "Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts".
3556:
3270:
was interpreted as the highest in the "five ranks of nobles" (
2953:
1886:
and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.
819:
entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders
484:
3784:"Felipe VI cierra el grifo de los condes, duques y marqueses"
3501:
is still found in the official title of the hereditary dukes
1269:) in the chronicles. The title ealdorman was replaced by the
789:
The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the
2885:, the approximate equivalent of a duke or prince was called
2820:
was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title
2590:
the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the
2361:
In Northern Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" (
2048:
existed in the Middle Ages. The longest-surviving duchy was
1962:
from her cousin and is the second holder of the title), and
4110:
2742:
etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;
2190:
was amended to allow female succession to the throne, King
1591:"Royal duke" redirects here. For the South Korean car, see
1305:
created the first English dukedom by naming his eldest son
3471:. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions
3098:
who received the title when married to Pedro I's daughter
2678:
In Italy and other western countries, the later Byzantine
1450:, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the
533:
became the military commander in each province. The title
3425:, this title is hereditary. Such territories were called
1363:, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's
793:, probably corresponding to about 1,000 people from each
3467:
In the 19th century, the Javanese term for 'regent' was
2702:. The Greek rank of their holders, however, was that of
917:, the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the
1950:. Those titles are nowadays not hereditary but carry a
1624:
List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
913:
implied supreme military control of the entire nation (
45:"Titular duke" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3332:
granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽國公) to the
2198:
became Crown Princess (displacing her younger brother
4060:
Center, Duke University Commonwealth-Studies (1966).
3934:
Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)
781:
retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the
467:. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings,
3782:
Ejerique, Raúl Sánchez, Raquel (17 September 2016).
3458:" in Dutch, and the territories they administered, "
2719:
was instituted in 1868 upon the birth of the future
1620:
List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
1565:
List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
719:
The Venetians installed a "Duke of Durazzo" (today
3106:, was the only dukedom created during the reign of
2889:in the Lithuanian language. Latin translation was
2514:, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.
686:The Channel Islands are two of the three remaining
2812:; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar
1855:, following their participation in the successful
909:: 'duke and prince of the Franks'. In this title,
455:is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a
4121:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 650–651.
3919:Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
2808:In Russia, before the imperial unification from
3278:and Zhou royal houses and the eventual usurper
3051:. Erismtavari was the first among equal dukes.
2897:. The overall leader of the Lithuanian dukes (
1580:is normally only used for the wife of a duke.
1509:in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization.
4102:, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp. 381–410.
3301:noble title was granted to the descendants of
2443:In Germany, important ducal families were the
1985:in 2014, no new noble title has been created.
1261:, and the first ealdormen were referred to as
30:"Duchess" redirects here. For other uses, see
3864:A Renaissance Tapestry: The Gonzaga of Mantua
3581:, the monarch who has the right to wear one.
1233:
727:over the city and its environs in 1205–1213.
433:
8:
3981:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
3808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3699:The Official Website of the British Monarchy
3062:, which is the German equivalent of "duke".
3030:); a duke of two or more duchies was called
2929:until 1795 when Russians took over the land.
2222:Appanage § Original appanage: in France
1477:In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of
3755:Confidencial, Monarquía (4 November 2020).
3701:. The Royal Household. 2009. Archived from
2988:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2664:, officially the "Duchy of the Archipelago"
2583:), and both bore the title as royal dukes.
2686:were sometimes translated as duchies: the
1739:(historically the most prestigious in the
1240:
1226:
954:
440:
426:
53:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3356:(provinces). The administration of these
3008:Learn how and when to remove this message
1825:) started as count (even if the title of
4048:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977.
4004:. University of Hawai`i Press. pp.
3320:and others were also awarded, sometimes
2563:of Transylvania and some other counties)
2240:with ducal territories among them were:
742:, did not wish to do him homage for the
3987:. Taipei: Dingwen Printing. p. 37.
3686:
3136:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
2506:" was the title borne from 1358 by the
1180:
977:
65:
4045:United States Congressional Serial Set
3801:
3567:, a viceroyal chieftain is known as a
3392:1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of
2579:(whose father was the titular king of
1806:, transformed the territory of former
1324:was created by Edward III in 1351 for
4051:Murdoch, William Gordon Burn (1908).
3727:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
3661:List of fictional dukes and duchesses
2645:), some of which were of ducal rank:
2097:After the accession to the throne of
1958:(although she inherited the title of
1775:until he succeeded his older brother
1743:, and containing the federal capital
625:, however, was known by tradition as
525:Following the reforms of the emperor
7:
4054:From Edinburgh to India & Burmah
2986:adding citations to reliable sources
2671:(Candia) was initially ruled by the
2483:. In the German Confederation the
2369:in German) was quite common. As the
2113:, Duke of Franzhagen, Duke of Beck,
1973:in favour of former primer minister
1851:, the second and third sons of king
1612:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom
69:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
3563:and the other kingdoms of Nigerian
3519:Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya
3241:; their dukedoms were respectively
2925:), who acted as the monarch of the
2475:divided into several duchies), the
2357:Dukes in Italy, Germany and Austria
1956:Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria
1524:, a higher title, just below king.
4071:Mranʻ mā samuiṅʻʺ sutesana cā coṅʻ
4057:. G. Routledge & sons Limited.
4033:, Firmin Didot Frères, Paris, 1834
3396:". This system was similar to the
3132:Equivalents of Duke outside Europe
2602:The Byzantines retained the title
2001:bore a ducal coronet and used the
1954:. The current royal duchesses are
1265:(the plural of the original Latin
515:James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos
25:
4129:Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition
4028:Grégoire Louis Domeny de Rienzi,
3094:: an illegitimate daughter and a
3077:Post-colonial non-European states
2028:The Northern European duchies of
1632:is a duke who is a member of the
4138:. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969.
4131:. Oxford University Press: 1971.
3730:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp.
3665:
3324:, during the imperial period of
2958:
2338:(holds the second square banner)
2277:(in Burgundy; bears the scepter)
1977:in 1981. Since the accession of
1916:, to be used by the heir of the
1906:, to be used by the heir of the
1896:, to be used by the heir of the
1702:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1206:
1194:
958:
572:in the cities and later, in the
217:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
75:
3416:
3387:
2323:(holds the first square banner)
3589:In Myanmar (Burma), since the
2828:"Duke of Schleswig-Holstein ,
1964:Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo
1422:dynasty came to an end at the
1:
3824:Furstebilder från folkungatid
3670:The dictionary definition of
3039:In the 6th to 9th centuries,
2250:archevêque-duc pair de France
1561:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1470:(United Kingdom), as used in
3849:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
3843:Heikinheimo, Ilmari (1955).
3262:and others that date to the
3173:Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran
2723:as a distinct title for the
1839:List of dukedoms in Portugal
903:clan began to use the title
840:died, a period known as the
564:) signified first among the
519:robes of the British peerage
202:Crown prince, Crown princess
3885:(5–6). Leiden: Brill: 716.
2858:were many petty duchies as
2731:Slavic and nearby countries
1616:Dukes in the United Kingdom
1438:Norfolk perished alongside
951:Dukes in the United Kingdom
596:Hungarian House of Magnates
582:, a member of the nation's
488:, 'leader', a term used in
4188:
3400:system in Western Europe.
3282:. It was also granted to
3129:
3104:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva
2529:Duchy (Kingdom of Hungary)
2526:
2354:
2351:Italy, Germany and Austria
2219:
2213:
2172:
2021:(1254–1291) was the first
1939:
1836:
1609:
1590:
1295:
948:
937:
921:dynasty in France in 987.
808:
644:
506:is the female equivalent.
44:
29:
3891:10.1163/15685322-10656P06
3020:In Georgia, the title of
2637:, they installed several
2571:(the illegitimate son of
2541:. During the rule of the
2261:evêque-duc pair de France
1942:List of dukedoms in Spain
1859:. Pedro became the first
1628:In the United Kingdom, a
1213:United Kingdom portal
1028:Lord / Lady of Parliament
906:dux et princeps Francorum
836:sovereigns. In 575, when
757:In 1368, Durazzo fell to
750:. John took the style of
653:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
603:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
157:Grand duke, Grand duchess
4095:. Clarendon Press: 1895.
4066:. Duke University Press.
3998:Chan, Wing-tsit (1989).
3984:
3521:(shortened into KGPAA).
3348:The Javanese kingdom of
3209:Spring and Autumn period
3054:Georgians use the title
2927:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2669:Venetian colony of Crete
1930:Duke of Ávila and Bolama
1914:Duke of Miranda do Corvo
1553:Peerage of Great Britain
1531:. However, the title of
1430:was Duke of Suffolk and
1424:Battle of Bosworth Field
1307:Edward, the Black Prince
761:, who was recognized by
32:Duchess (disambiguation)
4118:Encyclopædia Britannica
4107:Phillips, Walter Alison
3488:, the subdivision of a
3433:s also exist, e.g. the
2874:. They were vassals of
2606:, transcribed as δούξ (
2287:was given the title of
2070:" in the 19th century.
1870:From the reign of king
1723:in the United Kingdom.
1367:descendants during the
1359:, thereby founding the
1280:) over time. After the
1170:Territorial designation
67:Imperial, royal, noble,
4093:Italy and her Invaders
3822:Prof. Jan Svanberg in
3761:Monarquía Confidencial
3724:Crouch, David (2002).
3368:, "lord of" (the word
3330:Emperor Lizong of Song
3102:. The third, given to
2725:Crown Prince of Greece
2459:, the ducal family of
2188:1810 Act of Succession
2157:, but after he became
2109:, Duke of Sønderborg,
2025:
2010:
1474:
1446:thirty years later by
1015:Viscount / Viscountess
1005:Marquess / Marchioness
786:the Muslim invasions.
744:Principality of Achaea
734:succeeded his father,
522:
404:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
40:Dukes (disambiguation)
4126:Stenton, Sir Frank M.
3264:Warring States period
3213:Warring States period
3073:as their last names.
3047:, a title similar to
2495:, the Welf branch of
2173:Further information:
2016:
1996:
1932:in the 19th century.
1926:António José de Ávila
1759:'s so-titled brother
1465:
1303:Edward III of England
938:Further information:
512:
280:Viscount, Viscountess
228:Marquess, Marchioness
162:Archduke, Archduchess
104:High king, High queen
36:Duke (disambiguation)
3845:Suomen elämäkerrasto
3705:on 21 September 2012
3540:that is known as an
3151:Indian feudal system
2982:improve this section
2915:didysis kunigaikštis
2512:Archduchy of Austria
2111:Duke of Augustenborg
1952:grandeeship of Spain
1904:Duke of Torres Novas
1863:and Henry the first
1800:Caliphate of Córdoba
1747:) is awarded to the
1712:was given the title
1634:British royal family
1576:duchesses. The word
897:mayors of the palace
543:Eastern Roman Empire
459:, or of a member of
290:Burgrave, Burgravine
233:Margrave, Margravine
47:Partitioned-off duke
4172:Men's social titles
4001:Chu Hsi New Studies
3866:. Harper & Row.
3145:Indian Subcontinent
2845:Duchy of Reichstadt
2711:In the independent
2660:the Aegean insular
2559:(consisting of the
2518:Elsewhere in Europe
2285:Archbishop of Paris
2266:the bishop-duke of
2246:Archbishop of Reims
2204:Provinces of Sweden
2194:'s eldest daughter
1708:in 1936 the former
1549:Peerage of Scotland
1345:Thomas of Woodstock
1292:Late medieval times
1201:Politics portal
566:Germanic monarchies
357:Baronet, Baronetess
4136:The Goths in Spain
3441:by Agung in 1625.
3372:being akin to the
3292:Southern dynasties
3290:(晉朝). During the
3193:During the era of
2940:Hertog van Limburg
2849:Duchy of Friedland
2843:, and short-lived
2684:Palaiologan period
2655:Duchy of Neopatras
2552:the Duchy of Bihar
2549:the Duchy of Nitra
2535:Kingdom of Hungary
2410:Parma and Piacenza
2290:duc de Saint-Cloud
2273:the bishop-duc de
2161:he kept the title
2115:Duke of Glücksburg
2082:(earl) or duke of
2068:Schleswig-Holstein
2026:
2011:
1960:Duchess of Hernani
1948:Prince of Asturias
1670:Duke of Cumberland
1662:Duke of Gloucester
1642:His Royal Highness
1636:, entitled to the
1593:Daewoo Royale Duke
1557:Peerage of Ireland
1545:Peerage of England
1541:Duchy of Lancaster
1491:Brunswick-Lüneburg
1475:
1349:Duke of Gloucester
748:Kingdom of Albania
738:. Robert's uncle,
688:Crown Dependencies
673:Duchy of Lancaster
623:Queen Elizabeth II
541:, survived in the
523:
479:, itself from the
4015:978-0-8248-1201-0
3695:"Channel Islands"
3639:Duchy of Brittany
3629:Duchies in Sweden
3435:Duchy of Surabaya
3311:Republic of China
3036:, duke of dukes.
3033:eristavt-eristavi
3018:
3017:
3010:
2872:Duchy of Racibórz
2713:Kingdom of Greece
2573:Matthias Corvinus
2396:in Piedmont; the
2371:Holy Roman Empire
2328:Duke of Aquitaine
2321:duc de Normandie
2257:suffragan bishops
2175:Duchies in Sweden
2119:Holy Roman Empire
1857:Conquest of Ceuta
1783:Iberian peninsula
1753:Count of Flanders
1690:Duke of Edinburgh
1674:Duke of Cambridge
1650:Duke of Lancaster
1573:special remainder
1537:Duchy of Cornwall
1516:dukes in Europe;
1499:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
1485:in Italy, and of
1369:Wars of the Roses
1353:Edmund of Langley
1334:Lionel of Antwerp
1326:Henry of Grosmont
1322:Duke of Lancaster
1298:Duke of Lancaster
1253:Anglo-Saxon times
1250:
1249:
925:Holy Roman Empire
842:Rule of the Dukes
830:Duke of Benevento
783:Iberian Peninsula
767:Prince of Albania
732:Robert of Taranto
677:Duke of Lancaster
641:Duchy and dukedom
635:Duke of Lancaster
607:formerly reigning
574:feudal monarchies
450:
449:
414:Lord of the Manor
378:Knight, Chevalier
16:(Redirected from
4179:
4134:Thompson, E. A.
4122:
4114:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4019:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3903:
3902:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3691:
3669:
3531:Kingdom of Benin
3420:
3418:
3391:
3389:
3299:Duke of Yansheng
3088:Empire of Brazil
3082:Empire of Brazil
3013:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2962:
2954:
2864:Duchy of Legnica
2841:Duchy of Krumlov
2657:was later linked
2588:Battle of Mohács
2473:Ernestine branch
2365:in Italian, and
2317:Duke of Normandy
2306:duc de Bourgogne
2302:Duke of Burgundy
2153:, and then also
2019:Bengt Birgersson
1989:Nordic countries
1898:Duke of Braganza
1894:Duke of Barcelos
1798:from the former
1769:prince-bishopric
1757:King Leopold III
1710:King Edward VIII
1704:. Following his
1678:Duke of Rothesay
1654:Duke of Clarence
1646:Duke of Cornwall
1338:Duke of Clarence
1311:Duke of Cornwall
1242:
1235:
1228:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1184:
1160:Forms of address
1020:Baron / Baroness
983:
962:
955:
880:, the titles of
801:when necessary.
697:Duke of Normandy
669:Duke of Rothesay
660:Duke of Cornwall
627:Duke of Normandy
537:, Hellenised to
442:
435:
428:
87:Emperor, Empress
79:
54:
21:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4142:
4141:
4105:
4089:Hodgkin, Thomas
4085:
4083:General sources
4080:
4079:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4023:
4016:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3649:Duchy of Naples
3634:Duchy of Amalfi
3615:
3587:
3575:Yoruba language
3527:
3415:
3386:
3346:
3326:Chinese history
3305:. In 1935, the
3191:
3175:
3147:
3138:
3130:Main articles:
3128:
3116:
3092:Emperor Pedro I
3084:
3079:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2979:
2963:
2952:
2944:Duke of Limburg
2936:
2876:King of Bohemia
2839:In Bohemia was
2733:
2715:, the style of
2653:, to which the
2651:Duchy of Athens
2639:crusader states
2620:(also known as
2600:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2359:
2353:
2332:duc d'Aquitaine
2224:
2218:
2216:Dukes in France
2212:
2192:Carl XVI Gustaf
2177:
2171:
2135:
2127:
2107:Duke of Gottorp
2076:
2023:Duke of Finland
1991:
1944:
1938:
1874:, the title of
1861:Duke of Coimbra
1841:
1835:
1794:, sweeping the
1785:
1737:Duke of Brabant
1735:, the title of
1729:
1721:non-royal dukes
1719:There are also
1714:Duke of Windsor
1666:Duke of Bedford
1626:
1610:Main articles:
1608:
1596:
1589:
1460:
1428:John de la Pole
1300:
1294:
1282:Norman conquest
1255:
1246:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1150:Courtesy titles
1119:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1010:Earl / Countess
994:
993:
981:
980:Peerages in the
979:
953:
947:
942:
932:
927:
862:
826:Duke of Spoleto
813:
807:
775:
752:Duke of Durazzo
723:) during their
717:
705:
692:Treaty of Paris
649:
643:
637:in Lancashire.
631:Channel Islands
490:republican Rome
446:
383:Imperial Knight
321:Baron, Baroness
259:Count, Countess
68:
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43:
28:
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11:
5:
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3946:10.2307/495623
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3747:
3741:978-1852855956
3740:
3716:
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3679:
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3656:Lists of dukes
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:Duchy of Gaeta
3641:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3586:
3583:
3526:
3523:
3461:regentschappen
3345:
3342:
3256:In works like
3190:
3187:
3174:
3171:
3146:
3143:
3127:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3096:brother-in-law
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3016:
3015:
2998:September 2023
2966:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2879:
2868:Duchy of Zator
2860:Duchy of Brzeg
2852:
2837:
2806:
2795:
2780:Greater Poland
2768:Greater Poland
2746:In splintered
2740:/ knez/ książe
2732:
2729:
2717:Duke of Sparta
2676:
2675:
2673:Duke of Candia
2665:
2662:Duchy of Naxos
2658:
2635:Fourth Crusade
2612:Medieval Greek
2599:
2596:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2527:Main article:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2510:rulers of the
2414:Cybo-Malaspina
2375:courtesy title
2355:Main article:
2352:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2324:
2313:
2281:
2280:
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2237:Prince-Bishops
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2182:In 1772, King
2170:
2167:
2139:Skule Bårdsson
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2075:
2072:
1990:
1987:
1979:King Felipe VI
1971:Duke of Suárez
1940:Main article:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1918:Duke of Lafões
1911:
1908:Duke of Aveiro
1901:
1880:Queen Maria II
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1804:taifa-remnants
1784:
1781:
1773:King Albert II
1728:
1725:
1698:Duke of Sussex
1682:Duke of Albany
1607:
1606:United Kingdom
1604:
1588:
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1520:is ruled by a
1507:Saxe-Altenburg
1503:Saxe-Meiningen
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2987:
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2967:This section
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2785:
2781:
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2776:Little Poland
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2757:
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2752:Piast dynasty
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
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2728:
2726:
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2721:Constantine I
2718:
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2593:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:Lőrinc Újlaki
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2555:the Duchy of
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:Árpád dynasty
2540:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:In Austria, "
2500:
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2054:Sonderjylland
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:In the 1260s
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Adolfo Suárez
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Duke of Porto
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1865:Duke of Viseu
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:infante Henry
1846:
1845:infante Peter
1840:
1832:
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1828:
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1765:prince-regent
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1741:Low Countries
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1452:Tudor dynasty
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1330:John of Gaunt
1327:
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1320:The title of
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592:Imperial Diet
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469:grand princes
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410:
409:Ministerialis
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197:Duke, Duchess
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99:Tsar, Tsarina
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78:
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64:
60:
56:
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52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4157:Noble titles
4135:
4128:
4116:
4112:"Duke"
4099:
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4070:
4062:
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4024:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3962:
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3933:
3927:
3918:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3823:
3818:
3792:. Retrieved
3790:(in Spanish)
3787:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3763:(in Spanish)
3760:
3750:
3726:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:the original
3698:
3689:
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3594:
3588:
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3546:Edo language
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3503:Mangkunegara
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3404:Sultan Agung
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3322:posthumously
3317:
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3296:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3230:
3220:
3205:Western Zhou
3194:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3161:to a feudal
3148:
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3117:
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3070:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2995:
2980:Please help
2968:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2914:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2887:kunigaikštis
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2700:Thessaloniki
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2643:Frankokratia
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2603:
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2481:Mecklenburgs
2477:Württembergs
2445:Wittelsbachs
2442:
2388:, who ruled
2379:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
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2096:
2079:
2077:
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2027:
2006:
1968:
1945:
1923:
1888:
1876:Duke of Beja
1869:
1842:
1826:
1814:realms into
1786:
1730:
1718:
1694:Duke of Kent
1686:Duke of Ross
1658:Duke of York
1629:
1627:
1601:
1597:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1532:
1526:
1511:
1476:
1437:
1373:
1357:Duke of York
1342:
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1301:
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1266:
1262:
1256:
999:
967:
933:
930:Stem duchies
914:
910:
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871:
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820:
814:
798:
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776:
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620:
600:
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524:
517:wearing the
502:
501:
483:
476:
452:
451:
238:Marcher lord
196:
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4063:Publication
3976:Pei Songzhi
3833:pp. 104–106
3788:elDiario.es
3603:King Thibaw
3383:Hayam Wuruk
3307:Nationalist
3288:Jin dynasty
3235:Xia dynasty
3045:Erismtavari
2934:Netherlands
2569:John Corvin
2283:Later, the
2200:Carl Philip
2137:In Norway,
2099:Christian I
2007:Dux Sweorum
1999:Birger Jarl
1792:Reconquista
1587:Royal dukes
1440:Richard III
1432:John Howard
1420:Plantagenet
1365:Lancastrian
1165:Family seat
919:Carolingian
893:Merovingian
759:Karl Thopia
709:Middle Ages
707:During the
703:Middle Ages
681:Privy Purse
598:) existed.
588:Grandeeship
556:Middle Ages
554:During the
473:grand dukes
4146:Categories
3970:(1977) . "
3879:T'oung Pao
3681:References
3607:Shan State
3565:Yorubaland
3515:Yogyakarta
3437:which was
3406:, king of
3316:The title
3165:, a large
3120:Christophe
3118:The royal
3049:grand duke
3028:saeristavo
2923:magnus dux
2907:grand duke
2905:) was the
2592:Esterházys
2586:After the
2561:voivodship
2471:(with its
2336:de Guyenne
2308:(known as
2220:See also:
2184:Gustav III
2141:was first
2063:Bundesland
1812:Visigothic
1777:Baudouin I
1706:abdication
1630:royal duke
1522:grand duke
1518:Luxembourg
1458:Modern age
1448:Henry VIII
1408:Buckingham
1347:was named
1315:Richard II
1296:See also:
1140:Privileges
1051:Hereditary
940:Stem duchy
895:Gaul, the
725:brief rule
579:ipso facto
548:Megas Doux
527:Diocletian
388:Druzhinnik
4167:Feudalism
3968:Chen Shou
3899:234449375
3709:16 August
3538:chieftain
3535:viceroyal
3511:Paku Alam
3507:Surakarta
3497:The word
3485:kabupaten
3439:conquered
3431:kadipaten
3427:Kadipaten
3350:Majapahit
3344:Indonesia
3303:Confucius
3280:Wang Mang
3126:Analogues
2969:does not
2883:Lithuania
2803:Pomerania
2799:Pomerelia
2696:Selymbria
2692:Mesembria
2680:appanages
2539:appanages
2497:Brunswick
2489:Ascanians
2310:Grand duc
2259:, styled
2248:, styled
2084:Schleswig
2050:Schleswig
2005:title of
1789:Christian
1787:When the
1466:A Duke's
1259:ealdorman
1075:Divisions
915:Francorum
901:Arnulfing
882:patrician
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779:Visigoths
773:Visigoths
730:In 1332,
300:Advocatus
295:Landgrave
285:Castellan
269:Ealdorman
4109:(1911).
4100:Speculum
4031:contrées
3804:cite web
3794:23 March
3767:23 March
3619:Archduke
3613:See also
3491:provinsi
3455:regenten
3336:thinker
3245:(杞) and
3211:and the
3196:fengjian
3108:Pedro II
3100:Maria II
3071:Eristavi
3067:eristavi
3056:eristavi
3023:eristavi
2901:plural:
2895:princeps
2830:Stormarn
2764:Sandomir
2705:despotes
2623:katepano
2508:Habsburg
2504:Archduke
2479:and the
2457:Hannover
2402:Florence
2384:and the
2382:Visconti
2263: :
2196:Victoria
2103:Holstein
2058:Holstein
2052:, i.e.,
1872:Manuel I
1833:Portugal
1816:Catholic
1802:and its
1745:Brussels
1539:and the
1514:reigning
1472:heraldry
1404:Somerset
1380:Hereford
1125:Nobility
1088:Scotland
1024:Scotland
970:a series
968:Part of
891:In late
878:Provence
874:Burgundy
867:Mayfield
854:gastalds
834:de facto
828:and the
817:Lombards
805:Lombards
616:nobility
612:Holy See
494:Germanic
465:nobility
331:Lendmann
310:Starosta
185:Princess
59:a series
57:Part of
4162:Peerage
3978:(ed.).
3585:Myanmar
3573:in the
3544:in the
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3284:Cao Cao
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2990:removed
2975:sources
2950:Georgia
2856:Silesia
2818:gertsog
2810:Muscovy
2792:Sieradz
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2760:Masovia
2756:Kujavia
2682:of the
2617:themata
2533:In the
2523:Hungary
2485:Nassaus
2465:Wettins
2449:Bavaria
2438:Ferrara
2422:Gonzaga
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2275:Langres
2228:pairies
2125:Finland
2105:, e.g.
2092:Halland
2088:Lolland
2074:Denmark
2038:Lolland
2034:Jutland
2030:Halland
2017:Bishop
1981:to the
1771:; e.g.
1761:Charles
1733:Belgium
1727:Belgium
1578:duchess
1529:dukedom
1468:coronet
1416:Suffolk
1412:Warwick
1400:Bedford
1396:Norfolk
1376:Ireland
1355:became
1276:(later
1135:History
1098:Ireland
1083:England
945:England
899:of the
886:prefect
846:demesne
799:thiufae
795:civitas
715:Albania
629:in the
584:peerage
503:duchess
461:royalty
399:Esquire
362:Fidalgo
248:Voivode
190:consort
178:consort
145:dowager
140:consort
135:regnant
125:dowager
120:consort
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3972:1: 武帝紀
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3480:bupati
3473:bapati
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3366:Bhra I
3358:nagara
3354:nagara
3338:Zhu Xi
3060:Herzog
3041:Iberia
2822:Herzog
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2772:Kalisz
2748:Poland
2598:Greece
2581:Bosnia
2575:) and
2493:Anhalt
2487:, the
2469:Saxony
2463:, the
2461:Cleves
2451:, the
2434:Modena
2428:; the
2426:Mantua
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2412:; the
2404:; the
2398:Medici
2392:; the
2386:Sforza
2367:Herzog
2210:France
2169:Sweden
2159:hertug
2155:hertug
2147:hertug
2133:Norway
2042:Osilia
1983:throne
1853:John I
1823:itself
1819:feudal
1808:Suevic
1700:, and
1622:, and
1495:Nassau
1487:Anhalt
1483:Modena
1444:Thomas
1392:Surrey
1388:Exeter
1384:Aumale
1286:counts
1271:Danish
1117:Topics
860:Franks
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763:Venice
736:Philip
721:Durrës
665:per se
570:counts
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352:Ritter
336:Primor
305:Vidame
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173:Prince
150:mother
131:Queen
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4152:Dukes
3950:JSTOR
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3895:S2CID
3624:Duchy
3599:Myoza
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3217:title
3189:China
3167:jagir
3163:duchy
3159:Nawab
3114:Haiti
2919:Latin
2911:Lith.
2899:Lith.
2738:knyaz
2688:Morea
2641:(see
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2232:peers
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2046:Reval
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1936:Spain
1796:Moors
1638:style
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1336:, as
1309:, as
1263:duces
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1130:Welsh
1043:Types
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838:Cleph
832:were
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647:Duchy
481:Latin
463:, or
457:duchy
341:Boyar
326:Thane
18:Dukes
4010:ISBN
3985:三國志注
3827:ISBN
3810:link
3796:2023
3769:2023
3736:ISBN
3711:2013
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