20:
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followed (in specialist academic literature called
Dunkirk 0 through to Dunkirk IIIb) characterised by a rising water table and floods that left layers of clay on the land. The heaviest blow came with the "Dunkirk II transgression" that began in the 3rd century and continually worsened, leaving such
660:
Sea level rise, transgression phases and storm surges in maritime
Flanders to the end of the 16th century. A study of the landscape, ecology and climate from a historical point of view. Dr. Beatrijs Augustyn, (English summary of the general conclusion of the thesis by B. Augusyn, Zeespiegelrijzing,
198:
Across the Rhine/Meuse delta, the population became scant. Between the 5th and 7th centuries there were few centers of population there, and in the estuarine and peat areas no settlements have been found. The area would not be repopulated until the
661:
transgressiefasen en stormvloeden in maritiem
Vlaanderen tot het einde van de XVIde eeuw. Een landschappelijke, ecologische en klimatologische studie in historisch perspektief, Brussel, Algemeen Rijksarchief, Studia 37-38), 1992
95:
The exact scale of each event with notable human impact in duration, being hypothetically determined, is debated. The cause of each is also somewhat debated, however
115:, when the climate and environment became more amenable to human habitation. Conditions remained favourable until 250 AD, and the region became densely populated.
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Environmental
History of the Rhine-Meuse Delta: An ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise
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North Sea
Periphery, c. 250–c. 500: High Water Levels and a generally cooling climate. Source: Higham's Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons (
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was largely underwater between the mid-third-century and 1050. This more narrow geographic range of depopulation covers the third
Dunkirk
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Archaeology and
Coastal Change: Being the Papers Presented at Meetings in London and Manchester on 27th October and 5th November, 1977
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28:
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Meier, Dirk (January 2004). "Man and environment in the marsh area of
Schleswig–Holstein from Roman until late Medieval times".
63:. Three events and mass evacuations, at least, are seen, some stretching to land above-sea level today. The events affected the
143:. People were forced to abandon their homes and emigrate. Archaeologists find evidence for this across the Rhine/Meuse delta (
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Louwe
Kooijmans, L. P. (1980). "Archaeology and Coastal Change in the Netherlands". In Thompson, Frederick Hugh (ed.).
703:
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The migration period, Southern
Denmark and the North Sea : a workbook in relationship to the Gredstedbro find
599:"From nature to culture: landscape and settlement history of the North-Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany"
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and adjoining low land. Most of this land is vulnerable to such events being below or approximately at
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Man and environment in the marsh area of Schleswig-Holstein from Roman until late Medieval times
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Events of rising sea levels around the shores of the Low Countries in the late Roman period.
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in LANCEWAD: Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region—Project Report.
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evidences and relative lack of human occupation artefacts leads scientists to theorise the
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The Rhine/Meuse delta. Four studies on its prehistoric occupation and holocene geology
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that habitation was almost impossible between the years 250 and 650.
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until great dams and sea walls were built as shown in the
203:. Zones with river clay were so regularly deposited with
605:. Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area.
354:Archaeology and Coastal Change in the Netherlands
118:Fens below sea level were highly vulnerable to a
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99:have been a continuing cyclical problem of the
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490:"The Wadden Sea. A unique cultural landscape"
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319:Man and Environment in Schleswig-Holstein
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553:. Society of Antiquaries of London.
516:. Leiden: Leyden University Press.
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237:, which lasted to about 400 AD/CE
512:Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1974).
221:period (alternatively suffixed
51:(risings), often heightened by
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590:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00065-X
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597:Meier, Dirk (January 2013).
488:Knottnerus, Otto S. (2001).
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679:Geology of the Netherlands
632:Nienhuis, P. H. (2008).
603:Landscapes or Seascapes?
570:Quaternary International
131:low land uninhabitable,
103:in the centuries since.
79:. They spanned from the
67:and other land near the
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301::30–31, LANCEWAD 2001:
124:North Sea flood of 1953
249: – Germanic tribe
37:Dunkirk transgressions
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453:The Rhine/Meuse Delta
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338:The Rhine/Meuse Delta
271:The Rhine/Meuse Delta
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85:Early Medieval Europe
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469:Ejstrud, Bo (2008).
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350:Louwe Kooijmans 1980
334:Louwe Kooijmans 1974
287:The Migration Period
267:Louwe Kooijmans 1974
582:2004QuInt.112...55M
704:Geology of Germany
699:Geology of Denmark
694:Geology of England
684:Geology of Belgium
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689:Geology of France
645:978-1-4020-8213-9
624:978-2-503-54058-0
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215:Netherlands
211:Soil survey
151:, parts of
120:tidal bulge
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609:: 85–110.
522:1887/27971
417:Meier 2013
401:Meier 2004
352::106–133,
315:Meier 2004
254:References
189:Eiderstedt
139: 700
107:Chronology
505:0946-896X
317::55, 63,
165:Groningen
161:Friesland
101:North Sea
61:sea level
57:North Sea
47:-related
45:sea level
43:or other
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403::55–70,
387::29–63,
285::17–19,
269::44–45,
229:See also
175:and the
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31:, 1992).
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157:Limburg
149:Brabant
145:Zeeland
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247:Frisii
183:; and
113:200 BC
83:until
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177:Weser
39:were
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555:ISBN
536:OCLC
526:ISBN
501:ISSN
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191:and
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