West Timor - Knowledge (XXG)

763:. The situation was even worse in Kupang, where mortality among Europeans was particularly high due to malaria. Paravicini, of all people, who had praised the VOC so much in his treaty, described their personnel as bad, dishonest, greedy, cruel and disobedience would run rampant with him. They forced local rulers to buy goods at outrageous prices and Opperhoofd (settlers) preyed on the impoverished rajas. The Timorese kingdoms were forced to send troops and 200 men annually to pan for gold in the mountains. Neither the military expeditions nor the gold prospecting brought the desired success. Instead, discontent among the Timorese grew. This was also because accidents during the search for gold could also be dangerous for the regents. A Dutchman reported in 1777, when five gold mines had collapsed, that relatives of the victims could take revenge on the rulers who had sent them to search for gold. There were also problems with corruption and also with the 1045: 675: 1871: 1158:: the western part of the island of Timor has the characteristic monsoon climate. Thus, Timor also shows the familiar picture of Indonesia: the west monsoon in one half of the year, the east monsoon in the other. The west monsoon is a time of heavy, cloudburst rainfall in the months of October to May, the east monsoon a time of extreme dryness during the rest of the year, thus West Timor has large and wide-ranging savannas, and has fairly dry air temperatures, with minimal rainfal In the rainy season. When downpours happen, these rivers briefly become wild, raging torrents of water, which then cause major traffic and communication problems. In the past, these isolated plateaus and mountain landscapes favoured the emergence of politically relatively autonomous territories. 771: 936: 914: 1637: 1645: 955:) were asked to swear an oath to the Netherlands and transfer their authority to the Dutch administrator. In return, they were to be granted some autonomy in their realms. The Liurai were to take over tax collection for the Dutch. The result was the outbreak of rebellions throughout West Timor from 1906 onwards. The reaction of the Dutch came quickly. In Niki-Niki, the local Liurai and his family were encircled by Dutch troops, causing them to commit suicide. The rebellions continued until 1916, when the rulers of West Timor had to accept the Dutch as their new masters. 1217: 1193: 819:(Amanubang) back under their control. He was a Christian ruler in West Timor who had been educated in Kupang and had also visited the Dutch colonial metropolis of Batavia. In 1816, a second military expedition failed disastrously due to Timorese guerrilla tactics. Sixty Dutch soldiers died, while the rebels suffered only six casualties. Until 1915, the Dutch still had to send military expeditions into the interior almost every year to pacify the native population, mostly against the Amanuban Kingdom. 979: 1908: 98: 1181: 1165: 1739:(mountain people) or Timorese can be found, which can lead to confusion with the inhabitants of independent East Timor. They live in the lower mountainous regions of the hinterland, where they prefer altitudes between 500 m and 1000 m for agricultural reasons, and populate the whole of West Timor, with the exception of the government districts of Belu and Malaka on the border with neighbouring East Timor. The Tetum, 1609: 361: 80: 1704: 1032:. On 6 September 2000, Pero Simundza from Croatia, Carlos Caceres-Collazio from Puerto Rico and Samson Aregahegn from Ethiopia – all UNHCR staff members – were killed in an attack by 5,000 members of a pro-Indonesian militia, armed with machetes, on the office of UNHCR in the town of Atambua, which is in the vicinity of the border with East Timor and where the main refugee camp was located (see 64: 719: 823: 565: 236: 842:. The various small kingdoms of Timor were divided under Dutch and Portuguese authority. The treaty had some weaknesses, however. One enclave without access to the sea remained in the territory of the other side. In addition, the imprecise borders of the Timorese kingdoms and their traditional claims were the basis for the colonial demarcation. 1883:

around 95% of the inhabitants of West Timor are Christians (54% Protestant, and 41% Catholic), 5% are Muslims. The number of practising Christians is very high, at around 80 to 85 per cent. However, a 2001 survey revealed that more than 70 per cent of the population is still rooted in both ancestor worship and belief in spirits.

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East has had consequences that extend to the present day. Various ethnic groups that were part of the Wehale Kingdom or its close allies were divided by the border. Today, Tetum, Bunak and Kemak live both in Indonesian West Timor and in independent East Timor. Traditionally, there are still thoughts among these peoples about a

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According to the latest data, the population of West Timor is around 2 million, with the population center in Kupang City, which is also the capital of East Nusa Tenggara province. The population of West Timor is mostly farmers, ranchers, fishermen, and traders. However, urbanization has caused many

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West Timor owes its present appearance to an extremely eventful geological past, the special characteristic of which is large differences in altitude within short distances. More than 60% of the surface of West Timor consists of largely rugged low mountain ranges. Numerous rivers and streams draining

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However, Dutch power remained limited in the west and was primarily in the hands of their Timorese allies. In 1681, the Dutch conquered the western island of Roti, from where slaves were subsequently brought to Timor. The Dutch also recruited soldiers for their army there and built schools after the

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methods to produce corn, rice, coffee, copra and fruit. Some timber harvesting is undertaken, producing eucalyptus, sandalwood, teak, bamboo and rosewood. An essential factor for the agriculture of these crops is the relationship between the duration and amount of rainfall, i.e. the duration of the

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It was not until the middle of the 19th century that a large-scale Catholic missionary programme began among the locals, although it was not until the early 20th century that it began to bear fruit with the conversion of 16 local princes. Protestant missionaries later followed to West Timor. Today,

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The population in this region is diverse, consisting of various tribes and ethnicities that have different cultures and languages. The main tribe in West Timor is the Atoni tribe, which is the indigenous population, but there are also immigrant tribes such as the Timorese, Rote, and several others

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In the 1920s and 1930s, the first political organisations of the indigenous population emerged, such as the Timorsch Verbond in 1922, the Timor Evolutie in 1924, and the Pesekutan Timor in 1926. In 1933, Timorese students formed the Timorese Jongeren in Bandung, one of its members was the infamous

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resolved. On 17 August 1916, the treaty was signed in The Hague that defined the border between East and West Timor that still exists today. The wrangling over this border between Portugal and the Netherlands and the views of the indigenous population as to whether they belonged to the West or the

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rulers of the coastal region. The previous Christianisation supported the Portuguese in their quick and brutal victory, as their influence on the Timorese had already weakened the resistance. Fernandes first moved through the Sonba'i area and then quickly conquered the kingdom of Wehale, which was

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In 1790, a rebellion in Sonba'i and Maubara was put down by the Dutch, but the colony continued to be troubled into the 19th century and the Dutch failed to bring the interior of the island under their control. In 1799, the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and the Dutch government took over

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promoted the missionisation of Timor. In the late 16th century, he focussed on the kingdoms on the north and south coasts. By 1640, a handful of priests had already founded 10 missions and 22 churches on Timor. However, a minority remained who were converted to Christianity. Ancestor worship and

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From 1872 onwards, the Dutch left "internal affairs" to the native rulers, who were thus able to continue unhindered with slave trading and piracy and to carry out raids on other places. In 1885, however, one of the larger kingdoms of West Timor, Sonba'i, fell into anarchy after the death of the

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on behalf of 27 territories dependent on him in central Timor. Fortunately for the Portuguese, Wehale was no longer powerful enough to pull all the local rulers over to the side of the Dutch. Thus, the eastern former vassals of Wehale remained under the flag of Portugal, while Wehale itself fell

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The alternation of dry and rainy seasons shapes the agricultural rhythm and social life of the widely dispersed farming communities of the populations of West Timor. West Timor has an average unemployment rate of 2.39%. 30% of the population lived below the poverty line in 1998; as of 2012, it

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within the Dutch East Indies to easen administration. The lack of power of the Dutch in West Timor can be seen in the fact that in 1904 they could only force an official audience with the ruler of Wehale in his capital Laran by military force. It was the first ever direct meeting of Dutch

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drought is decisive for the cultivation of food crops; depending on the region, this can last up to nine months per year. For this reason, the most significant risk factor for agriculture is a lack of continuity in rainfall: Agriculture is a competition with the behaviour of the

635:(Bellum) and consisted of 46 kingdoms. Three times the Topasses also tried to expel the Dutch from Timor. However, when an attack by the Portuguese and Topasses on Kupang ended in disaster in 1749, despite superior numbers, the rule of both in West Timor collapsed. At the 2478: 2782:

Tratado de demarcação e troca de algumas possessões portuguezas e neerlandezas no Archipelago de Solor e Timor entre sua magestade el-rei de Portugal e sua magestade el-rei dos Paizes Baixos assignado em Lisboa pelos respectivos plenipotenciarios aos 20 de abril de

1758:, which are related to the Atoin Meto language, are spoken in the west of the island. Helong was the original language in Kupang, but has been largely replaced by Bahasa Indonesia and is only spoken in a few villages south of the city along the east coast and on 838:, was ceded to the Dutch. Needless to say, the governor fell from grace and was deposed when Lisbon learned of the treaty. But the agreements could not be undone, even though the treaty on boundaries was renegotiated in 1854 and not ratified until 1859 as the 596:. However, the Dutch had to withdraw from the fortress immediately due to heavy losses after following the Topasse outside Kupang. For the time being, however, the Dutch sphere of influence remained limited to this region of Timor, with the exception of 754:

remained under Dutch control. The reason for the rebellions was probably the deficiencies in the administration of the VOC, which now became openly apparent with the expansion of the domain. After 1733, the VOC had an acute shortage of personnel due to

2905: 508:, to secure the sandalwood trade. Portugal initially established few garrisons and trading posts on Timor. Only when the threat from the Dutch increased did the Portuguese begin to expand their positions. Dutch traders first reached Timor in 1568. 1024:

Local administration remained in the hands of the Liurai until 1958. Despite their later removal from power, their families still have great influence in West Timorese society. Since 1988, there have been increased efforts to develop the region.

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In the east of West Timor (Belu, Malaka and North Central Timor Regency), the proportion of Catholics is significantly higher. For example, 96.5% of the almost 500,000 people in the diocese of Atambua are Catholic. From the Catholic missionary

1017:, fought against the central government in Jakarta until it was defeated by Indonesian troops in March 1958. 14 members of Permesta managed to escape to the Portuguese exclave of Oe-Cusse Ambeno. They are said to have been responsible for the 846:

Raja. When the Dutch governor and his garrison were not in Kupang, the colonial capital was even occupied by the rebels. The Dutch then abandoned their policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of the rulers they controlled. Then

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In addition to ethnic factors, religion also plays an important role in the composition of society in West Timor. The majority of the population is Protestant Christian, but there are also significant Muslim and Catholic communities.

1072:. Most of West Timor belongs to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the capital Kupang on the western tip of Timor. The Indonesian western part of the island, with an area of 14,513 km, is divided into the city of 372:

The population of Timor came to the island as part of the general settlement of the region. Anthropologists assume that the descendants of three waves of immigration live here, which also explains Timor's ethnic-cultural diversity.

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was forced to leave Lifau by the Topasses. The new capital of the Portuguese on Timor became Dili in the east of the island. The Topaz Francisco da Hornay offered Lifau to the Dutch, but after careful consideration they refused.

667:, who was the Dutch commander of Kupang. He was to be killed by a Topasse assassination plot in Lifau in 1761. The Dutch also used this campaign to hunt slaves to serve the needs of the plantations in the Moluccas. In 1752, the 455:

Recent cultural contacts of West Timor's dominant population, the Atoin Meto, are due to the interest of various Asian (India and China) and European (Portugal and the Netherlands) traders in the island's formerly very rich

870:. There were conflicts between the different Timorese kingdoms, which already had their roots in pre-colonial times. Various reasons could then lead to the outbreak of armed conflicts between the Timorese. For example, the 647:

and many other Topasse leaders were killed. A total of 40,000 warriors of the Topasses and their allies are said to have perished. As a result of the defeat, the rule of the Portuguese and Topasses in West Timor collapsed.

807:. However, the British were driven out by the Dutch commander with the help of local people and slaves. The subsequent collapse of the company meant that in 1799, the area returned to official Dutch rule. During the 460:

resources. This sandalwood trade with Southeast Asia, which took place over centuries, did not leave Timorese cultures unscathed. All buyers of Timorese sandalwood have left their mark from a cultural point of view.

990:, Timor was occupied by the Japanese Imperial army. On the night of 19‒20 February 1942, Japanese units landed at Kupang and brought almost all of West Timor under their control by the end of the month during the 1762:. Rotinese, the language from the island of Roti, is split into many dialects. Rotinese can be found in many regions of West Timor due to the resettlement programme carried out by the Dutch in the 19th century. 1846:

is the religion of the overwhelming majority (94.8%) of the people of West Timor, 54.1% being Protestant and 40.7% being Catholic. Islam is followed by 5%. The remaining 0.2% includes Hindus and Buddhists.

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and much of West Timor made alliances with the VOC. This was the beginning of Dutch rule in what is now Indonesian West Timor. Among them was a certain Jacinto Correa (Hiacijinto Corea), King of

327:. The other three languages which are only used in the local area of the Austronesian language group from the Fabron branches are Ndao, Rote and Sabu. The most populous cities and towns are 489:

village on the territory of today's West Timor formed the spiritual centre of the entire island at that time. Following the Wehale model, a second kingdom arose in West Timor, that of the

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to the Dutch throne did the Dutch officially regain their Timorese possessions on 7 October 1816. As early as 1815, Dutch troops had unsuccessfully tried to bring the rebellious Raja of

767:, the Dutch equivalent of the Topasse, but most of whom had not adopted the Christian faith. They were seen as an arrogant group that sought to expand their influence in the region. 674: 3242: 3152: 739:

became a well-educated elite. To use them as a counterweight to the Timorese, the Dutch encouraged their immigration to West Timor, so that they are still present here today.

1870: 750:, openly broke with the Dutch from 1783, left Kupang and re-established Sonba'i as an independent inland kingdom, constantly pitting Dutch and Portuguese against each other. 444:

who came equipped with more advanced farming techniques and new knowledge of metals) became the dominant population throughout the archipelago and also reached Timor. The

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West Timor's geographical location adjacent to Timor Leste, a former Portuguese colony, means it has a long history of political, economic and social ties to the region.

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because they lacked guns and soldiers. The Portuguese captain saw this as an example of the Dutch way of "economic administration". In 1875, the German expedition ship

2513:"Jan Sihar Aritonang and Karel Steenbrink (eds.), A History of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden et al.: Brill 2008, 1004 p., ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1, price € 179.00" 588:

on the entire island. From 1642, a simple fort again protected the Portuguese post. Two Dutch attacks on it failed in 1644. For better defence, the Dominicans under

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in 1688). In the middle of the 18th century, Timor was divided into two halves from a Portuguese perspective. The smaller western part consisted of the province of

971:(PKI) opened a branch in Kupang in 1925. There it demanded a reduction in taxes and an end to forced labour, which led to the imprisonment and exile of its leader 834:

reached an agreement with the Dutch on the colonial boundaries in Timor, but without authorisation from Lisbon. In it, the western part, except for the exclave of

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and Portuguese. The centre of the Topasses became Lifau, the main Portuguese base on Timor. Later, the Topasses also settled inland at the present-day villages of

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built a new fortress in 1647, but in 1653 the Dutch destroyed the Portuguese post and finally conquered it on 27 January 1656 with a strong force under General

1270:(the Savu Islands further west) were split off in 2002 and 2009 respectively from Kupang Regency. The island accounts for 35.5% of the provincial population. 770: 1747:

ethnic groups, the majority of whom otherwise live in East Timor, mainly settle here. The various groups are linked by a wealth of economic and social ties.

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rule of West Timor, though without showing much interest in the economically uninteresting and distant Kupang. Trade was primarily conducted by the Chinese.

3319:. The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics, 3 – 5 August 2002, Nirwana Resort Hotel, Bintan Island, Riau, Indonesia. Archived from 668: 1123:

The area of Oecusse Ambeno on the north coast with 817 km belongs to the state of East Timor. The capital of the special administrative region is

935: 1230: 847: 303:, 2,427 meters (7,963 ft) above sea level, and Mount Lakaan, 1,600 meters (5,249 ft) above sea level. The main languages of West Timor are 4176: 3496: 811:, the British succeeded in occupying Kupang in 1811. In 1812, British control was extended to all of Dutch West Timor. Only after the return of the 222: 217: 2849: 3085: 3469: 2556: 1731:, the "people of the dry land", a choice of name that refers to the settlement area, or simply Meto. In literature, the derogatory foreign names 426: 893:

The Dutch, like the Portuguese in the eastern part of the island, had problems financing their colony. The captain of the Portuguese corvette

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branded the Dutch trade in slaves, which were also sold to Chinese and Arabs, as a crime that would lead to excommunication for Catholics.

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The first European colonization of Timor was in the 16th century. In 1512 (other sources mention 1509 or 1511), the Portuguese navigator

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people in the borderland to East Timor are among their descendants. The last peoples to migrate to Timor in prehistoric times were the

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with its allies among the tribes of the Tetum, Bunak and Kemak ethnic groups. The Tetum formed the core of the kingdom. The capital

2585: 2292: 854:, sent troops and placed the interior of the island under military administration. The rulers were again forced to sign a treaty ( 3559: 862: 389:, who dominate West Timor, are considered the descendants of this first wave of settlers, although their language is one of the 299:

The total area of West Timor is 14,513.03 km (5,603.51 sq mi), including offshore islands. The highest peaks are

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in eastern West Timor form the largest ethnic group in East Timor and are descendants of the Malay immigrants, as are the

2328: 1719:(Atoni) form the dominant population of West Timor. The name Atoin Meto means native or indigenous (indigenous) people ( 3489: 1854:. The influence of Islam, which spread throughout South East Asia from the 15th century, did not reach Timor. The first 968: 963:. This development ran counter to that in Portuguese East Timor, where the dictatorship suppressed political work. The 1912: 1664:

group of languages (subgroup East Indonesian of the West Austronesian branch) are spoken in West Timor, the others in

1449: 1410: 1251: 1247: 1105: 1014: 141: 137: 4082: 3816: 512: 429:, probably reached Timor in 2500 BC. They spread throughout the archipelago under pressure from the expansion of the 63: 4118: 3984: 3679: 3538: 2115: 1636: 760: 2737:

Portugal in Osttimor. Eine kritische Untersuchung zur portugiesischen Kolonialgeschichte in Osttimor 1850 bis 1912

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Fiedler, H. (1931). "Hans Albrecht von Plüskow as head of Timor: History of a small cantor of the VOC 1758-1761".

1216: 994:. The Japanese did not officially surrender in West Timor until 11 September 1945 at a ceremony on the Australian 600:, which fell to the Dutch in 1667. Until the final conquest of the Portuguese fortress in Kupang Bay in 1688, the 4181: 2780: 1839: 1262:– was in December 2012 formed from the southern half of Belu Regency. Note the administrative area has shrunk as 1029: 905:

visited Kupang on its circumnavigation of the world. Extensive studies of the surrounding area were carried out.

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To extend their control to the interior of the island, the Portuguese began a large-scale invasion in 1642 under

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Only after three more negotiations (1893, 1904 and 1913) between the two colonial powers was the problem of the

831: 3782: 3519: 664: 601: 207: 3255: 858:) in which they recognised the sovereignty of the Netherlands and were forbidden contact with foreign powers. 2643:

H. Hägerdal (2007), 'Rebellions or Factionalism? Timorese Forms of Resistance in an Early Colonial Context',

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Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University

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But the Dutch also had to contend with rebellions in the 1750s and 1780s. The worst was the renewed loss of

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In 1797, the British attempted to occupy Kupang, fearing that France might establish itself here after the

4087: 3846: 3811: 1661: 1235: 812: 782: 711: 481:: kerajaan) that were relatively independent of each other. The centre of the island was dominated by the 390: 1688:. Whilst languages of a non-Indonesian type (especially in the east), which are generally categorised as 417:

peoples. There are different indications as to whether the Malays reached Timor in one or two waves. The

3505: 3236: 1692:. Uab Meto, the language of the Atoin Meto, belongs to the West Austronesian languages, as do Tetum and 978: 947:

In 1905, the Dutch wanted to finally bring the Timorese rulers of their colony under their control. The

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considered the religious and political centre of the island. After the victory, the immigration of the

486: 477:. When the first Portuguese reached Timor, they found the population divided into many small kingdoms ( 3138: 3120: 2567: 972: 4130: 3856: 3704: 3554: 3089: 1863: 793: 687: 441: 1708: 1192: 4161: 3936: 3912: 3882: 2347: 1653: 1393: 1267: 1081: 1077: 995: 851: 707: 478: 470: 253: 2659:"Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769" 2412: 1907: 655:

rose up; according to one source, Gaspar only met his death here. In 1752, the Dutch attacked the

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Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800

2372: 1875: 1727:, internal to the culture, native, therefore not foreign). There are also ethnic names such as 541: 4066: 3892: 3836: 3743: 3564: 3449: 3425: 3404: 3378: 3343: 3299: 3224: 2946: 2885: 2828: 2740: 2680: 2532: 2434: 2255: 2178: 2148: 1755: 1681: 1263: 1155: 804: 778: 430: 199: 3204: 2763:"East Timor in Reprint of the II Supplement to the Legal Dictionary of Public Administration" 2658: 2244: 878:

in south-central West Timor fought over gold mines between 1760 and 1782. From 1864 to 1870,

660: 621: 617: 545: 544:. They were given land by the local rulers and soon formed their own local kingdoms, such as 4103: 4050: 4008: 3877: 3579: 3396: 3295:

Divided Loyalties: Displacement, belonging and citizenship among East Timorese in West Timor

3216: 2936: 2670: 2524: 2101: 2015: 1689: 1545: 1117: 1061: 927: 918: 764: 636: 516: 344: 604:(VOC) concluded treaties with the five small rulers in this area, the "five loyal allies" ( 401:

and were displaced by the Atoin Meto to the far western tip of the island. Around 3000 BC,

3738: 2980: 1855: 1751: 1685: 1132: 991: 960: 808: 736: 644: 632: 585: 569: 497: 394: 320: 2973: 556:, at times controlled large parts of Timor, which was not without conflict between them. 1013:, had Indonesian West Timor under its control. The movement, allegedly supported by the 4166: 3831: 3689: 3594: 3372: 3368: 2798: 2596: 2305: 1920: 1793: 1693: 1673: 1525: 1432: 1373: 1259: 1243: 1199: 1124: 1113: 1093: 581: 505: 445: 398: 316: 312: 308: 304: 265: 133: 129: 3220: 2512: 4155: 4018: 4013: 3669: 3646: 3641: 3625: 3589: 3584: 3569: 3439: 3189: 2692: 2528: 2269: 1783: 898: 887: 789: 474: 1765:

Knowledge of Dutch (the colonial language) is now limited to the older generations.

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with 16 local kingdoms and was controlled by the Topasses. The eastern half was the

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The area of West Timor is 14,513 square kilometers excluding the offshore islands.

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from the north and west around 40,000 to 20,000 BC, during the last Ice Age. The

3960: 3841: 3699: 3674: 2710: 2402:"Servião and Belu: Colonial conceptions and the geographical partition of Timor" 1239: 1136: 1049: 867: 792:

reached Kupang with his faithful in 1789 after being marooned at sea during the

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The 1959 Rebellion in East Timor: Unresolved Tensions and an Unwritten History

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people to move to cities to find work in the service and industrial sectors.

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Dutch (orange) and Portuguese (green) Timor as seen by the Netherlands (1911)

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West Timor is one of the few areas in Indonesia that is mainly inhabited by

1112:). On 14 December 2012, South Belu became the new administrative regency of 822: 626: 564: 406: 277: 190: 85: 2479:"Rebelião na província de Servião : Letter from the Bishop of Malacca" 331:

with 466,632 inhabitants according to the official estimates for mid 2023,

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West Timor was a refugee shelter from 1998 to 2002, due to the prolonged

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Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

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West Timor is a non-political region that comprises the western half of

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was the first European to discover the island of Timor in search of the

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Suku Batin – A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics

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História da Igreja em Timor-Leste: 450 Anos de Evangelização, 1562-1940

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Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands

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came from the west with a second wave of immigration and brought the

281: 195: 113: 54: 2348:"Three centuries of violence and struggle in East Timor (1726-2008)" 1899:. Oe-Cusse Ambeno belongs to the East Timorese archdiocese of Dili. 897:

reported from his visit in 1869 that the Dutch could not return his

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into the mountainous landscape. The highest point of West Timor is

1076:(the chief port and largest town in West Timor, and the capital of 2925:"Revolution, Religion and Magic: The PKI in West Timor, 1924-1966" 1906: 1869: 1859: 1803: 1716: 1702: 1643: 1635: 1607: 1215: 1097: 1057: 1043: 977: 934: 912: 821: 769: 717: 703: 691: 673: 609: 529: 501: 386: 382: 364:

Warriors from the region around Kupang (1875). Engraving from the

359: 261: 2245:"Chapter 4: The Solor-Timor mission of the Dominicans, 1562-1800" 678:

Festivity at which Paravicini is surrounded by local rulers, 1756

952: 699: 3981: 3933: 3779: 3516: 3478: 2557:"The Paradox of Powerlessness: Timor in Historical Perspective" 1146:

which makes the island a strategic place for Indonesian trade.

2616:, 1.º volume, Porto, Fundação Eng. António de Almeida, p. 223. 515:. However, this action was justified by the protection of the 1707:

Everyday and ritual clothing of the Atoin Meto in Kuan Fatu (

2629:Бернова А. А. & Членов М. А. (1999). Тишков В.А. (ed.). 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1919:

remained at 30%. The economy is mainly agricultural, using

576:

In 1640, the Dutch built their first fortress on Timor near

2014:, Terrain Study No. 70, Allied Geographical Section, 1943, 1228:

province. It was formerly split into the City of Kupang (a

1002:, West Timor became part of the new Republic of Indonesia. 1985:

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section (1920),

1154:

West Timor is no exception to the general climate of the

967:(PNI) also began to gain influence in West Timor and the 260:) is an area covering the western part of the island of 3444:

Captain Bligh and Mr Christian: The Men and the Mutiny

3205:"PRODUKTIVITAS PADANG PENGGEMBALAAN SABANA TIMOR BARAT" 2206:: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira. pp. 7–8. 943:

with delegation visiting Dutch representative in Babau.

1180: 710:

and Grand Prince of Belu, who also signed the dubious

4129:

in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the

3110:

excluding population of Malaka Regency (created 2012)

2751: 4), (Zugleich: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994). 2250:. In Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel (eds.). 1131:

the mountainous areas and plateaus have carved deep,

686:

to negotiate treaties with rulers in several of the

4096: 4075: 4059: 4043: 4027: 3996: 3948: 3865: 3794: 3713: 3660: 3634: 3608: 3547: 3531: 2848:Jumaidi, Susanto; Indriawati, Tri (20 March 2023). 2633:. М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия. p. 433. 2429:H.G. Schulte Nordholt (2013). M.J.L. Yperen (ed.). 735:local ruler converted to Christianity in 1729. The 548:, and became a power on the island. Two clans, the 528:whose ancestors were inhabitants of the islands of 228: 216: 206: 189: 181: 173: 168: 160: 152: 147: 119: 109: 91: 73: 34: 2011:Area study of Dutch Timor, Netherlands East Indies 1971:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, 1164: 1100:; capital: Kupang), South Central Timor (capital: 925:By the 20th century, West Timor had the status of 3241:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1220:Administrative divisions of Indonesian West Timor 1068:) and forms a part of the Indonesian province of 682:In 1755, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) sent 284:. During the colonial period, the area was named 2042:"Political refugees 'flock' to Indonesian Timor" 1648:Dialects of Uab Meto according to Edwards (2020) 1617:who come from various islands in Nusa Tenggara. 580:and the political division of the island began. 39: 3153:"Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2017" 2177:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 24. 1234:or regency-level administrative area) and four 777:on the south coast of West Timor. Photo of the 288:and was a centre of Dutch loyalists during the 311:, as well as several other languages, such as 3490: 2483:Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical 1973:Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024 1266:(Rote and Ndao islands to the southwest) and 1064:, which is politically part of the nation of 932:representatives with the "Emperor" (Keizer). 397:, who originally inhabited the region around 8: 2929:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2663:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2645:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2624: 2622: 292:(1945–1949). From 1949 to 1975 it was named 156:14,513.03 km (5,603.51 sq mi) 2996:"3 U.N. Workers Dead in West Timor Rampage" 2884:. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. 2881:A Political History of West Timor 1901-1967 2070:"10,000 waiting to go' to Indonesian Timor" 726:On 11 August 1769, the Portuguese governor 272:). Administratively, West Timor is part of 3993: 3978: 3945: 3930: 3791: 3776: 3528: 3513: 3497: 3483: 3475: 3421:The Political System of the Atoni of Timor 2800:The International Boundaries of East Timor 2431:The Political System of the Atoni of Timor 2231:The political system of the Atoni of Timor 2175:A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 2086:– via National Library of Australia. 2058:– via National Library of Australia. 1272: 1238:(kabupaten); from west to east these are: 722:Replica of a Dutch East Indiaman from 1748 280:. The capital as well as its main port is 31: 4133:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010. 2940: 2674: 2433:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2160: 2019: 3377:, Singapore: Books for Libraries Press, 2465: 2453: 1988:Dutch Timor and the Lesser Sunda Islands 563: 2254:. Vol. 35. Brill. pp. 73–97. 2132: 1957: 1937: 1867:belief in spirits remained widespread. 1160: 227: 205: 188: 167: 159: 146: 108: 72: 60: 29:Region in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 3292:Damaledo, Andrey (27 September 2018). 3234: 2612:D. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (2013), 2584:Yoder, Laura Suzanne Meitzner (2005). 2252:A History of Christianity in Indonesia 1652:In addition to the national language, 1142:West Timor lies between Australia and 68:Location of West Timor in Timor Island 2873: 2871: 2723: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2395: 2393: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2218:História de S. Domingos, Quatra parte 215: 180: 172: 151: 118: 90: 7: 3356:from the original on 16 January 2023 2906:"Penjabat Kabinet - Herman Johannes" 2352:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 2098:"Government of Timor-Leste: History" 1700:is categorised as a Papuan language. 1656:, native languages belonging to the 663:. This attack was led by the German 4121:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; 2994:Masterman, Sue (6 September 2000). 2786:(in Portuguese). Imprensa nacional. 2631:Народы и религии мира. Энциклопедия 2144: 1139:, at 2,427 metres (7,963 ft). 886:fought over the rights to use some 3781:Colonies and trading posts of the 3518:Colonies and trading posts of the 3188:Sooai, Adri Gabriel (April 2016). 1889:Apostolic Vicariate of Dutch Timor 1096:(including the offshore island of 982:Japanese Invasion of Kupang (1942) 568:The Kingdom of Copang on a map by 25: 3374:Studies in the science of society 3221:10.24843/Pastura.2013.v03.i01.p07 2657:Hägerdal, Hans (1 January 2008). 2555:Fox, James J. (9 December 1996). 830:In 1851, the Portuguese governor 524:continued to increase. They were 504:, six kilometres west of today's 433:peoples. Probably around 500 AD, 3418:Nordholt, H. G. Schulte (2014). 2827:Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 2529:10.1163/016627410x12560074289360 1858:settled in 1556 and founded the 1198:Climate diagram of East Timor's 1191: 1179: 1163: 1080:province.) and the governmental 235: 234: 96: 78: 62: 4177:Landforms of East Nusa Tenggara 3842:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies 2229:H. G. Schulte Nordholt (1971), 1874:Animistic sacrificial place in 1034:attacks on humanitarian workers 965:Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia 594:Arnold de Vlamigh van Outshoorn 3223:(inactive 12 September 2024). 3064:"Mount Mutis | Gunung Bagging" 2984:, Accessed in 11 October 2018. 2301:Technical University of Lisbon 2216:L. de Santa Catharina (1866), 1850:Originally, the Timorese were 1842:today. Similar to East Timor, 1776:Religion in West Timor (2023) 1186:Dry season in Fatu Le`u (1991) 1108:(Timor Tengah Utara; capital: 1060:island (with the exception of 959:bomb maker and national hero, 690:. In 1756, 48 Lesser Kings of 339:Town with 49,589 inhabitants, 335:Town with 85,838 inhabitants, 290:Indonesian National Revolution 1: 3050:Direcção-Geral de Estatística 2100:. 8 July 2005. Archived from 2078:. 4 September 1975. p. 3 2050:. 25 February 1975. p. 1 1258:. However, a fifth regency – 1021:in Portuguese Timor in 1959. 805:occupation of the Netherlands 728:António José Teles de Meneses 641:El Tari International Airport 452:people living on the border. 343:with 41,640 inhabitants, and 264:, except for the district of 3046:"Results of the 2015 census" 2910:Perpusnas Presiden Indonesia 2803:, IBRU, University of Durham 2511:Jongeneel, Jan A.B. (2010). 2198:Hannard, Willard A. (1991). 969:Communist Party of Indonesia 381:are thought to have reached 164:2,427 m (7,963 ft) 2220:. Lisboa: Panorama, p. 300. 1913:South Central Timor Regency 1750:In addition, the languages 1590: 1583: 1576: 1569: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1450:North Central Timor Regency 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1411:South Central Timor Regency 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 659:and the Topasse Kingdom of 645:Capitão-Mor Gaspar da Costa 142:South Central Timor Regency 138:North Central Timor Regency 4198: 3985:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2824:Die Forschungsreise S.M.S. 2749:Abera Network Asia-Pacific 1668:. These languages include 1254:(North Central Timor) and 1224:West Timor is part of the 832:José Joaquim Lopes de Lima 393:. The same applies to the 4112: 3992: 3977: 3944: 3929: 3901: 3790: 3775: 3527: 3512: 2942:10.1163/22134379-90003785 2676:10.1163/22134379-90003678 1612:Night View of Kupang City 665:Hans Albrecht von Plüskow 347:with 41,631 inhabitants. 61: 52: 4083:Curaçao and Dependencies 3817:Curaçao and Dependencies 3795:Colonies in the Americas 3783:Dutch West India Company 3520:Dutch East India Company 3313:Anderbeck, Karl (2002). 3203:Manu, Arnold E. (2013). 2329:"Jane's Oceania - Timor" 1975:(Katalog-BPS 1102001.53) 602:Dutch East India Company 584:was considered the best 3866:Trading posts in Africa 3600:Northeast coast of Java 3448:. London: Hutchinsons. 3391:Hägerdal, Hans (2012). 3160:BPS Nusa Tenggara Timur 3139:"Religion in Indonesia" 2923:Farram, Steven (2002). 2878:Farram, Steven (2009). 2739:. Abera, Hamburg 1996, 2595:: 82–83. Archived from 2173:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 1862:(Lifao). The Dominican 1250:(South Central Timor), 1005:For barely a year, the 1000:Indonesian independence 890:in the Kupang kingdom. 590:Antonio de São Jacointo 500:founded the village of 483:Wehale (Wehali) kingdom 185:140/km (360/sq mi) 3336:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), 2821:N/A (1 January 1889). 2761:Teles, Miguel Galvão. 2707:"Royal timor - Sonbai" 2377:www.retrobibliothek.de 2243:Heuken, Adolf (2008). 1915: 1891:stem the Metropolitan 1879: 1712: 1649: 1641: 1613: 1414:(Timor Tengah Selatan) 1221: 1053: 983: 944: 922: 827: 813:House of Orange-Nassau 786: 783:Max Wilhelm Carl Weber 723: 684:John Andrew Paravicini 679: 573: 391:Austronesian languages 369: 257: 200:Central Indonesia Time 40: 4119:constituent countries 3652:West coast of Sumatra 3506:Dutch colonial empire 3401:10.1163/9789004253506 3369:Murdock, George Peter 3125:indonesia-tourism.com 2797:Deeley, Neil (2001), 2270:10.1163/j.ctv4cbgb1.9 1911:An arid ricefield in 1910: 1893:Archdiocese of Kupang 1873: 1706: 1647: 1639: 1611: 1219: 1047: 981: 938: 916: 825: 773: 721: 677: 567: 363: 4172:Islands of Indonesia 4131:Netherlands Antilles 3169:on 18 September 2017 3121:"West Timor Tourism" 3090:Statistics Indonesia 2971:Ernest Chamberlain: 2418:on 7 September 2006. 2122:on 19 February 2011. 1832: Others (0.01%) 1453:(Timor Tengah Utara) 1248:Timor Tengah Selatan 921:in Kupang (c. 1900). 794:mutiny on the Bounty 712:Treaty of Paravicini 688:Lesser Sunda Islands 442:Austronesian peoples 182: • Density 3937:Noordsche Compagnie 3935:Settlements of the 3913:Society of Suriname 3759:Vietnam (1637–1643) 3532:Governorate General 3470:West Timor overview 3267: / 2485:. 10 December 1750. 2456:, pp. 367–369. 2409:University of Vaxjo 1268:Sabu Raijua Regency 1106:North Central Timor 1078:Nusa Tenggara Timur 1048:Mud volcano in the 1030:East Timor conflict 1009:, originating from 917:House of the Dutch 852:Jan Jacob Rochussen 643:is located there), 513:Francisco Fernandes 356:Pre-colonial period 323:, are also used in 3907:Society of Berbice 3271:10.383°S 123.633°E 3021:"BPS Provinsi NTT" 2979:2017-07-12 at the 2735:Monika Schlicher: 2346:Durand, Frédéric. 2335:on 9 January 2018. 2293:"History of Timor" 2075:The Canberra Times 2047:The Canberra Times 1916: 1897:Diocese of Atambua 1895:and its suffragan 1880: 1713: 1650: 1642: 1640:Languages of Timor 1614: 1252:Timor Tengah Utara 1226:East Nusa Tenggara 1222: 1070:East Nusa Tenggara 1054: 1019:Viqueque rebellion 984: 945: 923: 884:Sorbian of Amfo'an 828: 787: 724: 715:under Dutch rule. 680: 653:Liurais of Servião 574: 437:(who emerged from 427:northern Indochina 370: 366:Gazelle expedition 274:East Nusa Tenggara 268:(an East Timorese 174: • Total 153: • Total 104:East Nusa Tenggara 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4127:full independence 4067:Dutch East Indies 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3455:978-0-09-112860-9 3384:978-0-8369-1157-2 3349:978-1-57607-770-2 3211:(in Indonesian). 3088:(in Indonesian). 2891:978-3-8383-0219-5 2834:978-1-110-06990-3 2779:Portugal (1861). 2440:978-94-015-1013-4 2311:on 24 March 2009. 2261:978-90-04-17026-1 1601: 1600: 1264:Rote Ndao Regency 1156:Malay archipelago 1007:Permesta movement 779:Siboga expedition 669:Bishop of Malacca 247: 246: 16:(Redirected from 4189: 4182:History of Timor 4134: 3994: 3983:Colonies of the 3979: 3946: 3931: 3911:Governed by the 3905:Governed by the 3792: 3777: 3529: 3514: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3459: 3435: 3414: 3387: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3309: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3276:-10.383; 123.633 3272: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3162:. Archived from 3157: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2944: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2713:on 15 July 2011. 2709:. Archived from 2703: 2697: 2696: 2678: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2602:on 7 March 2007. 2601: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2566:. Archived from 2561: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2411:. Archived from 2406: 2400:Hägerdal, Hans. 2397: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2331:. Archived from 2324: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2304:. Archived from 2297: 2289: 2274: 2273: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2118:. Archived from 2112: 2106: 2105: 2104:on 25 July 2008. 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1945: 1942: 1831: 1821: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1781: 1690:Papuan languages 1553: 1516: 1479: 1440: 1401: 1364: 1290:(including year 1273: 1195: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1170:Rainy season at 1167: 1166: 1133:V-shaped valleys 1062:Oecusse district 988:Second World War 973:Christian Pandie 856:Korte Verklaring 848:Governor-General 840:Treaty of Lisbon 639:(today Kupang's 637:Battle of Penfui 633:province of Belu 630: 471:António de Abreu 407:oval axe culture 294:Indonesian Timor 242: 238: 237: 102: 100: 99: 84: 82: 81: 66: 47:Indonesian Timor 43: 32: 21: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4137: 4116: 4108: 4092: 4071: 4055: 4039: 4023: 3988: 3965: 3940: 3917: 3897: 3861: 3786: 3763: 3709: 3656: 3630: 3604: 3543: 3523: 3508: 3503: 3466: 3456: 3438: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3390: 3385: 3367: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3323:on 4 March 2016 3312: 3306: 3291: 3288: 3286:Further reading 3275: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3233: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2981:Wayback Machine 2970: 2966: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2856:(in Indonesian) 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2593:Yale University 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573:on 6 July 2007. 2570: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 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people 657:Amarasi Kingdom 651:In April 1751, 624: 586:natural harbour 570:William Dampier 562: 498:Dominican Order 467: 358: 353: 240: 97: 95: 79: 77: 69: 57: 48: 46: 44: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3857:Virgin Islands 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3832:New Netherland 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 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1041: 1038: 939:Molo chief of 910: 907: 895:Sa de Bandeira 561: 558: 506:Pante Macassar 466: 463: 435:Deutero-Malays 423:southern China 409:to Timor. The 357: 354: 352: 349: 266:Oecussi-Ambeno 245: 244: 232: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 210: 204: 203: 193: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 144: 134:Malaka Regency 130:Kupang Regency 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 89: 88: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 53: 50: 49: 38: 35: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4194: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Loango-Angola 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560:Banda Islands 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3431:9789004286900 3427: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3410:9789004253506 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3305:9781760462376 3301: 3298:. ANU Press. 3297: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3066:. 9 June 2016 3065: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3025:ntt.bps.go.id 3022: 3016: 3013: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2814: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745:3-931567-08-7 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2647:163-1, p. 18. 2646: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466:Nordholt 2014 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454:Hägerdal 2012 2450: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2233:, pp. 262-74. 2232: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2184:0-333-57689-6 2180: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2116:"Royal Timor" 2111: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1825: 1815: 1805: 1795: 1785: 1784:Protestantism 1777: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660:Stock of the 1659: 1655: 1646: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1218: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1189: 1177: 1173: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 956: 954: 950: 942: 937: 933: 930: 929: 920: 915: 908: 906: 904: 900: 899:21-gun salute 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 863:final borders 859: 857: 853: 849: 843: 841: 837: 833: 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 797: 795: 791: 790:William Bligh 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 766: 762: 759:epidemics in 758: 753: 752:Little Sonbai 749: 746:. The ruler, 745: 740: 738: 732: 729: 720: 716: 713: 709: 708:Wewiku-Wehale 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 571: 566: 559: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 517:Christianised 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 496:In 1556, the 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475:Spice Islands 472: 464: 462: 459: 453: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 367: 362: 355: 350: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 233: 231: 224: 221: 219: 211: 209: 201: 197: 194: 192: 184: 176: 163: 155: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124: 122: 115: 112: 105: 94: 87: 76: 65: 56: 51: 42: 33: 27: 19: 3748: 3635:Commandments 3609:Directorates 3548:Governorates 3446: 3443: 3420: 3392: 3373: 3358:, retrieved 3342:, ABC-CLIO, 3338: 3325:. Retrieved 3321:the original 3315: 3294: 3252: 3237:cite journal 3212: 3208: 3198: 3183: 3171:. Retrieved 3164:the original 3159: 3147: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3080: 3068:. Retrieved 3058: 3049: 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3024: 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2999: 2989: 2972: 2967: 2935:(1): 21–48. 2932: 2928: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2880: 2858:. Retrieved 2853: 2843: 2823: 2816: 2807:22 September 2805:, retrieved 2799: 2792: 2781: 2774: 2756: 2748: 2736: 2731: 2719: 2711:the original 2701: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2613: 2608: 2597:the original 2592: 2579: 2568:the original 2563: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2430: 2424: 2413:the original 2408: 2380:. Retrieved 2376: 2367: 2355:. Retrieved 2351: 2341: 2333:the original 2306:the original 2299: 2251: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2217: 2212: 2199: 2193: 2174: 2168: 2156: 2140: 2133:Murdock 1969 2128: 2120:the original 2110: 2102:the original 2092: 2080:. Retrieved 2073: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2045: 2036: 2025:, retrieved 2010: 2004: 1993:, retrieved 1987: 1980: 1972: 1940: 1917: 1885: 1881: 1849: 1844:Christianity 1837: 1775: 1764: 1760:Semau Island 1749: 1737:Orang Gunung 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1662:Austronesian 1651: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1604:Demographics 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1489:Belu Regency 1292:established) 1229: 1223: 1153: 1141: 1129: 1122: 1055: 1027: 1023: 1004: 996:HMAS Moresby 985: 957: 946: 926: 924: 909:20th century 894: 892: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868:united Timor 860: 855: 844: 829: 802: 798: 788: 785:(1899/1900). 741: 733: 725: 681: 650: 616:in 1683 and 606:Sonbai Kecil 593: 589: 575: 553: 549: 510: 495: 468: 454: 419:proto-Malays 371: 307:, Marae and 298: 293: 285: 249: 248: 218:Vehicle sign 126:Belu Regency 123: 26: 3987:(1815–1975) 3961:Smeerenburg 3949:Settlements 3939:(1614–1642) 3893:Slave Coast 3785:(1621–1792) 3717:settlements 3675:Banjarmasin 3662:Residencies 3565:Cape Colony 3522:(1602–1798) 3274: / 3096:13 February 2669:(1): 1–33. 1137:Mount Mutis 986:During the 903:SMS Gazelle 888:betel palms 775:Noimini Bay 625: [ 560:Netherlands 403:Melanesians 329:Kupang City 301:Mount Mutis 286:Dutch Timor 258:Timor Barat 45:Dutch Timor 41:Timor Barat 18:Dutch Timor 4162:West Timor 4156:Categories 4104:New Guinea 4097:Until 1962 4076:Until 1954 4060:Until 1949 4051:Gold Coast 4044:Until 1872 4028:Until 1853 4009:Coromandel 3997:Until 1825 3888:Senegambia 3878:Gold Coast 3715:Opperhoofd 3580:Coromandel 3360:27 October 3070:2 November 3030:2 November 2860:1 November 2724:Hough 1972 2382:1 November 2357:1 November 2204:Bandanaira 2147:, p. 2082:17 January 2054:17 January 2027:17 January 1995:17 January 1952:References 1856:Dominicans 1840:Christians 1717:Atoin Meto 1666:East Timor 1654:Indonesian 1563:West Timor 1493:UU 69/1958 1472:Kefamenanu 1456:UU 69/1958 1417:UU 69/1958 1378:UU 69/1958 1144:East Timor 1116:(capital: 1110:Kefamenanu 1088:(capital: 1066:East Timor 765:Mardijkers 748:Kau Sonbai 608:, Helong, 582:Kupang Bay 538:Kefamenanu 479:Indonesian 465:Portuguese 458:sandalwood 431:East Asian 387:Atoin Meto 345:Betun Town 337:Kefamenanu 325:East Timor 276:Province, 254:Indonesian 250:West Timor 169:Population 36:West Timor 3956:Jan Mayen 3827:Essequibo 3739:Mauritius 3705:Pontianak 3695:Palembang 3424:. BRILL. 3395:. BRILL. 3229:2549-8444 3173:1 October 2951:0006-2294 2693:161915149 2685:0006-2294 2537:0166-2740 1991:, H.M.S.O 1878:, 1928/29 1876:Niki-Niki 1723:, human; 1632:Languages 1593:2,011,269 1586:1,926,251 1579:1,664,042 1572:14,513.03 1530:UU 3/2013 1363:Very High 1318:mid 2023 1236:regencies 1231:kabupaten 1082:regencies 1040:Geography 612:in 1665, 542:Niki-Niki 493:kingdom. 278:Indonesia 208:Area code 191:Time zone 177:2,011,269 161:Elevation 120:Regencies 86:Indonesia 4123:Suriname 3837:Pomeroon 3822:Demerara 3700:Preanger 3685:Cheribon 3595:Moluccas 3442:(1972). 3371:(1969), 3354:archived 3262:123°38′E 3000:ABC News 2977:Archived 2959:27865812 2517:Exchange 2145:Ooi 2004 1852:animists 1824:Buddhism 1814:Hinduism 1796:(40.66%) 1786:(54.13%) 1769:Religion 1756:Rotinese 1696:, while 1682:Rotinese 1678:Ndaonese 1670:Uab Meto 1658:Fabronic 1550:0.6134 ( 1533:1,160.63 1513:0.6322 ( 1496:1,248.94 1476:0.6426 ( 1459:2,669.70 1437:0.6273 ( 1420:3,955.36 1398:0.6504 ( 1394:Oelamasi 1381:5,298.13 1361:0.8020 ( 1320:Estimate 1288:Statute 1206:exclave) 1011:Sulawesi 928:resident 919:Resident 882:and the 874:and the 817:Amanuban 552:and the 526:mestizos 522:Topasses 439:Iron Age 375:Australo 341:Soe Town 92:Province 4125:gained 4117:Became 4088:Surinam 4019:Suratte 4014:Malacca 3847:Surinam 3812:Cayenne 3802:Berbice 3724:Myanmar 3680:Batavia 3647:Malabar 3626:Suratte 3590:Malacca 3585:Formosa 3570:Celebes 3539:Batavia 3327:29 July 3259:10°23′S 3209:Pastura 3052:. 2015. 3005:11 July 1926:monsoon 1903:Economy 1826:(0.01%) 1816:(0.16%) 1806:(5.03%) 1542:190,994 1539:183,898 1536:164,134 1509:Atambua 1505:231,008 1502:217,973 1499:188,163 1468:271,277 1465:259,829 1462:229,803 1429:474,521 1426:455,410 1423:441,155 1390:376,837 1387:366,383 1384:304,548 1355:466,632 1352:442,758 1349:336,239 1323:Capital 1285:Regency 1283:City or 1281:Name of 1278:Wilayah 1150:Climate 1090:Atambua 998:. Upon 941:Amarasi 880:Sonba'i 876:Miomafo 761:Batavia 757:malaria 661:Noimuti 622:Servião 618:Taebenu 614:Amfo'an 598:Maubara 546:Noimuti 491:Sonba'i 379:Papuans 351:History 333:Atambua 270:exclave 239:0.631 ( 212:(62)3xx 74:Country 4035:Dejima 4004:Bengal 3873:Arguin 3852:Tobago 3807:Brazil 3754:Tonkin 3734:Dejima 3729:Canton 3690:Malang 3670:Bantam 3642:Bantam 3621:Persia 3616:Bengal 3575:Ceylon 3452: 3428: 3407: 3381: 3346: 3302: 3227: 3092:. 2022 2957: 2949: 2888: 2854:Kompas 2831: 2743: 2691: 2683: 2535: 2437: 2268: 2258: 2181: 1830: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1810: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1752:Helong 1711:) 1992 1686:Helong 1552:Medium 1515:Medium 1478:Medium 1439:Medium 1400:Medium 1358:Kupang 1346:180.27 1339:Kupang 1316:Pop'n 1313:Census 1309:Pop'n 1306:Census 1302:Pop'n 1260:Malaka 1244:Kupang 1174:(1990) 1114:Malaka 1104:) and 1094:Kupang 1074:Kupang 1052:(1937) 949:Liurai 578:Kupang 572:, 1699 550:Hornay 534:Flores 399:Kupang 395:Helong 368:report 321:Helong 282:Kupang 241:Medium 114:Kupang 101: 83: 55:Region 4167:Timor 3749:Timor 3555:Ambon 3215:(1). 3167:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 2955:JSTOR 2766:(PDF) 2689:S2CID 2600:(PDF) 2589:(PDF) 2571:(PDF) 2560:(PDF) 2416:(PDF) 2405:(PDF) 2309:(PDF) 2296:(PDF) 2266:JSTOR 2248:(PDF) 1932:Notes 1860:Lifau 1804:Islam 1745:Kemak 1741:Bunak 1733:Dawan 1721:atoni 1698:Bunak 1694:Kemak 1674:Tetum 1546:Betun 1522:53.21 1485:53.04 1446:53.03 1407:53.02 1370:53.01 1335:53.71 1311:2020 1304:2010 1276:Kode 1118:Betun 1098:Semau 1058:Timor 704:Sumba 692:Solor 629:] 610:Amabi 554:Costa 530:Solor 502:Lifau 487:Laran 450:Kemak 446:Tetum 421:from 415:Malay 411:Bunak 383:Timor 317:Bunak 313:Kemak 309:Tetun 305:Dawan 262:Timor 196:UTC+8 3744:Siam 3450:ISBN 3426:ISBN 3405:ISBN 3379:ISBN 3362:2020 3344:ISBN 3329:2018 3300:ISBN 3243:link 3225:ISSN 3175:2018 3098:2023 3072:2023 3032:2023 3007:2023 2947:ISSN 2886:ISBN 2862:2023 2829:ISBN 2809:2020 2783:1859 2741:ISBN 2681:ISSN 2533:ISSN 2435:ISBN 2384:2023 2359:2023 2256:ISBN 2179:ISBN 2084:2014 2056:2014 2029:2014 1997:2014 1754:and 1743:and 1725:meto 1715:The 1684:and 1341:City 1295:Area 1256:Belu 1086:Belu 953:Raja 951:(or 872:Mold 700:Sawu 696:Roti 540:and 532:and 425:and 319:and 148:Area 110:City 3397:doi 3217:doi 2937:doi 2933:158 2747:, ( 2671:doi 2667:163 2525:doi 2149:495 2016:hdl 1433:Soe 1327:HDI 1172:Soe 1120:). 1102:Soe 1092:), 1036:). 1015:CIA 781:by 230:HDI 4158:: 3403:. 3352:, 3239:}} 3235:{{ 3207:. 3158:. 3123:. 3048:. 3023:. 2998:. 2953:. 2945:. 2931:. 2927:. 2908:. 2870:^ 2852:. 2687:. 2679:. 2665:. 2661:. 2621:^ 2591:. 2562:. 2545:^ 2531:. 2521:39 2519:. 2515:. 2481:. 2407:. 2392:^ 2375:. 2350:. 2317:^ 2298:. 2278:^ 2264:. 2202:. 2072:. 2044:. 1960:^ 1928:. 1735:, 1680:, 1676:, 1672:, 1554:) 1517:) 1480:) 1441:) 1402:) 1365:) 1299:km 1297:in 1246:, 1242:, 1127:. 975:. 850:, 796:. 702:, 698:, 694:, 627:de 315:, 296:. 256:: 223:DH 140:, 136:, 132:, 128:, 3498:e 3491:t 3484:v 3458:. 3434:. 3413:. 3399:: 3331:. 3308:. 3245:) 3231:. 3219:: 3213:3 3192:. 3177:. 3141:. 3127:. 3100:. 3074:. 3034:. 3009:. 2961:. 2939:: 2912:. 2894:. 2864:. 2837:. 2768:. 2695:. 2673:: 2539:. 2527:: 2500:. 2443:. 2386:. 2361:. 2272:. 2187:. 2163:. 2151:. 2018:: 1202:( 377:- 252:( 243:) 202:) 198:( 20:)

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