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compensatory, and other measures, at the national, regional, and international levels". The
European Union, represented by Portugal, wanted to place the entire language in brackets. The United States just wanted to place the word "compensatory" in brackets. The African Group, Armenia, and Cuba strongly objected to both proposals, with the African Group stating that if the topic were placed in brackets, they would move for the entire text to be placed in brackets also. In the end, the U.S. proposal was adopted, with the addition of a statement in the report indicating the different perspectives on the exact meaning of those brackets. Western European states discussed informally amongst themselves, outside of the formal preparatory proceedings, what measures and levels of non-cöoperation they might adopt if the issue of compensation gained momentum at Durban itself.
423:. The document is at pains to maintain a cohesive identity for everyone of African heritage as a victim of slavery, even including those who may have more European than African ancestors. The "victim" or "victims" of racism and slavery (the two words occurring 90 times in the document) are defined in only the most general geographic terms. The word "Jewish" is only used once, alongside "Muslim" and "Arab", and "anti-Semitism" is only used twice, once alongside its assumed counterpart of "Islamophobia" and once alongside "anti-Arabism". The difficulty that this generates is that it is politically impossible to act when the 219 calls for action in the Programme are couched in such generalities that only the "countless human beings" that the document explicitly talks of can be identified.
443:
genocide and ethnic cleansing". The document was not intended to be presented to the
Conference, although a copy of it was intended to be handed over, as a symbolic gesture, to the Conference secretary-general, Mary Robinson, at the conclusion of the Forum. Robinson refused to accept the document, citing concerns over its language. In a later interview she said of the whole conference that "there was horrible anti-Semitism present — particularly in some of the NGO discussions. A number people said they've never been so hurt or so harassed or been so blatantly faced with an anti-Semitism."
525:. The United States was far from the only such country to do so, however. Incompatibility of the treaty with national constitutions, including the freedoms of assembly and speech guaranteed by those constitutions, is also noted by Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, France, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, and Thailand. Several, including France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Monaco, Nepal, the United Kingdom, note that they consider the provisions of the treaty to be restricted by and subject to the freedoms of speech and assembly set forth in the
43:
229:. During the preparatory processes of the conference, South Africa stressed that it did not want to link compensation to apartheid. At the Tehran Regional Conference, a paragraph making such a link was inserted by Asian governments. This was deleted at the request of the South African delegation. Linking compensation to apartheid had the potential to polarize South African society, and produce the same effects as had the controversial
316:: "Israel's racist actions against the Palestinian people have to be dealt with in an international conference that aims to eradicate racism. Arab countries are not expecting the Durban conference to be a venue for dealing with the Arab- Israeli peace process, but they certainly expect that the Israeli racist practices against the Palestinian people will not be overlooked."
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actually existed. The Durban
Declaration provides that states recognize "that these historical injustices have undeniably contributed to the poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion, economic disparities, instability and insecurity that affect many people in different parts of the world, in particular in developing countries." (Article 158)
637:, pointed out that one of the objectives of the Conference was to increase coordination in human rights activities, and to strengthen networks amongst those combating racism; and as such the actions of governments in response to the Conference are not the sole intended outcomes — actions by civil society and non-governmental agencies are also required.
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The low-level U.S. delegation had kept a low profile throughout conference proceedings until that point, with delegates working quietly in sub-committee meetings, without (unlike in earlier conferences) giving news briefings or off the record statements to journalists, to change the text of the draft
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Before the conference, the debate over compensation was seen as dealing with the transatlantic slave trade, and the colonization of Africa by
Europeans, thus pitting Western European states (including the former colonial powers of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and
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The earliest point at which the issue of compensation caused problems was during preparations in May 2001, when delegations came to the decision of where to place it on the agenda. At the time, the fourth item on the agenda, out of five items, was "Provision of effective remedies, recourses, redress,
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The withdrawal of the U.S. and Israel was taken as a warning by many delegates that there was a strong possibility of Canada and the E.U. states withdrawing as well if no compromise was reached. Several reports had the
Europeans staying on solely in order to help South Africa salvage the Conference.
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The draft documents had stated "deep concern" at the "increase of racist practices of
Zionism and anti-Semitism" and talked of the emergence of "movements based on racism and discriminatory ideas, in particular the Zionist movement, which is based on racial superiority". Alternative proposals, which
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At the start of the Geneva meeting, the text had been presented that comprised six bracketed paragraphs dealing with "Zionist racist practices", including an appeal for Israel "to revise its legislation based on racial or religious discrimination such as the law of return and all the policies of an
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The wording of the
Declaration struck a delicate balance. Whilst acknowledging historical and contemporary practices of slavery and the slave trade as morally outrageous, and something that would be a crime against humanity today, it did not apply that legal principle to an era before the principle
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The first problem was the question of what the conference theme was to be. The
Western European states, along with the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, all wanted the conference objectives to be those given in the authorizing resolution. The Africa Group, the Latin American
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The resolutions adopted by the Forum dealing with reparations for slavery dealt only with the transatlantic slave trade and did not mention the traffic in
African slaves to Islamic lands in the Middle East. The Forum also called upon the United States to ratify all major human rights treaties that
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Several countries were unhappy with the final text's approach to the subject, but all for different reasons. Syria and Iran were unhappy because their demands for the language about racism and Israel had been rejected by the
Conference, the latter continuing its insistence that Israel was a racist
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Prior to the conference, on 3 August 2001, the African Group circulated a Non-Paper on the "Injustices of the Past", containing strong language but a generally moderate position. To this paper the E.U. responded, on 8 August 2001, with a Non-Paper of its own that addressed most but not all, of the
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was called. The conference took place in 2009, however, a number of countries expressed concern as a result of the 2001 conference. Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, and the United States, boycotted the conference. The Czech
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The Forum's proceedings were highly disorganized, with several NGO delegates walking out of the Forum, to the jeers of other delegates, and ended in discord. The NGO Forum's declaration described Israel as a "racist, apartheid state" that was guilty of "racist crimes including war crimes, acts of
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This stance was in part influenced by the U.S. threat of boycott, which would have made it impractical to insist upon harsh language condemning Israel or equating the suffering of the Palestinians with that of Holocaust victims. According to one Arab diplomat, no Arab state except for Syria had
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Several members of the African Group openly opposed calling for reparations. President Wade stated "We still suffer the effects of slavery and colonialism, and that cannot be evaluated in monetary terms. I find that not only absurd, but insulting." Similarly, South Africa was more interested in
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Many faults were attributed to Ms. Robinson, with a cumulative effect on the U.S. position. Some people stated that she lacked mediation and bureaucratic experience, and thus was unable to resolve sensitive issues at the Conference. News reports attributed her differences with the U.S. to four
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was placed in brackets, with the expectation that it would be replaced by text that referred to violations of the rights of Palestinians. The U.S. had already threatened to boycott the conference should the conference draft documents include text that could be in any way interpreted as linking
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The issue of compensation for colonialism and slavery is addressed in ¶ 13, ¶ 14, ¶ 15, and ¶ 29 of the Declaration. It was one of the most controversial issues debated at the conference, one that had the potential to derail the entire conference. It was dealt with cleverly in the Declaration,
263:" to "immediate and unconditional cancellation of debt", emphasis upon crimes against humanity, and calls for reparation (something that the earlier paper had not included in part because of a U.S. demand, made at a preparatory meeting in Geneva, that such language be excluded from the text).
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In parallel to the conference, a separately held NGO Forum also produced a Declaration and Programme of its own, that was not an official Conference document, which contained language relating to Israel that the WCAR had voted to exclude from its Declaration, and which was criticized by then
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announced in a press conference that "the reparations issue has been solved — at least the last information I had was that the issue has … looks like it has been resolved", albeit that news media at the time failed to realize the significance of the comment. The U.S. walked out of the
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According to John Font, in order to comply with the interpretation of CERD created by the NGOs at the Forum, the United States would have to "turn its political and economic system, together with their underlying principles, upside down — abandoning the free speech guarantees of the
400:'s statement that the conference had been "wrecked by Arab and Islamic extremists", some saw the U.S. delegation's withdrawal as not being entirely related to the language on Israel, but attributed it also, in part, to a reluctance on the part of the U.S. to address the issue of slavery.
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It seems unlikely to analysts that the United States will support another WCAR. However, the Declaration and Programme of Action did make provision for follow-up mechanisms. Mary Robinson stated in her closing address that the Conference was intended to be a beginning, not an end. Dr.
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containing rhetoric that satisfied the African bloc, without applying retroactively against the descendants of colonizers the principle of crimes against humanity and without establishing a clear responsibility for reparations on the parts of former colonial states.
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issue in Palestine-Israel. The language of the final Declaration and Programme of Action produced by the conference was strongly disputed in these areas, both in the preparatory meetings in the months that preceded the conference and during the conference itself.
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occupying power which prevent the Palestinian refugees and displaced persons from returning to their homes and properties", and a suggestion for the need "to bring the foreign occupation of Jerusalem by Israel together with all its racist practices to an end".
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One such follow-up provision is for national governments to provide the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with reports on their actions towards implementing the recommendations in the Programme of Action. Another is for the
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Tom Lantos assigns the blame for the withdrawal of the U.S. in part to the radicalism of many of the NGOs at the NGO Forum, to an inadequate response thereto by U.S.-based NGOs, and to the reluctance of the U.S.'s European allies to take a strong stand.
172:#52/111. Prior to the conference various preparatory meetings (PrepComs) were held in order to identify conference themes and to create initial drafts of the Declaration and Programme of Action. These PrepComs encountered difficulties from the start.
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state. Australia was unhappy with the process, observing that "far too much of the time at the conference consumed by bitter divisive exchanges on issues which have done nothing to advance the cause of combating racism". Canada was also unhappy.
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A Permanent Memorial Trust Fund has also been established for the creation of a memorial at the New York United Nations site. The sculpture, to be titled the Permanent Memorial to the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the
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differed from U.S. policy. Second, the U.S. did not approve of the detached way in which she acted as secretary-general to the Conference. Third, she had openly criticized the U.S. on various matters including the treatment of prisoners at
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By the end of the meeting, all of this text had either been removed or toned down. One such phrase removed was a mention of "holocausts" suffered by other peoples, which had been seen as an affront to the memory of the Jewish victims of
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On 3 September 2001, after four days of deadlocked negotiations that did not reach agreement on language, the United States and Israeli delegations withdrew from the conference. Both United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and
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states, and the Caribbean states wanted the conference objectives to go beyond what was in the resolution, and include items dealing with regional, national, and international measures for compensation for colonialism and slavery.
339:. South African diplomats had already told Arab and Muslim countries that they would have to offer text that could describe the current situation without using such language as "ethnic cleansing practices against Palestinians".
1952:"A Primer on The UN World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR) 31 August to 7 September 2001 Durban, South Africa NGO Parallel Conference: 28 August to 1 September 2000"
614:, disassociated themselves from the language of the NGO Forum's Declaration that dealt with Israel and with Jews. The Palestinian Solidarity Committee of South Africa reportedly distributed copies of the antisemitic forgery
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to appoint an expert body with the remit of following up on implementation. A third is a call for the establishment of a database of practical means for addressing racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance.
323:(issued 1975, annulled 1991) which stated that "Zionism is a form of racism.". Their position was that they were, rather, trying to underline that the actions being committed by Israel against Palestinians were racist.
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an Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action was established, which held its first meeting in January 2003 and which meets on an annual basis.
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10 million in support to the WCAR and the NGO Forum. These NGOs provided research assistance at the Forum and helped to develop declarations and resolutions that dealt with the issue of compensation for slavery.
589:
Tom Lantos himself did not assign sole or even primary blame to Robinson for the breakdown of U.S. relations with the conference. That he assigned to the NGOs, as aforementioned, and to the member states of the
144:. The attacks took place just three days after the conference ended, entirely eclipsing it in the news, and significantly affecting international relations and politics. The conference was followed by the 2009
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The NGO Forum ended in discord. Mary Robinson lost the support of the United States in her office of High Commissioner, and many of the potential political aftereffects of the conference were annulled by the
125:. The final Declaration and Programme of Action did not contain the text that the U.S. and Israel had objected to, that text having been voted out by delegates in the days after the U.S. and Israel withdrew.
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After the withdrawal, senior conference officials became highly involved in the rewriting of the Declaration — something that critics maintained they should have also been doing before that point.
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had also said that regional political conflicts should not be imposed upon the agenda of the conference. The Australian, the Canadian, and some European delegations shared the U.S. view.
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As a consequence of the Conference, the United States did not support the continuation of Mary Robinson as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, where once U.S. President
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501:, which does not permit treaties to override the Constitution) had attached a reservation that its ratification did not accept treaty requirements that were incompatible with the
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Despite Colin Powell's denunciation of the "hateful language" that "singles out only one country in the world, Israel, for censure and abuse" in the draft text and U.S. delegate
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In the end, the Conference delegates voted to reject the language that implicitly accused Israel of racism, and the document actually published contained no such language.
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Republic discontinued its attendance on the first day, and twenty-three other European Union countries sent low-level delegations. In an 18 April 2009 speech, President
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Suhas Chakma (2003). "The Issue of Compensation for Colonialism and Slavery at the World Conference Against Racism". In George Ulrich and Louise Krabbe Boserup (ed.).
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had called her a "splendid choice" for the post and the U.S. had considered her its favorite candidate for the job. She stepped down from the post in September 2002.
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said: "If we can’t go forward now, we will withdraw. I was at the first conference. I have never seen such a disgraceful event in quite a long international life."
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Constitution, bypassing federalism, and ignoring the very concept of majority rule since practically nothing in the NGO agenda is supported by the electorate".
233:. Domestic political pressures, and the aim of the South African government to foster reconciliation within the country, made South Africa's position difficult.
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The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action were adopted by the governmental delegates attending the Conference at the International Convention Centre.
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The Arab delegates were not insistent upon language that specifically equated Zionism with racism. It had been suggested that they were trying to revive
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declaration, to make it less forceful and less specific against Israel, and to bring it into line with U.S. foreign policy goals with respect to the
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The African Group circulated a second Non-Paper on 3 September 2001 that was substantially stronger than its earlier one, with language shifts from "
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issues in the African Group's paper. The United States circulated a Non-Paper as well, but this turned out to be less helpful than the E.U. one.
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the United Kingdom) and the United States against the African Group. The African Group was supported by Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
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1942:— a personal and detailed account of the proceedings of the NGO Forum in the Kingsmead stadium by David Matas, who represented
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The language of the final text was carefully drafted for balance. The word "diaspora" is used four times, and solely to refer to the
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Raphael Walden (2004). "The Drafting of the Articles on the Middle East and Antisemitism at the Durban Conference Against Racism".
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Nonetheless, the United States, objecting to the remaining text, decided to send a low-level delegation, headed by Ambassador
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conference in September 2011 in New York has also drawn significant criticism and was boycotted by 14 Western countries.
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Declaration and Programme of Action: As Adopted at Kingsmead Cricket Stadium, Durban, South Africa, 3 September 2001
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A consensus on the reparations issue was reached by late August 2001. On 24 August, President of the United States
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as the "Durban Strategy". They claim that this comparison was made with the intention of causing and encouraging
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1977:— an informational paper for NGOs about the Conference and the NGO Forum, circulated prior to the meetings
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Two delegations, the United States and Israel, withdrew from the conference over objections to a draft document
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Gerald M. Steinberg (10 August 2005). "ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND THE AUT BOYCOTT CAMPAIGN: EXAMINING THE LESSONS".
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Rhetorical Democracy: Discursive Practices of Civic Engagement — Rhetoric Society of America Conference
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1427:"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination — Reservations"
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John Fonte (2003). "The Future of the Ideological Civil War Within the West". In Shlomo Sharan (ed.).
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1083:"Israel and United States storm out from Durban Conference, denouncing draft declaration as "racist""
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the U.S. had supported, from Norway, acting as a mediator, and Canada were rejected by Israel.
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World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
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World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
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The Conference was largely overshadowed in the news and in international affairs by the
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Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The United Kingdom and other European countries remain undecided. On 17 February 2009,
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attend himself. German officials criticized this decision, and the United States
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One of the contentious points at the conference related to the issue was that of
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1105:"Africa: The United States and Israel pull out of the Durban Racism Conference"
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Human Rights in Development Yearbook 2001: Reparations: Redressing Past Wrongs
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The issue of compensation was thus a complex one, that was exacerbated by the
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Gender and Human Rights Politics in Japan: Global Norms and Domestic Networks
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devoting time and effort to more pragmatic ends, such as Western aid for the
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582:. Fourth, she had opposed U.S. calls to reform the election process of the
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Mary Robinson's tenure as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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Conference of the National Postgraduate Committee, UK, Glasgow. 2005-08-12
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781:"DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MINORITIES, MIDDLE EAST, REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY"
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The NGO Forum was attended by U.S. NGOs, with financial support from the
1686:. Johannesburg: World Conference Against Racism, NGO Forum Secretariat.
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credits the conference with being one of the inspirations for his book,
1497:"CNN.com - Israel branded 'racist' by rights forum - September 2, 2001"
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Prior to the conference, there were also four Regional Conferences, in
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30:"Durban Conference" redirects here. For the climate change summit, see
858:"World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance"
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1823:"Christian aid agency attacked over Church's disinvestment decision"
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The NGO Forum ran separately from the main conference in the nearby
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1848:"Durban Conference 2001: "Zionism is racism" — a Dead Issue"
1806:— an analysis of the NGO Forum by the Executive Director of
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1606:"The God That Failed: 'Left in Dark Times' by Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy"
1543:"Manning Marable to Address U.N. World Conference against Racism"
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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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insisted upon any language linking Israel to racist practices.
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The conference covered several controversial issues, including
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The United States and the Rule of Law in International Affairs
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in Durban, from 28 August to 1 September. It consisted 3,000
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The Arab position was stated by the Secretary-General of the
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Dismantling the big lie: The Protocols of the elders of Zion
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Bakan, Abigail B.; Abu-Laban, Yasmeen (26 September 2021).
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493:(CERD), which the U.S. had ratified in 1994, but (per the
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David Matas (2005). "Durban: Civil Society Smashes Up".
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United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
523:
First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
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During preparatory meetings in Geneva, text that linked
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Abraham Cooper and Harold Brackman (3 September 2004).
1895:— discussion of other preparatory committee work
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Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
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Left in Dark Times: A Stand Against the New Barbarism
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was founded, in part, as a response to the perceived
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2358:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
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389:) by removing language that strengthened the ICC.
387:United States and the International Criminal Court
678:announced the United States' boycott of the 2009
131:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
2535:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
2505:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
576:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2221:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
1787:"The Centrality of NGOs in The Durban Strategy"
1565:"As expected, Obama admin to boycott Durban II"
1005:. No. 546. Cairo: AL-AHRAM. Archived from
965:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 58–71.
598:NGO repudiations of the NGO Forum's Declaration
321:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379
2201:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
1384:Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk
199:The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action
102:auspices, from 31 August to 8 September 2001.
2343:New World Information and Communication Order
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499:Article Six of the United States Constitution
32:2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference
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2670:21st-century diplomatic conferences (Global)
1829:. Ekklesia. 27 February 2006. Archived from
1184:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 148.
1386:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 136–138.
1320:. United Jewish Communities. Archived from
1180:". In Gerard A. Hauser and Amy Grim (ed.).
2128:
2028:
2003:
1989:
1981:
1928:Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism
1364:C4RPME.org: A Christmas Wish for 'Justice'
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
170:United Nations General Assembly Resolution
2530:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
1778:The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles
1744:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
1514:Jacobs, Steven L; Weitzman, Mark (2003).
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1345:"The radicals behind the Anglican Church"
1203:
1201:
929:
659:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
584:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
1907:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1081:Robert E. Sullivan (25 September 2002).
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
207:Compensation for colonialism and slavery
2286:OPEC Fund for International Development
1471:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1147:
1145:
1120:
1118:
747:
643:Secretary General of the United Nations
580:capital punishment in the United States
578:by the U.S., and the administration of
377:stated that this was done with regret.
2665:Diplomatic conferences in South Africa
2495:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1968:
1957:
1760:
1749:
1409:"The Failure of U.S. Foreign Policies"
1287:"Mary Robinson, UN Human Rights chief"
1238:
1236:
1028:
1026:
1024:
592:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
346:, to the Conference, rather than have
92:Durban International Convention Centre
2690:September 2001 events in South Africa
1930:. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 13–29.
1879:. Stanford University Press. p.
1656:Conference and Forum texts and papers
527:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
446:Critics described the description of
7:
2480:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
2353:United Nations Development Programme
2251:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
1714:World Conference against Racism 2001
1628:Schechter, Michael G. (7 May 2009).
1407:Manning Marable (17 November 2001).
269:Millennium Africa Recovery Programme
2705:South Africa and the United Nations
1785:Gerald M. Steinberg (Summer 2006).
1176:Jay Ellis (2003). "Identity across
1153:"Mixed emotions as Durban winds up"
703:Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
617:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
2685:August 2001 events in South Africa
2328:Global System of Trade Preferences
1310:Steinberg, Gerald (15 June 2006).
1217:. 9 September 2001. Archived from
1126:"Racism summit seeks breakthrough"
1058:"Racism summit turmoil: Reactions"
654:, is set to be completed in 2012.
612:Lawyers Committee for Human Rights
408:Final text and subsequent reaction
372:Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel
288:Draft text prior to the conference
231:land reform programmes in Zimbabwe
25:
1871:Jennifer Chan-Tiberghien (2004).
1631:United Nations Global Conferences
1604:Adam Kirsch (10 September 2008).
1343:Sarah Mandel (26 February 2006).
503:Constitution of the United States
168:The conference was authorized by
2338:New International Economic Order
2318:Infrastructure-based development
1846:Herb Keinon (2 September 2001).
1209:"The different shades of hatred"
565:things: First, her views on the
348:United States Secretary of State
41:
2675:2001 in international relations
2460:G33 developing countries (G-33)
2156:World Conference against Racism
2051:Heavily indebted poor countries
2041:Landlocked developing countries
1547:Columbia University in New York
1541:James Devitt (15 August 2001).
667:United Nations General Assembly
635:Columbia University in New York
471:Charles Stewart Mott Foundation
79:World Conference against Racism
2540:Small Island Developing States
2333:Protocol on Trade Negotiations
1433:. 18 July 2007. Archived from
999:"Reading between the brackets"
657:By resolution #2002/68 of the
279:conference a few weeks later.
1:
2450:G20 developing nations (G-20)
823:10.1080/01419870.2021.1892789
665:In resolution #61/149 of the
365:Withdrawal by U.S. and Israel
152:, which was boycotted by ten
2640:Antisemitism in South Africa
2510:International Solar Alliance
2072:Newly industrialized country
1463:John Francis Murphy (2004).
997:Dina Ezzat (9 August 2001).
567:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
383:International Criminal Court
123:equating Zionism with racism
2577:International Monetary Fund
2276:Common Fund for Commodities
1950:Isis International-Manila.
1726:Analyses and greater detail
1034:"US abandons racism summit"
597:
521:were incompatible with the
489:One such treaty was the UN
486:had already been ratified.
156:countries. A commemorative
2731:
2655:United Nations conferences
2515:Melanesian Spearhead Group
2271:Caribbean Development Bank
2215:(BRICS minus South Africa)
1774:"From Durban to Beersheba"
709:of the Durban conference.
547:September 11, 2001 attacks
355:Congressional Black Caucus
210:
142:September 11, 2001 attacks
29:
2410:World Health Organization
2131:
2046:Least developed countries
1250:(Press release). Durban:
874:10.1080/10999940290105318
811:Ethnic and Racial Studies
574:, the "unsigning" of the
427:The NGO Forum Declaration
357:urged him to attend. The
50:This article needs to be
2587:World Trade Organization
2525:Polynesian Leaders Group
1312:"Anti-Israel obsessions"
680:Durban Review Conference
671:Durban Review Conference
602:Several NGOs, including
361:urged him to stay away.
2660:Reparations for slavery
2572:Global financial system
2323:Sustainable development
2012:South–South cooperation
1903:Racism and Human Rights
1682:Charles Pillai (2002).
213:Reparations for slavery
2388:Pharmaceutical patents
2256:Asian Development Bank
1967:Cite journal requires
1759:Cite journal requires
1244:"DAILY PRESS BRIEFING"
1003:Al-Ahram Weekly Online
505:. The NGOs, including
463:Rockefeller Foundation
359:Anti-Defamation League
115:second-class citizenry
98:, South Africa, under
2604:Global digital divide
2490:Afro–Asian Conference
2400:Test data exclusivity
2313:Flying geese paradigm
1273:digitallibrary.un.org
608:Amnesty International
511:Amnesty International
2710:Transitional justice
2700:2001 in South Africa
2599:Financial regulation
2475:Non-Aligned Movement
2281:New Development Bank
2246:Asian Clearing Union
2207:(BRICS minus Russia)
1735:(27 February 2002).
1593:on 19 February 2012.
1317:Canadian Jewish News
1103:(3 September 2001).
1101:Ofeibea Quist-Arcton
737:Notes and references
731:Israel and apartheid
669:, passed in 2006, a
467:MacArthur Foundation
238:President of Senegal
27:UN-backed conference
2308:Developmental state
1944:B'nai B'rith Canada
1833:on 10 December 2006
1794:Yale Israel Journal
1299:. 21 November 2002.
1275:. 8 September 2001.
1254:. 5 September 2001.
1165:. 8 September 2001.
1138:. 5 September 2001.
1070:. 3 September 2001.
1046:. 3 September 2001.
1009:on 15 December 2007
932:, pp. 177–182.
652:UN Slavery Memorial
519:freedom of assembly
448:Israel as apartheid
301:Zionism to racism.
2520:North–South Summit
2261:Arab Monetary Fund
2077:Transition economy
1858:on 22 October 2007
1437:on 20 January 2009
854:Greene, Cheryll Y.
852:Marable, Manning;
713:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
691:Lord Malloch-Brown
604:Human Rights Watch
507:Human Rights Watch
337:the Nazi holocaust
109:for transatlantic
90:, was held at the
2680:History of Durban
2612:
2611:
2229:
2228:
2118:
2117:
1746:. E/CN.4/2002/18.
1676:. 2 January 2002.
1641:978-1-135-28274-5
1567:(Press release).
1563:(18 April 2009).
1545:(Press release).
1527:978-0-88125-786-1
817:(12): 2167–2189.
515:freedom of speech
456:boycott of Israel
433:Kingsmead Stadium
344:Michael Southwick
261:debt cancellation
136:and many others.
86:), also known as
71:
70:
18:Durban Conference
16:(Redirected from
2722:
2715:Events in Durban
2695:2001 conferences
2630:New antisemitism
2405:Doha Declaration
2216:
2208:
2183:Post-Western era
2129:
2067:Emerging markets
2029:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1941:
1922:
1906:
1894:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1842:
1840:
1838:
1818:
1805:
1791:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1721:
1711:
1705:(12 June 2002).
1697:
1677:
1667:
1645:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:. Archived from
1579:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:on 10 March 2007
1307:
1301:
1300:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1178:Bloody Meridians
1173:
1167:
1166:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
994:
977:
976:
958:
933:
927:
894:
893:
849:
843:
842:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
752:
495:Supremacy Clause
421:African Diaspora
66:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2560:
2557:
2549:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2362:
2301:
2298:
2290:
2225:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2187:
2114:
2081:
2055:
2018:
2009:
1966:
1956:
1949:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1898:
1891:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1821:
1812:
1804:undergraduates.
1789:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1709:
1703:Manning Marable
1701:
1694:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1651:Further reading
1648:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1501:edition.cnn.com
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1221:on 20 July 2008
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:The Earth Times
1080:
1079:
1075:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1010:
996:
995:
980:
973:
960:
959:
936:
928:
897:
851:
850:
846:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
779:
778:
774:
764:
762:
754:
753:
749:
744:
739:
727:
699:
631:Manning Marable
626:
600:
555:
543:
475:Ford Foundation
429:
410:
367:
290:
285:
215:
209:
201:
166:
67:
61:
58:
55:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2146:Neocolonialism
2143:
2138:
2136:Decolonization
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:Third Worldism
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1969:|journal=
1947:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1896:
1889:
1868:
1852:Jerusalem Post
1843:
1819:
1810:
1782:
1769:
1761:|journal=
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1699:
1692:
1679:
1674:United Nations
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1574:
1552:
1533:
1526:
1506:
1488:
1481:
1448:
1418:
1399:
1392:
1367:
1356:
1350:Jerusalem Post
1335:
1302:
1278:
1257:
1252:United Nations
1232:
1197:
1190:
1168:
1141:
1114:
1092:
1073:
1049:
1020:
978:
971:
934:
930:Schechter 2009
895:
844:
797:
772:
746:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
726:
723:
698:
695:
687:Foreign Office
625:
622:
599:
596:
554:
551:
542:
539:
428:
425:
409:
406:
366:
363:
289:
286:
284:
281:
276:George W. Bush
242:Abdoulaye Wade
208:
205:
200:
197:
165:
162:
148:conference in
69:
68:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Brandt Report
2565:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:African Union
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2420:Organizations
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:Generic drugs
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2368:Public health
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Globalization
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Multipolarity
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2087:Worlds theory
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1937:1-55002-553-8
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1918:90-04-13651-7
1914:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1890:0-8047-5022-X
1886:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1733:Mary Robinson
1730:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:0-620-28972-4
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1663:"Declaration"
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1634:. Routledge.
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
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1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1482:0-521-52968-9
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:1-903900-52-2
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
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