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Erg (landform)

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world, ranging from only a few centimeters deep in the Selima Sand Sheet of Southern Egypt, to approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in the Simpson Desert, and 21–43 m (69–141 ft) in the Sahara. This is far shallower than ergs in prehistoric times were. Evidence in the geological record indicates that some
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Almost all major ergs are located downwind from river beds in areas that are too dry to support extensive vegetative cover and are thus subject to long-continued wind erosion. Sand from these abundant sources migrates downwind and builds up into very large dunes where its movement is halted or slowed
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in October 2005 show sand dunes at Titan's equator much like those in deserts of Earth. One erg was observed to be more than 930 miles (1,500 km) long. Dunes are a dominant landform on Titan. Approximately 15-20% of the surface is covered by ergs with an estimated total area of 12–18 million km
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The sand dunes are believed to be formed by wind generated as a result of tidal forces from Saturn on Titan's atmosphere. The images are evidence that these dunes were built from winds that blow in one direction before switching to another and then back to the first direction and so on, causing the
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Individual dunes in ergs typically have widths, lengths, or both dimensions greater than 500 m (1,600 ft). Both the regional extent of their sand cover and the complexity and great size of their dunes distinguish ergs from dune fields. The depth of sand in ergs varies widely around the
480:: the Aglaonice dune field, which covers approximately 1,290 km (500 sq mi), and the Meshkenet dune field (~17,120 km or 6,600 sq mi). These seem to be mostly transverse dune fields (with dune crests perpendicular to prevailing winds). 388:. Within sand seas in a given area, the dunes tend to be of a single type. For example, there are ergs or fields of linear dunes, of crescentic dunes, of star dunes, and of parabolic dunes, and these dune arrays tend to have consistent orientations and sizes. 363:
Entire ergs and dune fields tend to migrate downwind as far as hundreds of kilometers from their sources of sand. Such accumulation requires long periods of time. At least one million years is required to build ergs with very large dunes, such as those on the
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The sand on Titan might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the ice bedrock, possibly in the form of flash floods. Alternatively, the sand could also have come from organic solids produced by photochemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere.
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shows very large ergs, especially next to the polar caps, where dunes can reach a considerable size. Ergs on Mars can exhibit strange shapes and patterns, due to complex interaction with the underlying surface and wind direction.
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sand dunes to build up in long parallel lines. These tidal winds combined with Titan's west-to-east zonal winds create dunes aligned west-to-east nearly everywhere except close to mountains, which alter wind direction.
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Breed, C. S., S. G. Fryberger, S. Andrews, C. K. McCauley, F. Lennartz, D. Gebel, and K. Horstman. 1979. Regional studies of sand seas using Landsat (ERTS) imagery. In
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or wind-blown sand and where sand covers more than 20% of the surface. Smaller areas are known as "dune fields". The largest hot desert in the world, the
135:. Approximately 85% of all the Earth's mobile sand is found in ergs that are greater than 32,000 km (12,355 sq mi), the largest being the 835: 756: 729: 661: 630: 420: 105:), meaning "dune field". Strictly speaking, an erg is defined as a desert area that contains more than 125 km (48 sq mi) of 898: 1550: 1020: 368:, in North Africa, and in central Asia. Sand seas that have accumulated in subsiding structural and topographic basins, such as the 250:. Active ergs are limited to regions that receive, on average, no more than 150 mm of annual precipitation. The largest are in 876: 1870: 1790: 693: 391:
By nature, ergs are very active. Smaller dunes form and migrate along the flanks of the larger dunes and sand ridges. Occasional
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Breed, C. S., and T. Grow. 1979. Morphology and distribution of dunes in sand seas observed by remote sensing. In
392: 351:(Arabia's Empty Quarter), the world's largest erg with an area of more than 600,000 km (230,000 sq mi) 2017: 2012: 1362: 1570: 1693: 594: 1061: 534: 376:, may attain great thicknesses (more than 1000 m) but others, such as the ergs of linear dunes in the 1653: 1643: 1598: 1319: 1241: 917: 590: 304: 1144: 676: 1942: 1775: 1723: 1683: 1013: 37: 1728: 1698: 1658: 1094: 962: 853:"Seasonal Movement of Material on Dunes in Proctor Crater, Mars: Possible Present-Day Sand Saltation" 557: 437: 332: 31: 186: 1981: 1780: 1618: 1432: 1352: 1274: 902: 243: 239: 235: 231: 953:(2010). "Extraterrestrial dunes: An introduction to the special issue on planetary dune systems". 1954: 1810: 1770: 1708: 1673: 1663: 1648: 1066: 381: 989: 48: 1880: 1865: 1805: 1668: 1638: 1623: 1603: 1523: 1404: 1208: 1164: 929: 831: 825: 752: 725: 719: 657: 651: 528: 365: 273: 144: 106: 746: 1976: 1633: 1427: 1246: 1006: 970: 348: 148: 136: 622: 1934: 1909: 1900: 1852: 1830: 1785: 1757: 1748: 1628: 1608: 1593: 1580: 1565: 1555: 1545: 1537: 1505: 1462: 1334: 1309: 1304: 1216: 1199: 1134: 1084: 1076: 1056: 1046: 880: 801:, edited by E. D. McKee. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, pp. 253–302. 540: 502: 369: 324: 255: 92: 1184: 949:
Bourke, Mary C.; Nick Lancaster; Lori K. Fenton; Eric J. R. Parteli; James R. Zimbelman;
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making it the largest dune field coverage in the Solar System identified to date.
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Wilson, I. 1971. Desert sandflow basins and a model for the development of ergs.
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of Australia, may be no thicker than the individual dunes superposed on the
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latitudes, which include regions crossed by the dry, subsiding air of the
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and allowing it to accumulate. Today at least three bodies in the
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with little or no vegetative cover. The word is derived from the
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acts on the surface for a significant period of time, creating
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Desert sedimentary environments: Developments in sedimentology
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Interpreting Pre-Quaternary Climate from the Geologic Record
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Dunes at the edge of the 35 × 65 km dark dune field in
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14, Enclosure 4. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Co.
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fills basins formed by the dunes; as the water evaporates,
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Aeolian features on Venus: Preliminary Magellan results
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ergs reached a mean depth of several hundred meters.
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barriers to windflow or by convergence of windflow.
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Sand seas and dune fields generally occur in regions
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1933: 1908: 1899: 1851: 1829: 1756: 1747: 1579: 1536: 1514: 1461: 1418: 1343: 1265: 1207: 1198: 1075: 444:Ergs are a geological feature that can be found on 230:. Ergs are concentrated in two broad belts between 206:of copious sources of dry, loose sand, such as dry 677:Landforms in the World: Aeolian Landform (08. Erg) 990:"Saharan Sand Dunes Found on Saturn's Moon Titan" 27:Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand 724:. University of California Press. p. 322. 472:At least two ergs have been recognized by the 113:, covers 9 million square kilometres (3.5 1014: 8: 100: 899:"Sand Dunes on Mars Reach Dizzying Heights" 1905: 1753: 1204: 1021: 1007: 999: 656:. Columbia University Press. p. 166. 718:Cooke, Ronald U.; Warren, Andrew (1973). 860:Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005) 751:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 688:Spector, Christy (September 24, 2001). 617: 615: 613: 611: 578: 927: 531: – Processes due to wind activity 631:United States Army Corps of Engineers 623:"Summary: Sand Seas/Ergs/Dune Fields" 311:in the northwestern Mexican state of 7: 569: – Streamlined aeolian landform 543: – Type of desert earth surface 421:List of extraterrestrial dune fields 101: 824:Pye, Kenneth; Tsoar, Haim (2009). 748:Deserts: A Very Short Introduction 25: 897:Britt, Robert Roy (2003-11-10). 694:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 885:Journal of Geophysical Research 650:Parrish, Judith Totman (2001). 147:. Ergs are also found on other 975:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.04.007 1: 988:Goudarzi, Sara (2006-05-04). 775:, v. 137, Pt. 2, pp. 180–199. 500:Radar images captured by the 961:(1–2). Elsevier B.V.: 1–14. 872:Greeley, R., et al. (1992), 916:Stiles, Lori (2006-05-04). 901:. Space.com. Archived from 827:Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes 812:A study of global sand seas 799:A study of global sand seas 79:) is a broad, flat area of 2034: 784:Glennie, K. W. 1970. 418: 399:deposits are left behind. 283:, ergs are limited by the 29: 1967: 1037: 934:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 830:. Springer. p. 155. 560: – type of sand dune 506:spacecraft as it flew by 299:. The only active erg in 887:, 97(E8), 13,319–13,345. 745:Middleton, Nick (2009). 721:Geomorphology in deserts 587:"Issaouane Erg, Algeria" 1062:List of deserts by area 918:"Titan's Seas Are Sand" 535:Blowout (geomorphology) 452:capable of significant 190:Major dune seas of the 1644:Gran Desierto de Altar 851:Fenton, L. K. (2005). 690:"Soil Forming Factors" 591:NASA Earth Observatory 441: 352: 307:that extends from the 305:Gran Desierto de Altar 220:glacial outwash plains 199: 183: 56: 45: 1943:North American Arctic 1684:North American Arctic 428: 415:Extraterrestrial ergs 346: 189: 178: 51: 40: 773:Geographical Journal 438:Mars Global Surveyor 32:Erg (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 1871:Los Médanos de Coro 1619:Channeled scablands 1242:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn 967:2010Geomo.121....1B 347:Satellite image of 1664:Jornada del Muerto 1067:Desert exploration 879:2008-06-15 at the 442: 382:Great Sandy Desert 353: 333:Nebraska Sandhills 200: 184: 57: 46: 2018:Erosion landforms 2013:Aeolian landforms 1990: 1989: 1963: 1962: 1847: 1846: 1532: 1531: 1209:Arabian Peninsula 1165:Plaine des Sables 837:978-3-540-85909-3 758:978-0-19-160983-1 731:978-0-520-02280-5 663:978-0-231-10207-0 558:Médanos (geology) 529:Aeolian processes 366:Arabian Peninsula 291:and northwestern 274:Central Australia 145:Arabian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 2025: 1906: 1754: 1205: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1000: 994: 993: 985: 979: 978: 946: 940: 939: 933: 925: 913: 907: 906: 894: 888: 870: 864: 863: 857: 848: 842: 841: 821: 815: 808: 802: 795: 789: 782: 776: 769: 763: 762: 742: 736: 735: 715: 709: 708: 706: 705: 696:. 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Space.com. 983: 958: 954: 944: 921: 911: 903:the original 892: 884: 868: 859: 846: 826: 819: 811: 806: 798: 793: 785: 780: 772: 767: 747: 740: 720: 713: 702:. Retrieved 698:the original 683: 672: 652: 645: 634:. Retrieved 627:Desert Guide 626: 599:. Retrieved 595:the original 581: 553:List of ergs 517: 513: 501: 499: 487: 471: 462:Solar System 454:wind erosion 443: 401: 390: 362: 354: 278: 201: 140: 120: 96: 75:if it lacks 72: 68: 64: 60: 58: 1831:New Zealand 1811:Sturt Stony 1771:Great Sandy 1709:Smoke Creek 1674:Lechuguilla 1659:Great Sandy 1649:Great Basin 1290:Betpak-Dala 358:topographic 339:Description 317:Yuma Desert 248:trade winds 216:floodplains 194:in yellow, 1997:Categories 1918:Antarctica 1881:Patagonian 1866:La Guajira 1806:Strzelecki 1699:Red Desert 1639:Forty Mile 1624:Chihuahuan 1604:Black Rock 1420:South Asia 1405:Taklamakan 1180:Tanezrouft 704:2006-05-18 636:2006-05-18 601:2006-05-18 574:References 450:atmosphere 419:See also: 329:California 303:is in the 180:Erg Chebbi 151:, such as 73:sand sheet 1948:Greenland 1910:Antarctic 1758:Australia 1634:Escalante 1571:Deliblato 1428:Cholistan 1345:East Asia 1145:Moçâmedes 448:where an 409:Paleozoic 293:Argentina 208:riverbeds 182:, Morocco 171:Geography 125:Chech Erg 44:, Algeria 1977:Category 1629:Colorado 1609:Carcross 1594:Amargosa 1566:Tabernas 1556:Monegros 1506:Registan 1310:Moiynkum 1305:Kyzylkum 1217:Ad-Dahna 1135:Kalahari 1085:Algerian 930:cite web 877:Archived 523:See also 436:, Mars ( 405:Mesozoic 323:and the 315:to the 256:southern 252:northern 204:downwind 163:'s moon 127:and the 69:dune sea 65:sand sea 18:Dune sea 1982:Commons 1972:Project 1891:Tatacoa 1886:Sechura 1861:Atacama 1839:Rangipo 1801:Simpson 1796:Pedirka 1791:Painted 1749:Oceania 1714:Sonoran 1561:Oleshky 1438:Katpana 1410:Tengger 1335:Ustyurt 1325:Sarykum 1300:Karakum 1285:Barsuki 1280:Aralkum 1232:Judaean 1227:Arabian 1190:Western 1120:Eastern 1110:Danakil 1031:deserts 963:Bibcode 922:UA News 567:Yardang 503:Cassini 446:planets 440:, 2000) 430:Barchan 321:Arizona 267:western 263:central 228:beaches 143:of the 133:Algeria 107:aeolian 87:-swept 1935:Arctic 1821:Tirari 1816:Tanami 1766:Gibson 1704:Sevier 1689:Owyhee 1679:Mojave 1614:Carson 1589:Alvord 1538:Europe 1524:La Paz 1501:Polond 1496:Naomid 1443:Kharan 1400:Qaidam 1388:Kubuqi 1378:Kumtag 1330:Taukum 1252:Syrian 1185:Ténéré 1175:Sahara 1155:Nubian 1140:Libyan 1115:Djurab 1105:Chalbi 1090:Bayuda 1077:Africa 1042:Desert 1029:World 834:  755:  728:  660:  547:Hamada 313:Sonora 297:Brazil 272:, and 259:Africa 226:, and 222:, dry 212:deltas 192:Sahara 161:Saturn 159:, and 139:, the 111:Sahara 93:Arabic 81:desert 63:(also 2008:Dunes 1876:Monte 1491:Margo 1481:Leili 1476:Khash 1471:Kavir 1393:Mu Us 1383:Ordos 1237:Negev 1222:Nefud 1160:Nyiri 1150:Namib 1125:Ferlo 856:(PDF) 508:Titan 496:Titan 478:Venus 468:Venus 374:Libya 224:lakes 165:Titan 153:Venus 95:word 77:dunes 71:, or 2003:Ergs 1739:Yuma 1734:Yuha 1669:Kaʻū 1453:Thar 1448:Thal 1368:Hami 1358:Gobi 1200:Asia 1100:Blue 936:link 832:ISBN 753:ISBN 726:ISBN 658:ISBN 489:Mars 484:Mars 458:sand 407:and 397:salt 380:and 289:Peru 270:Asia 265:and 254:and 244:40°S 238:and 236:40°N 210:and 157:Mars 97:ʿirq 89:sand 85:wind 1486:Lut 1373:Lop 1315:Ryn 971:doi 959:121 476:on 372:of 356:by 319:of 279:In 276:. 242:to 240:20° 234:to 232:20° 131:in 102:عرق 67:or 61:erg 59:An 1999:: 969:. 957:. 932:}} 928:{{ 920:. 883:, 858:. 692:. 629:. 625:. 610:^ 589:. 335:. 261:, 218:, 214:, 167:. 155:, 117:10 1022:e 1015:t 1008:v 977:. 973:: 965:: 938:) 862:. 840:. 761:. 734:. 707:. 666:. 639:. 604:. 121:^ 115:× 99:( 34:. 20:)

Index

Dune sea
Erg (disambiguation)

Issaouane Erg

Namib Sand Sea
dunes
desert
wind
sand
Arabic
aeolian
Sahara
Chech Erg
Issaouane Erg
Algeria
Rub' al Khali
Arabian Peninsula
celestial bodies
Venus
Mars
Saturn
Titan

Erg Chebbi

Sahara
Great Sand Sea
downwind
riverbeds

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