Dutch resistance - Knowledge (XXG)

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Army-operated anti-aircraft guns, positioned on suspected approach routes that would overfly the industries that put up the money for them. The Dutch Army Cavalry, which did not have operational tanks, deployed several squadrons of armoured cars, mainly near strategic airfields. The German follow-up attacks overland were three-pronged (Frisia-Kornwerderzand, Gelderland-Grebbe Line, Brabant-Moerdijk) and were all stopped either fully or long enough to allow the Dutch army to demolish the German air-mobile divisions and mop up the lightly armed paratroopers and airborne troops around The Hague. That circumstance, together with the anti-aircraft guns, of which German intelligence had not been aware because they had been purchased by civilians, contributed to the failure of the German units of paratroopers and airborne infantry to capture the Dutch government and force a quick surrender.

546:", or National Assault Group, literally translated "brawl crew" or "goon squad"), with about 750 members in the summer of 1944 conducting sabotage operations and occasional assassinations. The LKP provided many of the ration cards to the LO through raids. Leendert Valstar ('Bertus'), Jacques van der Horst ('Louis') and Hilbert van Dijk ('Arie') organized local Assault Groups into the LKP in 1943. The number of members of the LKP is rather precise since their members were registered after the war. 2,277 was their number in September 1944. A third were members before this time. 514 members of the LKP died. Only one of the top LKP members survived the war – Liepke Scheepstra. Helena-Rietberg, one of the founders of the LO, was betrayed and died in Ravensbruck concentration camp. 229:. The day before, small groups of German troops wearing Dutch uniforms had entered the country. Many of them wore 'Dutch' helmets, some made of cardboard as they did not have enough originals. The Germans deployed about 750,000 men, three times the strength of the Dutch army; some 1,100 planes (Dutch Army Air Service: 125) and six armoured trains. They destroyed 80% of the Dutch military aircraft on the ground in one morning, mostly by bombing. The Dutch army, a cadre-militia consisting of professional officers and conscript NCOs and ranks, was inferior to the German Army in many respects: it was poorly equipped, had poor communications, and was poorly led. However, the Germans lost some 400 planes in the three days of the attack, 230 of them 381:

the case because the main goals of the Nazis were the Nazification of the populace, the creation of a large-scale aerial attack and defense system, and the integration of the Dutch economy into the German economy. As Rotterdam was already Germany's main port, it remained so, and collaboration with the enemy was widespread. Since all government ministers had successfully evaded capture by the Germans, the secretaries-general staying behind had no alternative but to carry on as best as possible under the new German rulers. The open terrain and dense population, the densest in Europe, made it difficult to conceal illegal activities; unlike, for example, the

666: 1002:, the broadcasting service of the Dutch government-in-exile and Radio Herrijzend Nederland which broadcast from the Southern part of the country. Listening to either program was forbidden and after about a year the Germans decided to confiscate all Dutch radio receivers, with some listeners managing to replace their sets with homemade receivers. Surprisingly the authorities failed to outlaw the publication of magazine articles explaining how to build sets or the sale of the necessary materials until many months later. When they eventually did there were 440:, rationed food, and withheld food stamps as punishment. They started large-scale fortifications along the coast and built some 30 airfields, paying with money they claimed from the national bank at a rate of 100 million guilders a month (the so-called 'costs of the occupation'). They also forced males between the ages of 18 and 45 to work in German factories or on public work projects. In 1944 most trains were diverted to Germany, known as 'the great train robberies', and in total some 550,000 Dutch people were selected to be sent to Germany as 685:

citizens of Amsterdam, regardless of their political affiliation, joined in a mass protest against the deportation of Jewish Dutch citizens. The next day, factories in Zaandam, Haarlem, IJmuiden, Weesp, Bussum, Hilversum and Utrecht joined in. The strike was largely put down within a day with German troops firing on unarmed crowds, killing nine people and wounding 24, as well as taking many prisoners. Opposition to the German occupation intensified as a result of the violence against non-combative Dutch people. The only other general strike in

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could not stop the German bombers but managed to negotiate a tactical, instead of national, capitulation, unlike France a few weeks later. As a result, the Dutch State, unlike the French State, remained at war with Germany, and the Germans authorities had to ask every individual Dutch soldier to desist from further hostilities as a condition for their release from detention as a prisoner-of-war. The first act of resistance was, therefore, the refusal by members of the Dutch forces to sign any document to that effect.

56: 33: 5812: 1041: 872:. However, in reality, the Nazi's only saw Mussert and the NSB as a useful tools to enable general co-operation. Furthermore, Seyss-Inquart had assured Mussert after his December 1942 meeting with Hitler that general conscription was not on the agenda. However, CS-6 assessed that Seyffardt was the first person within the new institute eligible for an attack, after the heavily guarded Mussert. 628:

common struggle. In 1941, they jointly condemned the government's laws and actions, and formed ecumenical bonds that denounced anti-Semitism in all its forms. Many Catholic and Reformed churches became the centre of resistance activities in all but name. The clergy also paid a high price: Forty-three reformed clergy were killed and forty-six Catholic priests lost their lives.

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anti-German sentiment was not as strong after the war as it was in other European countries. The German ex-Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands in 1918 and lived there in exile. The German invasion, therefore, came as a great shock to many Dutch people. Nevertheless, the country had ordered general mobilization in September 1939. By November 1938, during the

813:(December 1944), they were repositioned on the line Aix-la-Chapelle to Liège (Luik). The first battalion from Limburg was an occupational force in Germany in the area between Cologne (Köln), Aix-la-Chapelle and the Dutch border. The second and third battalions from Limburg accompanied the American push into Germany in March 1945 up to 150:

million – was not considered resistance per se. Only active resistance in the form of spying, sabotage, or with arms was what the Dutch considered resistance. Nevertheless, thousands of members of all the 'non-resisting' categories were arrested by the Germans and often subsequently jailed for months, tortured, sent to

1045: 1042: 444:. Males over the age of 14 were deemed 'able to work' and females over the age of 15. Over the next five years, as conditions became increasingly difficult, resistance became better organized and more forceful. The resistance managed to kill high-ranking collaborationist Dutch officials, such as General 91:, churches, and independent groups. Over 300,000 people were hidden from German authorities in the autumn of 1944 by 60,000 to 200,000 illegal landlords and caretakers. These activities were tolerated knowingly by some one million people, including a few individuals among German occupiers and military. 337:

Rotterdam, the bridges over the Maas River. Two school companies of Royal Netherlands Marines managed to keep a complete German army at bay until the bombardment of Rotterdam forced the commanding officer, General Winkelman, to accept a partial surrender. Elsewhere, Dutch forces stayed in the war; in

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helped 200 men. In total, about 4,000 mainly French, some Belgian, Polish, Russian and Czech ex-POWs were aided on their way south in the province of Limburg. The number of people cared for by the LO in July 1944 is estimated to be between 200,000 and 350,000. This activity was very risky, and 1,671

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and were more manipulative in the Netherlands than in other occupied countries, which made the occupation seem mild at least at first. The occupation was run by the German Nazi Party rather than by the Armed Forces, which had terrible consequences for the Jewish citizens of the Netherlands. This was

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Prior to the German invasion, the Netherlands had adhered to a policy of strict neutrality. The country had strong bonds with Germany, and not so much with Britain. The Dutch had not engaged in war with any European nation since 1830. During World War I, the Dutch were not invaded by Germany and the

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of 1941, protesting the deportation of Jews from the Netherlands, the only such strike to ever occur in Nazi-occupied Europe, is usually not defined as resistance by the Dutch. The strikers, who numbered in the tens of thousands, are not considered resistance participants. The Dutch generally prefer

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In addition to these groups, the NSF ("Nationale Steun Fonds", or National Support Fund) financial organization received money from the exiled government to fund operations of the LO and KP. It also set up large-scale scams involving the national bank and the tax service that were never discovered.

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The Dutch succeeded in stopping the German advance for four days. By then, the Germans had already invaded some 70% of the country but failed to enter the urban areas to the west. The eastern provinces were relatively easy to overrun because they had been deliberately left lightly defended in order

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on 14 May that destroyed much of the city centre, killed about 800 people, and left about 85,000 homeless. Furthermore, the Germans threatened to destroy every other major city until the Dutch forces capitulated. The Dutch military leadership, having lost the bulk of their air force, realized they

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to be wiped out in order to force an off-the-battlefield solution and stop the effective resistance by the Dutch forces. Before this terror bombardment, the Royal Netherlands Navy managed to ship some 1300 captured German shock troops to England, providing their allies with first-hand intelligence

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in June 1944, the Dutch civilian population was put under increasing pressure by Allied infiltration and the need for intelligence regarding the German military defensive buildup, the instability of German positions and active fighting. Portions of the country were liberated as part of the Allied

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joined together in resisting Nazi occupation. The Netherlands was about 48 percent Reformed churches and 36 percent Catholic churches at that time. Previous to the war the split between the Reformed churches and Catholic churches was profound. The resistance brought the churches together in their

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could be distributed among the various religious organizations. Furthermore, shortly after Germany took over the government, they demanded all Dutch public servants fill out an "Aryan Attestation" in which they were asked to state in detail their religious and ethnic ancestry. The American author

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Instead, the Dutch government and queen managed to escape, and the Germans succeeded in imposing only a partial surrender. The Dutch state remained in the war as a combatant and immediately made its naval assets available for the joint allied war effort, starting with the evacuation from Dunkirk.

490:(CPN) held a meeting to organize their underground existence and resistance against the German occupiers. It was the first resistance organization in the country. As a result, some 2,000 communists were to lose their lives in torture rooms, concentration camps or by firing squad. On the same day 684:

on Amsterdam's Jewish population. The old Jewish quarter in Amsterdam had been cordoned off into a ghetto and as retaliation for a number of violent incidents that followed, 425 Jewish men were taken hostage by the Germans and eventually deported to extermination camps, just two surviving. Many

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and was held until ordered to capitulate. Dutch Army troops repelled wave after wave of German attackers, with support from the Royal Netherlands Navy cruising offshore on the North Sea. A small force of some 230 infantrymen stopped a complete German cavalry division in what become known as the

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Another, more radical group, was called 'CS 6'. It was probably named for the address where they were based, 6 Corelli street in Amsterdam. According to Loe de Jong, they were by far the most deadly of the resistance groups, committing some 20 assassinations. Having been started in 1940 by the

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Despite strict neutrality, which implied shooting down British as well as German planes crossing the border into the Netherlands, the country's large merchant fleet was severely attacked by the Germans after 1 September 1939, the beginning of World War II. The sinking of the passenger liner SS

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Public protests by individuals, political parties, newspapers, or churches were also not considered to be resistance. Publishing illegal papers – something the Dutch were very good at, with 1,100 separate titles appearing, some reaching circulations of more than 100,000 for a population of 8.5

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The February strike was also unusual for the Dutch resistance, which was more covert. Resistance in the Netherlands initially took the form of small-scale, decentralized cells engaged in independent activities, mostly small-scale sabotage (such as cutting phone lines, distributing anti-German

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of 1941 (which involved random police harassment and the deportation of over 400 Jews) greatly stimulated resistance. The first to organize themselves were the Dutch communists, who set up a cell-system immediately. Some other very amateurish groups also emerged, notably, De Geuzen, set up by

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While the south was liberated, Amsterdam and the rest of the north remained under Nazi control until their official surrender on 5 May 1945. For these eight months Allied forces held off, fearing huge civilian losses, and hoping for a rapid collapse of the German government. When the Dutch

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The Dutch forces succeeded in defeating the Germans in the first-ever large-scale paratrooper-airborne attack in history and in recapturing the three German-occupied airfields surrounding the Hague at the end of the first the day of the attack. Noteworthy were the privately financed but

146:(lit. "under-divers"), people who were persecuted and therefore hid from the German occupiers, was recognized as an act of resistance, but more or less reluctantly so. Non-compliance with German rules, wishes or commands, or German-condoned Dutch rule, was also not considered resistance. 457:

Mark Klempner writes, "Though there was some protest, not just from the government employees, but from several churches and universities, in the end, all but twenty of 240,000 Dutch civil servants signed and returned the form." In addition, the country was occupied by the oppressive

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Up until the 21st century, the tendency existed in Dutch historical research and publications to not regard passive resistance as 'real' resistance. Slowly, this has started to change, in part due to the emphasis the RIOD has been putting on individual heroism since 2005. The Dutch

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The Dutch managed to set up a remarkably large underground press that led to some 1,100 titles. Some of these were never more than hand-copied newsletters, while others were printed in larger runs and grew to become newspapers and magazines some of which still exist today, such as

657:, a philosopher who was then also a nun in a Dutch convent, led to special prosecution of those Jews, sister Stein being deported. After the war, captured documents showed that the Germans feared the role of the churches, especially when Catholics and Protestants worked together. 355:, who had expected the occupation to be completed in two hours or a maximum of two days (the invasion of Denmark in April 1940 had taken only one day), ordered Rotterdam to be annihilated to force a breakthrough as the attack was clearly failing on all fronts. That led to the 529:

National Organization for Helping People in Hiding (Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers, LO); it became the most successful illegal organization in Europe, set up in 1942 by Helena Kuipers-Rietberg and Frits Slomp complete with its own illegal social services

425:). The increasing attacks against Dutch fascists and Germans led to large-scale reprisals, often involving dozens, even hundreds of randomly chosen people who, if not executed, were deported to concentration camps. For example, most of the adult males in the village of 395:

The first German round-up of Jews in February 1941 led to the first general strike against the Germans in Europe (and indeed one of only two such throughout occupied Europe), which shows that the general sentiment among the Dutch population was anti-German.

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in France, who had ample hiding places. Furthermore, the country was surrounded by German-controlled territory on all sides, offering few escape routes. The entire coast was forbidden territory for all Dutch people, which makes the phenomenon of

611:, whose activities were discovered by chance by the Nazis and who was shot at the age of 39. Because of Van Hall's work, the Dutch resistance was never short of money. A monument for van Hall was opened in Amsterdam in September 2010. 2242: 451:

In the Netherlands, the Germans managed to exterminate a relatively large proportion of the Jews. They were found more easily because before the war the Dutch authorities had required citizens to register their religion so that

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in mid-September failed, partly because British forces disregarded intelligence offered by the Dutch resistance about German strength and position of enemy forces and declined help with communications from the resistance. The

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distributed leaflets protesting against the German occupation and called on the public to resist the Germans. This was the first public act of resistance. IJzerdraat started to build an illegal resistance organization called

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on 18 October 1943. Monseigneur De Jong, archbishop of Utrecht, was a steadfast leader of the Catholic community and an opponent of the German occupiers. The Catholic stance on the protection of converted Jews, among others

346:, assisted in the evacuation of allied troops. Van Hamel was first to parachute back into the Netherlands a few months later, with the mission to set up the resistance in the Netherlands. He was captured, tried and executed. 180:) to only 95 people, of whom only one was still alive when receiving the decoration, a number in stark contrast to the hundreds of thousands of Dutch men and women who performed illegal tasks at any moment during the war. 577:

They targeted the highest-ranking Dutch collaborators and traitors, but duly became the victim of the most dangerous Dutch traitor and German spy, Anton van der Waals. Included in the list of their victims was the Dutch

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Both denominations cooperated with many illegal organizations and made funds available, for instance, to save Jewish children. Many priests and ministers were arrested and deported; some died, such as Carmelite priest

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that paid a kind of dole on a regular basis throughout the war to all families in need, including relatives of sailors and hideaways. Of the 12,000 to 14,000 participants in the LO, 1,104 were killed or died in prison

518:. Its entire leadership was caught and executed in April 1942. The CPN and the RSAP were the only pre-war organizations that went underground and protested against the antisemitic action taken by the German occupiers. 935:, the village of Putten was raided by German forces. Several civilians were shot, the village was burned and 661 of the males of the town were deported to concentration camps, where the vast majority of whom died. 264:

The Hague and the area to the north of it. Dutch forces succeeded in decimating the two German airborne divisions that had landed with the task of capturing the Dutch government. These hostilities are known as the

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immediately ordered the murder of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. By accident the Dutch resistance had attacked Rauter's car on 6 March 1945, which in turn led to the killings at

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who were keen to show that they were 'good Germans' by implementing anti-Semitic policy. The Dutch public transport organization and the police collaborated to a large extent in the transportation of the Jews.

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The 2,000 Dutch soldiers who died defending their country, together with at least 800 civilians who perished in the flames of Rotterdam, were the first victims of a Nazi occupation that was to last five years.

142:(RIOD/NIOD), distinguished among several types of resistance. Going into hiding, was generally not categorized by the Dutch as resistance because of the passive nature of such an act. Helping these so-called 1043: 897:

agent Van der Waals, and after tracking him back through information, arrested him on 19 February. Two days later Kastein committed suicide so as not to give away Dutch Resistance information under torture.

883:, Seyffardt was shot twice by student Jan Verleun who had accompanied Kastein on the mission. A day later Seyffardt succumbed to his injuries in the hospital. A private military ceremony was arranged at the 1098:

government-in-exile asked for a national railway strike as a resistance measure, the German occupiers stopped food transports to the western Netherlands, and this set the stage for the "Hunger winter", the

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leaflets or tearing down posters). Some small groups had no links with others. They produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published underground papers such as

891:(Attorney for the national relations) H. Reydon and his wife. His wife died on the spot, while Reydon died on 24 August of his injuries. The gun used in this attack had been given to Kastein by 4383: 3736: 868:, concluded that the new institute would eventually lead to a National-Socialist government, which would then introduce general conscription to enable the call-up of Dutch nationals for the 5734: 3752: 2250: 1573: 3675: 3647: 2791: 981:. Van der Stok's RAF Spitfire was shot down over France and he was taken prisoner by the Germans. Van der Stok became one of only three successful escapees of 'the Great Escape' from 5999: 4079: 2220: 5713: 4392: 3213: 139: 4695: 4058: 3367: 2992: 3708: 3654: 2840: 6024: 5921: 4165: 2190: 5858: 3661: 3277: 2687: 2529: 837:

as "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People) in December 1942, he was allowed to form a national government institute, a Dutch shadow cabinet called "

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One of the most widespread resistance activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, which included concealing Jewish families like that of

5974: 5969: 4051: 3498: 3374: 560:" or Order of Service), a group preparing for the return of the exiled Dutch government and its subgroup the GDN (Dutch Secret Service), the intelligence arm of the OD. 233:, the strategically essential transport for airborne infantry and paratroopers, a loss that they would never replenish and thwarted German plans for attacking England, 6054: 3351: 2731: 1757: 620: 3788: 3100: 5851: 3607: 2909: 5606: 4399: 4362: 4339: 3860: 2782: 2752: 956:, named after some 200 who had travelled by boat across the North Sea; most of the other 1,500 went across land to neutral countries before crossing the water. 4492: 3552: 5982: 4348: 4332: 4304: 4072: 2759: 1804: 6119: 6029: 5933: 5249: 4316: 4228: 4172: 4135: 4128: 3417: 769:

On 22 September 1944, members of the LKP, RVV and a small number of the OD in the southern liberated part of the Netherlands became a Dutch army unit: the

507: 84: 6155: 6049: 4221: 2953: 4268: 6064: 5727: 4355: 2745: 2703: 1971: 887:, attended by family and friends and with Mussert in attendance, after which Seyffardt was cremated. On 7 February, CS-6 shot fellow institute member 5576: 2516: 1945: 3395: 3169: 2932: 2798: 2609: 850:

from February 1, 1943. The institute would consist of a number of deputies in charge of defined functions or departments within the administration.

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and her family were among those who successfully hid several Jews and resistance workers from the Nazis. The first people who went into hiding were

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brothers Gideon and Jan Karel ('Janka') Boissevain, the group grew quickly to some 40 members and made contact with the Dutch communist and surgeon

193:, many Dutch people received a foretaste of things to come; German synagogues could be seen burning, even from the Netherlands, (such as the one in 114:, beginning in 1944 and continuing until the Netherlands was fully liberated. Of the Jewish population, 105,000 out of 140,000 were murdered in the 6069: 5954: 4471: 3305: 2805: 2717: 2653: 299:, with heavy losses on both sides. Having taken the Grebbeberg, the German forces were confronted by the next setback: during the battle the old 6077: 4674: 4186: 3036: 2574: 977:, who, after fighting air battles over the Netherlands during the initial German attack, managed to escape and who became a squadron leader in 1828: 5270: 4702: 4448: 4323: 3409: 3240: 2946: 2863: 2450: 1597: 5503: 4910: 1847: 6150: 4796: 3961: 3428: 3424: 3402: 3006: 525:

historian Stewart Bentley, there were four major resistance organizations in the country by the middle of 1944, independent of each other:

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After approval from the Dutch government-in-exile, on the evening of Friday 5 February 1943, after answering a knock at his front door in

590:, and several police chiefs. However, the planned assassination of the best known Dutch traitor and collaborator, Dutch Nazi-party leader 789:. The third battalion from Brabant was incorporated into a Polish formation of the Canadian 2nd Army on the front line on the islands of 515: 4214: 4200: 3413: 5496: 4952: 3183: 2150: 5889: 5627: 5374: 4667: 4618: 4376: 3931: 3022: 2870: 2724: 2432: 677: 487: 88: 3682: 924:. After a car carrying officers of the German Army was ambushed near the village of Putten by the Dutch resistance, on the orders of 5743: 4625: 4597: 4414: 3996: 3715: 2345: 1913: 1661: 1637: 1193: 1122: 690: 295:, fortified, with field guns, and extensive inundations. The Dutch only surrendered after three days of hard fighting, known as the 199: 4938: 745:

who had arrived in the Netherlands before 1940. In the first weeks after the surrender, some British soldiers who could not get to

2542: 415:. Membership of an armed or military organized group could lead to prolonged stays in concentration camps, and after mid-1944, to 5780: 5175: 4875: 4114: 4010: 3846: 3523: 2969: 2169: 785:. The first and second battalions from Brabant were involved in guarding the front line along the Waal and Meuse rivers with the 670: 115: 5134: 3906: 2526: 693:. The Dutch struck four more times against the Germans: the students' strike in November 1940, the doctors' strike in 1942, the 5304: 5145: 4970: 4729: 4688: 4581: 4519: 3176: 3045: 3013: 5540: 5333: 4570: 3693: 2506: 467:

as in the other Western European countries, as well as the fact that the occupying forces were generally under the command of

5874: 5690: 5662: 4021: 3743: 3383: 3114: 2833: 2738: 2623: 2464: 2281: 1524: 5634: 5565: 5390: 4604: 733:, underground operatives, draft-age Dutchmen and, later in the war, Allied aircrew. Collectively these people were known as 2491: 1688: 864:, was announced through the press as “Deputy for Special Services”. As a result, the Communist resistance group CS-6 under 6044: 5750: 5683: 4896: 4847: 4611: 4207: 3968: 3759: 2812: 1109:. In total, some 2,000 Dutch resistance members were killed by the Germans. Their names are recorded in a memorial ledger 947: 665: 6082: 5824: 5720: 5095: 5056: 3975: 3810: 3795: 3722: 3701: 3519: 3197: 2983: 2976: 2960: 2671: 2630: 2602: 2039: 869: 1153:, Jewish communist that sheltered Jews in Scheveningen from the Gestapo and hid weapons for the resistance in Friesland 118:, most of whom were murdered in Nazi death camps. A number of resistance groups specialized in saving Jewish children. 6019: 6009: 5787: 5111: 5063: 4681: 4653: 4506: 4121: 4100: 3621: 3284: 2680: 1519: 1501: 1064: 1003: 944: 594:, was delayed and could never be accomplished. Their activities in eliminating Dutch collaborators prompted the 1943 ' 522: 481: 269:. This unexpected setback caused panic in the German military leadership, which ordered the undefended city center of 5585: 4789: 3190: 126:

were killed by the Nazis, with the higher figure estimated as almost the entire pre-war population of Dutch Romanis.

5994: 5904: 5081: 5000: 4945: 4833: 4439: 4065: 3989: 3891: 3768: 3640: 3633: 3593: 3566: 3298: 3231: 2898: 2826: 2637: 2567: 1699:, lecture by Anthony Anderson at the University of Southern California on 17 October 1995. Retrieved 10 April 2008. 51:, September 1944. The resistance fighters are Bert van Roosmalen and Janus van de Meerakker from the village Eerde. 1006:

dropped from British planes containing instructions on building sets and directional aerials to circumvent German

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Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP, Kok and Nelissen publishers at Kampen and Bilthoven, 1951

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Dutch counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks eventually provided key support to

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A little more than 1,700 Dutch people managed to escape to England and offered themselves to their exiled

932: 421: 111: 4003: 1890: 553:" or Council of Resistance), engaged in sabotage, assassinations, and the protection of people in hiding. 6034: 5831: 5554: 5397: 5293: 5263: 5219: 4959: 4924: 4917: 4840: 4738: 4179: 4156: 3614: 3151: 2891: 2877: 2560: 1408: 1329: 1087: 926: 902: 782: 383: 3206: 1674: 1361: 6101: 5899: 5655: 5510: 5161: 5118: 5088: 5014: 4824: 4803: 3729: 2884: 2056: 1486: 1099: 1059: 978: 847: 686: 491: 266: 253:

in 1941, the British, American and Australian Navies were led by a Dutch naval officer: Rear Admiral

100: 2549:– an account (in Dutch) of the 'forgotten' resistance to the Japanese occupation of the East Indies. 343: 5959: 5773: 5547: 5425: 5381: 4903: 4037: 3803: 3330: 3160: 3144: 3093: 2025: 1825: 1458: 1452: 1346: 1173: 1147:, member who helped organize and execute the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 810: 412: 1229:, executed for his role in carrying out the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 197:). An anti-fascist movement started to gain popularity – as did the fascist movement, notably the 6096: 6091: 5964: 5909: 5766: 5599: 5524: 5478: 5448: 5356: 5196: 4861: 4745: 4639: 4590: 4528: 4284: 4235: 4044: 3947: 3668: 3323: 3254: 3121: 2111: 1844: 1461:, sculptor and resistance leader in Amsterdam, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 1188: 965: 906: 598:' covert murder reprisals by the Dutch SS. By 1944 treason and strain had decimated their ranks. 437: 330:. The exposed stretch of dam leading to the bunker-complex became known among the Germans as the 250: 226: 151: 5811: 1220: 87:

during World War II can be mainly characterized as non-violent. The primary organizers were the

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They also sabotaged phone lines and railways, produced maps, and distributed food and goods.

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Alphabetically ordered to the Dutch system with the IJ after the X, and adverbs not counted

920:

prisoners were executed elsewhere. On 1–2 October 1944, a similar war crime occurred in the

786: 587: 400: 300: 27:

Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II

1253:, 'banker of the resistance', considered one of the leading figures in the Dutch resistance 5926: 5699: 5411: 5326: 5284: 5182: 5125: 4993: 4775: 4766: 4295: 3877: 3853: 3449: 3107: 2546: 2533: 2520: 2495: 2425:

The Dutch Resistance 1940–45: World War II Resistance and Collaboration in the Netherlands

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Het Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP, Kok and Nelissen publishers, 1951

1932: 1851: 1832: 1692: 1476: 1470: 1388: 1373: 1161: 1150: 1138: 982: 952: 901:

Seyffardt and Reydon's deaths led to massive reprisals in the occupied Netherlands, under

843: 806: 758: 750: 738: 624: 583: 404: 389: 356: 159: 95: 2536:– his personal account of his participation in non-violent Dutch Resistance as an author. 2379:

Orange Blood, Silver Wings: The Untold Story of the Dutch Resistance During Market-Garden

1449:, a medical student who smuggled resistance supplies and hid Jewish refugees in her house 5706: 5242: 5168: 3220: 3079: 2539: 1710: 1419: 1404: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1238: 1226: 1209: 1033: 970: 914:, where 117 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 865: 818: 754: 715: 633: 571: 511: 307: 76: 2511: 2166: 2077:

Marjan Schwegman, director of NIOD, Lecture on Dutch Resistance, NIOD, Amsterdam, 2010

225:

On May 10, 1940, German troops started a surprise attack on the Netherlands without a

6134: 5517: 3442: 3291: 3130: 1530: 1431: 1428:, an armed resistance leader in The Hague, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office 1398: 1378: 1317: 1311: 1244: 1232: 1203: 1007: 834: 778: 641: 591: 322: 254: 230: 190: 41: 1141:, resistance member in Amsterdam, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 1105:

374 Dutch resistance fighters are buried in the Field of Honour in the Dunes around

5816: 5620: 3920: 3825: 3456: 2819: 2583: 2500: 1865: 1513: 1464: 1446: 1351: 1326:, lawyer who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 1300: 1268: 1256: 998: 911: 876: 822: 500: 441: 352: 292: 1771: 680:

called for a general strike, the 'February strike', in response to the first Nazi

1381:, who operated under the codename Leopold Vindictive 200 and was beheaded by the 1337:, poet who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943 648:, who operated under the codename Leopold Vindictive 200 and was beheaded by the 17: 5455: 5441: 5103: 3779: 3600: 3585: 2939: 2488: 2473:(Abelard-Schuman, London, New York, Toronto, 1970) Library of Congress: 68-14569 1685: 1425: 1356: 1323: 1167: 1132: 1106: 921: 742: 703: 681: 654: 595: 430: 313: 279: 135: 107:). Most had great trouble surviving betrayal in the first two years of the war. 2512:

On war atrocities in the Netherlands, some in revenge for resistance activities

4810: 4563: 4542: 3435: 2768: 2696: 2028:

from Website Instituut Voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Retrieved 11 April 2008.

1214: 1197: 1027: 730: 721: 453: 377: 373: 288: 2443:

Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation

5073: 4478: 4275: 4086: 3884: 3839: 2856: 2317:"Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940-1945 | Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940-1945" 2176:, from GoDutch.com, first published 23 October 1994. Retrieved 11 April 2008 2135: 1179: 1074: 884: 880: 814: 802: 762: 468: 463: 408: 318: 284: 270: 234: 103:, as well as some military-styled groups, such as the Order Service (Dutch: 3360: 419:(as a result of Hitler's orders to shoot resistance members on sight – the 1395:

who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943

963:, whose life was described in his book and made into a film and a musical 3344: 3072: 1078: 669:

Plaque honouring the Dutch resistance members executed by the Germans at

1401:, "the girl with the red hair", communist resistance assassination agent 5916: 2410: 1382: 1277: 1091: 916: 746: 649: 283:, a north-south line some 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the capital 123: 60: 3954: 1343:, family doctor; organizer of escape routes to Sweden and Switzerland 1082: 993:

A major role in keeping the Dutch resistance alive was played by the

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CIA paper on the Dutch resistance and the OSS on the Wayback machine

1826:

Resistance from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands

1170:, Anarchist and feminist, saved Jews and was deported to Ravensbruck 797:. The second and third battalions from Limburg were included in the 2405:

Sellin, Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation,"

1732: 1364:(1876–1943), smuggled hundreds of Jewish children out of her crèche 1196:, husband of Miep Gies and her fellow helper who hid and cared for 486:

As early as 15 May 1940, the day after the Dutch capitulation, the

4142: 1845:

Genocide from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands

1039: 1021: 777:. Three battalions, without any military training, were formed in 709: 664: 238: 64: 54: 31: 2517:"A true story of a Scout in times of War, by Piet J Kroonenberg" 2386:

Our Mother's War: A Biography of a Child of the Dutch Resistance

2057:

Corrie ten Boom from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1241:, sculptor executed for his role in the Dutch resistance in 1945 1113:, kept in the Dutch parliament and available online since 2010. 931:(Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht in the Netherlands) General 174:('Verzetskruis', not to be confused with the much lower ranking 5847: 2556: 2552: 1081:, but the attempt to secure bridges and transport lines around 211:

in November 1939, with 84 dead, especially shocked the nation.

2407:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1435: 134:

The Dutch themselves, especially their official war historian

311:, with a bunker-complex that defended the eastern end of the 2136:

The 'SILBERTANNE' murders from Niederlanders in de Waffen-SS

1297:, only University of Groningen student executed by the Nazis 1094:, liberated the south-west Netherlands the following month. 2316: 2003:, Kok and Nelissen publishers at Kampen and Bilthoven, 1951 1206:, composer and conductor and resistance member in Amsterdam 458: 586:. They also managed to assassinate an assistant minister, 94:

The Dutch resistance developed relatively slowly, but the

2148:

The Hins' World War II Collection – Memorial Woeste Hoeve

1926:

Bernardus IJzerdraat from Erepeloton Waalsdorp (in Dutch)

1479:, a schoolteacher and Christian anarchist, leader of the 2014:

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog

1574:

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog

1223:, Jewish construction worker, communist and Soviet agent 6146:

Military history of the Netherlands during World War II

2299:

The Intelligencer: Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies

2001:

Het Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP

260:

The major areas of intensive military resistance were:

3214:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2297:

Klinkert, Wim (Fall 2019). "Operation Market Garden".

950:

for service against the Germans. They were called the

766:

members of the LO-LKP organizations lost their lives.

761:

passed through the Netherlands. One single-family in

2489:

Homepage of the Dutch Resistance Museum in Amsterdam

2457:

Memoirs of the Dutch Underground, 1940–1945: Why me?

2400:

Clouds: Episode of Dutch Wartime Resistance, 1940–45

2167:

The brute force hit small Dutch town fifty years ago

506:

A few months after the German invasion, a number of

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Jan de Hartog's speech given at Weber State College

2507:

Discussion of the Netherlands under Nazi occupation

1908:, p. 145, ed. Bob Moore, Oxford : Berg, 2000, 1731:MARIJNISSEN, HARO HIELKEMA; HANS (15 August 1995). 737:('people in hiding' or literally: 'under-divers'). 1621: 1247:, dancer who was sent to Dachau concentration camp 801:and were involved in guarding the front line from 47:in Veghel in front of the Lambertus church during 2276:. London: Mandarin Paperbacks. pp. 184–186. 757:. In the winter of 1940–1941 many French escaped 436:The Nazis deported the Jews to concentration and 2274:SOE: The Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 1555:Church Resistance to Nazism in Norway, 1940-1945 1200:, her family, and the others in hiding with them 1049:Train with exhibition about the resistance, 1949 342:) to Dunkirk, where a Dutch Royal Navy officer, 2040:"The Amsterdam General Strike of February 1941" 860:, already head of the Dutch SS volunteer group 607:The principal figure of the NSF was the banker 170:After the war, the Dutch created and awarded a 1557:. University of Washington Press. p. 274. 5859: 2568: 1067:. The unsuccessful Allied airborne Operation 691:general strike in occupied Luxembourg in 1942 8: 2417:The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945 2337:The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945 1756:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1568: 1566: 1564: 1467:, socialist politician and resistance leader 429:were sent to concentration camps during the 499:, named after a group who rebelled against 392:an even more remarkable act of resistance. 5866: 5852: 5844: 4419: 3478: 2667: 2575: 2561: 2553: 2423:Wenting, Michel; Castelein, Klaas (2022). 2340:. Stanford University Press. p. 229. 582:, who was used by the Germans to head the 274:about this novel type of airborne warfare. 1182:, Christian resistance member, author of 338:Europe the fight continued from Zeeland ( 1303:, Afro-Dutch communist resistance leader 1291:, surgeon and communist activist in CS 6 959:Some figures are especially noteworthy: 303:had been inundated and thus reactivated. 1592:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 1542: 1090:, aimed at opening the Belgian port of 4400:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 1749: 508:Revolutionary Socialist Worker's Party 5271:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 4703:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 4349:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4305:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3410:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2445:(Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2010). 1772:"MARKETGARDEN.COM - A BRIDGE TOO FAR" 889:Gemachtigde Voor de Volksvoorlichting 829:Reprisals under Operation Silbertanne 140:State Institute for War Documentation 7: 4393:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3425:Rape during the liberation of France 2503:– history and practical information. 1711:"Maritime Disasters of World War II" 1548: 1546: 1117:Main figures in the Dutch resistance 85:German occupation of the Netherlands 2540:Vergeten verzet in Nederlands-Indië 2243:"Verzetsmuseum – The illegal press" 1656:, Columbia University Press, 2000, 1654:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 1628:. U.S.: The Pilgrim Press. p. 1370:, pathologist executed for sabotage 853:On February 4, retired General and 120:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 4619:German invasion of the Netherlands 2899:Weather events during World War II 2384:Fiske, Mel, and Christina Radich. 2016:, Den Haag, Staatsuitgeverij, 1975 1797:"The Dutch Resistance and the OSS" 1416:, a resistance leader in Groningen 678:Communist Party of the Netherlands 488:Communist Party of the Netherlands 376:considered the Dutch to be fellow 25: 6156:World War II resistance movements 5250:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 2471:The Netherlands at War: 1940-1945 2419:(Stanford University Press, 1963) 1733:"De Beste stelling die we hadden" 1455:, the female leader of Group 2000 1123:Category:Dutch resistance members 1111:Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940–1945 200:Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging 5810: 2372:The Dutch Resistance and the OSS 2026:Biografie van Hall, Walraven van 1314:, sculptor and resistance member 1164:, Christian resistance organizer 1135:, Royal Netherlands Navy officer 697:and the railway strike in 1944. 671:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 59:Resistance group operating near 2409:Vol. 245, May 1946 pp I to 180 2187:"Verzetsmuseum - (en) Hand in?" 2038:Dawsey, Jason (10 April 2018). 5875:Resistance during World War II 5497:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 3207:Territorial changes of Germany 3115:Indonesian National Revolution 1525:Resistance during World War II 862:Vrijwilligerslegioen Nederland 40:Resistance with troops of the 1: 4897:Japanese invasion of Thailand 4848:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4612:German invasion of Luxembourg 2993:Mediterranean and Middle East 2459:(England, UK: Amazon, 2017). 2112:"Hendrik Alexander Seyffardt" 1697:Holland Under the Third Reich 1473:, Communist resistance leader 122:estimates that 215–500 Dutch 4804:Invasion of the Soviet Union 4493:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 3811:Independent State of Croatia 2523: (archived 23 July 2008) 2213:"Verzetsmuseum – Cooperate?" 1906:Resistance in Western Europe 1489:, one of the first to resist 1265:; student and a secret agent 6151:Netherlands in World War II 5788:End of World War II in Asia 5628:Western invasion of Germany 5135:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 5112:Second Battle of El Alamein 4682:Hundred Regiments Offensive 4654:Battle of the Mediterranean 4507:Italian invasion of Albania 2681:Air warfare of World War II 2393:The Dutch Resistance Museum 1972:"Verzetsmuseum – LO en LKP" 1946:"Verzetsmuseum - LO en LKP" 1520:Netherlands in World War II 1502:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 1422:, Marxist resistance leader 1065:Drive to the Siegfried Line 839:Gemachtigden van den Leider 482:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 351:to create strategic depth. 6172: 5905:June Uprising in Lithuania 5714:Naval bombardment of Japan 5082:First Battle of El Alamein 5001:Battle of Christmas Island 4946:Japanese invasion of Burma 4710:Italian invasion of Greece 4626:German invasion of Belgium 4598:German invasion of Denmark 4571:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 4440:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2704:Comparative military ranks 2334:Warmbrunn, Werner (1963). 2157:. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 2138:. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 2059:. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 1935:. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 1896:. Retrieved 9 October 2012 1835:. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 1589:Histories of the Holocaust 1285:, lawyer and Olympic rower 1120: 833:After Hitler had approved 809:(Aachen/Aken). During the 516:Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front 479: 218: 5883:Anti-communist resistance 5803: 5635:Bratislava–Brno offensive 5566:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 5190:Allied invasion of Sicily 5050:Aleutian Islands campaign 5022:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 4960:Greek famine of 1941–1944 4855:Second Battle of Changsha 4760:German invasion of Greece 4605:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 2947:North and Central Pacific 2590: 2391:van der Horst, Liesbeth. 1931:27 September 2007 at the 1854:. Retrieved 11 April 2008 1414:Pieter Meindert Schreuder 1235:, Jewish communist leader 676:On 25 February 1941, the 638:Dachau concentration camp 510:(RSAP) members including 328:Battle of the Afsluitdijk 221:Battle of the Netherlands 5227:Allied invasion of Italy 5204:Solomon Islands campaign 4953:Third Battle of Changsha 4550:First Battle of Changsha 4456:Second Sino-Japanese War 3396:German military brothels 3262:United States war crimes 2532:12 February 2012 at the 2494:19 November 2013 at the 2172:19 December 2007 at the 2153:15 February 2005 at the 2044:The National WWII Museum 1263:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema 961:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema 695:April–May strike in 1943 297:Battle of the Grebbeberg 5948:Anti-fascist resistance 5649:Second Guangxi campaign 5504:Philippines (1944–1945) 5008:Battle of the Coral Sea 4911:Fall of the Philippines 4557:Battle of South Guangxi 4463:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 3869:Italian Social Republic 2545:30 October 2012 at the 2501:Dutch Resistance Museum 2398:Schaepman, Antoinette. 1831:8 February 2009 at the 1620:Klempner, Mark (2006). 1508:Dutch underground press 1368:Joannes Cassianus Pompe 775:Operation Market Garden 476:Resistance organization 177:Verzetsherdenkingskruis 49:Operation Market Garden 45:101st Airborne Division 5234:Armistice of Cassibile 5036:Battle of Dutch Harbor 4987:Battle of the Java Sea 4890:Attack on Pearl Harbor 4790:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4783:Battle of South Shanxi 4753:Invasion of Yugoslavia 4536:Battle of the Atlantic 4150:Korean Liberation Army 3863:(until September 1943) 3820:(until September 1944) 3798:(until September 1944) 1894:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1850:22 August 2010 at the 1553:Hassing, Arne (2014). 1184:Things We Couldn't Say 1176:, active in Leeuwarden 1050: 933:Friedrich Christiansen 841:", which would advise 673: 241:with airborne forces. 80: 68: 52: 5398:Second Battle of Guam 5294:Bengal famine of 1943 5264:Second Battle of Kiev 5220:Battle of the Dnieper 4925:Battle of Wake Island 4797:East African campaign 4739:Battle of South Henan 4384:atrocities by Germans 4157:Korean Volunteer Army 3138:Occupation of Germany 2892:Music in World War II 2427:. Osprey Publishing. 1870:The Heart Has Reasons 1691:29 March 2005 at the 1686:"A Forgotten Chapter" 1624:The Heart Has Reasons 1409:Valkenburg resistance 1330:Geertruida Middendorp 1307:Aart Gerardus Lekskes 1088:Battle of the Scheldt 1048: 927:Wehrmachtbefehlshaber 903:Operation Silbertanne 668: 661:Resistance activities 532:Nationaal Steun Fonds 503:in the 16th century. 368:Initial German policy 58: 35: 5900:Lithuanian partisans 5684:Surrender of Germany 5162:Battle of West Hubei 5119:Guadalcanal campaign 5089:Battle of Stalingrad 5015:Battle of Madagascar 3789:Albania protectorate 3576:(formerly Swaziland) 3285:Wehrmacht war crimes 3101:Expulsion of Germans 2885:Art and World War II 2783:British contribution 2732:Governments in exile 2272:Foot, M.R.D (1990). 1982:on 28 September 2013 1866:"Background chapter" 1487:Bernardus IJzerdraat 1100:Dutch famine of 1944 979:No. 322 Squadron RAF 848:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 753:hid with farmers in 687:Nazi-occupied Europe 544:Landelijke Knokploeg 492:Bernardus IJzerdraat 422:Niedermachungsbefehl 267:Battle for The Hague 101:Bernardus IJzerdraat 5983:Bohemia and Moravia 5774:Potsdam Declaration 5663:Italy (Spring 1945) 5426:Liberation of Paris 4883:Siege of Sevastopol 3901:(until August 1944) 3804:Wang Jingwei regime 3626:from September 1943 3586:from September 1944 3524:from September 1944 3384:Romanian war crimes 3375:Persecution of Jews 3361:Croatian war crimes 3331:Japanese war crimes 3145:Occupation of Japan 3094:First Indochina War 2806:Military production 2718:Declarations of war 2415:Warmbrunn, Werner. 2193:on 12 November 2014 1952:on 10 November 2011 1872:. The Pilgrim Press 1586:Stone, Dan (2010). 1459:Gerrit van der Veen 1453:Jacoba van Tongeren 1347:Mona Louise Parsons 929:in den Niederlanden 811:Battle of the Bulge 438:extermination camps 413:resistance movement 152:concentration camps 5910:Estonian partisans 5767:Surrender of Japan 5600:Battle of Iwo Jima 5449:Belgrade offensive 4862:Siege of Leningrad 4746:Battle of Shanggao 4675:British Somaliland 4640:Dunkirk evacuation 4591:Norwegian campaign 4529:Invasion of Poland 4356:Japanese prisoners 3324:Italian war crimes 3255:British war crimes 3170:Soviet occupations 2954:South-West Pacific 2841:Allied cooperation 2799:Military equipment 2377:Bentley, Stewart. 2370:Bentley, Stewart. 2253:on 26 January 2021 1807:on 29 October 2013 1675:Ten Days' Campaign 1652:Niewyk, Donald L. 1385:on 18 October 1943 1362:Henriëtte Pimentel 1320:, a Jewish officer 1189:Jack van der Geest 1051: 966:Soldaat van Oranje 939:"England-Voyagers" 907:Hanns Albin Rauter 773:. This was during 674: 644:, a priest in the 501:Spanish occupation 251:Battle of Java Sea 227:declaration of war 138:, director of the 69: 53: 6128: 6127: 5895:Latvian partisans 5841: 5840: 5799: 5798: 5642:Battle of Okinawa 5541:Burma (1944–1945) 5375:Mariana and Palau 5155:Tunisian campaign 4980:Fall of Singapore 4904:Fall of Hong Kong 4647:Battle of Britain 4500:Operation Himmler 4409: 4408: 4073:Dutch East Indies 3716:Southern Rhodesia 3468: 3467: 3368:Genocide of Serbs 3271:German war crimes 3248:Soviet war crimes 3241:Allied war crimes 3087:Division of Korea 3066:Chinese Civil War 2864:Strategic bombing 2776:Manhattan Project 2469:Maass, Walter B. 2451:978-1-57113-493-6 2247:verzetsmuseum.org 2217:verzetsmuseum.org 1976:verzetsmuseum.org 1891:"The Netherlands" 1599:978-0-19-956680-8 1442:Bram van der Stok 1391:, curator at the 1341:Allard Oosterhuis 1251:Walraven van Hall 1145:Frieda Belinfante 1060:Normandy invasion 1046: 975:Bram van der Stok 894:Sicherheitsdienst 858:Hendrik Seyffardt 799:9th American Army 646:CICM Missionaries 625:Catholic churches 621:Reformed churches 609:Walraven van Hall 580:General Seyffardt 536:Walraven van Hall 446:Hendrik Seyffardt 417:summary execution 340:Battle of Zeeland 81:Nederlands verzet 18:Dutch underground 16:(Redirected from 6163: 6141:Dutch resistance 5868: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5817:World portal 5815: 5814: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5677:Prague offensive 5672: 5670:Battle of Berlin 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5614:Vienna offensive 5609: 5602: 5595: 5593:Battle of Manila 5588: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5334:Korsun–Cherkassy 5329: 5318: 5296: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5176:Bombing of Gorky 5171: 5164: 5157: 5137: 5130: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5043:Battle of Midway 5038: 5031: 5029:Battle of Gazala 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4939:Battle of Borneo 4934: 4932:Malayan campaign 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4876:Bombing of Gorky 4871: 4869:Battle of Moscow 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4721: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4633:Battle of France 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4486:Munich Agreement 4481: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4420: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4371:Soviet prisoners 4365: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4311:German prisoners 4307: 4287: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3847:French Indochina 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3771: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3694:from August 1944 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3577: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3479: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3420: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3338:Nanjing Massacre 3333: 3326: 3317: 3315:Nuremberg trials 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3048: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2919:Asia and Pacific 2901: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2848:Mulberry harbour 2843: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2683: 2668: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2554: 2441:Dewulf, Jeroen. 2438: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2249:. Archived from 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2223:on 13 April 2014 2219:. Archived from 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2189:. Archived from 2183: 2177: 2164: 2158: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2108: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1978:. Archived from 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1948:. Archived from 1942: 1936: 1923: 1917: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1864:Klempner, Mark. 1861: 1855: 1842: 1836: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1803:. Archived from 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1776:Marketgarden.com 1768: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1709:Duncan, George. 1706: 1700: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1627: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1483:resistance group 1481:Westerweel Group 1393:Stedelijk Museum 1335:Martinus Nijhoff 1276:, Archbishop of 1274:Johannes de Jong 1174:Esmée van Eeghen 1157:Christiaan Boers 1047: 953:Engelandvaarders 855:Rijkscommissaris 795:Sint Philipsland 787:British 2nd Army 759:prisoners of war 749:(Duinkerken) in 588:Hermannus Reydon 461:rather than the 411:who started the 401:social democrats 301:Dutch Water Line 172:Resistance Cross 163:to use the term 73:Dutch resistance 21: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6113: 5979:Czechoslovakia 5975:Channel Islands 5943: 5927:Cursed soldiers 5878: 5872: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5809: 5807: 5795: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5728:Atomic bombings 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5571: 5564: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5431: 5424: 5419:Eastern Romania 5417: 5412:Warsaw Uprising 5410: 5405:Tannenberg Line 5403: 5396: 5391:Western Ukraine 5389: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5321: 5312: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5183:Battle of Kursk 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5140: 5133: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4994:St Nazaire Raid 4992: 4985: 4978: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4776:Anglo-Iraqi War 4774: 4767:Battle of Crete 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4724: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4696:Eastern Romania 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4514: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4431: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4257:Western Ukraine 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4201:Northeast China 4199: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3907:Slovak Republic 3905: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3878:Empire of Japan 3876: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3464: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3423: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3390:Sexual violence 3389: 3382: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3113: 3108:Greek Civil War 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3051: 3044: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2933:South-East Asia 2931: 2924: 2917: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2792:Military awards 2790: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2686: 2679: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2547:Wayback Machine 2534:Wayback Machine 2521:Wayback Machine 2496:Wayback Machine 2480: 2455:Manheim, Jack. 2435: 2422: 2367: 2365:Further reading 2362: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2321:www.erelijst.nl 2315: 2314: 2310: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2174:Wayback Machine 2165: 2161: 2155:Wayback Machine 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2116:TracesOfWar.com 2110: 2109: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1933:Wayback Machine 1924: 1920: 1904: 1900: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1852:Wayback Machine 1843: 1839: 1833:Wayback Machine 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1693:Wayback Machine 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1497: 1492: 1477:Joop Westerweel 1471:Gerben Wagenaar 1389:Willem Sandberg 1374:Gerard Reeskamp 1221:Daniël Goulooze 1162:Corrie ten Boom 1151:Carolina Bunjes 1139:Willem Arondeus 1125: 1119: 1056: 1040: 1016: 991: 983:Stalag Luft III 941: 912:De Woeste Hoeve 844:Reichskommissar 831: 807:Aix la Chapelle 751:French Flanders 739:Corrie ten Boom 663: 617: 604: 584:Dutch SS-legion 567: 551:Raad van Verzet 484: 478: 442:forced laborers 390:Engelandvaarder 370: 357:Rotterdam Blitz 223: 217: 215:German invasion 186: 160:February strike 132: 96:February strike 89:Communist Party 67:and Lemelerveld 36:Members of the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6133: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5747: 5744:South Sakhalin 5740: 5739: 5738: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5468: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5169:Battle of Attu 5165: 5158: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4918:Battle of Guam 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4841:Battle of Kiev 4837: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340:United Kingdom 4336: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4308: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3744:British Empire 3737:United Kingdom 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3553:Czechoslovakia 3549: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3450:Rape of Manila 3446: 3439: 3432: 3421: 3406: 3399: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3288: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3221:United Nations 3217: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3080:Decolonization 3076: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2753:United Kingdom 2749: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2599: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2537: 2524: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2486: 2479: 2478:External links 2476: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2453: 2439: 2434:978-1472848024 2433: 2420: 2413: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2346: 2326: 2308: 2289: 2282: 2264: 2234: 2204: 2178: 2159: 2140: 2128: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2049: 2030: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1963: 1937: 1918: 1898: 1883: 1856: 1837: 1818: 1788: 1763: 1723: 1701: 1678: 1666: 1645: 1638: 1612: 1598: 1578: 1560: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1439: 1429: 1423: 1420:Henk Sneevliet 1417: 1411: 1405:Pierre Schunck 1402: 1396: 1386: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1295:Anda Kerkhoven 1292: 1289:Gerrit Kastein 1286: 1283:Ernst de Jonge 1280: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1239:Frits van Hall 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1210:Frans Goedhart 1207: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1058:Following the 1055: 1054:After Normandy 1052: 1034:Vrij Nederland 1015: 1012: 990: 987: 971:Peter Tazelaar 940: 937: 866:Gerrit Kastein 830: 827: 755:Dutch Flanders 716:Vrij Nederland 662: 659: 634:Titus Brandsma 616: 613: 603: 600: 572:Gerrit Kastein 566: 563: 562: 561: 554: 547: 540: 512:Henk Sneevliet 477: 474: 369: 366: 348: 347: 344:Lodo van Hamel 335: 308:Kornwerderzand 304: 275: 219:Main article: 216: 213: 185: 182: 131: 128: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6168: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890:Baltic States 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751:Kuril Islands 5748: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518:Syrmian Front 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464:Market Garden 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323:Monte Cassino 5320: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5221: 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4662: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333:United States 4330: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269:Quốc dân Đảng 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969:Liechtenstein 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753:United States 3750: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3443:Comfort women 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: / 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: / 3415: 3412: / 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403:Camp brothels 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292:The Holocaust 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3278:forced labour 3275: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131:Marshall Plan 3128: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984:Eastern Front 2981: 2978: 2977:Western Front 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2871:Puppet states 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2813:Naval history 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2760:United States 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2349: 2347:9780804701525 2343: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914:1-85973-279-8 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662:0-231-11200-9 1659: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1639:0-8298-1699-2 1635: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1531:Verzetsmuseum 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432:Trix Terwindt 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399:Hannie Schaft 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379:Father Raskin 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318:George Maduro 1316: 1313: 1312:Johan Limpers 1310: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245:Suzy van Hall 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233:Paul de Groot 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212:, founder of 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204:Jan van Gilse 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070:Market Garden 1066: 1061: 1053: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 957: 955: 954: 949: 946: 938: 936: 934: 930: 928: 923: 919: 918: 913: 908: 905:. SS General 904: 899: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 870:Eastern Front 867: 863: 859: 856: 851: 849: 846: 845: 840: 836: 835:Anton Mussert 828: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:and three in 780: 776: 772: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 723: 718: 717: 712: 711: 706: 705: 698: 696: 692: 688: 683: 679: 672: 667: 660: 658: 656: 651: 647: 643: 642:Father Raskin 639: 635: 629: 626: 622: 614: 612: 610: 601: 599: 597: 593: 592:Anton Mussert 589: 585: 581: 575: 573: 564: 559: 555: 552: 548: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 527: 526: 524: 521:According to 519: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 493: 489: 483: 475: 473: 470: 466: 465: 460: 455: 449: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 393: 391: 386: 385: 379: 375: 367: 365: 361: 358: 354: 345: 341: 336: 333: 329: 324: 323:North Holland 320: 316: 315: 310: 309: 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281: 276: 272: 268: 263: 262: 261: 258: 256: 255:Karel Doorman 252: 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 222: 214: 212: 210: 209:Simon Bolivar 204: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191:Kristallnacht 183: 181: 179: 178: 173: 168: 166: 161: 155: 154:, or killed. 153: 147: 145: 141: 137: 129: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 112:Allied forces 108: 106: 102: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 66: 62: 57: 50: 46: 43: 42:United States 39: 34: 30: 19: 6060:Soviet Union 6039: 5825:Bibliography 5808: 5621:Project Hula 5586:Vistula–Oder 5555: 5488: 5479: 5463: 5433: 5382: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5314: 5211: 5126: 5102: 5072: 4823: 4716: 4661:North Africa 4363:Soviet Union 4317:Soviet Union 4243:Soviet Union 4193: 4011:Vatican City 3921:Vichy France 3826:German Reich 3723:Soviet Union 3709:South Africa 3702:Sierra Leone 3655:Newfoundland 3474:Participants 3457:Marocchinate 3161: 3152: 3122: 3000:North Africa 2961:Indian Ocean 2820:Nazi plunder 2711:Cryptography 2584:World War II 2470: 2456: 2442: 2424: 2416: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2351:. 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Retrieved 1588: 1581: 1572:L. de Jong: 1554: 1529: 1514:Englandspiel 1512: 1500: 1465:Koos Vorrink 1447:Tina Strobos 1352:Jaap Penraat 1301:Anton de Kom 1269:Jan van Hoof 1257:Rachel Harel 1213: 1183: 1126: 1110: 1104: 1096: 1069: 1057: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1017: 999:Radio Oranje 997: 992: 964: 958: 951: 942: 925: 915: 900: 892: 888: 877:Scheveningen 874: 861: 854: 852: 842: 838: 832: 823:Oschersleben 771:Stoottroepen 770: 768: 735:onderduikers 734: 728: 720: 714: 708: 702: 699: 675: 630: 618: 605: 576: 568: 557: 550: 543: 531: 520: 505: 496: 485: 462: 454:church taxes 450: 435: 420: 398: 394: 382: 371: 362: 353:Adolf Hitler 349: 331: 312: 306: 278: 259: 247: 243: 231:Junkers 52/3 224: 208: 205: 198: 187: 175: 169: 165:illegaliteit 164: 156: 148: 144:onderduikers 143: 133: 119: 109: 104: 93: 72: 70: 29: 6040:Netherlands 5556:Bodenplatte 5442:Gothic Line 4668:West Africa 4215:Philippines 4194:Netherlands 4059:Czech lands 3997:Switzerland 3941:Afghanistan 3892:Philippines 3760:Puerto Rico 3676:Philippines 3662:New Zealand 3648:Netherlands 3601:Free France 3352:Prosecution 3153:Osoaviakhim 3023:West Africa 3007:East Africa 2654:Conferences 2305:(2): 61–62. 1956:1 September 1426:Han Stijkel 1357:Henri Pieck 1324:Lau Mazirel 1227:Karl Gröger 1168:Wieke Bosch 1133:Aart Alblas 1107:Bloemendaal 973:and Bob or 922:Putten raid 743:German Jews 704:De Waarheid 655:Edith Stein 596:Silbertanne 558:Orde Dienst 514:formed the 431:Putten raid 399:It was the 317:connecting 314:Afsluitdijk 280:Grebbe line 249:During the 136:Loe de Jong 6135:Categories 6092:Yugoslavia 6035:Luxembourg 5877:by country 5656:West Hunan 5489:Pointblank 4825:Silver Fox 4811:Summer War 4564:Winter War 4543:Phoney War 4324:Azerbaijan 4285:Yugoslavia 4180:Luxembourg 4022:Resistance 3769:Yugoslavia 3634:Luxembourg 3436:Sook Ching 3232:War crimes 2834:Technology 2827:Opposition 2769:Lend-Lease 2746:Australian 2739:Home front 2697:Blitzkrieg 2647:Casualties 2638:Commanders 2610:Operations 2465:1521902240 2283:0749303786 2257:21 January 2227:21 January 1811:21 January 1538:References 1215:Het Parool 1198:Anne Frank 1121:See also: 1073:liberated 1028:Het Parool 948:Wilhelmina 731:Anne Frank 722:Het Parool 480:See also: 409:communists 289:Amersfoort 130:Definition 105:Ordedienst 6116:See also: 6102:Macedonia 6030:Lithuania 5721:Manchuria 5607:Indochina 5383:Bagration 4834:Lithuania 4479:Anschluss 4276:Viet Minh 4173:Lithuania 4115:Hong Kong 3885:Manchukuo 3840:Azad Hind 3499:Australia 3299:Aftermath 3162:Paperclip 3057:Aftermath 2857:Total war 2725:Diplomacy 2688:In Europe 1742:1 October 1664:page 422. 1259:, courier 1180:Diet Eman 1075:Eindhoven 885:Binnenhof 881:The Hague 819:Brunswick 815:Magdeburg 803:Roosteren 763:Oldenzaal 497:De Geuzen 469:Austrians 464:Wehrmacht 405:Catholics 319:Friesland 285:Amsterdam 271:Rotterdam 235:Gibraltar 116:Holocaust 83:) to the 6107:Slovenia 6083:Taganrog 5988:Slovakia 5970:Bulgaria 5917:Bulgaria 5832:Category 5781:document 5691:document 5548:Ardennes 5532:Budapest 5480:Crossbow 5358:Overlord 5197:Smolensk 4415:Timeline 4250:Slovakia 4236:Thailand 4087:Ethiopia 4052:Bulgaria 3976:Portugal 3914:Thailand 3796:Bulgaria 3574:Eswatini 3567:Ethiopia 3520:Bulgaria 3345:Unit 731 3306:Response 3123:Keelhaul 3073:Cold War 3046:Americas 3037:timeline 3030:Atlantic 2910:Theaters 2543:Archived 2530:Archived 2492:Archived 2411:in JSTOR 2353:21 April 2197:12 April 2170:Archived 2151:Archived 1986:21 April 1929:Archived 1876:21 April 1848:Archived 1829:Archived 1781:10 March 1752:cite web 1689:Archived 1605:21 April 1495:See also 1194:Jan Gies 1079:Nijmegen 1004:leaflets 689:was the 623:and the 615:Churches 332:Totendam 6097:Croatia 6074:Russia 6070:Moldova 6065:Belarus 6055:Romania 6010:Germany 6000:Estonia 5995:Denmark 5965:Belgium 5960:Austria 5955:Albania 5939:Ukraine 5934:Romania 5758:Shumshu 5525:Hungary 5472:Estonia 5456:Lapland 5434:Dragoon 5367:Neptune 5349:Ichi-Go 5315:Tempest 5257:Changde 5212:Cottage 5104:Jubilee 4820:Finland 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