31:
166:, small objects (consisting of dark matter and gas) were the first to form. Because of their mutual gravitational attraction, some of these will coalesce and merge, forming more massive objects. Further mergers lead to ever more massive objects. The process of coalescence could lead to the present-day galaxies, and has been called "hierarchical merging". If this hypothesis is correct, dwarf galaxies may be the building blocks of today's
1278:
1290:
1330:
1354:
1342:
190:
provide evidence that dE galaxies were once spiral galaxies prior to a transformation process requiring immersion with a cluster of galaxies. CG 611 has a gas disk which counter-rotates to its stellar disk, clearly revealing that this dE galaxy's disk is growing via accretion events. If CG 611 was to fall into a galaxy cluster,
1318:
194:
by the cluster's halo of hot X-ray gas would strip away CG 611's gas disk and leave a gas-poor dE galaxy that immediately resembles the other dEs in the cluster. That is, no removal of stars nor re-shaping of the galaxy within the dense galaxy cluster environment would be required, undermining
189:
At the same time, the galaxy harassment scenario can not be the full picture. The highly isolated dwarf elliptical galaxy CG 611 possesses the same physical attributes as dE galaxies in clusters – such as coherent rotation and faint spiral arms – attributes that were previously assumed to
186:". Evidence for this latter hypothesis has been claimed due to stellar disks and weak spiral arms seen in some dEs. Under this alternative hypothesis, the anaemic spiral arms and disk are a modified version of the original stellar disk of the now transformed spiral galaxy.
181:
that obtained a rounder shape through the action of repeated gravitational interactions with ordinary galaxies within a cluster. This process of changing a galaxy's morphology by interactions, and the removal of much of its stellar disk, has been called
147:(which quantifies the shape of the surface brightness profile) as a function of galaxy luminosity. This is interpreted as showing that dwarf elliptical and ordinary elliptical galaxies belong to a single sequence.
427:"Implications for the origin of early-type dwarf galaxies: A detailed look at the isolated, rotating, early-type dwarf galaxy LEDA 2108986 (CG 611), ramifications for the fundamental plane's
1100:
1147:
137:, while dEs were approximated with an exponentially declining surface brightness profile. However, both types fit well by a more general function, known as
797:
262:"HST photometry of dwarf elliptical galaxies in Coma, and an explanation for the alleged structural dichotomy between dwarf and bright elliptical galaxies"
93:
by resolving them into individual stars, thanks to their relatively little distance. In the 1950s, dEs were also discovered in the nearby
1389:
530:
224:
1213:
1374:
1132:
513:
376:"Implications for the origin of early-type dwarf galaxies – the discovery of rotation in isolated, low-mass early-type galaxies"
1218:
945:
1379:
1115:
1308:
1233:
1188:
996:
585:
580:
553:
914:
151:
1198:
1110:
1105:
1011:
907:
865:
575:
548:
69:"Dwarf elliptical" galaxies should not be confused with the rare "compact elliptical" galaxy class, of which
1384:
1193:
1178:
1125:
784:
772:
767:
681:
646:
617:
209:
696:
595:
132:
1223:
1120:
822:
30:
1253:
1203:
1038:
950:
686:
570:
506:
460:
397:
340:
283:
1358:
1016:
924:
855:
747:
622:
214:
1289:
1346:
1334:
1248:
1243:
1228:
1183:
1152:
1137:
1055:
1023:
860:
812:
802:
478:
450:
387:
356:
330:
299:
273:
183:
110:
1281:
1263:
1238:
1208:
1087:
929:
919:
902:
834:
663:
629:
590:
543:
219:
171:
128:
46:
1293:
1095:
1070:
1050:
1045:
1033:
887:
708:
641:
468:
405:
348:
291:
229:
163:
74:
1142:
1065:
757:
730:
701:
653:
499:
138:
17:
464:
401:
344:
287:
261:
162:
Dwarf ellipticals may be primordial objects. Within the currently favoured cosmological
1006:
839:
742:
737:
691:
634:
94:
58:
1368:
1162:
1028:
991:
762:
725:
713:
565:
560:
178:
167:
98:
482:
318:
303:
248:
1322:
1157:
1060:
1001:
986:
892:
817:
612:
602:
360:
204:
191:
78:
54:
1258:
1075:
965:
955:
752:
718:
658:
538:
90:
473:
426:
960:
897:
70:
970:
410:
375:
335:
278:
177:
An alternative suggestion is that dEs could be the remnants of low-mass
86:
82:
807:
792:
522:
352:
50:
1317:
455:
392:
295:
880:
875:
870:
827:
29:
495:
319:"Galaxy harassment and the evolution of clusters of galaxies"
491:
150:
An even-fainter type of elliptical-like galaxies, called
1306:
195:
the idea that dE galaxies were once spiral galaxies.
170:
galaxies, which in turn are thought to merge to form
439:
kinematic scaling, and the spin-ellipticity diagram"
1171:
1086:
979:
938:
848:
783:
674:
529:
380:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
61:, and are usually companions to other galaxies.
1148:List of the most distant astronomical objects
507:
8:
127:The surface brightness profiles of ordinary
124:fainter than ordinary elliptical galaxies.
514:
500:
492:
49:that are smaller than ordinary elliptical
27:Elliptical galaxy smaller than normal ones
472:
454:
409:
391:
334:
277:
260:Graham, A. & Guzman, R. (June 2003).
105:Relation to other elliptical galaxy types
1313:
240:
154:, may be a genuinely distinct class.
34:The dwarf elliptical galaxy PGC 29388
7:
109:Dwarf elliptical galaxies have blue
249:Dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster
225:Galaxy morphological classification
425:Graham, A.W.; et al. (2017).
25:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1288:
1277:
1276:
131:was formerly approximated using
317:Moore, B.; et al. (1996).
143:, and there is a continuity of
1219:Galaxy formation and evolution
1214:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
374:Janz, J.; et al. (2017).
1:
81:confirmed dwarf ellipticals
77:, is the prototype. In 1944
1101:Galaxies named after people
53:. They are quite common in
1406:
1390:Galaxy morphological types
1234:Gravitational microlensing
1189:Galactic coordinate system
134:de Vaucouleur's model
1375:Dwarf elliptical galaxies
1272:
152:dwarf spheroidal galaxies
39:Dwarf elliptical galaxies
18:Dwarf elliptical galaxies
1199:Galactic magnetic fields
1012:Brightest cluster galaxy
908:Luminous infrared galaxy
474:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6e56
266:The Astronomical Journal
1194:Galactic habitable zone
1179:Extragalactic astronomy
768:Supermassive black hole
682:Active galactic nucleus
210:Dwarf spheroidal galaxy
946:Low surface brightness
697:Central massive object
192:ram-pressure stripping
35:
1224:Galaxy rotation curve
443:Astrophysical Journal
73:, a satellite of the
33:
1259:Population III stars
1254:Intergalactic travel
1204:Galactic orientation
1071:Voids and supervoids
411:10.1093/mnras/stx634
1380:Elliptical galaxies
1249:Intergalactic stars
1138:Large quasar groups
1133:Groups and clusters
997:Groups and clusters
856:Lyman-alpha emitter
748:Interstellar medium
465:2017ApJ...840...68G
402:2017MNRAS.468.2850J
345:1996Natur.379..613M
288:2003AJ....125.2936G
215:Dwarf spiral galaxy
129:elliptical galaxies
111:absolute magnitudes
47:elliptical galaxies
1244:Intergalactic dust
1229:Gravitational lens
1184:Galactic astronomy
1153:Starburst galaxies
893:blue compact dwarf
849:Energetic galaxies
813:BL Lacertae object
247:G. Reaves (1956),
89:as members of the
36:
1304:
1303:
1264:Galaxy X (galaxy)
1239:Illustris project
1209:Galactic quadrant
930:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
920:Green bean galaxy
915:Hot dust-obscured
866:Luminous infrared
630:Elliptical galaxy
329:(6566): 613–616.
220:Elliptical galaxy
184:galaxy harassment
172:giant ellipticals
113:within the range
16:(Redirected from
1397:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1292:
1280:
1279:
925:Hanny's Voorwerp
835:Relativistic jet
709:Dark matter halo
516:
509:
502:
493:
487:
486:
476:
458:
438:
437:
430:
422:
416:
415:
413:
395:
386:(3): 2850–2864.
371:
365:
364:
353:10.1038/379613a0
338:
336:astro-ph/9510034
314:
308:
307:
281:
279:astro-ph/0303391
272:(6): 2936–2958.
257:
251:
245:
230:Irregular galaxy
164:Lambda-CDM model
123:
118:
75:Andromeda Galaxy
21:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
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1329:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1268:
1167:
1082:
975:
934:
844:
779:
758:Galaxy filament
702:Galactic Center
670:
525:
520:
490:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
424:
423:
419:
373:
372:
368:
316:
315:
311:
259:
258:
254:
246:
242:
238:
201:
179:spiral galaxies
160:
122:< −14 :
121:
116:
114:
107:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:Dwarf galaxies
1382:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
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1299:
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1128:
1123:
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1108:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
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1080:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Stellar stream
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
983:
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977:
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973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
936:
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905:
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795:
789:
787:
781:
780:
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745:
743:Galactic ridge
740:
738:Galactic plane
735:
734:
733:
723:
722:
721:
711:
706:
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704:
694:
689:
684:
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583:
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511:
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489:
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434:
417:
366:
309:
296:10.1086/374992
252:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
200:
197:
159:
156:
140:Sersic's model
119:
106:
103:
99:Virgo clusters
66:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
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1200:
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1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Superclusters
1156:
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1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
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1102:
1099:
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1091:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Superclusters
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
992:Galactic tide
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Ultra diffuse
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
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833:
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819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
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799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
785:Active nuclei
782:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
764:
761:
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751:
749:
746:
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621:
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604:
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579:
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569:
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528:
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510:
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498:
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466:
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457:
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421:
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412:
407:
403:
399:
394:
389:
385:
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377:
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337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
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305:
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293:
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267:
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216:
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148:
146:
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136:
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125:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
55:galaxy groups
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1359:Solar System
1294:
1282:
1017:fossil group
939:Low activity
773:Ultramassive
607:
603:Dwarf galaxy
586:intermediate
581:grand design
446:
442:
420:
383:
379:
369:
326:
322:
312:
269:
265:
255:
243:
205:Dwarf galaxy
188:
176:
168:large spiral
161:
149:
145:Sersic index
144:
139:
133:
126:
108:
79:Walter Baade
68:
42:
38:
37:
1347:Outer space
1335:Spaceflight
1076:void galaxy
1039:cannibalism
1024:Interacting
980:Interaction
966:Blue Nugget
956:Dark galaxy
861:Lyman-break
753:Protogalaxy
719:Disc galaxy
91:Local Group
1369:Categories
1116:Polar-ring
961:Red nugget
903:faint blue
763:Spiral arm
618:spheroidal
608:elliptical
591:Magellanic
576:flocculent
544:Lenticular
531:Morphology
456:1705.03587
393:1703.04975
236:References
1051:Satellite
1046:Jellyfish
1034:collision
971:Dead disk
888:Starburst
803:Markarian
675:Structure
642:Irregular
613:irregular
449:(2): 68.
115:−18 <
1283:Category
1172:See also
1096:Galaxies
823:X-shaped
654:Peculiar
596:unbarred
554:unbarred
523:Galaxies
483:54018338
304:13284968
199:See also
65:Examples
59:clusters
51:galaxies
1309:Portals
1143:Quasars
1111:Nearest
1106:Largest
1007:cluster
840:Seyfert
461:Bibcode
398:Bibcode
361:4303659
341:Bibcode
284:Bibcode
158:Origins
87:NGC 185
83:NGC 147
1295:Portal
1126:Spiral
1029:merger
808:Quasar
793:Blazar
731:corona
647:barred
623:spiral
571:barred
566:anemic
561:Spiral
549:barred
481:
359:
323:Nature
302:
95:Fornax
45:) are
1323:Stars
1163:Voids
1088:Lists
1066:Walls
1002:group
987:Field
881:ELIRG
876:HLIRG
871:ULIRG
828:DRAGN
818:Radio
798:LINER
692:Bulge
664:Polar
479:S2CID
451:arXiv
388:arXiv
357:S2CID
331:arXiv
300:S2CID
274:arXiv
1121:Ring
726:Halo
714:Disc
659:Ring
539:Disc
174:.
97:and
85:and
57:and
898:pea
687:Bar
469:doi
447:840
406:doi
384:468
349:doi
327:379
292:doi
270:125
71:M32
43:dEs
1371::
635:cD
477:.
467:.
459:.
445:.
441:.
404:.
396:.
382:.
378:.
355:.
347:.
339:.
325:.
321:.
298:.
290:.
282:.
268:.
264:.
101:.
1311::
515:e
508:t
501:v
485:.
471::
463::
453::
435:K
429:S
414:.
408::
400::
390::
363:.
351::
343::
333::
306:.
294::
286::
276::
182:"
120:V
117:M
41:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
