686:) respectively. Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color television signal formats which have no relevance in the digital domain (as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems). However, the DVD system was originally designed to encode the information necessary to reproduce signals in these formats, and the terms continue to be used (incorrectly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution. However, an "NTSC", "PAL" or "SECAM" DVD player that has one or more analog composite video output (baseband or modulated) will only produce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, from those outputs, and may only play DVDs identified with the corresponding format.
1339:. A December 2000 report from the ACCC advised consumers to "exercise caution when purchasing a DVD video player because of the restrictions that limit their ability to play imported DVDs." The report stated, "These restrictions are artificially imposed by a group of multinational film entertainment companies and are not caused by the existing differences in television display formats such as PAL, NTSC and SECAM The ACCC is currently investigating whether Australian consumers are paying higher prices for DVDs because of the ability of copyright owners, such as film companies, to prevent competition by restricting imports from countries where the same (authorised) video titles are sold more cheaply." In 2012, a report from
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region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.
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694:, which uses the refresh rate and resolution commonly associated with NTSC). SECAM, a format associated with French-speaking Europe, while using the same resolution and refresh rate as PAL, is a distinct format which uses a very different system of color encoding. Some DVD players can only play discs identified as NTSC, PAL or SECAM, while others can play multiple standards.
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describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate
Regions 1–8, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines by implementing a system known as "Regional Coding Enhancement" (RCE).
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converter box, whereas those in PAL countries generally require only a region-free player to view NTSC discs (with the possible exception of
Japanese discs in most European countries, since they are in the same region - this means European region 2 users could import Japanese discs and play them on their players without any obstacles.) There are also differences in
1145:), and Japan has 19024, or Hex 4a50 ("JP"); Canada has 17217 or Hex 4341 ("CA"). Although there are only three Blu-ray regions, the country code allows much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu-ray discs than the six (or eight) DVD regions. In Blu-ray discs, there are not any "special regions" like the regions 7 and 8 in DVDs.
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NTSC is the analog TV format historically associated with the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and other countries. PAL is the analog color TV format historically associated with most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New
Zealand, Israel, North
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of a film for public exhibition in a cinema has always been expensive, but a large number of release prints are needed only for a narrow window of time during the first few weeks after a film's release. Spreading out release dates allows for reuse of some release prints in other regions. For example,
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Many "multi-region" DVD players defeated regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc's region code or allowing the user to manually select a particular region. Some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some
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in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the file "VIDEO_TS.IFO" (table "VMGM_MAT"), byte offsets 34 and 35. The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to 1 (2), Region 2 to 2 (2), Region 3 to 4 (2), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128
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revealed that region-free DVD players were legal in
Australia, as they were exempt from the Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) included in the US Free Trade Agreement. Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection.
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Blu-ray regions are verified only by the player software, not by the computer system or the drive, not like DVD regions. The region code is stored in a file or the registry, and there are hacks to reset the region counter of the player software. In standalone players, the region code is part of and
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The scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could be defeated by briefly playing a "normal" region 1
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Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suitable for playback in Europe, Latin
America, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called "Region 0" and "ALL" discs are meant to be playable worldwide. The term "Region 0" also
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highlighted how DVD region-coding was a major inconvenience for travelers who have the desire to legally purchase DVDs worldwide and return with them to their countries of origin, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their country of origin, and foreign film fans.
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encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not
Regions 2–8 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128=254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4+16+32+64+128=244. A region-free or RCE-protected DVD will carry
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Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so-called auto-reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC-2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a
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In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL/SECAM countries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almost all DVD players sold in PAL/SECAM countries are capable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modern PAL TVs can handle the converted signal. NTSC discs may be output from a PAL DVD player in
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In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times. If the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive's controller software, called firmware.
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Region-code enhanced, also known as just "RCE" or "REA", was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material
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However, most NTSC players cannot play PAL discs, and most NTSC TVs do not accept 576i video signals as used on PAL/SECAM DVDs. Those in NTSC countries, such as the United States, generally require both a region-free, multi-standard player and a multi-standard television to view PAL discs, or a
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single market law concerning the free movement of goods caused a switch to region 2. European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded "D1" to "D4". "D1" are the UK only releases; "D2" and "D3" are not sold in the UK and
Ireland; "D4" are distributed throughout Europe. Overseas territories of the United
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encryption, and such access may not be available on some drives with RPC-2 firmware when playing a disc from a different region than the region to which the drive is locked. Most commercial players are locked to a region code, but can be easily changed with software.
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at the factory. This flag holds the region number that the machine is allowed to play. Region-free players are DVD players shipped without the ability to enforce regional lockout (usually by means of a chip that ignores any region coding), or without this flag set.
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Some drives may come set as region-free, so the user is expected to assign their region when they buy it. In this case, some DVD programs may prompt the user to select a region, while others may actually assign the region automatically based on the
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uses region 6, but Hong Kong and Macau use region 3. There are also two Blu-ray regions used: China uses region C, while Hong Kong and Macau use region A. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes, or are region 0.
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are Region A, some
American discs are not going to be played on devices/software installed in Japan or vice versa, due to the two countries having different country codes (the United States has 21843 or Hex 5553 ("US" in
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firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC-1 firmware, effectively making the drive region-free. This may void the drive's warranty.
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Most computer-based DVD software and hardware can play both NTSC and PAL video and both audio standards. Blu-ray players, which use up to 1080p signals, are backwards compatible with both NTSC and PAL DVDs.
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Also, the copyright in a title may be held by different entities in different territories. Region coding enables copyright holders to (attempt to) prevent a DVD from a region from which they do not derive
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use a much simpler region-code system than DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B and C. As with DVDs, many Blu-rays are encoded region 0 (region free), making them suitable for players worldwide.
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North Korea and South Korea have different DVD region codes (North Korea: region 5, South Korea: region 3), but use the same Blu-ray region code (region A). In China, two DVD region codes are used:
212:(RPC) system. However, region-free DVD players, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available, and many DVD players can be modified to be region-free, allowing playback of all discs.
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was the tradition of releasing a movie to cinemas and then for general rental or sale later in some countries than in others. This practice was historically common because before the advent of
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Egypt, Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa are in DVD region 2, while all other
African countries are in region 5, but all African countries are in the same Blu-ray region code (region B).
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The region coding of a DVD can be circumvented by making a copy that adds flags for all region codes, creating an all-region DVD. DVD backup software can do this, and some can also remove
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For bypassing region codes, there are software and multi-regional standalone players available. On the other hand, some standalone players can be modified to be region-free.
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Other software, known as DVD region killers, transparently remove (or hide) the DVD region code from the software player. Some can also work around locked RPC-2 firmware.
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A new form of Blu-ray region coding tests not only the region of the player/player software, but also its country code. This means, for example, while both
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Videotapes were inherently regional since formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as
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Worldwide. Region free is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set.
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disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE also caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.
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which as of 14 March 2001 were investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of
European competition law.
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consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2 can be modified to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of
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from being played on a DVD player inside their region. Region coding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from one region into another.
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1715:"Rulemaking hearing: Exemptions from prohibitions on circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works"
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are region free for video games, though add-on content on the online store is region locked and must match the region of the disc.
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Kingdom and France (both in region 2) often have other regions (4 or 5, depending on geographical situation) than their homelands.
650:. DVDs are less restricted in that sense. Region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs.
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use both region 2 and 5 codes, having previously been in region 5 (because of their history as part of the USSR), but
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Resetting the firmware count can be done with first- or third-party software tools, or by reflashing (see above) to
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technique introduced in 1997. It is designed to allow rights holders to control the international distribution of a
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Worldwide. These discs have all region-1-through-8 flags set, allowing the discs to be played in all regions.
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Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship, such as the Region 1 DVD of the 1999
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However, if the player is not region-free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the
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was available on DVD in the United Kingdom before it was released in theaters in the United States.
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Region coding has been criticized for facilitating unlawful market control strategies, such as
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Closed Borders and Open Secrets: Regional Lockout, the Film Industry and Code-Free DVD Players
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UltraHD (4K) Blu-Ray discs are region-free as they're generally encoded as worldwide region.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1935:(note: open one of the attachments and search for "RPC" to find the relevant section).
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1670:"DVD FAQ: Is DVD Video a Worldwide Standard? Does it Work with NTSC, PAL and SECAM?"
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carry both region 1 and 4 codes. Some are region 1 only after 2006 to coincide with
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DVDs may use one code, multiple codes (multi-region), or all codes (region free).
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DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems:
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One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. One practice of
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1972:"SPEECH/01/275: Content, Competition and Consumers: Innovation and Choice"
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which contains the digital manipulations needed for the film to secure an
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used to be prohibitively expensive. Most importantly, manufacturing a
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Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 01 December 2008) section 226 part b
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1475:"Burning Question: Why do We Still Have Region Codes for DVDS?"
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can make copies of region-coded DVDs without RCE restriction.
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also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the
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Korea, and other countries (Brazil adopted the variant
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Usually a configuration flag is set in each player's
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recent models, it appears to be disabled by default.
1720:. May 15, 2003. p. 287, line 18. Archived from
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1661:
1521:"DVD FAQ: DVD utilities and region-free information"
508:-related DVDs and "media copies" of pre-releases in
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
830:drive that has never had its region code changed.
1993:Probes into Regional DVD Imperils Studio Strategy
2029:Blu-ray and DVD Region Codes and Video Standards
1912:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
1333:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
886:(2). The values of each region that the disc is
2013:Mediascape: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies
1832:"Ultra HD Blu-ray: everything you need to know"
891:the value zero, since no regions are excluded.
612:which was threatened by the advent of digital
8:
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622:releasing a movie at the same time worldwide
1807:"Sony BDP-S3700 Region Free Blu-ray Player"
745:using NTSC encoded composite video/S-Video.
2035:DVD region information with regards to RCE
1319:. Sale of region-coded DVDs is illegal in
1894:. March 27, 2001. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
1158:Universal Media Disc § Region coding
758:) and display frame rate (29.97 vs. 25).
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
34:, for managing the global radio spectrum.
1354:The practice was also criticized by the
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222:
2041:Region Coding - Explanations & Help
1746:Does VLC support DVDs from all regions?
1561:. Barrel-of-monkeys.com. Archived from
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754:(720 × 480 vs. 720 × 576 with the same
1974:(Press release). Europa. June 11, 2000
1170:Region 0: Any disc is played worldwide
1162:For the UMD, a disc type used for the
224:DVD region codes and geographic scope
1908:"Consumers in Dark about DVD Imports"
7:
1946:"Are region-free DVD players legal?"
1672:. Dvddemystified.com. Archived from
1523:. Dvddemystified.com. Archived from
101:adding citations to reliable sources
1588:. Michaeldvd.com.au. Archived from
1612:"Cheap DVD players come at a cost"
881:In common region-locked DVDs (but
846:DVD players ignore region coding.
30:Not to be confused with the three
25:
1879:"Restricting DVD's Illegal: ACCC"
1761:. Dvd-replica.com. Archived from
1337:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
1257:(without Egypt or South Africa),
1785:"Sony Playstation 2 Region Code"
1759:"DVD Basic Data Structure Guide"
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1267:Region 6: Any disc is played in
1233:Region 5: Any disc is played in
1223:Region 4: Any disc is played in
1205:Region 3: Any disc is played in
1183:Region 2: Any disc is played in
1173:Region 1: Any disc is played in
957:Blu-ray Disc § Region codes
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41:
1546:Regional Coding Enhancement FAQ
766:Implementations of region codes
88:needs additional citations for
2047:Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide
1495:Luh, James C. (June 1, 2001).
1:
818:set in the operating system.
519:International venues such as
1444:DVD Copy Control Association
1439:Broadcast television systems
1275:Criticism and legal concerns
307:British Overseas Territories
206:DVD Copy Control Association
1586:"Regional Code Enhancement"
1497:"Breaking Down DVD Borders"
1481:. Vol. 19, no. 5.
197:This is achieved by way of
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1122:enforced by the firmware.
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219:Region codes and countries
29:
2062:Digital rights management
1644:The Sydney Morning Herald
1617:The Sydney Morning Herald
1342:The Sydney Morning Herald
1292:This section needs to be
943:Blu-ray Disc region codes
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210:Regional Playback Control
188:digital rights management
2043:from The DVDCodes Source
876:disabled user operations
1860:. Cyber.law.harvard.edu
1757:DVD-Replica Media LLC.
1508:(subscription required)
706:encoded format such as
2037:from Home Theater Info
1642:. The Tribal Mind (of
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771:Standalone DVD players
698:three different ways:
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27:Characteristic of DVDs
2077:Hardware restrictions
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801:Older DVD drives use
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1584:Michael Demtschyna.
1164:PlayStation Portable
834:Software DVD players
579:Region-code enhanced
97:improve this article
1914:. December 21, 2000
1502:The Washington Post
1368:The Washington Post
1356:European Commission
895:Video game consoles
797:Computer DVD drives
225:
2015:, Vol. 1, Number 2
1948:. 8 February 2012.
1884:2007-06-16 at the
1700:2017-01-13 at the
1676:on August 22, 2009
1527:on August 22, 2009
1403:Electronics portal
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756:image aspect ratio
752:pixel aspect ratio
662:PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC
552:Most DVDs sold in
391:French West Indies
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1995:, Paul Sweeting,
1858:"Openlaw DVD FAQ"
1646:). March 30, 2005
1640:"The DVD Doctors"
1431:Television portal
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594:Computer programs
540:DVDs sold in the
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407:Wallis and Futuna
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1891:The Australian
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1838:. 19 July 2021
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1304:December 2021
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153:November 2011
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114: –
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108:Find sources:
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86:This article
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74:
65:
62:December 2021
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2012:
2011:, Brian Hu,
2004:
1996:
1988:
1978:December 16,
1976:. Retrieved
1966:
1954:
1940:
1928:
1918:December 29,
1916:. Retrieved
1889:
1874:
1864:December 29,
1862:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1791:November 14,
1789:. Retrieved
1779:
1769:November 14,
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1752:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1709:
1690:
1680:December 29,
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1648:. Retrieved
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1596:December 29,
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1579:
1569:December 29,
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1553:
1541:
1531:December 29,
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1519:Jim Taylor.
1514:
1500:
1478:
1473:Ryan, Mike.
1468:
1449:Geo-blocking
1376:
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1317:price fixing
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1197:South Africa
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1100:, and their
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1051:dependencies
1049:, and their
992:dependencies
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327:South Africa
229:Region code
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126:
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107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
59:
51:
1842:30 December
1816:30 December
1417:Film portal
1321:New Zealand
1259:North Korea
1215:South Korea
1193:Middle East
1047:New Zealand
868:Macrovision
844:open source
478:North Korea
383:Puerto Rico
349:South Korea
315:Middle East
261:Puerto Rico
202:DVD players
192:DVD release
179:DVD regions
32:ITU regions
2056:Categories
1836:What Hi-Fi
1650:August 22,
1624:August 22,
1460:References
1374:drama film
1143:ISO 3166-1
1094:Kazakhstan
1078:South Asia
1037:, most of
990:and their
826:firmware.
614:home video
598:DVD Shrink
529:spacecraft
470:South Asia
123:newspapers
18:Dvd region
1219:Hong Kong
1201:Greenland
1043:Australia
1035:West Asia
1004:Hong Kong
656:royalties
629:the film
387:Caribbean
357:Hong Kong
303:Greenland
1882:Archived
1698:Archived
1389:See also
1263:Mongolia
1251:Pakistan
1110:ABC/FREE
1074:Mongolia
988:Americas
933:Xbox One
917:modchips
905:Xbox 360
878:(UOps).
840:freeware
777:firmware
734:encoded
596:such as
521:aircraft
474:Mongolia
438:Eswatini
428:(except
397:(except
389:(except
377:(except
319:Eswatini
285:(except
1997:Variety
1731:June 1,
1327:Oceania
1294:updated
1243:Belarus
1239:Ukraine
1225:Oceania
1098:Moldova
1086:Ukraine
1082:Belarus
740:S-Video
604:Purpose
462:Ukraine
458:Belarus
450:Réunion
446:Mayotte
434:Lesotho
395:Oceania
393:), and
323:Lesotho
295:Ukraine
287:Belarus
269:Bermuda
259:(incl.
239:0 / ALL
137:scholar
52:updated
1350:Europe
1261:, and
1255:Africa
1235:Russia
1217:, and
1211:Taiwan
1199:, and
1185:Europe
1130:the US
1090:Russia
1039:Europe
1031:Africa
1014:, and
996:Taiwan
935:, and
874:, and
816:locale
732:PAL 60
730:using
704:chroma
554:Mexico
527:, and
476:, and
454:Russia
426:Africa
411:Hawaii
409:, and
359:, and
353:Taiwan
329:, and
291:Russia
283:Europe
267:, and
265:Canada
186:are a
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
1725:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
1479:Wired
1269:China
1247:India
1189:Japan
1175:North
1139:ASCII
1134:Japan
1070:China
1012:Korea
1008:Macau
1000:Japan
973:Area
838:Most
824:RPC-1
807:RPC-2
803:RPC-1
790:hacks
711:SCART
692:PAL-M
684:SECAM
430:Egypt
361:Macau
331:Japan
232:Area
144:JSTOR
130:books
1980:2011
1920:2010
1866:2010
1844:2023
1818:2023
1793:2010
1771:2010
1733:2009
1682:2010
1652:2007
1626:2007
1598:2010
1571:2010
1533:2010
1331:The
1227:and
1177:and
1132:and
986:The
911:and
901:Xbox
899:The
842:and
676:NTSC
672:576i
668:480i
642:and
640:NTSC
510:Asia
506:MPAA
448:and
381:and
297:and
116:news
2067:DVD
1062:/3
1027:/2
983:/1
888:not
883:not
872:CSS
852:CSS
848:VLC
713:or
708:RGB
680:PAL
644:PAL
564:A.
452:),
385:),
301:),
299:CIS
263:),
99:by
2058::
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1660:^
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546:EU
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1982:.
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1868:.
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1302:(
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1059:C
1024:B
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160:(
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151:(
141:·
134:·
127:·
120:·
93:.
64:)
60:(
54:.
20:)
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