Dutch Golden Age - Knowledge (XXG)

1563:, the home was regarded as a safe-haven from the lack of Christian virtue and immorality of the outside world. Additionally, the home represented a microcosm of the Dutch Republic, in that the smooth running of an ideal household reflected the relative stability and prosperity of the government. The home was an integral part of public life in Dutch society. Public passers-by could clearly view the entrance halls of Dutch homes decorated to show off a particular family's wealth and social standing. The home was also a place for neighbors, friends, and extended family to interact, further cementing its importance in the social lives of 17th-century Dutch burghers. The physical space of the Dutch home was constructed along gender lines. In the front of the house, the men had control over a small space where they could do their work or conduct business, known as the Voorhuis, while women controlled most every other space in the house, such as the kitchens and private family rooms. Although there was a clear separation in spheres of power between husband and wife (the husband had authority in the public realm, the wife in the domestic and private), women in 17th-century Dutch society still enjoyed a wide range of freedoms within their own sphere of control. Unmarried young women were known to enjoy various freedoms with their lovers and suitors, while married women enjoyed the right to publicly shame their husbands who patronized brothels. Moreover, married women could legally reject the sexual desires of their husbands if there were proof or reason to believe that a sexual encounter would result in the transmission of syphilis or other venereal diseases. Dutch women were also allowed to take communion alongside men, and widows were able to inherit property and maintain control over their finances and husband's wills. However, a woman's sphere of authority still primarily lay in household duties, though historical evidence exists showing certain cases of wives maintaining considerable control in family businesses. Manuals written by men instructing women and wives in various aspects of domestic duties proliferated, the most popular being Jacob Cats' 1057: 1938: 2008: 1593:

reading, so as to prepare them for their lives as housewives. Dutch art at this time shows the idealized situation in which an unmarried young girl ought to conduct herself in situations such as courtship, which commonly included themes relating to gardens or nature, music lessons or parties, needlework, and receiving love letters. However, ideals of the young women espoused by genre painting and Petrarchian poetry did not reflect the reality. Accounts from travellers described the various freedoms young women were provided in the realm of courtship. The prevalence of Calvinist sermons regarding the consequences of leaving young women unsupervised also spoke to a general trend of a lack of parental oversight in the matters of young love.

1028: 905: 1605:, held the prevailing public opinion concerning marriage. He and other cultural authorities were influenced by Calvinist ideals that stressed an equality between husband and wife, considered companionship a primary reason for marriage, and regarded procreation as a mere consequence of that companionship. However, non-egalitarian ideas still existed regarding women as the weaker sex, and the image of the turtle was commonly used to express the separate spheres and strengths of both genders. In addition to supervising maids, cooking, cleaning, and prating needlework, women were also encouraged to maintain some financial control over domestic affairs, such as going to market and buying their own food. 1301: 1693: 1552: 1576: 1806: 727: 1618:

final destination, while some lauded the elderly as wise and people who deserve the highest forms of respect. However, treatises on behaviour for elderly women and widows stressed not necessarily their inherent wisdom, but that they should maintain piety, practice moderation, and live a relatively secluded life. Unlike other European artistic traditions, Dutch art rarely depicts elderly women as disgusting or grotesque creatures, but rather they are idolized as figures of piety and purity whom the younger generations of women can look up to.

1141:), the Dutch imported enormous amounts of bulk resources like grain and wood, stockpiling them in Amsterdam so Holland would never lack for basic goods, as well as being able to sell them on for profit. This meant that, unlike their main rivals, the Republic would not face the dire repercussions of a bad harvest and the starvation it accompanied, instead profiting when this happened in other states (bad harvests were commonplace in France and England in the 17th century, which also contributed to the Republic's success in that time). 44: 461: 1158:. Seville and Lisbon and the Baltic ports were too far apart for direct trade between the two terminal points, enabling the Dutch to provide profitable intermediation, carrying salt, wine, cloth and later silver, spices, and colonial products eastward while bringing Baltic grains, fish, and naval stores to the west. The Dutch share of European shipping tonnage was enormous, well over half during most of the period of their ascendancy." 2055:). The former were created for town defence and policing, but also served as a meeting-place for the well-to-do, who were proud to play a prominent part and paid well to see this preserved for posterity by means of a group portrait. The latter were associations at a city level that fostered literary activities, like poetry, drama and discussions, often through contests. Cities took pride in their associations and promoted them. 2568:, the museum announced it would stop using the phrase, with its artistic director Margriet Schavemaker stating that "the Golden Age is, in a way, the story of the winners, and it hides the colonial past of . It hides slavery, but also it covers up poverty more generally. Not everyone participated in the Golden Age, not at all." The museum's announcement was met with criticism, including from Dutch Prime Minister 2097: 2406: 2259: 1632: 1419: 749: 508: 1504: 2145:– struggled to find buyers. Church art was virtually non-existent, and little sculpture of any kind was produced. While art collecting and painting for the open market was also common elsewhere, art historians point to the growing number of wealthy Dutch middle-class and successful mercantile patrons as driving forces in the popularity of certain pictorial subjects. 1354: 2156:" or genre paintings, and other secular subjects. Landscapes and seascapes, for example, reflect the land reclaimed from the sea and the sources of trade and naval power that mark the Republic's Golden Age. One subject that is quite characteristic of Dutch Baroque painting is the large group portrait, especially of civic and 1108:. The company received a Dutch monopoly on Asian trade, which it would keep for two centuries, and it became the largest commercial enterprise of the 17th-century world. Spices were imported in bulk and brought huge profits due to the efforts and risks involved and to demand. This is remembered to this day in the Dutch word 1609:

infant such substances would also reap physiological and health related benefits. Seventeenth-century Dutch society dictated that children should first begin to learn religion at home. Therefore, along with their husbands, women used family meal times to discuss religious topics and to focus on prayer.

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Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Cities expanded greatly as the economy thrived. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Merchants who had made their fortune ordered a new house along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around many cities

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After aristocrats and patricians came the affluent middle class, consisting of Protestant ministers, lawyers, physicians, small merchants, industrialists and clerks of large state institutions. Lower status was attributed to farmers, craft and tradesmen, shopkeepers, and government bureaucrats. Below

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or Dutch Learning. The Dutch were instrumental in transmitting to Japan some knowledge of the industrial and scientific revolution then occurring in Europe. The Japanese purchased and translated numerous scientific books from the Dutch, obtained from them Western curiosities and manufactures (such as

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Dutch achievements in sculpture in the 17th century are less prominent than in painting and architecture, and fewer examples were created than in neighbouring countries, partly because of their absence in the interiors of Protestant churches, as objections to the Roman Catholic veneration of statues

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Seventeenth-century Dutch culture maintained contradictory attitudes regarding the elderly, in particular, elderly women. Some Dutch writers idealized old age as a poetic transition from life to death. Others regarded aging as an illness in which one is gradually deteriorating until they reach their

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Maternity and motherhood were highly valued in Dutch culture. Mothers were encouraged to breastfeed their children, as using a wet nurse would prevent a bond from forming between mother and child. The Dutch believed that a mother's milk came from the blood originally in her womb and that feeding the

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experienced a renaissance during this period as well. However, by the end of the 17th century, conflicts with neighbouring powers as well as declining economic influence, led to the end of this period. The process by which the Dutch Republic became one of the foremost maritime and economic powers of

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During this time, a climate of tolerance developed in comparison to other European states with strict censorship restrictions paving the way for the Dutch to become a powerhouse in the book trade. This transformation is described by modern historians as the 'Dutch miracle.' Additionally, the Dutch

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was also conquered. It is estimated that more than 550,000 people were brought to America in slavery by Dutch ships. Conditions during these voyages were miserable, and it was commonplace for large numbers of enslaved people to die before they reached their destination. In addition to the personal

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gained prominence: vertical elements were stressed, less ornamentation was used, and natural stone was preferred above bricks. In the last decades of the century this trend towards sobriety intensified. From around 1670 the most prominent feature of a house front was its entrance, with pillars on

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enabled spices, sugar, and exotic fruits to be imported to the country. By the late 17th century, tea and coffee consumption were increasing and becoming part of everyday life. Tea was served with sweets, candy or marzipan and cookies. A rich Dutch mealtime of the time contained many extravagant

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As seen in art and literature at the time, unmarried young women were valued for maintaining their modesty and diligence as this time in a woman's life was regarded to be the most precarious. From a young age, burgher women were taught various household-related duties by their mothers, including

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wealthy merchants, became traders themselves or took up public or military office. Merchants also started to value public office as a means to greater economic power and prestige. Universities became career pathways to public office. Rich merchants and aristocrats sent their sons on a so-called

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That is not to say that aristocrats were without social status. On the contrary, wealthy merchants bought themselves into the nobility by becoming landowners and acquiring a coat of arms and a seal. Aristocrats also mixed with other classes for financial reasons: they married their daughters to

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Calvinism was the state religion in the Dutch Republic, though this does not mean that unity existed. Although the Netherlands was a tolerant nation compared to neighboring states, wealth and social status belonged almost exclusively to Protestants. The cities with a predominantly Catholic

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In the Netherlands in the 17th century, social status was largely determined by income. The landed nobility had relatively little importance, since they mostly lived in the more underdeveloped inland provinces, and it was the urban merchant class that dominated Dutch society. The

1885:(1945), "He lived in Holland for twenty years (1629–49), except for a few brief visits to France and one to England, all on business. It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of Holland in the 17th century, as the one country where there was freedom of speculation. 2197:

and a whole generation of Dutch Golden Age painters. They painted still lifes that emphasized abundance by depicting a diversity of objects, fruits, flowers and dead game, often together with living people and animals. The style was soon adopted by artists from the

1756:(a house doubling inconspicuously as a church), but public offices were out of the question. Catholics tended to keep to themselves in their own section of each town, even though they were one of the largest single denominations: for example, the Catholic painter 1542:

Workers and laborers were generally paid better than in most of Europe, and enjoyed relatively high living standards, although they also paid higher than normal taxes. Farmers prospered from mainly cash crops needed to support the urban and seafaring population.

2477:. Another reason was the comparatively small class of nobles. Sculptures were commissioned for government buildings, private buildings (often adorning house fronts) and the exteriors of churches. There was also a market for grave monuments and portrait busts. 1344:

in the early 19th century). In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch were arguably the most economically wealthy and scientifically advanced of all European nations, which put them in a privileged position to transfer Western knowledge to Japan.

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Asian slaves were also traded extensively. The slave was indispensable in the economy of the Dutch colonial empire in the Golden Age as a labor force; in the second half of the seventeenth century, half of the inhabitants of Batavia were unfree.

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that stood skilled laborers, maids, servants, sailors, and other persons employed in the service industry. At the bottom of the pyramid were "paupers": impoverished peasants, many of whom tried their luck in a city as a beggar or day laborer.

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produced pocket editions of classical Latin texts which were scholarly, reliable, and reasonably priced. The Elzevir dynasty died out in 1712 and the 'Dutch miracle' waned as international competition caught up to the Dutch book trade.

1056: 2620: 1719:, did not enjoy the benefits of the Golden Age. As for the Protestant towns, unity of belief was also far from standard. At the beginning of the century bitter controversies between strict Calvinists and more permissive 1288:

hardships of enslaved people, the trade also massively disrupted African societies. Estimates of the direct profitability vary, but without slavery the colonization of the Americas would have looked very different.

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Several other factors also contributed to the flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences in the Netherlands during this time. A necessary condition was a supply of cheap energy from windmills and from

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to visit Amsterdam, where he lived the last 14 years of his life (1656–1670). He published his most important works there: 43 volumes in all, about half of his total output. French philosopher and mathematician

1184:, their ships also controlled the world's seas. This was very much against the wishes of England, which was envious of the economic success of the Republic. Although they had both fought the Spanish during the 1149:

According to Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O'Rourke, geography favored the Dutch Republic, contributing to its wealth. They write, "The foundations were laid by taking advantage of location, midway between the

2350:(for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented façade that befitted their new status. In the countryside, many new castles and stately homes were built; but most of them have not survived. 1405:. The Dutch were able to gain control of much of the trade with the nascent English colonies in North America; and after the end of the war with Spain in 1648, Dutch trade with that country also flourished. 2535:

enjoyed high literacy rates, and Dutch entrepreneurs took advantage of this. As a result, seventeenth-century Holland became a great centre for the production of news, Bibles, political pamphlets.

4594: 2038:. Where rich aristocrats often became patrons of art in other countries, because of their comparative absence in the Netherlands this role was played by wealthy merchants and other patricians. 1995:(1575–1650) gained important victories in the Netherlands' eternal battle against the sea. Leeghwater added a considerable amount of land to the republic by converting several large lakes into 1875:, left France in 1681 for the Dutch Republic, where he became a professor of history and philosophy at the Illustrious School of Rotterdam. He lived in Rotterdam until his death in 1706. As 3640: 1567:. As evidenced by numerous 17th-century Dutch genre paintings, the most important domestic tasks performed by women included supervising maids, cooking, cleaning, needlework, and spinning. 2993: 930:

More Protestants moved to the north between 1585 and 1630 than Catholics moved in the other direction, although there were also many of these. Many of those moving north settled in

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natives from the southern Netherlands to the northern Netherlands, there were also influxes of non-native refugees who had previously fled from religious persecution, particularly

1988:. The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes. His skill in grinding lenses (some as small as 1mm in diameter) resulted in a magnification as high as 245x. 1531:

through Europe. Often accompanied by a private tutor, preferably a scientist himself, these young people visited universities in several European countries. This intermixing of

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Although the trade with the Far East was the more famous of the VOC's exploits, the main source of wealth for the Republic was, in fact, its trade with the Baltic states and

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Tolerance towards Catholics was not so easy to uphold, as religion had played an important part in the Eighty Years' War of independence against Spain (with political and

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National industries expanded as well. Shipyards and sugar refineries are prime examples. As more and more land was utilized, partially through transforming lakes into

298: 2007: 4099: 1090: 4074: 1370: 1114:, (as expensive as pepper) meaning something is very expensive, reflecting the prices of spices at the time. To finance the growing trade within the region, the 308: 4029: 3833: 3064: 2913: 2062:

began to emerge, largely limited to the aristocracy, but from the 17th century onward dishes of this kind became available to the wealthy citizens as well. The

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being other important motives). Intolerant inclinations, however, could be overcome by money. Thus Catholics could buy the privilege of holding ceremonies in a

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with Spain. The new Protestant movement was divided, although exercising social control in many areas to an even greater extent than under the Catholic Church.

4254: 3743: 1871:(1596-1650) lived in Holland from 1628 until 1649. He also had his most important works published in Amsterdam and Leiden. Another French-born philosopher, 4840: 4835: 4580: 2030:

population. The major force behind new developments was the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in Holland, to a lesser extent

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Due to its climate of intellectual tolerance, the Dutch Republic attracted scientists and other thinkers from all over Europe. In particular, the renowned

1027: 3977: 3505: 3338: 2326: 904: 4436: 4426: 4044: 3290: 1300: 640: 427: 243: 4615: 1984:, who was the first to methodically study microscopic life—he was the first person to describe bacteria—thus laying the foundations for the field of 2609: 2467: 1800: 482: 437: 4466: 3972: 2806: 4830: 4039: 1834:

as a token of gratitude for Leiden's fierce resistance against Spain during the Eighty Years' War) became a gathering place for intellectuals.

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was the result of a series of conquests against the Portuguese. Trade routes of African slaves in the seventeenth century ran largely through

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enabled the construction of a massive fleet of ships for worldwide trading and for military defense of the republic's economic interests.

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and championed freedom of conscience, while their more dogmatic adversaries (known as Contra-Remonstrants) gained a major victory at the

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in 1585, the Protestant population (if unwilling to reconvert) were given four years to settle their affairs before leaving the city and

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countries. The Low Countries were favorably positioned at a crossing of east–west and north–south trade routes and connected to a large

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A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

842: 4368: 4363: 4259: 4249: 4234: 4140: 4084: 3950: 3105: 2773: 2734: 2453: 2427: 2306: 2280: 1745:(c. 1466–1536) was an important advocate, had also gained a firm foothold and was partially responsible for a climate of tolerance. 1679: 1653: 1466: 1440: 796: 770: 591: 525: 303: 232: 3267: 2556:

during this period; approximately 1.7 million people were enslaved by Dutch slavers from the 17th to 19th centuries as part of the

1081:, and as the century wore on, they gained an increasingly dominant position in world trade, a position previously occupied by the 4528: 4244: 4064: 4049: 4024: 3895: 3736: 2831: 2671: 1972:, which was a major step forward towards exact timekeeping. Among his contributions to astronomy was his explanation of Saturn's 1061: 1012: 432: 3312: 4845: 4511: 4481: 4394: 4335: 4264: 4195: 4185: 4155: 4145: 2862: 2018:

Cultural development in the Low Countries stood out from neighboring countries. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright

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Sinnappah Arasaratnam, "Monopoly and Free Trade in Dutch-Asian Commercial Policy: Debate and Controversy within the VOC."

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Overall, the country was tolerant enough to attract religious refugees from other countries, notably Jewish merchants from

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between other European superpowers, brought the Dutch Republic formal recognition and independence from the Spanish crown.

4724: 4441: 4180: 4175: 4150: 3615: 2075: 845:, broke out, forcing Spanish troops to halt their advances and leaving them in control of the important trading cities of 411: 205: 58: 934:, transforming what was a small harbor into one of the most important ports and commercial centres in the world by 1630. 4446: 4345: 4239: 4222: 4170: 4165: 4012: 3965: 3715: 2599: 2515:

The Golden Age was also an important time for developments in literature. Some of the major figures of this period were

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did not have much worldly influence either: the Catholic Church had been more or less suppressed since the onset of the

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In the Dutch Golden Age, the meals of the middle class consisted of a rich variety of dishes. During the 15th century

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clocks) and received demonstrations of various Western innovations (such as electric phenomena, and the flight of a

4547: 4501: 4382: 4353: 4330: 4283: 3771: 3763: 2320: 1560: 702:. The term "Dutch Golden Age" has been controversial in the 21st century due to the extensive Dutch involvement in 694: 622: 370: 323: 35: 2435: 2420: 2288: 2273: 1661: 1646: 1448: 1433: 778: 763: 558: 518: 4815: 4653: 4409: 4305: 4269: 3784: 2589: 2102: 2091: 1101: 422: 195: 726: 4668: 4648: 4628: 4496: 4461: 4456: 3349: 2561: 2553: 2504: 1309: 1199:

The prosperity gained from this was accompanied by horrors against the local population. For example, in 1621,

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The central role of women in the 17th-century Dutch household revolved around the home and domestic tasks. In

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The term "Dutch Golden Age" became a source of controversy during the 21st century due to the extensive

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and his descendants created what is considered one of the most eminent dynasties of the book trade. The

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was among the most prominent in Europe. The first half of the period spanned from the beginning of the

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The elite wore black clothes as a status symbol. This status originated from the difficulty of the

2048: 1847: 1284: 1004: 885: 278: 263: 166: 161: 2507:(now the Royal Palace, Amsterdam). This remains the major monument of Dutch Golden Age sculpture. 4561: 3935: 3858: 3538: 3393: 3115: 2480: 2389: 2225:, who infused new life into portraiture. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem 2218: 2164: 2126: 2035: 1953: 1831: 1580: 1358: 1317: 1308:

Amsterdam's dominant position as a trade center was strengthened in 1640 with a monopoly for the

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Starting at 1595, Reformed churches were commissioned, many of which are still landmarks today.

1735:(1618–19). The variety of sects may well have worked to make religious intolerance impractical. 2953:

Picturing Men and Women in the Dutch Golden Age: Paintings and People in Historical Perspective

4704: 4688: 4663: 4643: 4633: 4623: 3930: 3880: 3862: 3687: 3452: 3240: 3217: 3191: 3168: 3101: 2994:"The Portrayal of Women in Dutch Art of the Dutch Golden Age: Courtship, Marriage and Old Age" 2769: 2730: 2488: 2381: 2152:

church patronage that dominated the arts in Catholic Europe, resulted in the great number of "

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movement did not gain much influence. Its exuberance did not fit the austerity of the largely

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Today, the best-known painters of the Dutch Golden Age are the period's most dominant figure

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The First Modern Economy: Success, failure, and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500–1815

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and rich merchants of the port cities of Bruges, Ghent, and Antwerp. Under the terms of the

814: 715: 684: 656: 90: 63: 4673: 4658: 4104: 3987: 3866: 3838: 3373: 3247: 3198: 2832:"The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking" 2810: 1780: 1341: 958: 920: 858: 672: 121: 3634: 3259: 4683: 3915: 3853: 3848: 2484: 2199: 2178: 2130: 1992: 1973: 1969: 1913: 1902: 1851: 1788: 1728: 1712: 1219: 1134: 1086: 996: 980: 916: 873: 838: 818: 810: 626: 617: 609: 442: 179: 131: 2838: 1333:

The collection of scientific learning introduced from Europe became known in Japan as

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Franits, Marjorie Wieseman; with contributions by H. Perry Chapman, Wayne E. (2011).

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until its conclusion in 1648, with the second half lasting until the outbreak of the

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took refuge there during the five worst years of reaction in England before 1688;

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the world during the era has been referred to as the "Dutch Miracle" by historian

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The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

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Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.

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that were used to stabilize prices and take advantage of profit opportunities."

1016: 877: 748: 711: 707: 699: 507: 360: 318: 136: 76: 1044:, easily transported by canal to the cities. The invention of the wind powered 4777: 4419: 3662:

Commercial Visions: Science, Trade, and Visual Culture in the Dutch Golden Age

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Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age

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on 17 August 1585, after a siege, and the division between the Northern and

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The Dutch Republic, Centre of the European Book Trade in the 17th Century

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Dutch Golden Age painting followed many of the tendencies that dominated

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process and the cost of elaborate embellishments, and is contrary to the

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during the period, and it has been deprecated by several museums in the

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Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World

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each side and possibly a balcony above it, but no further decoration.

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and aristocrats was most prominent in the second half of the century.

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The Dutch had the largest merchant fleet in Europe in the 17th century

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In the 17th century the Dutch – traditionally able seafarers and keen

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wrote that "Most people understand the Golden Age is a wrong term".

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would hardly have been allowed to do his work in any other country."

1516: 1508: 1492: 1480: 1378: 1313: 1260: 1227: 1126: 1008: 846: 103: 99: 68: 3506:"Confronting the Netherlands' Role in the Brutal History of Slavery" 3389:"When the Old Masters Were the P.R. Agents of the Rich and Powerful" 3042:"Wives and Wantons: Versions of Womanhood in 17th Century Dutch Art" 2644:

The miracle of the Dutch Republic as seen in the seventeenth century

2014:

the Elder, Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, Candy and Wine, c. 1620/1625

1234:(1637-1644), the lucrative sugar trade was largely in Dutch hands. 3654: 2210: 2095: 2006: 1936: 1804: 1761: 1691: 1574: 1550: 1502: 1397:. By the 1680s, an average of nearly 1000 Dutch ships entered the 1389:

river. Dutch traders shipped wine from France and Portugal to the

1386: 1352: 1248:

were also in Dutch hands. A promising colony in North America was

1241: 1055: 950: 903: 850: 725: 636: 3466:"Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions" 1118:

was established in 1609, the precursor to, if not the first true

1041: 857:, which was then arguably the most important port in the world. 676: 4576: 3725: 1908:

Dutch lawyers were famous for their knowledge of international

1838:, the Czech educator and writer, was known for his theories of 2399: 2252: 1769: 1625: 1412: 1320:. From here the Dutch traded between China and Japan and paid 742: 501: 1783:

in France in 1685 resulted in the immigration of many French

3709:"Castles, palaces and stately homes in the Dutch golden age" 3210:

Burgess, Jeremy; Marten, Michael; Taylor, JRosemary (190).

1980:. The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is 927:

territory. Similar arrangements were made in other places.

3348:(1). Culinary Historians of New York: 1–12. Archived from 2672:"Het debat over de naam Gouden Eeuw is waardevol en nodig" 2372:

The most famous Dutch architects of the 17th century were

1373:, which is a typical example of 17th-century architecture. 3646: 1779:

who brought much wealth with them. The revocation of the

1214:

For a short time, the Republic seemed very successful in

3562:"Netherlands slavery: Saying sorry leaves Dutch divided" 3447:

Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya,

2698:"Amsterdam Museum gebruikt term 'Gouden Eeuw' niet meer" 3134:

Vegard Skirbekk, "Fertility trends by social status."

2041:

Centres of cultural activity were town militia (Dutch:

1920:(1583–1645) played a leading part in the foundation of 1312:(VOC) for trade with Japan through its trading post on 915:

Protestants were especially well-represented among the

1255:

The role that the Netherlands was able to play in the

3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2914:"Baltic Connections: Mercantilism in the West Baltic" 1093:

to attack Dutch cities were made by Dutch mapmakers.

1172:

Outside of Europe, the Republic also prospered. The

1007:

made it possible to maintain an impressive stock of

4697: 4614: 4381: 4344: 4282: 4117: 4011: 3770: 3164:

Distant Worlds: Milestones in Planetary Exploration

2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2121:, but was the leader in developing the subjects of 1495:, local grain production and dairy farming soared. 532:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3216:(illustrated ed.). CUP Archive. p. 186. 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 1555:A family portrait, second half of the 17th century 1031:A river landscape with fishermen in rowing boats, 900:Migration of skilled workers to the Dutch Republic 1393:and returned with grain for countries around the 961:also spent time there before their voyage to the 3534:"A Dutch Golden Age? That's Only Half the Story" 2886:Marius B. Jansen, "Rangaku and Westernization." 2830:Quinn, Stephen; Roberds, William (August 2005). 1924:. He invented the concept of the "Free seas" or 1100:(VOC) was founded. It was one of the first-ever 667:, established trading posts and colonies in the 3631:The Cambridge Companion to the Dutch Golden Age 2768:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–64. 1401:each year, to trade with markets of the fading 346:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 3629:Helmers, Helmer J. and Geert H. Janssen, eds. 2473:had been one of the contentious points of the 2337:, finished in 1667, was designed by architect 1371:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 987:attribute part of the Dutch ascendancy to its 911:, allegory of the Protestant-Catholic struggle 892:between the Dutch Republic and Spain, and the 4588: 3737: 3213:Under the Microscope: A Hidden World Revealed 2999:. University of Massachusetts. Archived from 2817:, according to the "Haarlemmermeer Boeck" by 2576:. In contrast, Curaçaoan activist and artist 1727:, split the country. The Remonstrants denied 483: 8: 3151:, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1967. P.559. 3120:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3055:. Washington University in St. Louis: 5–13. 2757:Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2003). 1801:List of scientists from the Dutch Golden Age 1760:lived in the "Papist corner" of the town of 1091:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 2951:Klaske, Muizelaar, and Derek L. Phillips, 2468:List of sculptors from the Dutch Golden Age 2434:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2287:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1660:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1447:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1015:but in the plentiful stocks of an array of 777:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4595: 4581: 4573: 4387: 4288: 4123: 4017: 3978:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 3744: 3730: 3722: 3633:(Cambridge University Press, 2018) 428 pp 3098:Vermeer's women : secrets and silence 1180:(WIC) not only obtained a monopoly on the 1104:, financed by shares that established the 490: 476: 20: 3682:de Vries, Jan; van der Woude, Ad (2010). 2759:"Commodity Market Integration, 1500–2000" 2454:Learn how and when to remove this message 2307:Learn how and when to remove this message 1680:Learn how and when to remove this message 1467:Learn how and when to remove this message 884:, which did not end the hostilities. The 797:Learn how and when to remove this message 625:which roughly lasted from 1588, when the 592:Learn how and when to remove this message 16:Period of Dutch history from 1588 to 1672 2610:List of people from the Dutch Golden Age 2357:elements still prevailed, combined with 2324: 1999:, pumping the water out with windmills. 1901:) found it necessary to live there; and 1791:(1632–1677), experienced social stigma. 1299: 1026: 3973:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 3599:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3332: 3330: 2766:Globalization in Historical Perspective 2633: 1846:during the 17th century. To escape the 1377:The Dutch also dominated trade between 1069:, depicting wealthy Amsterdam burghers. 34: 23: 3369: 3358: 3289:de Graaf, Reitze A. (16 August 2004). 3113: 1976:. He also contributed to the field of 1862:. Comenius accepted the invitation of 1230:) from the Portuguese. Under governor 1203:had almost all the inhabitants of the 324:constituent country within the kingdom 3476:from the original on 13 November 2020 3230:from the original on 2 September 2017 3070:from the original on 26 February 2017 1889:had to have his books printed there; 1232:John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 937:In addition to the mass migration of 616: 7: 3664:(University of Chicago Press, 2014). 2940:Well-being in Amsterdam's Golden Age 2752: 2750: 2729:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. 2726:The Dutch seaborne empire, 1600–1800 2432:adding citations to reliable sources 2361:motives. After a few decades French 2285:adding citations to reliable sources 2078:that it was done exclusively out of 1658:adding citations to reliable sources 1445:adding citations to reliable sources 775:adding citations to reliable sources 635:occurred. During this period, Dutch 530:adding citations to reliable sources 3560:Holligan, Anna (19 December 2022). 3420:Higgins, Charlotte (22 June 2007). 3270:from the original on 10 August 2012 2942:(Amsterdam University Press, 2008). 2785:from the original on 4 October 2018 2217:, the innovative landscape painter 2148:This trend, along with the lack of 1209:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands 629:was established, to 1672, when the 4841:17th century in the Dutch Republic 4836:16th century in the Dutch Republic 3653:, 2015, retrieved: March 8, 2020 ( 3401:from the original on 14 March 2018 2875:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2863:VOC-kenniscentrum, thema slavernij 2651:from the original on 19 March 2015 2647:. London: H.K.Lewis & Co Ltd. 2113:in other parts of Europe, such as 1827:(established in 1575 by the Dutch 1361:brothers, arms traders, built the 1003:rates in Europe. The abundance of 14: 3181:from the original on 19 June 2020 3100:. Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum. 1934:("On the law of war and peace"). 1842:, but also as a pioneer of Czech 1011:, embodied not only in the large 3532:Siegal, Nina (25 October 2019). 3319:(in Dutch). 2006. Archived from 2404: 2341:(1608–1669), as was the Waag in 2257: 1991:Famous Dutch hydraulic engineer 1630: 1417: 1275:. Elmina was conquered in 1637, 1252:(in present-day New York City). 1240:was conquered in 1634. By 1648, 747: 506: 459: 42: 2641:Swart, Koenraad Wolter (1969). 2353:Early in the 17th century late 1882:A History of Western Philosophy 683:. The Dutch also dominated the 517:needs additional citations for 3686:. Cambridge University Press. 3586:References and further reading 3504:McGreevy, Nora (1 June 2021). 3449:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 3339:"Culinary History of New York" 2564:. In a 2019 exhibition at the 1131:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 843:Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 825:) started a rebellion against 1: 4831:Culture of the Dutch Republic 3998:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 3651:Institute of European History 3647:EGO - European History Online 3616:Institute of European History 3387:Pound, Cath (14 March 2018). 2901:Japan and the Dutch 1600-1853 2723:Boxer, Charles Ralph (1977). 2704:(in Dutch). 13 September 2019 1814: 1701: 1133:). Called the "Mothertrade" ( 1062:Syndics of the Drapers' Guild 59:Prehistory of the Netherlands 2600:First Stadtholderless Period 2554:Dutch involvement in slavery 1369:, currently the seat of the 1296:Monopoly on trade with Japan 679:, protected by the powerful 2819:Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater 2670:Trouw (21 September 2019). 2499:, were responsible for the 2185:by Flemish artists such as 4867: 4821:Culture of the Netherlands 3764:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3297:(in Dutch). Archived from 2465: 2321:Dutch Baroque architecture 2318: 2089: 1798: 1316:, an island in the bay of 1165: 1102:multinational corporations 1077:– began to trade with the 972: 865:(the latter mostly modern 623:history of the Netherlands 428:Inventions and discoveries 371:Whaling in the Netherlands 36:History of the Netherlands 4541: 4390: 4291: 4126: 4090:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 4020: 3834:Development urban centers 3760: 3677:. New York: Alfred Knopf. 2590:Dutch Golden Age painting 2562:Indian Ocean slave trades 2103:Girl with a Pearl Earring 2092:Dutch Golden Age painting 1956:(1629–1695) was a famous 1597:Married women and mothers 1279:in 1642. In 1641, led by 1257:transatlantic slave trade 888:in 1648, which ended the 853:, but without control of 3291:"De rijke Hollandse dis" 3260:"Antony van Leeuwenhoek" 1310:Dutch East India Company 1178:Dutch West India Company 1174:Dutch East India Company 1106:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 1098:Dutch East India Company 3611:European History Online 3604:Freist, Dagmar (2010). 3337:Rose, Peter G. (2002). 3313:"De Nederlandse keuken" 2809:24 October 2012 at the 2154:scenes of everyday life 1982:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1943:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1601:Dutch writers, such as 1385:hinterland through the 955:Protestants from France 827:Philip II of Spain 641:scientific developments 618:[ˈɣʌudə(n)ˈeːu] 4846:Golden ages (metaphor) 4437:Decorations and medals 3886:Burgundian Netherlands 3718:at Art Painting Artist 3368:Cite journal requires 3049:The Oxford Art Journal 3040:Schama, Simon (1980). 2595:Golden Age of Flanders 2346: 2137:was also popular, but 2106: 2015: 1950: 1931:De lure Belli ac pacis 1820: 1764:. The same applied to 1741:, of which Desiderius 1707: 1589: 1556: 1511: 1374: 1305: 1138: 1070: 1036: 912: 880:) fought on until the 822: 813:that later signed the 740: 621:) was a period in the 613: 466:Netherlands portal 299:Sovereign Principality 152:Burgundian Netherlands 4774:United Arab Emirates 4432:Customs and etiquette 3606:"The "Dutch Century"" 3323:on 28 September 2007. 3264:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu 3138:18.5 (2008): 145-180. 2992:Koot, Gerard (2015). 2890:18.4 (1984): 541-553. 2329:The Kaaswaag (Cheese 2328: 2173:. A special genre of 2099: 2010: 1940: 1850:, he migrated to the 1808: 1695: 1578: 1554: 1546: 1506: 1356: 1303: 1059: 1030: 989:Protestant work ethic 975:Protestant work ethic 969:Protestant work ethic 907: 729: 649:overseas colonisation 202:Dutch colonial empire 4467:Orders of knighthood 4100:World Heritage Sites 4003:Coronavirus pandemic 3993:European debt crisis 3966:Dutch Liberation Day 3891:Habsburg Netherlands 3639:Hoftijzer, Paul G., 3355:on 21 December 2013. 3301:on 23 December 2008. 3246:23 July 2017 at the 3197:12 June 2020 at the 3161:Bond, Peter (2010). 3136:Demographic research 3061:10.1093/oxartj/3.1.5 2938:Derek L. Phillips, 2920:on 23 September 2015 2888:Modern Asian Studies 2529:Joost van den Vondel 2503:decorations for the 2428:improve this section 2281:improve this section 2141:– traditionally the 2049:chambers of rhetoric 2020:Joost van den Vondel 1825:University of Leiden 1739:Renaissance Humanism 1711:background, such as 1654:improve this section 1613:Old women and widows 1441:improve this section 1349:European great power 1201:Jan Pieterszoon Coen 1023:Cheap energy sources 921:surrender of Antwerp 863:Southern Netherlands 771:improve this section 691:during this period. 689:Atlantic slave trade 526:improve this article 157:Habsburg Netherlands 4075:Mountains and hills 3926:Batavian Revolution 3906:Spanish Netherlands 3901:Seventeen Provinces 3241:Extract of page 186 3192:Extract of page 186 3006:on 24 February 2021 2505:Amsterdam city hall 2495:and followers like 2231:Utrecht Caravaggism 2195:Adriaen van Utrecht 2150:Counter-Reformation 2143:most-elevated genre 2100:Johannes Vermeer's 2067:dishes and drinks. 1848:Counter-Reformation 1089:. The maps used by 886:Peace of Westphalia 882:Twelve Years' Truce 869:) was established. 279:First French Empire 264:Batavian Revolution 167:Spanish Netherlands 162:Seventeen Provinces 4326:Telecommunications 3936:Kingdom of Holland 3660:Margócsy, Dániel. 3539:The New York Times 3394:The New York Times 3147:Bertrand Russell, 2903:(Routledge, 2013). 2899:Grant K. Goodman, 2481:Hendrick de Keyser 2390:Hendrick de Keyser 2347: 2219:Jacob van Ruisdael 2177:was the so-called 2165:Rembrandt van Rijn 2107: 2016: 1968:. He invented the 1954:Christiaan Huygens 1951: 1821: 1708: 1590: 1581:The Dancing Couple 1557: 1512: 1375: 1306: 1226:(a river south of 1192:. This led to the 1071: 1037: 913: 741: 665:West India Company 661:East India Company 541:"Dutch Golden Age" 356:Amsterdam Entrepôt 274:Kingdom of Holland 4803: 4802: 4616:Post-World War II 4570: 4569: 4537: 4536: 4377: 4376: 4278: 4277: 4255:Political parties 4191:Foreign relations 4113: 4112: 3983:Same-sex marriage 3931:Batavian Republic 3911:Eighty Years' War 3881:Holy Roman Empire 3693:978-0-521-57825-7 3455:, (2005): 718–19. 3453:Thomson/Wadsworth 3223:978-0-521-39940-1 3174:978-0-387-68367-6 2877:4.1 (1973): 1-15. 2813:were invented in 2489:Artus I Quellinus 2464: 2463: 2456: 2382:Philips Vingboons 2317: 2316: 2309: 1922:international law 1854:and is buried in 1836:Jan Amos Comenius 1832:Willem van Oranje 1690: 1689: 1682: 1521:Eighty Years' War 1477: 1476: 1469: 1395:Mediterranean Sea 1273:Caribbean Islands 1116:Bank of Amsterdam 1052:Corporate finance 985:Kevin H. O'Rourke 917:skilled craftsmen 909:Fishing for Souls 894:Thirty Years' War 890:Eighty Years' War 876:(roughly today's 831:Eighty Years' War 807: 806: 799: 681:Dutch States Navy 653:Eighty Years' War 602: 601: 594: 576: 500: 499: 269:Batavian Republic 187:Eighty Years' War 147:Holy Roman Empire 142:Lower Lotharingia 4858: 4816:Dutch Golden Age 4604:Economic miracle 4597: 4590: 4583: 4574: 4550: 4388: 4359:Public transport 4289: 4124: 4018: 3844:Frankish Kingdom 3807:Migration Period 3746: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3716:Dutch Golden Age 3712: 3697: 3678: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3600: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3354: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3256: 3250: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3207: 3201: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3046: 3037: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2989: 2956: 2955:(Yale UP, 2003). 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916:. Archived from 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2837:. Archived from 2836: 2827: 2821: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2638: 2605:Flemish painting 2566:Amsterdam Museum 2541:House of Elzevir 2517:Gerbrand Bredero 2497:Rombout Verhulst 2459: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2408: 2400: 2374:Jacob van Campen 2312: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2261: 2253: 2215:Johannes Vermeer 2213:master of genre 2139:history painting 2082:self-restraint. 2053:rederijkerskamer 1877:Bertrand Russell 1819: 1816: 1758:Johannes Vermeer 1750:economic freedom 1706: 1703: 1696:Interior of the 1685: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1634: 1626: 1499:Social structure 1472: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1421: 1413: 1409:Other industries 1403:Hanseatic League 1194:Anglo-Dutch Wars 1186:Eighty Years War 999:and the highest 874:United Provinces 829:that led to the 823:Unie van Utrecht 815:Union of Utrecht 802: 795: 791: 788: 782: 751: 743: 716:Amsterdam Museum 714:, including the 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Leeghwater 1970:pendulum clock 1914:commercial law 1910:law of the sea 1869:René Descartes 1852:Dutch Republic 1796: 1793: 1789:Baruch Spinoza 1729:predestination 1700:in Rotterdam, 1688: 1687: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1598: 1595: 1572: 1569: 1548: 1545: 1500: 1497: 1475: 1474: 1425: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1350: 1347: 1297: 1294: 1176:(VOC) and the 1163: 1160: 1146: 1143: 1053: 1050: 1024: 1021: 997:interest rates 981:Ronald Findlay 973:Main article: 970: 967: 901: 898: 805: 804: 755: 753: 746: 723: 720: 627:Dutch Republic 600: 599: 514: 512: 505: 498: 497: 495: 494: 487: 480: 472: 469: 468: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 408: 403: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 341: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 309:Modern history 306: 304:United Kingdom 301: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 260: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 240: 239: 222: 199: 189: 183: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Middle Francia 129: 124: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 93: 88: 83: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 32: 31: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4863: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4788:Massachusetts 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608:tiger economy 4605: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 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4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Flood control 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3961:Nazi invasion 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941:Incorporation 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3669:Schama, Simon 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3635:online review 3632: 3628: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3362: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3109: 3107:9780300178999 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2775:0-226-06598-7 2771: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2736:0-09-131051-2 2732: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2716: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2537:Louis Elzevir 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491:, along with 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2458: 2455: 2447: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2413:This section 2411: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386:Lieven de Key 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2311: 2308: 2300: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2266:This section 2264: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239:fijnschilders 2237:, the Leiden 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Frans Snyders 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060:haute cuisine 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:mathematician 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879:noted in his 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1860:North Holland 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844:Protestantism 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1733:Synod of Dort 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1673: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1639:This section 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561:Dutch culture 1553: 1547:Women's roles 1544: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1426:This section 1424: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1250:New Amsterdam 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:São Francisco 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1205:Banda Islands 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1152:Bay of Biscay 1144: 1142: 1140: 1139:Moedernegotie 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:In 1602, the 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 976: 968: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:Sephardi Jews 940: 935: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 910: 906: 899: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 809:In 1568, the 801: 798: 790: 780: 776: 772: 766: 765: 761: 756:This section 754: 750: 745: 744: 738: 734: 733: 728: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 695:Dutch culture 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633: 628: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 596: 593: 585: 574: 571: 567: 564: 560: 557: 553: 550: 546: 543: – 542: 538: 537:Find sources: 531: 527: 521: 520: 515:This article 513: 509: 504: 503: 493: 488: 486: 481: 479: 474: 473: 471: 470: 467: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 433:Flood control 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 413: 409: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 387: 386: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 366:Dutch disease 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 351:Dutch guilder 349: 347: 344: 343: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257:French period 253: 252: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 221: 217: 213: 210: 209: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 181: 176: 175: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 113: 112: 105: 101: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 28: 22: 19: 4689:West Germany 4512:Coat of arms 4482:Prostitution 4395:Architecture 4336:Trade unions 4316:Polder model 4301:Central bank 4270:Water boards 4196:Human rights 4186:Homelessness 4156:Demographics 4146:Constitution 3956:World War II 3946:Principality 3920: 3762:Part of the 3683: 3673: 3661: 3641: 3630: 3619:. Retrieved 3609: 3596: 3593:Cook, Harold 3571:. Retrieved 3565: 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3537: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3509: 3499: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3469: 3460: 3448: 3443: 3431:. Retrieved 3427:The Guardian 3425: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3392: 3382: 3361:cite journal 3350:the original 3345: 3321:the original 3316: 3307: 3299:the original 3294: 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3263: 3254: 3232:. Retrieved 3212: 3205: 3183:. Retrieved 3163: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3097: 3072:. Retrieved 3052: 3048: 3008:. Retrieved 3001:the original 2952: 2947: 2939: 2934: 2922:. Retrieved 2918:the original 2908: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2858: 2846:. Retrieved 2839:the original 2825: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2765: 2741:Google Books 2739:– via 2725: 2718: 2706:. Retrieved 2701: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2675: 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2643: 2636: 2619: 2578:Quinsy Gario 2551: 2533: 2525:Pieter Hooft 2514: 2501:classicizing 2479: 2471: 2450: 2441: 2426:Please help 2414: 2371: 2368: 2352: 2348: 2303: 2294: 2279:Please help 2267: 2249:Architecture 2241:, and Dutch 2204: 2168: 2147: 2108: 2101: 2069: 2064:Dutch Empire 2057: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2017: 1990: 1986:microbiology 1952: 1947:Jan Verkolje 1941:Portrait of 1929: 1926:Mare liberum 1925: 1918:Hugo Grotius 1907: 1898: 1880: 1873:Pierre Bayle 1822: 1774: 1747: 1737: 1725:Remonstrants 1709: 1676: 1667: 1652:Please help 1640: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1591: 1579: 1564: 1558: 1541: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1483:such as the 1478: 1463: 1454: 1439:Please help 1427: 1391:Baltic lands 1376: 1362: 1334: 1332: 1325: 1307: 1290: 1281:Cornelis Jol 1254: 1236: 1213: 1198: 1171: 1168:Dutch Empire 1162:Dutch Empire 1148: 1124: 1120:central bank 1109: 1095: 1072: 1060: 1038: 1035:beyond, 1679 978: 953:, and later 936: 929: 914: 908: 871: 859:Antwerp fell 808: 793: 784: 769:Please help 757: 730: 693: 630: 605: 603: 588: 579: 569: 562: 555: 548: 536: 524:Please help 519:verification 516: 400:List of wars 376:Polder model 314:World War II 244:List of wars 191: 18: 4755:Philippines 4698:Later years 4669:South Korea 4529:Terminology 4477:Pornography 4218:Enforcement 4208:Immigration 4181:Health care 4161:Drug policy 4040:Earthquakes 4035:Delta Works 3896:Renaissance 3802:Cananefates 3753:Netherlands 3621:17 December 3511:Smithsonian 3480:17 February 3295:WereldExpat 3274:19 February 3074:25 February 3010:25 February 2924:19 December 2804:Saag Molens 2615:Tulip mania 2548:Controversy 2475:Reformation 2378:Pieter Post 2359:Renaissance 2339:Pieter Post 2331:Weigh House 2191:Osias Beert 2170:Night Watch 2135:Portraiture 2115:Caravaggism 2111:Baroque art 2028:Calvinistic 2012:Osias Beert 1829:stadtholder 1818: 1650 1766:Anabaptists 1754:conventicle 1723:, known as 1721:Protestants 1705: 1664 1698:Laurenskerk 1363:Trippenhuis 1182:spice trade 1017:commodities 979:Economists 878:Netherlands 712:Netherlands 708:colonialism 700:K. W. Swart 614:Gouden Eeuw 361:Tulip mania 319:Netherlands 220:Cape Colony 216:East Indies 137:Lotharingia 77:Cananefates 4810:Categories 4452:Literature 4442:Irreligion 4250:Parliament 4176:Euthanasia 4151:Corruption 3921:Golden Age 2678:(in Dutch) 2574:Michel Rog 2570:Mark Rutte 2521:Jacob Cats 2511:Literature 2493:his family 2466:See also: 2363:classicism 2243:classicism 2223:Frans Hals 2175:still life 2163:, such as 2123:still life 2119:naturalism 2044:schutterij 1958:astronomer 1899:Dictionary 1811:Gerrit Dou 1799:See also: 1603:Jacob Cats 1533:patricians 1529:Grand Tour 1399:Baltic Sea 1166:See also: 1129:(then the 1083:Portuguese 939:Protestant 722:Background 552:newspapers 438:Healthcare 423:Literature 4745:Lithuania 4730:Indonesia 4664:Singapore 4644:Hong Kong 4447:Languages 4346:Transport 4296:AEX index 4240:Provinces 4223:Law Firms 4171:Elections 4166:Education 4095:Volcanoes 4055:Gas field 4013:Geography 3785:Roman Era 3649:, Mainz: 3614:. Mainz: 3317:Antiqbook 3116:cite book 2702:Historiek 2487:sculptor 2444:July 2022 2415:does not 2396:Sculpture 2297:July 2022 2268:does not 2227:Mannerism 2207:Rembrandt 2127:landscape 1962:physicist 1840:education 1785:Huguenots 1670:July 2022 1641:does not 1586:Jan Steen 1565:Houwelyck 1507:Canal in 1457:July 2022 1428:does not 1367:Amsterdam 1145:Geography 1111:peperduur 1075:mapmakers 1067:Rembrandt 1033:windmills 993:Calvinism 991:based on 963:New World 932:Amsterdam 787:July 2022 758:does not 737:Rembrandt 582:July 2022 206:evolution 86:Roman era 4765:Thailand 4760:Slovakia 4750:Malaysia 4557:Category 4492:Religion 4405:Cannabis 4321:Taxation 4311:Euronext 4265:Military 4131:Abortion 4119:Politics 3876:Guelders 3859:Flanders 3825:Dorestad 3816:Frisians 3671:(1987). 3595:(2007). 3573:25 March 3567:BBC News 3545:25 March 3517:25 March 3474:Archived 3399:Archived 3268:Archived 3244:Archived 3228:Archived 3195:Archived 3179:Archived 3065:Archived 2815:Uitgeest 2807:Archived 2780:Archived 2655:12 March 2649:Archived 2584:See also 2558:Atlantic 2086:Painting 1897:(of the 1777:Portugal 1622:Religion 1489:Schermer 1485:Beemster 1379:European 1318:Nagasaki 1271:and the 1222:and the 1154:and the 1079:Far East 1001:literacy 947:Portugal 925:Habsburg 669:Americas 632:Rampjaar 448:Religion 443:Heraldry 412:Language 292:Monarchy 229:Americas 196:painting 180:Republic 116:Medieval 96:Frisians 27:a series 25:Part of 4826:Rangaku 4795:Vietnam 4735:Ireland 4720:Estonia 4629:Belgium 4624:Austria 4548:Outline 4502:Symbols 4415:Cuisine 4383:Culture 4354:Cycling 4331:Tourism 4284:Economy 4230:Monarch 4136:Cabinet 4080:Regions 4070:Mammals 4060:Islands 3872:Brabant 3863:Holland 3829:Utrecht 3794:Chamavi 3772:History 3470:Answers 3433:26 June 3405:26 June 3234:20 June 3185:20 June 2789:9 March 2485:Flemish 2436:removed 2421:sources 2289:removed 2274:sources 2183:Antwerp 2158:militia 2080:Puritan 2036:Utrecht 2032:Zeeland 2024:Baroque 2003:Culture 1997:polders 1903:Spinoza 1856:Naarden 1795:Science 1743:Erasmus 1713:Utrecht 1662:removed 1647:sources 1481:polders 1449:removed 1434:sources 1336:Rangaku 1324:to the 1322:tribute 1246:Bonaire 1238:Curaçao 1087:Spanish 1046:sawmill 1005:capital 867:Belgium 855:Antwerp 835:England 779:removed 764:sources 704:slavery 566:scholar 233:Guianas 81:Chamavi 4770:Turkey 4740:Latvia 4705:Brazil 4684:Taiwan 4679:Sweden 4659:Mexico 4639:Greece 4634:France 4562:Portal 4507:Anthem 4472:People 4410:Cinema 4306:Energy 4085:Rivers 4030:Cities 3820:Franks 3812:Saxons 3798:Batavi 3790:Frisii 3690: 3220: 3171: 3104: 2848:8 June 2772: 2733: 2708:13 May 2682:13 May 2527:, and 2388:, and 2355:Gothic 2343:Leiden 2233:, the 2221:, and 2209:, the 2161:guilds 2129:, and 2072:dyeing 2047:) and 2022:) the 1978:optics 1887:Hobbes 1588:, 1663 1517:clergy 1509:Leiden 1493:Purmer 1383:German 1327:shōgun 1314:Dejima 1285:Angola 1269:Brazil 1261:Elmina 1228:Recife 1220:Amazon 1216:Brazil 1156:Baltic 1127:Poland 1009:wealth 957:. 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