571:
are preferred, and other artificial sites include bridges, archways and culverts. Breeding has been reported in every month, but mainly in
February and March, and again after the rains start in July and August; usually two broods are raised. The nest, built by both adults, is an open half-cup made of mud and lined with soft material such as feathers or dry grass. It is constructed under an overhang or in a crevice on a cliff or man-made structure, and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. The clutch is two to four eggs, white with reddish brown blotches particularly at the wide end, and averaging 17.7 mm × 13.0 mm (0.70 in × 0.51 in) with a weight of 1.57 g (0.055 oz). Both adults incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. Incubation and nestling periods are unknown but assumed to be similar to those of the Eurasian crag martin (13–17 days to hatching, and 24–27 days to fledge).
42:
95:
70:
217:
563:
285:
This martin nests under a cliff overhang or on a man-made structure, building a neat half-cup mud nest with a soft lining. Both adults incubate the two to four eggs and feed the chicks. This species does not form large breeding colonies, but it is more gregarious outside the breeding season. It feeds
584:
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. The martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts, relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns. When feeding young, foraging is concentrated on the profitable patches in the immediate vicinity of the
475:
of pale crag martin, but that species breeds much higher in the mountains. This altitudinal separation means that it is not known whether the two closely related martins could hybridise, which would cast doubts as to whether they were distinct species. Dusky crag martins from Burma and
Thailand have
570:
Dusky crag martin pairs typically nest alone, although in suitable locations several pairs may be quite close to each other. The natural nesting habitat is under ledges on cliff faces or river banks, but man-made structures are readily used. Stone buildings such as old hill forts, mosques and tombs
544:
The natural breeding habitat is hilly or mountainous country with cliffs, gorges and caves, with nesting typically up to an altitude of about 1,800 m (5,900 ft), although up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in
Thailand. This martin also breeds in lowland areas utilising man-made structures
579:
The dusky crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in flight. When nesting, birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face or building hunting for their prey. This martin is more gregarious outside the breeding season, and may form small flocks where food is abundant. Vertical surfaces are
508:
are dark brown, the eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The sexes are alike, but juveniles have rufous grey tips to the plumage of the upperparts and wings. This species can be distinguished from the
Eurasian crag martin and rock martin by its darker
617:
The total population of the dusky crag martin has not been quantified, but it is suspected to be increasing owing to the availability of artificial nest sites. This martin is locally common in India, Thailand, and southern China, and there appear to be range extensions to the northeast into
277:
family. It is about 13 cm (5 in) long with a broad body and wings, and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of most of its feathers. This martin has sooty-brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts. The two subspecies are resident breeding birds in
540:
is found in southwestern China, and the northern parts of
Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. The dusky crag martin is largely resident apart from local movements after breeding, but it has bred in Malaysia at least once, and occurred as a vagrant to Sri Lanka and probably Borneo.
286:
a wide variety of insects that are caught as the martin flies near to cliff faces. It may be hunted by large bats as well as birds of prey, but its extensive and expanding range and large population mean that there are no significant conservation concerns.
509:
underparts, and its white tail spots are significantly smaller than those of the
Eurasian crag martin. The under-tail coverts are of the same shade as the underside of the abdomen but these are darker in the Eurasian crag martin.
367:
studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the
Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built. The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the
512:
This small martin's flight is typically slow and leisurely, but it is capable of considerable speed when required. The calls are similar to those of the
Eurasian crag martin and include a soft
626:. There is also a recent unconfirmed report from Cambodia. Its large range and presumed high numbers mean that the dusky crag martin is not considered to be threatened, and it is classed as
359:
species are members of the swallow family of birds, and are classed as members of the subfamily
Hirundininae which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive
500:
The dusky crag martin is 13 cm (5 in) long with a broad body, wings and tail. It has sooty-brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts, with a streaked pale dull
762:; Whittingham, Linda A; Moyle, Robert G; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W (2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
504:
chin, throat and foreneck. The tail is short and square, with small white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The underwing
545:
as a substitute for natural precipices. Stone buildings such as old forts are particularly favoured, and the dusky crag martin can be found in urban areas including
2533:
2679:
993:
1201:
1168:
2636:
2481:
2649:
2507:
1169:"Ornithological records from the lowlands of southern Laos during December 1995-September 1996, including areas on the Thai and Cambodian borders"
1352:
1253:
764:
580:
preferred for hunting, and a study of the
Eurasian crag martin, which has a similar foraging technique, showed that cliff faces generate
1460:
1408:
1389:
1361:
1337:
1297:
659:
2704:
2654:
2512:
2007:
2002:
735:
2689:
759:
94:
2306:
2087:
549:. Nests on buildings can be 30 m (98 ft) from the ground, and include unusual sites such as light fittings.
307:
2538:
2291:
1745:
915:
890:
2694:
2397:
2316:
2296:
1281:
1063:
602:
1008:
524:
The nominate subspecies of the dusky crag martin breeds in much of the Indian subcontinent from the base of the
2699:
2112:
1216:
1183:
41:
2271:
2206:
1552:
2432:
2359:
2286:
2216:
2211:
2102:
2072:
1982:
1977:
1627:
1453:
1233:
Azam, Mirza Mohammad; Shafique, Chaudhry M (2005). "Birdlife in Nagarparkar, district Tharparkar, Sindh".
1106:
1093:
972:
667:
1135:
683:
282:
from the Indian subcontinent to southwestern China and the northern parts of Thailand, Vietnam and Laos.
2684:
2301:
2186:
1957:
1917:
1637:
488:, 1832), but it is not clear that the difference is greater than that between individual martins of the
189:
2424:
2406:
2334:
2236:
2134:
2097:
2025:
1952:
1947:
1897:
1877:
1837:
1832:
1807:
1683:
1547:
1285:
812:
326:
2171:
2092:
2082:
2052:
1922:
1882:
1665:
1347:
1316:
299:
206:
59:
1260:
1167:
Evans, T D; Towll, H C; Timmins, R J; Thewlis, R M; Stones, A J; Robichaud, W G; Barzen J (2000).
2226:
2181:
2176:
801:"Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): a molecular phylogenetic perspective"
485:
238:
89:
1723:
2623:
2559:
2525:
2455:
2411:
2231:
2077:
1750:
1632:
1446:
1404:
1385:
1357:
1333:
1293:
924:
840:
781:
688:
Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London
529:
2564:
2246:
2241:
2149:
1867:
1827:
1703:
1473:
1075:
1043:
830:
820:
773:
598:
505:
318:
2574:
2437:
216:
2546:
2067:
2062:
1892:
1887:
1842:
1007:(in Malay). Department of wildlife and national parks, peninsular Malaysia. Archived from
471:
In Pakistan, the breeding range of the dusky crag martin overlaps that of the subspecies
816:
585:
nest, since there is a negative correlation between foraging distance and feeding rate.
2587:
2266:
2221:
2057:
1993:
1927:
1872:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1647:
1642:
1079:
1200:
Shing, Lee Kwok; Wai-neng Lau, Michael; Fellowes, John R; Lok, Chan Bosco Pui (2006).
2673:
2520:
2257:
1862:
1780:
835:
800:
631:
627:
581:
456:
399:
79:
74:
50:
1032:
Sykes on electric bulbs at Phulwari and Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuaries, Rajasthan"
910:
885:
723:
2628:
2614:
2460:
2311:
2276:
2107:
2047:
1968:
1802:
1538:
1487:
684:"Catalogue of birds of the Raptorial and Incessorial Orders observed in the Dukhun"
594:
441:
377:
372:
360:
2447:
1438:
1048:
1027:
432:
house martins, a practice which few authorities follow. Although the nests of the
17:
2494:
2391:
2281:
2139:
2123:
1908:
1791:
1760:
1755:
1714:
777:
533:
368:
311:
166:
2382:
1254:"Cambodia Oriental Bird Club fundraising tour 21st January – 2nd February 2007"
911:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 13. A preliminary review of the Hirundinidae"
2582:
1771:
562:
489:
279:
928:
310:
in 1850. Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus, the
1202:"Forest bird fauna of South China: notes on current distribution and status"
825:
525:
418:
into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that an enlarged
270:
146:
106:
785:
381:
species construct an open mud nest and therefore belong to the last group;
844:
340:(Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The specific
2608:
2551:
2376:
2197:
2160:
1938:
1616:
622:, southwards into lowland Laos, and westwards to the hills and plains of
450:
428:
393:
126:
1424:
Vyawahare, P M (1992) "Nest construction technique of Dusky Crag Martin
2641:
2486:
2419:
2036:
1734:
1694:
1602:
1524:
1469:
619:
383:
274:
156:
2499:
1853:
1066:(1952). "The breeding seasons of birds in the hills of South India".
884:
Dickinson, Edward C; Dekker, R W R J; Eck, S; Somadikarta, S (2001).
546:
501:
404:
337:
116:
2473:
2353:
2468:
1590:
1512:
623:
561:
336:(πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and
886:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 14. Types of the Hirundinidae"
375:
that utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders". The
136:
2357:
1573:
1485:
1442:
364:
1356:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
294:
The dusky crag martin was formally described by in 1832 as
566:
Old forts provide alternative nest sites to natural cliffs
1311:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis, London.
601:, this small martin has been recorded in the diet of the
1292:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
352:"colour" and refers to the bird's uniform colouration.
2598:
2366:
2325:
2255:
2195:
2158:
2121:
2034:
2016:
1991:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1851:
1789:
1769:
1732:
1712:
1692:
1674:
1656:
1614:
1588:
1536:
1510:
1401:
A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world
805:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
1323:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). R H Porter, London.
1375:(in German). Dresden and Leipzig: F. Hofmeister.
1146:. The Darwin Initiative Centre for Bat Research.
476:been described as a separate darker subspecies,
371:, the "nest-adopters", which are birds like the
799:Winkler, David W; Sheldon, Frederick H (1993).
468:should also be considered as a separate genus.
414:is closely related to the larger swallow genus
1454:
8:
1290:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
909:Dickinson, Edward C.; Dekker, René (2001).
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
332:. The genus name is derived from the Greek
2354:
1596:
1585:
1570:
1518:
1507:
1482:
1461:
1447:
1439:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
391:house martins have a closed nest, and the
215:
68:
40:
31:
1328:Lekagul, Boonsong; Round, Philip (1991).
1047:
967:
965:
963:
834:
824:
754:
752:
704:Reichenbach (1850) plate LXXXVII figure 6
1107:"Die Jagdstrategie der Felsenschwalbe (
1026:Sharma, Satish Kumar (September 2003).
642:
436:crag martins resemble those of typical
1428:with a note on its incubation period"
1399:Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989).
1382:A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand
948:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 311
426:the mud-builder genera, including the
407:closed nests with an entrance tunnel.
1371:Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav (1850).
1353:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide
1235:Records Zoological Survey of Pakistan
765:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
482:Krimnochelidon concolor sintaungensis
298:by British soldier and ornithologist
7:
516:contact call and a twittering song.
2680:IUCN Red List least concern species
1321:The nests and eggs of Indian birds
1080:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01875.x
916:Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden
891:Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden
25:
1157:Lekagul & Round (1991) p. 234
957:Ali & Ripley (1986) pp. 53–56
1575:All other swallows and martins (
1330:A Guide to the Birds of Thailand
302:. It was moved to the new genus
93:
387:species also build open nests,
1259:. birdtourasia. Archived from
1028:"Nesting of Dusky Crag Martin
444:, the research showed that if
1:
2008:Southern rough-winged swallow
2003:Northern rough-winged swallow
1492:subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae
1309:Fauna of British India. Birds
1049:10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.10.1236a
736:British Trust for Ornithology
682:Sykes, William Henry (1832).
593:In addition to predation by
2307:South African cliff swallow
2088:White-throated blue swallow
778:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008
308:Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
2721:
2292:Red-throated cliff swallow
1746:Brown-throated sand martin
1105:Fantur, von Roman (1997).
1064:Betts, Frederick Nicholson
2317:Chestnut-collared swallow
1599:
1584:
1569:
1521:
1506:
1481:
1120:(in German and English).
874:Turner (1989) pp. 163–164
713:Turner (1989) pp. 158–164
603:greater false vampire bat
244:
237:
223:
214:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2113:Black-and-rufous swallow
1350:; Anderton, J C (2005).
728:[Scopoli, 1769]"
520:Distribution and habitat
306:by German ornithologist
2705:Birds described in 1832
2272:Streak-throated swallow
2207:Greater striped swallow
1577:subfamily: Hirundininae
1553:White-eyed river martin
1215:: 23–38. Archived from
1182:: 29–52. Archived from
826:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705
589:Predators and parasites
230: Approximate range
2297:Preuss's cliff swallow
2287:American cliff swallow
2217:Rufous-chested swallow
2212:Lesser striped swallow
2103:Pearl-breasted swallow
2073:White-throated swallow
1983:Black-collared swallow
1978:Blue-and-white swallow
1628:Square-tailed saw-wing
1380:Robson, Craig (2004).
1373:Avium systema naturale
1268:Retrieved 7 April 2010
1148:Retrieved 6 April 2010
1016:Retrieved 7 April 2010
726:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
672:Retrieved 4 April 2010
668:BirdLife International
567:
2588:Ptyonoprogne-concolor
2412:Ptyonoprogne_concolor
2398:Ptyonoprogne concolor
2368:Ptyonoprogne concolor
2302:Red Sea cliff swallow
2187:Siberian house martin
1958:White-thighed swallow
1918:Brown-bellied swallow
1638:White-headed saw-wing
1384:. New Holland Press.
1307:Baker, E C S (1926).
1286:Ripley, Sidney Dillon
1030:Ptyonoprogne concolor
565:
266:Ptyonoprogne concolor
199:Ptyonoprogne concolor
2335:White-backed swallow
2237:West African swallow
2135:Eurasian crag martin
2098:White-tailed swallow
2026:Tawny-headed swallow
1953:Black-capped swallow
1948:White-banded swallow
1898:Brown-chested martin
1878:Grey-breasted martin
1838:White-rumped swallow
1833:White-winged swallow
1808:Violet-green swallow
1684:White-backed swallow
1548:African river martin
1403:. Christopher Helm.
1317:Hume, Allan Octavian
983:Robson (2004) p. 208
760:Sheldon, Frederick H
327:Eurasian crag martin
2690:Birds of South Asia
2172:Common house martin
2093:Pied-winged swallow
2083:Wire-tailed swallow
2053:Red-chested swallow
1923:Pale-footed swallow
1666:Grey-rumped swallow
1036:Zoos' Print Journal
817:1993PNAS...90.5705W
660:"Species factsheet
538:P. c. sintaungensis
490:nominate subspecies
478:P. c. sintaungensis
300:William Henry Sykes
60:Conservation status
53:, near Pune, India
2227:Red-rumped swallow
2182:Nepal house martin
2177:Asian house martin
1332:. Saha Karn Baet.
1014:on 7 January 2009.
568:
35:Dusky crag martin
2665:
2664:
2560:Open Tree of Life
2360:Taxon identifiers
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2232:Sri Lanka swallow
2145:Dusky crag martin
2078:Ethiopian swallow
1751:Congo sand martin
1633:Mountain saw-wing
1610:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1531:
1109:Hirundo rupestris
996:Dusky Crag Martin
971:Baker (1926) pp.
811:(12): 5705–5707.
530:Nilgiri mountains
440:species like the
296:Hirundo concolor
261:dusky crag martin
257:
256:
83:
18:Dusky crag-martin
16:(Redirected from
2712:
2695:Birds of Myanmar
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2600:Hirundo concolor
2591:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2425:1DF380FB493F4BAB
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2355:
2247:Striated swallow
2242:Striated swallow
2150:Pale crag martin
1883:Galápagos martin
1868:Caribbean martin
1828:Mangrove swallow
1704:Mascarene martin
1597:
1586:
1571:
1519:
1508:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1435:(1&2):67–74.
1426:Hirundo concolor
1414:
1395:
1376:
1367:
1343:
1324:
1312:
1303:
1269:
1267:
1266:on 20 July 2011.
1265:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:on 10 June 2011.
1221:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1189:on 10 June 2011.
1188:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1102:
1096:
1092:Hume (1890) pp.
1090:
1084:
1083:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1002:
990:
984:
981:
975:
969:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
906:
900:
899:
881:
875:
872:
849:
848:
838:
828:
796:
790:
789:
756:
747:
746:
744:
742:
720:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
695:
679:
673:
671:
662:Hirundo concolor
656:
599:peregrine falcon
473:P. f. peloplasta
348:"together", and
319:pale crag martin
247:Hirundo concolor
231:
229:
219:
201:
181:P. concolor
98:
97:
77:
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2700:Birds of Yunnan
2670:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2547:Observation.org
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2362:
2352:
2339:
2321:
2251:
2191:
2165:(house martins)
2164:
2154:
2127:
2117:
2068:Welcome swallow
2063:Pacific swallow
2041:(barn swallows)
2040:
2030:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1932:
1902:
1893:Southern martin
1888:Peruvian martin
1847:
1843:Chilean swallow
1796:(tree swallows)
1795:
1785:
1765:
1738:
1728:
1724:Brazza's martin
1708:
1688:
1670:
1652:
1620:
1606:
1580:
1557:
1528:
1502:
1477:
1476:: Hirundinidae)
1467:
1421:
1419:Further reading
1411:
1398:
1392:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:(107): 229–252.
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1000:
994:"Martin Kelabu
992:
991:
987:
982:
978:
970:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
933:
931:
908:
907:
903:
883:
882:
878:
873:
852:
798:
797:
793:
758:
757:
750:
740:
738:
722:
721:
717:
712:
708:
703:
699:
681:
680:
676:
658:
657:
644:
640:
615:
591:
577:
560:
555:
522:
498:
460:are split from
422:should contain
344:is from Latin,
292:
251:Cotyle concolor
249:
233:
232:
227:
226:
210:
203:
197:
184:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2388:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Forest swallow
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Mosque swallow
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2128:(crag martins)
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Angola swallow
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1994:Stelgidopteryx
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1928:Andean swallow
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Sinaloa martin
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Tumbes swallow
1820:
1818:Bahama swallow
1815:
1813:Golden swallow
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1739:(sand martins)
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1648:Fanti saw-wing
1645:
1643:Black saw-wing
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1539:Pseudochelidon
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1498:Pseudochelidon
1486:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1252:Eaton, James.
1244:
1225:
1192:
1159:
1150:
1138:Megaderma lyra
1127:
1097:
1085:
1074:(4): 621–628.
1055:
1018:
985:
976:
959:
950:
941:
901:
876:
850:
791:
772:(1): 254–270.
748:
715:
706:
697:
674:
641:
639:
636:
614:
611:
607:Megaderma lyra
590:
587:
582:standing waves
576:
573:
559:
556:
554:
551:
521:
518:
497:
494:
403:swallows have
291:
288:
255:
254:
242:
241:
235:
234:
225:
224:
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Petrochelidon
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2018:Alopochelidon
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Purple martin
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1781:Banded martin
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:Psalidoprocne
1613:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:River martins
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:0-7470-3202-5
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:1-84330-921-1
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1363:84-87334-66-0
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:Rasmussen P C
1345:
1341:
1339:974-85673-6-2
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1299:0-19-561857-2
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:Bats in China
1141:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
989:
986:
980:
977:
974:
968:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
892:
887:
880:
877:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
755:
753:
749:
737:
733:
729:
727:
724:"Crag Martin
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
669:
665:
663:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
643:
637:
635:
633:
632:IUCN Red List
629:
628:Least Concern
625:
621:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:birds of prey
588:
586:
583:
574:
572:
564:
557:
552:
550:
548:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:south to the
527:
519:
517:
515:
510:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:Petrochelidon
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:
400:Petrochelidon
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:river martins
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
283:
281:
276:
272:
269:) is a small
268:
267:
262:
253:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:Passeriformes
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
76:
75:Least Concern
65:
61:
56:
52:
51:Purandar Fort
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2685:Ptyonoprogne
2667:
2599:
2367:
2326:
2312:Cave swallow
2277:Fairy martin
2256:
2196:
2159:
2144:
2124:Ptyonoprogne
2122:
2108:Blue swallow
2048:Barn swallow
2035:
2017:
1992:
1969:Pygochelidon
1967:
1937:
1907:
1852:
1803:Tree swallow
1790:
1770:
1733:
1713:
1693:
1675:
1658:Pseudhirundo
1657:
1615:
1601:
1589:
1576:
1537:
1523:
1511:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1400:
1381:
1372:
1351:
1329:
1320:
1308:
1289:
1261:the original
1247:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1217:the original
1212:
1208:
1195:
1184:the original
1179:
1175:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1088:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1042:(10): 1236.
1039:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1009:the original
1004:
995:
988:
979:
953:
944:
932:. Retrieved
920:
914:
904:
895:
889:
879:
808:
804:
794:
769:
763:
739:. Retrieved
731:
725:
718:
709:
700:
694:(18): 77–99.
691:
687:
677:
661:
616:
606:
597:such as the
592:
578:
569:
543:
537:
532:and east to
523:
513:
511:
499:
481:
480:(originally
477:
472:
470:
466:Ptyonoprogne
465:
461:
455:
449:
445:
442:barn swallow
437:
434:Ptyonoprogne
433:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:Ptyonoprogne
411:
409:
398:
392:
388:
382:
378:Ptyonoprogne
376:
373:tree swallow
357:Ptyonoprogne
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
333:
330:P. rupestris
329:
322:
314:
304:Ptyonoprogne
303:
295:
293:
284:
273:bird in the
265:
264:
260:
258:
250:
246:
245:
198:
196:
180:
179:
168:Ptyonoprogne
167:
157:Hirundinidae
29:
2495:iNaturalist
2392:Wikispecies
2282:Tree martin
2140:Rock martin
1909:Orochelidon
1792:Tachycineta
1761:Pale martin
1756:Sand martin
1715:Phedinopsis
1621:(saw-wings)
1275:Cited texts
934:17 November
923:: 127–144.
534:West Bengal
496:Description
405:retort-like
369:sand martin
323:P. obsoleta
315:P. fuligula
312:rock martin
2674:Categories
2615:Q109578202
2583:Xeno-canto
2327:Cheramoeca
1772:Neophedina
1676:Cheramoeca
1282:Ali, Salim
898:: 138–164.
732:Bird facts
638:References
410:The genus
325:, and the
280:South Asia
1118:Carinthia
1005:Bird list
929:0024-1652
553:Behaviour
526:Himalayas
355:The four
271:passerine
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
2609:Wikidata
2526:22712246
2438:22712246
2433:BirdLife
2383:Q2672660
2377:Wikidata
2198:Cecropis
2161:Delichon
1939:Atticora
1470:Swallows
1319:(1890).
1288:(1986).
1241:: 26–32.
1209:Forktail
1176:Forktail
786:15737595
741:28 March
558:Breeding
514:chi, chi
451:Cecropis
446:Delichon
429:Delichon
394:Cecropis
389:Delichon
342:concolor
290:Taxonomy
239:Synonyms
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
2642:5230769
2487:7340278
2474:duscrm1
2448:duscrm1
2420:Avibase
2037:Hirundo
1735:Riparia
1695:Phedina
1603:Species
1525:Species
1496:genus:
1494:·
1094:180–183
973:236–237
845:8516319
813:Bibcode
630:on the
620:Guangxi
575:Feeding
506:coverts
462:Hirundo
438:Hirundo
420:Hirundo
416:Hirundo
384:Hirundo
275:swallow
209:, 1832)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
2655:560462
2572:uBio:
2565:641123
2539:317152
2513:916670
2500:144790
1854:Progne
1474:family
1407:
1388:
1360:
1336:
1296:
927:
843:
833:
784:
613:Status
547:Mumbai
536:, and
502:rufous
338:Procne
317:, the
228:
2629:3M4RD
2575:13251
2552:76700
2469:eBird
2461:4QBMJ
2445:BOW:
1591:Genus
1513:Genus
1264:(PDF)
1257:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
836:46790
624:Sindh
486:Baker
350:color
334:ptuon
207:Sykes
2650:ITIS
2637:GBIF
2534:NCBI
2521:IUCN
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