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world, ranging from only a few centimeters deep in the Selima Sand Sheet of
Southern Egypt, to approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in the Simpson Desert, and 21–43 m (69–141 ft) in the Sahara. This is far shallower than ergs in prehistoric times were. Evidence in the geological record indicates that some
355:
Almost all major ergs are located downwind from river beds in areas that are too dry to support extensive vegetative cover and are thus subject to long-continued wind erosion. Sand from these abundant sources migrates downwind and builds up into very large dunes where its movement is halted or slowed
510:
in
October 2005 show sand dunes at Titan's equator much like those in deserts of Earth. One erg was observed to be more than 930 miles (1,500 km) long. Dunes are a dominant landform on Titan. Approximately 15-20% of the surface is covered by ergs with an estimated total area of 12–18 million km
514:
The sand dunes are believed to be formed by wind generated as a result of tidal forces from Saturn on Titan's atmosphere. The images are evidence that these dunes were built from winds that blow in one direction before switching to another and then back to the first direction and so on, causing the
402:
Individual dunes in ergs typically have widths, lengths, or both dimensions greater than 500 m (1,600 ft). Both the regional extent of their sand cover and the complexity and great size of their dunes distinguish ergs from dune fields. The depth of sand in ergs varies widely around the
480:: the Aglaonice dune field, which covers approximately 1,290 km (500 sq mi), and the Meshkenet dune field (~17,120 km or 6,600 sq mi). These seem to be mostly transverse dune fields (with dune crests perpendicular to prevailing winds).
388:. Within sand seas in a given area, the dunes tend to be of a single type. For example, there are ergs or fields of linear dunes, of crescentic dunes, of star dunes, and of parabolic dunes, and these dune arrays tend to have consistent orientations and sizes.
363:
Entire ergs and dune fields tend to migrate downwind as far as hundreds of kilometers from their sources of sand. Such accumulation requires long periods of time. At least one million years is required to build ergs with very large dunes, such as those on the
518:
The sand on Titan might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the ice bedrock, possibly in the form of flash floods. Alternatively, the sand could also have come from organic solids produced by photochemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere.
491:
shows very large ergs, especially next to the polar caps, where dunes can reach a considerable size. Ergs on Mars can exhibit strange shapes and patterns, due to complex interaction with the underlying surface and wind direction.
515:
sand dunes to build up in long parallel lines. These tidal winds combined with Titan's west-to-east zonal winds create dunes aligned west-to-east nearly everywhere except close to mountains, which alter wind direction.
810:
Breed, C. S., S. G. Fryberger, S. Andrews, C. K. McCauley, F. Lennartz, D. Gebel, and K. Horstman. 1979. Regional studies of sand seas using
Landsat (ERTS) imagery. In
343:
586:
109:
or wind-blown sand and where sand covers more than 20% of the surface. Smaller areas are known as "dune fields". The largest hot desert in the world, the
135:. Approximately 85% of all the Earth's mobile sand is found in ergs that are greater than 32,000 km (12,355 sq mi), the largest being the
835:
756:
729:
661:
630:
420:
105:), meaning "dune field". Strictly speaking, an erg is defined as a desert area that contains more than 125 km (48 sq mi) of
898:
1550:
1020:
368:, in North Africa, and in central Asia. Sand seas that have accumulated in subsiding structural and topographic basins, such as the
250:. Active ergs are limited to regions that receive, on average, no more than 150 mm of annual precipitation. The largest are in
876:
1870:
1790:
693:
391:
By nature, ergs are very active. Smaller dunes form and migrate along the flanks of the larger dunes and sand ridges. Occasional
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689:
1971:
935:
797:
Breed, C. S., and T. Grow. 1979. Morphology and distribution of dunes in sand seas observed by remote sensing. In
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351:(Arabia's Empty Quarter), the world's largest erg with an area of more than 600,000 km (230,000 sq mi)
2017:
2012:
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376:, may attain great thicknesses (more than 1000 m) but others, such as the ergs of linear dunes in the
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853:"Seasonal Movement of Material on Dunes in Proctor Crater, Mars: Possible Present-Day Sand Saltation"
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953:(2010). "Extraterrestrial dunes: An introduction to the special issue on planetary dune systems".
1954:
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801:, edited by E. D. McKee. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, pp. 253–302.
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Bourke, Mary C.; Nick
Lancaster; Lori K. Fenton; Eric J. R. Parteli; James R. Zimbelman;
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2007:
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537: – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind
473:
464:, apart from Earth, are known to feature ergs on their surface: Venus, Mars and Titan.
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814:, edited by E.D. McKee. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, pp. 305–397.
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making it the largest dune field coverage in the Solar System identified to date.
771:
Wilson, I. 1971. Desert sandflow basins and a model for the development of ergs.
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of
Australia, may be no thicker than the individual dunes superposed on the
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latitudes, which include regions crossed by the dry, subsiding air of the
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924:. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007.
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and allowing it to accumulate. Today at least three bodies in the
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295:. They are also found in several parts of the northeast coast of
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with little or no vegetative cover. The word is derived from the
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acts on the surface for a significant period of time, creating
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Desert sedimentary environments: Developments in sedimentology
653:
Interpreting Pre-Quaternary
Climate from the Geologic Record
432:
Dunes at the edge of the 35 × 65 km dark dune field in
788:
14, Enclosure 4. New York: American
Elsevier Publishing Co.
395:
fills basins formed by the dunes; as the water evaporates,
549: – Desert landscape with mostly rock instead of sand
123: sq mi) and contains several ergs, such as the
198:. Red dashed line shows approximate limit of the Sahara.
874:
Aeolian features on Venus: Preliminary
Magellan results
287:, but they do contain extremely large dunes in coastal
411:
ergs reached a mean depth of several hundred meters.
360:
barriers to windflow or by convergence of windflow.
331:. An erg that has been fixed by vegetation forms the
202:
Sand seas and dune fields generally occur in regions
562:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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444:Ergs are a geological feature that can be found on
230:. Ergs are concentrated in two broad belts between
206:of copious sources of dry, loose sand, such as dry
677:Landforms in the World: Aeolian Landform (08. Erg)
990:"Saharan Sand Dunes Found on Saturn's Moon Titan"
27:Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
724:. University of California Press. p. 322.
472:At least two ergs have been recognized by the
113:, covers 9 million square kilometres (3.5
1014:
8:
100:
899:"Sand Dunes on Mars Reach Dizzying Heights"
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656:. Columbia University Press. p. 166.
718:Cooke, Ronald U.; Warren, Andrew (1973).
860:Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
751:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
688:Spector, Christy (September 24, 2001).
617:
615:
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531: – Processes due to wind activity
631:United States Army Corps of Engineers
623:"Summary: Sand Seas/Ergs/Dune Fields"
311:in the northwestern Mexican state of
7:
569: – Streamlined aeolian landform
543: – Type of desert earth surface
421:List of extraterrestrial dune fields
101:
824:Pye, Kenneth; Tsoar, Haim (2009).
748:Deserts: A Very Short Introduction
25:
897:Britt, Robert Roy (2003-11-10).
694:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
885:Journal of Geophysical Research
650:Parrish, Judith Totman (2001).
147:. Ergs are also found on other
975:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.04.007
1:
988:Goudarzi, Sara (2006-05-04).
775:, v. 137, Pt. 2, pp. 180–199.
500:Radar images captured by the
961:(1–2). Elsevier B.V.: 1–14.
872:Greeley, R., et al. (1992),
916:Stiles, Lori (2006-05-04).
901:. Space.com. Archived from
827:Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes
812:A study of global sand seas
799:A study of global sand seas
79:) is a broad, flat area of
2034:
784:Glennie, K. W. 1970.
418:
399:deposits are left behind.
283:, ergs are limited by the
29:
1967:
1037:
934:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
830:. Springer. p. 155.
560: – type of sand dune
506:spacecraft as it flew by
299:. The only active erg in
887:, 97(E8), 13,319–13,345.
745:Middleton, Nick (2009).
721:Geomorphology in deserts
587:"Issaouane Erg, Algeria"
1062:List of deserts by area
918:"Titan's Seas Are Sand"
535:Blowout (geomorphology)
452:capable of significant
190:Major dune seas of the
1644:Gran Desierto de Altar
851:Fenton, L. K. (2005).
690:"Soil Forming Factors"
591:NASA Earth Observatory
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307:that extends from the
305:Gran Desierto de Altar
220:glacial outwash plains
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415:Extraterrestrial ergs
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773:Geographical Journal
438:Mars Global Surveyor
32:Erg (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
1871:Los Médanos de Coro
1619:Channeled scablands
1242:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
967:2010Geomo.121....1B
347:Satellite image of
1664:Jornada del Muerto
1067:Desert exploration
879:2008-06-15 at the
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382:Great Sandy Desert
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333:Nebraska Sandhills
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2018:Erosion landforms
2013:Aeolian landforms
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1165:Plaine des Sables
837:978-3-540-85909-3
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731:978-0-520-02280-5
663:978-0-231-10207-0
558:Médanos (geology)
529:Aeolian processes
366:Arabian Peninsula
291:and northwestern
274:Central Australia
145:Arabian Peninsula
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1363:Gurbantünggüt
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1247:Rub' al Khali
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955:Geomorphology
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700:on 2006-08-28
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597:on 2006-10-01
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393:precipitation
389:
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349:Rub' al Khali
345:
338:
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326:
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318:
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310:
306:
302:
301:North America
298:
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281:South America
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Empty Quarter
138:
137:Rub' al Khali
134:
130:
129:Issaouane Erg
126:
122:
112:
108:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:covered with
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
50:
43:
42:Issaouane Erg
39:
33:
19:
1923:Meyer Desert
1781:Little Sandy
1551:Cabo de Gata
1433:Indus Valley
1353:Badain Jaran
1275:Aral Karakum
1267:Central Asia
1257:Wahiba Sands
1170:Richtersveld
1095:Black Desert
1052:Polar desert
992:. Space.com.
983:
958:
954:
944:
921:
911:
903:the original
892:
884:
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819:
811:
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785:
780:
772:
767:
747:
740:
720:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:the original
683:
672:
652:
645:
634:. Retrieved
627:Desert Guide
626:
599:. Retrieved
595:the original
581:
553:List of ergs
517:
513:
501:
499:
487:
471:
462:Solar System
454:wind erosion
443:
401:
390:
362:
354:
278:
201:
140:
120:
96:
75:if it lacks
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
1831:New Zealand
1811:Sturt Stony
1771:Great Sandy
1709:Smoke Creek
1674:Lechuguilla
1659:Great Sandy
1649:Great Basin
1290:Betpak-Dala
358:topographic
339:Description
317:Yuma Desert
248:trade winds
216:floodplains
194:in yellow,
1997:Categories
1918:Antarctica
1881:Patagonian
1866:La Guajira
1806:Strzelecki
1699:Red Desert
1639:Forty Mile
1624:Chihuahuan
1604:Black Rock
1420:South Asia
1405:Taklamakan
1180:Tanezrouft
704:2006-05-18
636:2006-05-18
601:2006-05-18
574:References
450:atmosphere
419:See also:
329:California
303:is in the
180:Erg Chebbi
151:, such as
73:sand sheet
1948:Greenland
1910:Antarctic
1758:Australia
1634:Escalante
1571:Deliblato
1428:Cholistan
1345:East Asia
1145:Moçâmedes
448:where an
409:Paleozoic
293:Argentina
208:riverbeds
182:, Morocco
171:Geography
125:Chech Erg
44:, Algeria
1977:Category
1629:Colorado
1609:Carcross
1594:Amargosa
1566:Tabernas
1556:Monegros
1506:Registan
1310:Moiynkum
1305:Kyzylkum
1217:Ad-Dahna
1135:Kalahari
1085:Algerian
930:cite web
877:Archived
523:See also
436:, Mars (
405:Mesozoic
323:and the
315:to the
256:southern
252:northern
204:downwind
163:'s moon
127:and the
69:dune sea
65:sand sea
18:Dune sea
1982:Commons
1972:Project
1891:Tatacoa
1886:Sechura
1861:Atacama
1839:Rangipo
1801:Simpson
1796:Pedirka
1791:Painted
1749:Oceania
1714:Sonoran
1561:Oleshky
1438:Katpana
1410:Tengger
1335:Ustyurt
1325:Sarykum
1300:Karakum
1285:Barsuki
1280:Aralkum
1232:Judaean
1227:Arabian
1190:Western
1120:Eastern
1110:Danakil
1031:deserts
963:Bibcode
922:UA News
567:Yardang
503:Cassini
446:planets
440:, 2000)
430:Barchan
321:Arizona
267:western
263:central
228:beaches
143:of the
133:Algeria
107:aeolian
87:-swept
1935:Arctic
1821:Tirari
1816:Tanami
1766:Gibson
1704:Sevier
1689:Owyhee
1679:Mojave
1614:Carson
1589:Alvord
1538:Europe
1524:La Paz
1501:Polond
1496:Naomid
1443:Kharan
1400:Qaidam
1388:Kubuqi
1378:Kumtag
1330:Taukum
1252:Syrian
1185:Ténéré
1175:Sahara
1155:Nubian
1140:Libyan
1115:Djurab
1105:Chalbi
1090:Bayuda
1077:Africa
1042:Desert
1029:World
834:
755:
728:
660:
547:Hamada
313:Sonora
297:Brazil
272:, and
259:Africa
226:, and
222:, dry
212:deltas
192:Sahara
161:Saturn
159:, and
139:, the
111:Sahara
93:Arabic
81:desert
63:(also
2008:Dunes
1876:Monte
1491:Margo
1481:Leili
1476:Khash
1471:Kavir
1393:Mu Us
1383:Ordos
1237:Negev
1222:Nefud
1160:Nyiri
1150:Namib
1125:Ferlo
856:(PDF)
508:Titan
496:Titan
478:Venus
468:Venus
374:Libya
224:lakes
165:Titan
153:Venus
95:word
77:dunes
71:, or
2003:Ergs
1739:Yuma
1734:Yuha
1669:Kaʻū
1453:Thar
1448:Thal
1368:Hami
1358:Gobi
1200:Asia
1100:Blue
936:link
832:ISBN
753:ISBN
726:ISBN
658:ISBN
489:Mars
484:Mars
458:sand
407:and
397:salt
380:and
289:Peru
270:Asia
265:and
254:and
244:40°S
238:and
236:40°N
210:and
157:Mars
97:ʿirq
89:sand
85:wind
1486:Lut
1373:Lop
1315:Ryn
971:doi
959:121
476:on
372:of
356:by
319:of
279:In
276:.
242:to
240:20°
234:to
232:20°
131:in
102:عرق
67:or
61:erg
59:An
1999::
969:.
957:.
932:}}
928:{{
920:.
883:,
858:.
692:.
629:.
625:.
610:^
589:.
335:.
261:,
218:,
214:,
167:.
155:,
117:10
1022:e
1015:t
1008:v
977:.
973::
965::
938:)
862:.
840:.
761:.
734:.
707:.
666:.
639:.
604:.
121:^
115:×
99:(
34:.
20:)
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