643:
Yemen. In 1937, Fred V. Winnett divided those known at the time into five rough categories A, B, C, D, E. In 1951, some 9000 more inscriptions were recorded in south-west Saudi Arabia which have been given the name 'Southern
Thamudic'. Further study by Winnett showed that the texts he had called 'Thamudic A' represent a clearly defined script and language and he therefore removed them from the Thamudic 'pending file' and gave them the name 'Taymanite', which was later changed to 'Taymanitic'. The same was done for 'Thamudic E' by Geraldine M.H. King, and this is now known as 'Hismaic'. However, Thamudic B, C, D and Southern Thamudic still await detailed study.
5174:
414:
Many scholars believed that the various ANA alphabets were derived from the ASA script, mainly because the latter was employed by a major civilization and exhibited more angular features. Others believed that the ANA and ASA scripts shared a common ancestor from which they both developed in parallel.
562:
texts carved largely by nomads in the Ḥismā desert of what is now southern Jordan and north-west Saudi Arabia, though they are occasionally found in other places such as northern Jordan and parts of northern Saudi Arabia outside the Ḥismā. They are thought to date from roughly the same period as the
642:
Thamudic is a name invented by nineteenth-century scholars for large numbers of inscriptions in ANA alphabets which have not yet been properly studied. It does not imply that they were carved by members of the ancient tribe of Thamūd. These texts are found over a huge area from southern Syria to
586:. They are thought to have been carved between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, though these limits can be no more than suggestions based on the fact that none of the approximately 35,000 texts known so far seems to mention anything earlier or later than these limits.
543:
in north-eastern Saudi Arabia at sites like Thāj and Qatīf, with a few from more distant locations. They are carved in what may be an ANA dialect but expressed in a slightly adapted form of another member of the South
Semitic script family, the Ancient South Arabian alphabet.
620:(on what is now the Turkish-Syrian border) claimed to have learned it. About the same time an Assyrian official west of the Euphrates reported that he had ambushed a caravan of the people of Taymāʾ and Sabaʾ (an ancient South Arabian kingdom, Biblical
581:
used by tens of thousands of ancient nomads in the deserts of what are now southern Syria, north-eastern Jordan, and northern Saudi Arabia. Occasionally, Safaitic texts are found further afield, in western Iraq, Lebanon, and even at
524:
which leads up to the oasis of Azraq in north-eastern Jordan. According to the
Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
415:
Indeed, it seems unlikely that the various ANA scripts descend from the monumental ASA alphabet, but that they collectively share a common ancestor to the exclusion of ASA is also something which has yet to be demonstrated.
477:
The
Ancient North Arabian scripts were used both in the oases (Dadanitic, Dumaitic, Taymanitic) and by the nomads (Hismaic, Safaitic, Thamudic B, C, D, and possibly Southern Thamudic aka Thamudic F) of
418:
The hypothesis that all ANA alphabets derive from a single ancestor gave rise to the idea that the languages which these scripts express constitute a linguistic unity, a so-called ANA
6453:
624:) because it had tried to avoid paying tolls. There are two Taymanitic inscriptions dated to the mid-sixth century BC, since they mention the last king of Babylon,
3183:
402:
from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. The term "Ancient North
Arabian" is defined negatively. It refers to all of the South Semitic scripts except
5210:
3401:
3215:
6463:
3579:
5773:
5724:
5699:
6478:
5763:
5742:
3630:
5758:
3265:
3239:
1189:
1103:
5793:
5788:
791:
422:. As a hypothetical language or group of languages, Ancient North Arabian forms one branch of the North Arabian group, the other being
4173:
269:
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3338:
3295:
2871:
2852:
652:
5714:
1501:
5719:
5709:
5203:
4820:
3387:
Re-engaging
Comparative Semitic and Arabic Studies Edited by Daniel Birnstiel and Na'ama Pat-El; Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden
1921:
668:
516:
Dumaitic is the alphabet which seems to have been used by the inhabitants of the oasis known in antiquity as Dūma and later as
6448:
6048:
4347:
3613:
869:
5704:
5616:
4795:
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5783:
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4112:
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Presence arabe dans le croissant fertile avant l'Hegire (Actes de la table ronde internationale Paris, 13 novembre 1993)
3190:
1859:
678:
563:
Safaitic, i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD, though there is even less dating evidence in the case of
Hismaic.
403:
129:
6382:
5778:
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713:
601:
454:
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5587:
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5298:
5278:
5243:
4509:
4499:
4476:
2513:
1719:
539:
Hasaitic is the name given to the inscriptions — mostly gravestones — which have been found in the huge oasis of
264:
5682:
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1111:
1025:
374:
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370:
364:
335:
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5261:
5238:
5233:
4440:
4400:
4325:
4320:
4084:
3620:
2373:
259:
501:
Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan (Biblical Dedān, modern
6426:
5998:
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5323:
5166:
4999:
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4743:
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1641:
1267:
947:
443:
249:
104:
6064:
6353:
5402:
4902:
4662:
4582:
4062:
2799:
2737:
2659:
2651:
2589:
2511:
2433:
2371:
2293:
2217:
2215:
2153:
2075:
1997:
1919:
1857:
1779:
1717:
1639:
1561:
1499:
1421:
1343:
1265:
1187:
1109:
1101:
1023:
945:
867:
789:
711:
109:
6367:
6005:
5948:
5876:
5837:
5813:
5658:
5473:
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4771:
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4018:
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1967:
1949:
683:
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in north-west Saudi Arabia), probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
3402:"The Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia - The Ancient North Arabia scripts"
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4528:
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The validity of this hypothesis has been called into question. This is particularly the case for
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3717:
3712:
3705:
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Scagliarini, F., (1999) "The
Dedanitic inscriptions from Jabal 'Ikma in north-western Hejaz"
3505:
3363:
3334:
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3235:
3229:
3209:
2801:
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1781:
439:
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222:
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5571:
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5287:
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4695:
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4376:
4303:
4149:
4134:
4079:
4041:
3745:
3688:
3648:
3163:
427:
229:
6387:
6291:
6265:
6214:
6079:
6019:
5927:
5920:
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5898:
5825:
5576:
5452:
5442:
5080:
5009:
4946:
4940:
4809:
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4624:
4484:
4428:
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4408:
4381:
4371:
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4263:
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688:
517:
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and a language or family of languages under the North
Arabian languages branch along with
241:
616:. The Taymanitic alphabet is probably mentioned as early as c. 800 BC when the regent of
6347:
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6271:
6248:
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6281:
6276:
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4837:
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4418:
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4298:
4154:
4128:
3869:
3860:
3653:
3640:
1531:
1235:
1217:
608:. This was an important stopping point on the caravan route from South Arabia to the
540:
521:
328:
175:
3514:
Macdonald, M.C.A., (2000) "Reflections on the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia"
6207:
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4994:
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4934:
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4609:
4604:
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4203:
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1999:
1687:
1669:
1391:
1373:
1157:
1139:
423:
204:
4919:
3328:
3284:
Macdonald, M. C. A. (2004). "Ancient North
Arabian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
5832:
5517:
4989:
4881:
4825:
4577:
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3738:
3473:
2876:
759:
741:
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181:
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3835:
2621:
2185:
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and al-Jawf. It lies in northern Saudi Arabia at the south-eastern end of the
466:
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395:
70:
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5344:
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625:
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344:
312:
141:
66:
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319:
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628:(556–539 BC), who spent ten years of his seventeen-year reign in Taymāʾ.
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82:
78:
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17:
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86:
3446:"The Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia - Home"
6393:
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4907:
3959:
3603:
3588:
3445:
1887:
837:
819:
609:
200:
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3356:"The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification"
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5014:
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605:
212:
208:
45:
5034:
4004:
3950:
3941:
3914:
3896:
3842:
3806:
2864:
The Unicode block for Ancient North Arabian is U+10A80–U+10A9F:
2707:
2689:
2481:
2463:
2123:
2105:
1609:
1591:
1313:
1295:
1071:
1053:
915:
897:
5192:
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1469:
1451:
993:
975:
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3106:
3094:
3088:
3064:
3046:
3029:
3017:
3011:
2999:
2975:
2957:
3287:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3124:
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3023:
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2993:
2987:
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2783:
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2495:
2417:
2355:
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2199:
2137:
2059:
1981:
1903:
1841:
1763:
1701:
1623:
1545:
1483:
1405:
1327:
1249:
1171:
1085:
1007:
929:
851:
773:
695:
577:
Safaitic is the name given to the alphabet and variety of
152:, Old North Arabian (Ancient North Arabian)
3279:
3277:
2861:
Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.
2808:
2746:
2668:
2598:
2520:
2442:
2380:
2302:
2224:
2162:
2084:
2006:
1928:
1866:
1788:
1726:
1648:
1570:
1508:
1430:
1352:
1274:
1196:
1118:
1032:
954:
876:
798:
720:
3330:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
398:
that were used in north and central Arabia and south
6338:
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6234:
6227:
6179:
6158:
6149:
6142:
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5500:
5491:
5433:
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5315:
5306:
5297:
5259:
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4960:
4890:
4869:
4794:
4712:
4694:
4655:
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4508:
4475:
4466:
4439:
4399:
4390:
4364:
4251:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4072:
4026:
4017:
3754:
3639:
3596:
342:
326:
310:
305:
291:
238:
228:
218:
196:
191:
173:
163:
156:
140:
135:
123:
97:
92:
62:
52:
40:
34:
3504:Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
3383:"Al-Jallad. 2018. What is Ancient North Arabian?"
406:(ASA) regardless of their genetic relationships.
3290:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–533.
2683:
2535:
2457:
2317:
2239:
2099:
2021:
1943:
1881:
1803:
1663:
1585:
1445:
1367:
1289:
1211:
1133:
1047:
969:
891:
813:
735:
426:. They are distinguished from each other by the
3548:Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
3468:
3466:
600:Taymanitic is the name given to the variety of
3523:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
3231:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
5204:
3573:
27:Collection of scripts and possibly a language
8:
2825:
2763:
2701:
2615:
2553:
2475:
2397:
2335:
2257:
2179:
2117:
2039:
1961:
1821:
1743:
1681:
1603:
1525:
1463:
1385:
1307:
1229:
1151:
1065:
987:
909:
831:
753:
438:. They belong to a different branch of the
6454:Languages attested from the 8th century BC
6231:
6155:
6146:
6106:
6097:
6043:
5689:
5678:
5506:
5497:
5312:
5303:
5211:
5197:
5189:
4472:
4396:
4108:
4099:
4023:
3580:
3566:
3558:
2866:
2857:Old North Arabian script was added to the
188:
3474:"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"
3257:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
656:
3354:Kootstra, Fokelien (6 September 2016).
3175:
375:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3214:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3207:
2877:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
31:
3535:Winnett, F.V. and Reed, W.L., (1970)
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
7:
3322:
3320:
604:and ANA script used in the oasis of
453:, which has been determined to be a
6425:Languages between parentheses are
5165:Languages between parentheses are
25:
3537:Ancient Records from North Arabia
3516:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
3381:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (January 2018).
2853:Old North Arabian (Unicode block)
653:Old North Arabian (Unicode block)
558:Hismaic is the name given to the
465:are also now considered forms of
58:8th century BCE to 4th century CE
6464:History of the Arabian Peninsula
5173:
5172:
3234:. Elsevier. 2010. p. 931.
444:Ancient South Arabian languages
6429:of the language on their left.
5169:of the language on their left.
3500:Lozachmeur, H., (ed.), (1995)
3312:What is Ancient North Arabian?
3260:. Elsevier. 24 November 2005.
1:
6479:Right-to-left writing systems
5351:
3664:Ancient South Arabian script
3631:Influence on other languages
4921:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3888:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3834:
3826:
3816:
3808:
3799:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3704:
480:central and northern Arabia
6495:
3552:Cambridge University Press
3149:As of Unicode version 16.0
3138:
2869:
2850:
2809:
2784:
2747:
2722:
2684:
2669:
2636:
2599:
2574:
2536:
2521:
2496:
2458:
2443:
2418:
2381:
2356:
2318:
2303:
2278:
2240:
2225:
2200:
2163:
2138:
2100:
2085:
2060:
2022:
2007:
1982:
1944:
1929:
1904:
1882:
1867:
1842:
1804:
1789:
1764:
1727:
1702:
1664:
1649:
1624:
1586:
1571:
1546:
1509:
1484:
1446:
1431:
1406:
1368:
1353:
1328:
1290:
1275:
1250:
1212:
1197:
1172:
1134:
1119:
1086:
1048:
1033:
1008:
970:
955:
930:
892:
877:
852:
814:
799:
774:
736:
721:
696:
650:
635:
593:
570:
551:
532:
494:
6411:
5152:
5145:Islam and Arabic language
3327:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
2827:
2826:
2765:
2764:
2703:
2702:
2685:
2617:
2616:
2555:
2554:
2537:
2477:
2476:
2459:
2399:
2398:
2337:
2336:
2319:
2259:
2258:
2241:
2181:
2180:
2119:
2118:
2101:
2041:
2040:
2023:
1963:
1962:
1945:
1883:
1823:
1822:
1805:
1745:
1744:
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1665:
1605:
1604:
1587:
1527:
1526:
1465:
1464:
1447:
1387:
1386:
1369:
1309:
1308:
1291:
1231:
1230:
1213:
1153:
1152:
1135:
1067:
1066:
1049:
989:
988:
971:
911:
910:
893:
833:
832:
815:
755:
754:
737:
672:
667:
662:
659:
473:Geographical distribution
6474:Obsolete writing systems
6422:or historical languages.
5086:Arabic script in Unicode
4821:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4181:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
3360:Arabian Epigraphic Notes
673:Corresponding letter in
469:due to shared features.
4348:Western Egyptian Bedawi
363:This article contains
6449:Ancient North Arabian
5617:Christian Palestinian
5338:Ancient North Arabian
4952:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3659:Ancient North Arabian
3541:University of Toronto
679:Ancient South Arabian
430:, which in Arabic is
404:Ancient South Arabian
390:) is a collection of
384:Ancient North Arabian
301:Ancient North Arabian
275:Ancient North Arabian
192:Ancient North Arabian
182:U+10A80–U+10A9F
130:Ancient South Arabian
114:Ancient North Arabian
105:Proto-Sinaitic script
35:Ancient North Arabian
5715:Koy Sanjaq Christian
5403:Pre-classical Arabic
4903:Sun and moon letters
4063:Pre-classical Arabic
110:South Semitic script
5559:Ashurian and Hatran
4757:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4236:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3450:krc.orient.ox.ac.uk
3406:krc.orient.ox.ac.uk
6180:Harari–East Gurage
5631:Jewish Palestinian
5130:MacArabic encoding
3546:Woodard, Roger D.
3196:on 19 October 2016
365:special characters
6469:Semitic languages
6436:
6435:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6223:
6222:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
5871:
5870:
5846:
5845:
5802:
5801:
5774:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
5566:Jewish Babylonian
5487:
5486:
5220:Semitic languages
5186:
5185:
5161:extinct languages
5100:MS-DOS codepages
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4544:
4543:
4462:
4461:
4360:
4359:
4056:Old Hijazi Arabic
3310:Ahmad Al-Jallad,
3267:978-0-08-054784-8
3241:978-0-08-087775-4
3155:
3154:
2872:Old North Arabian
2844:
2843:
602:Northwest Semitic
455:Northwest Semitic
440:Semitic languages
371:rendering support
358:
357:
223:Arabian Peninsula
187:
186:
169:Old North Arabian
16:(Redirected from
6486:
6459:Arabic languages
6232:
6156:
6147:
6107:
6098:
6044:
5912:northern dialect
5690:
5679:
5532:Biblical Aramaic
5525:Imperial Aramaic
5507:
5498:
5396:Nabataean Arabic
5313:
5304:
5279:Canaano-Akkadian
5213:
5206:
5199:
5190:
5176:
5175:
4924:
4473:
4397:
4333:Western Algerian
4280:Eastern Algerian
4276:Algerian Saharan
4206:(Lesser Kabylia)
4109:
4100:
4042:Nabataean Arabic
4024:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3911:
3901:
3893:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3829:
3821:
3811:
3802:
3794:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3746:Maltese alphabet
3709:
3689:Algerian Braille
3679:Eastern numerals
3649:Nabataean script
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3412:on 8 August 2016
3408:. Archived from
3397:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3189:. Archived from
3188:
3180:
3164:Nabataean script
3148:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2867:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
996:
984:
983:
981:
980:
979:
978:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
951:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
924:
923:
921:
920:
919:
918:
906:
905:
903:
902:
901:
900:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
873:
861:
860:
859:
858:
857:
846:
845:
843:
842:
841:
840:
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
822:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
795:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
765:
764:
763:
762:
750:
749:
747:
746:
745:
744:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
727:
717:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
657:
647:Table of letters
434:, but in ANA is
428:definite article
354:
338:
322:
315:
297:
244:
189:
151:
148:
32:
21:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6399:
6322:
6253:
6219:
6175:
6159:Amharic–Argobba
6151:
6138:
6089:
6050:
6025:
5963:
5867:
5842:
5798:
5747:
5743:Urmia Christian
5684:
5673:
5666:
5581:
5544:
5483:
5443:Egyptian Arabic
5429:
5425:Modern Standard
5408:
5293:
5255:
5222:
5217:
5187:
5182:
5148:
5134:
5081:Arabic keyboard
5069:
4964:
4956:
4941:Mater lectionis
4935:Triliteral root
4886:
4857:
4798:
4790:
4708:
4690:
4651:
4540:
4504:
4458:
4435:
4386:
4356:
4247:
4227:Judeo-Maghrebi
4095:
4089:
4085:Modern Standard
4068:
4013:
3750:
3694:Maltese Braille
3674:Arabic numerals
3635:
3592:
3586:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:"Archived copy"
3182:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3160:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2875:
2855:
2849:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1011:
1010:
1009:
992:
991:
990:
974:
973:
972:
959:
958:
957:
956:
933:
932:
931:
914:
913:
912:
896:
895:
894:
881:
880:
879:
878:
855:
854:
853:
836:
835:
834:
818:
817:
816:
803:
802:
801:
800:
777:
776:
775:
758:
757:
756:
740:
739:
738:
725:
724:
723:
722:
699:
698:
697:
655:
649:
640:
634:
598:
592:
575:
569:
556:
550:
537:
531:
518:Dumat Al-Jandal
514:
508:
499:
493:
488:
475:
412:
382:
380:
379:
378:
369:Without proper
350:
334:
331:
318:
311:
298:
293:
287:
265:Central Semitic
245:
242:Language family
240:
178:
166:
149:
146:
126:
119:
100:
93:Related scripts
55:
48:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6492:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6441:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6274:
6269:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6236:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6113:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5945:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5687:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5650:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5608:
5601:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5539:Middle Aramaic
5535:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5435:Dialect groups
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5163:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5091:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Naskh (script)
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:Judeo-Tunisian
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4744:Judeo-Moroccan
4741:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4727:Judeo-Egyptian
4724:
4722:Judeo-Algerian
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4704:Bedouin Arabic
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4316:Moroccan koiné
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:Tunisian koiné
4285:Eastern Hilal
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:Judeo-Algerian
4264:Algerian koiné
4260:Central Hilal
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4241:Judeo-Tunisian
4238:
4233:
4231:Judeo-Moroccan
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Arabic Braille
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3533:
3519:
3512:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3462:
3423:
3392:
3373:
3346:
3339:
3316:
3303:
3296:
3273:
3266:
3247:
3240:
3221:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2851:Main article:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2666:
2649:
2646:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2533:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2455:
2440:
2431:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2315:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2237:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2097:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2037:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1879:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1801:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1661:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1601:
1583:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1365:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1287:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1209:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1131:
1116:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1045:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1004:
1003:
985:
967:
952:
943:
940:
926:
925:
907:
889:
874:
865:
862:
848:
847:
829:
811:
796:
787:
784:
770:
769:
751:
733:
718:
709:
706:
692:
691:
686:
681:
675:
674:
671:
666:
661:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
636:Main article:
633:
630:
594:Main article:
591:
588:
571:Main article:
568:
565:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
513:
510:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
487:
484:
474:
471:
411:
410:Classification
408:
373:, you may see
361:
360:
359:
356:
355:
348:
340:
339:
332:
327:
324:
323:
316:
308:
307:
306:Language codes
303:
302:
299:
295:Writing system
292:
289:
288:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
248:
246:
239:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
198:
197:Native to
194:
193:
185:
184:
179:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
154:
153:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
127:
125:Sister systems
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
103:
101:
99:Parent systems
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
44:
42:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6491:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:Ethio-Semitic
6099:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5863:Judeo-Aramaic
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:Siculo-Arabic
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5179:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Sini (script)
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Ruqʿah script
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Hijazi script
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:Central Asian
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4616:
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4407:
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4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4214:Traras-Msirda
4213:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
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4119:
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4029:
4025:
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4016:
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4008:
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3999:
3994:
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3990:
3985:
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3697:
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3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Arabic script
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
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3605:
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3601:
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3590:
3583:
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3571:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:2-503-50829-4
3528:
3525:29, 143-150
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:2-86538-254-0
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3475:
3469:
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3463:
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3447:
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3403:
3396:
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3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3340:9789004289826
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3297:0-521-56256-2
3293:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3248:
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3141:
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2691:
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2597:
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2588:
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2572:
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2552:
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2534:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2494:
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2465:
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2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2396:
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2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1829:
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1811:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1762:
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1751:
1742:
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1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1647:
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1638:
1635:
1622:
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1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1006:
1005:
995:
986:
977:
968:
953:
949:
944:
941:
928:
927:
917:
908:
899:
890:
875:
871:
866:
863:
850:
849:
839:
830:
821:
812:
797:
793:
788:
785:
772:
771:
761:
752:
743:
734:
719:
715:
710:
707:
694:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
670:
665:
658:
654:
646:
644:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
589:
587:
585:
580:
574:
566:
564:
561:
555:
547:
545:
542:
536:
528:
526:
523:
519:
511:
509:
506:
504:
498:
490:
485:
483:
481:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
368:
366:
353:
349:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
330:
329:Linguist List
325:
321:
317:
314:
309:
304:
300:
296:
290:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:North Arabian
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
247:
243:
237:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
190:
183:
180:
177:
176:Unicode range
172:
168:
165:Unicode alias
162:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
134:
131:
128:
122:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
102:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
30:
19:
6415:
6392:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6264:
6241:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5903:
5891:
5884:
5818:
5789:Urmia Jewish
5657:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5586:
5564:
5557:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5474:Mesopotamian
5457:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5324:Proto-Arabic
5322:
5286:
5277:
5270:
5260:
5156:
5096:Windows-1256
5055:Taliq script
4995:Jeli Thuluth
4975:Ajami script
4939:
4843:Pidgin madam
4830:
4808:
4772:Judeo-Yemeni
4714:Judeo-Arabic
4696:Sociological
4683:
4645:Judeo-Yemeni
4468:Mesopotamian
4343:Libyan koiné
4127:
4120:
4113:Pre-Hilalian
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4035:Proto-Arabic
4033:
3668:Zabūr script
3658:
3621:Romanization
3547:
3536:
3522:
3518:11(1), 28–79
3515:
3501:
3480:. Retrieved
3453:. Retrieved
3449:
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3405:
3395:
3386:
3376:
3359:
3349:
3329:
3306:
3286:
3256:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3198:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3178:
3146:
3139:
2870:
2863:
2856:
641:
599:
576:
557:
538:
515:
507:
500:
476:
448:
435:
431:
424:Proto-Arabic
419:
417:
413:
387:
383:
381:
362:
343:
274:
260:West Semitic
205:Saudi Arabia
29:
6354:Hadramautic
6340:Old Arabian
6277:West Gurage
6187:East Gurage
5833:Neo-Mandaic
5611:Palestinian
5518:Old Aramaic
4990:Jawi script
4962:Calligraphy
4891:Linguistics
4816:Gulf Pidgin
4732:Judeo-Iraqi
4673:Kashkadarya
4529:Judeo-Iraqi
4454:Palestinian
4365:Nile Valley
4027:Pre-Islamic
3739:Dagger alif
614:Mesopotamia
522:Wādī Sirḥān
250:Afroasiatic
234:6th century
54:Time period
41:Script type
6443:Categories
6383:Rijal Alma
6368:Qatabanian
6006:Himyaritic
5949:Phoenician
5510:Historical
5479:Peninsular
5380:Taymanitic
5331:Old Arabic
5316:Historical
4877:Literature
4550:Peninsular
4490:Khuzestani
4220:(Mountain)
4140:Australian
4049:Old Arabic
3699:Diacritics
3626:Numerology
3539:(Toronto:
3495:Literature
3314:, p. 4 n8.
684:Phoenician
618:Carchemish
596:Taymanitic
590:Taymanitic
579:Old Arabic
560:Old Arabic
467:Old Arabic
457:language.
451:Taymanitic
396:Old Arabic
71:Taymanitic
6427:varieties
6418:indicate
6297:Sebat Bet
6047:Eastern (
5999:Deir Alla
5877:Canaanite
5784:Trans-Zab
5769:Inter-Zab
5693:Christian
5647:Palmyrene
5638:Samaritan
5605:Nabataean
5493:Northwest
5448:Levantine
5420:Classical
5345:Dadanitic
5167:varieties
5159:indicate
5074:Technical
5045:Shahmukhi
5000:Kairouani
4898:Phonology
4677:Khorasani
4667:Bakhtiari
4519:Anatolian
4449:Jordanian
4429:Damascene
4392:Levantine
4304:Hassaniya
4145:Cottenera
4080:Classical
4019:Varieties
3597:Overviews
3368:2451-8875
3333:. BRILL.
3132:𐪟
3126:𐪞
3120:𐪝
3114:𐪜
3108:𐪛
3102:𐪚
3096:𐪙
3090:𐪘
3084:𐪗
3078:𐪖
3072:𐪕
3066:𐪔
3060:𐪓
3054:𐪒
3048:𐪑
3042:𐪐
3031:𐪏
3025:𐪎
3019:𐪍
3013:𐪌
3007:𐪋
3001:𐪊
2995:𐪉
2989:𐪈
2983:𐪇
2977:𐪆
2971:𐪅
2965:𐪄
2959:𐪃
2953:𐪂
2947:𐪁
2941:𐪀
626:Nabonidus
497:Dadanitic
491:Dadanitic
486:Varieties
442:than the
345:Glottolog
313:ISO 639-3
142:ISO 15924
136:ISO 15924
67:Dadanitic
63:Languages
6375:Awsanian
6258:Tt-group
6134:Tigrinya
6013:Samalian
5990:Galilean
5983:Ugaritic
5928:Medieval
5921:Mishnaic
5905:Biblical
5886:Ammonite
5779:Sanandaj
5764:Betanure
5737:Chaldean
5734:Assyrian
5720:Qaraqosh
5710:Hértevin
5624:Galilean
5598:Lebanese
5453:Maghrebi
5413:Literary
5387:Thamudic
5373:Safaitic
5359:Hasaitic
5352:Dumaitic
5272:Akkadian
5227:Branches
5178:Category
5030:Nastaliq
5020:Muhaqqaq
5010:Maghrebi
4870:Academic
4810:Bimbashi
4766:Tunisene
4737:Baghdadi
4685:Shirvani
4625:Hadhrami
4583:Bahraini
4534:Baghdadi
4485:Baghdadi
4424:Aleppine
4414:Lebanese
4409:Cilician
4382:Sudanese
4372:Egyptian
4253:Hilalian
4211:Western
4189:Eastern
4186:Village
4165:Żurrieqi
4129:Sicilian
4122:Andalusi
4104:Maghrebi
4073:Literary
3725:(tanwin)
3723:Nunation
3609:Alphabet
3604:Language
3591:language
3210:cite web
3158:See also
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:U+10A9x
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:U+10A8x
638:Thamudic
632:Thamudic
573:Safaitic
567:Safaitic
535:Hasaitic
529:Hasaitic
512:Dumaitic
459:Safaitic
420:language
352:anci1245
83:Safaitic
79:Thamudic
75:Dumaitic
18:Dumaitic
6420:extinct
6416:Italics
6361:Minaean
6286:Endegen
6235:N-group
6196:Inneqor
6171:Argobba
6166:Amharic
6122:Dahalik
6094:Western
6085:Soqotri
6065:Ḥarsusi
6060:Baṭḥari
6051:Arabian
5976:Amorite
5942:Moabite
5893:Edomite
5858:Armazic
5838:Western
5814:Central
5759:Barzani
5685:eastern
5674:Aramaic
5588:Western
5572:Mandaic
5550:Eastern
5502:Aramaic
5465:Maltese
5366:Hismaic
5299:Central
5288:Eblaite
5244:Central
5157:Italics
5065:Thuluth
4930:Grammar
4801:pidgins
4796:Creoles
4785:Sanʽani
4670:Bukhara
4630:Sanʽani
4593:Kuwaiti
4588:Emirati
4573:Dhofari
4558:Bahrani
4524:Cypriot
4512:(Qeltu)
4339:Sulaym
4326:Western
4321:Eastern
4199:Sfaxian
4195:(Sahel)
4150:Gozitan
4135:Maltese
3755:Letters
3729:Shaddah
3718:Harakat
3713:Tashkil
3641:Scripts
3614:History
2859:Unicode
2847:Unicode
2838:
2776:
2714:
2696:
2628:
2566:
2548:
2488:
2470:
2410:
2348:
2330:
2270:
2252:
2192:
2130:
2112:
2052:
2034:
1974:
1956:
1894:
1854:s³ (s)
1834:
1816:
1756:
1694:
1676:
1616:
1598:
1538:
1496:s¹ (š)
1476:
1458:
1398:
1380:
1320:
1302:
1242:
1224:
1184:s² (ś)
1164:
1146:
1078:
1060:
1000:
982:
922:
904:
844:
826:
766:
748:
664:Phoneme
660:Letter
584:Pompeii
554:Hismaic
548:Hismaic
541:Al-Hasa
503:Al-`Ula
463:Hismaic
392:scripts
255:Semitic
230:Extinct
158:Unicode
87:Hismaic
6394:Sabaic
6388:Razihi
6292:Mesqan
6266:Mesmes
6215:Harari
6202:Wolane
6199:Ulbare
6192:Siltʼe
6152:versal
6150:Trans-
6080:Shehri
6070:Hobyot
6049:Modern
6020:Sutean
5968:Others
5934:Modern
5899:Hebrew
5851:Others
5826:Turoyo
5820:Mlaḥsô
5807:Others
5752:Jewish
5725:Senaya
5705:Bohtan
5700:Barwar
5683:North-
5659:Siryon
5653:Syrian
5577:Syriac
5308:Arabic
4980:Diwani
4967:Script
4925:(case)
4922:ʾIʿrāb
4908:Tajwid
4853:Bongor
4832:Maridi
4782:Habban
4656:Others
4640:Tihami
4620:Yemeni
4615:Shihhi
4600:Hejazi
4568:Bedawi
4563:Bareqi
4419:Syrian
4377:Saʽidi
4309:Nemadi
4295:Maqil
4193:Sahili
4160:Żejtun
4096:spoken
4094:Modern
3589:Arabic
3529:
3508:
3482:8 June
3455:29 May
3416:29 May
3366:
3337:
3294:
3264:
3238:
3200:12 May
2884:
2879:(PDF)
689:Arabic
610:Levant
219:Region
201:Jordan
6348:Faifi
6315:Gyeto
6309:Gumer
6302:Chaha
6272:Muher
6249:Soddo
6243:Gafat
6228:Outer
6143:South
6127:Tigre
6117:Geʽez
6110:North
6075:Mehri
6039:South
5956:Punic
5794:Zakho
5730:Suret
5249:South
5139:Other
5060:Tawqi
5015:Mashq
5005:Kufic
4913:Imāla
4882:Names
4848:Turku
4776:Adeni
4610:Omani
4605:Najdi
4510:North
4500:South
4495:Shawi
4477:Gilit
4441:South
4401:North
4299:Fessi
4218:Jebli
4204:Jijel
4179:Tunis
4174:Urban
4155:Qormi
3764:ʾAlif
3734:Hamza
3706:i‘jām
3554:2008.
3477:(PDF)
3444:dan.
3400:dan.
3194:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
3170:Notes
3140:Notes
2804:]
2800:[
2742:]
2738:[
2664:]
2660:[
2656:]
2652:[
2594:]
2590:[
2516:]
2512:[
2438:]
2434:[
2376:]
2372:[
2298:]
2294:[
2220:]
2216:[
2158:]
2154:[
2080:]
2076:[
2002:]
1998:[
1924:]
1920:[
1862:]
1858:[
1784:]
1780:[
1722:]
1718:[
1644:]
1640:[
1566:]
1562:[
1504:]
1500:[
1426:]
1422:[
1348:]
1344:[
1270:]
1266:[
1192:]
1188:[
1114:]
1110:[
1106:]
1102:[
1028:]
1024:[
950:]
946:[
872:]
868:[
794:]
790:[
716:]
712:[
622:Sheba
606:Tayma
400:Syria
213:Yemen
209:Syria
150:(106)
46:Abjad
6312:Gura
6306:Ezha
6282:Inor
5672:Neo-
5262:East
5239:West
5234:East
5035:Rasm
4838:Nubi
4826:Juba
4799:and
4779:Beda
4751:Wqal
4748:Kjal
4578:Gulf
3926:Ġayn
3917:ʿAyn
3527:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3484:2023
3457:2016
3418:2016
3364:ISSN
3335:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3236:ISBN
3216:link
3202:2017
612:and
461:and
432:ʾal-
147:Narb
6208:Zay
5123:864
5118:720
5114:711
5111:710
5108:709
5104:708
4947:IPA
4007:Yāʾ
3998:Wāw
3989:Hāʾ
3980:Nūn
3971:Mīm
3962:Lām
3953:Kāf
3944:Qāf
3935:Fāʾ
3908:Ẓāʾ
3899:Ṭāʾ
3890:Ḍād
3881:Ṣād
3872:Šīn
3863:Sīn
3854:Zāy
3845:Rāʾ
3836:Ḏāl
3827:Dāl
3818:Ḫāʾ
3809:Ḥāʾ
3800:Ǧīm
3791:Ṯāʾ
3782:Tāʾ
3773:Bāʾ
669:IPA
388:ANA
336:xna
320:xna
6445::
4965:·
3550:.
3465:^
3448:.
3426:^
3404:.
3385:.
3362:.
3358:.
3319:^
3276:^
3212:}}
3208:{{
3144:1.
2932:F
2814:𐩼
2802:θˤ
2796:ẓ
2788:𐪜
2752:𐩻
2734:ṯ
2726:𐪛
2690:𐤉
2674:𐩺
2662:iː
2658:,
2648:y
2640:𐪚
2604:𐩹
2586:ḏ
2578:𐪙
2542:𐤆
2526:𐩸
2508:z
2500:𐪘
2464:𐤈
2448:𐩷
2436:tˤ
2430:ṭ
2422:𐪗
2386:𐩶
2368:ġ
2360:𐪖
2324:𐤃
2308:𐩵
2290:d
2282:𐪕
2246:𐤂
2230:𐩴
2212:g
2204:𐪔
2168:𐩳
2156:dˤ
2150:ḍ
2142:𐪓
2106:𐤏
2090:𐩲
2072:ʿ
2064:𐪒
2028:𐤀
2012:𐩱
1994:ʾ
1986:𐪑
1950:𐤐
1934:𐩰
1916:f
1908:𐪐
1888:𐤎
1872:𐩯
1846:𐪏
1810:𐤑
1794:𐩮
1782:sˤ
1776:ṣ
1768:𐪎
1732:𐩭
1714:ḫ
1706:𐪍
1670:𐤍
1654:𐩬
1636:n
1628:𐪌
1592:𐤊
1576:𐩫
1558:k
1550:𐪋
1514:𐩪
1488:𐪊
1452:𐤕
1436:𐩩
1418:t
1410:𐪉
1374:𐤁
1358:𐩨
1340:b
1332:𐪈
1296:𐤓
1280:𐩧
1262:r
1254:𐪇
1218:𐤔
1202:𐩦
1176:𐪆
1140:𐤅
1124:𐩥
1112:uː
1108:,
1098:w
1090:𐪅
1054:𐤒
1038:𐩤
1020:q
1012:𐪄
976:𐤌
960:𐩣
942:m
934:𐪃
898:𐤇
882:𐩢
864:ḥ
856:𐪂
820:𐤋
804:𐩡
786:l
778:𐪁
742:𐤄
726:𐩠
708:h
700:𐪀
482:.
446:.
436:h-
211:,
207:,
203:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
6053:)
5212:e
5205:t
5198:v
3581:e
3574:t
3567:v
3543:)
3486:.
3459:.
3420:.
3389:.
3370:.
3343:.
3300:.
3270:.
3244:.
3218:)
3204:.
2929:E
2926:D
2923:C
2920:B
2917:A
2914:9
2911:8
2908:7
2905:6
2902:5
2899:4
2896:3
2893:2
2890:1
2887:0
2832:ظ
2770:ث
2740:θ
2708:ي
2654:j
2622:ذ
2592:ð
2560:ز
2514:z
2482:ط
2404:غ
2374:ɣ
2342:د
2296:d
2264:ج
2218:g
2186:ض
2124:ع
2078:ʕ
2046:ا
2000:ʔ
1968:ف
1922:f
1860:s
1828:ص
1750:خ
1720:x
1688:ن
1642:n
1610:ك
1564:k
1532:س
1502:ʃ
1470:ت
1424:t
1392:ب
1346:b
1314:ر
1268:r
1236:ش
1190:ɬ
1158:و
1104:w
1072:ق
1026:q
994:م
948:m
916:ح
870:ħ
838:ل
792:l
760:ه
714:h
386:(
377:.
367:.
20:)
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