960:
893:
909:
944:
38:
98:
288:. This is the direction in which the crust is under the weakest compression and so requires the least work to fracture. At shallow depths, where the rock is brittle, the pressurized magma progressively fractures the rock as it advances upwards. Even if the magma is only slightly pressurized compared with the surrounding rock, tremendous stress is concentrated on the tip of the propagating fracture. In effect, the magma wedges apart the brittle rock in a process called
666:. For example, Jurassic dike swarms in New England, northern England, and the west coast of Scotland record the early opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Dike swarms are forming in the present day along the divergent plate boundary running through Iceland. Dike swarms often have a great cumulative thickness: Dikes in Iceland average 3 to 5 meters in width, but one 53-kilometer stretch of coast has about 1000 dikes with total thickness of 3 kilometers. The world's largest
928:
707:
596:
690:
rock. The density drops to 5 to 50 per kilometer away from the center of the rift zone before abruptly dropping to very few dikes. It is likely that the number of dikes must increase with depth, reaching a typical value of 300 to 350 per kilometer at the level of the ocean floor. In some respects, these dike swarms resemble those of western
Scotland associated with the flood eruptions that preceded the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
745:
2246:
292:. At greater depths, where the rock is hotter and less brittle, the magma forces the rock aside along brittle shear planes oriented 35 degrees to the sides of the dock. This bulldozer-like action produces a blunter dike tip. At the greatest depths, the shear planes become ductile faults, angled 45 degree from the sides of the dike. At depths where the rock is completely plastic, a
823:
685:) are exposed in the eroded rift zones of Hawaiian volcanoes. As with most other magmatic dikes, these were fissures through which lava reached the surface. The swarms are typically 2.5 to 5 km in width, with individual dikes about a meter in width. The dike swarms extend radially out from volcano summits and parallel to the long axis of the volcanic shield. Sills and
640:
586:
where lava erupts along the entire length of a fissure several kilometers long. However, the length of erupting fissure diminishes over time, becoming focused on a short segment of less than half a kilometer. The minimum possible width of a dike is determined by the balance between magma movement and
243:
perpendicular to the margins. Here the dike rock fractures into columns as it cools and contracts. These are usually 5- to 6-sided, but 3- to 4-sided columns are also common. These are fairly uniform in size within a single dike, but range from a few centimeters to over 0.3 meters across in different
195:
dike set of New
England. This dike set consists of individual dikes that are typically four kilometers in length at the surface and up to 60 meters wide. These short segments form longer groups extending for around 10 km. The entire set of dikes forms a line extending for 250 km. Individual
554:
velocity of the host rock (essentially, the speed of sound in the rock). This formula predicts that dikes will be longer and narrower at greater depths below the surface. The ratio of thickness to length is around 0.01 to 0.001 near the surface, but at depth it ranges from 0.001 to 0.0001. A surface
299:
The walls of dikes often fit closely back together, providing strong evidence that the dike formed by dilatation of a fissure. However, a few large dikes, such as the 120-meter-thick
Medford dike in Maine, US, or the 500-meter-thick Gardar dike in Greenland, show no dilatation. These may have formed
689:
are occasionally present in the complexes. They are abruptly truncated at the margins of summit calderas. Typically, there are about 50 to 100 dikes per kilometer at the center of the rift zone, though the density can be as high as 500 per kilometer and the dikes then make up half the volume of the
630:
After the initial formation of a dike, subsequent injections of magma are most likely to take place along the center of the dike. If the previous dike rock has cooled significantly, the subsequent injection can be characterized by fracturing of the old dike rock and the formation of chilled margins
280:
At the shallowest depths, dikes form when magma rises into an existing fissure. In the young, shallow dikes of the
Hawaiian Islands, there is no indication of forceful intrusion of magma. For example, there is little penetration of magma into the walls of dikes even when the walls consist of highly
163:
The thickness of a dike is much smaller than its other two dimensions, and the opposite walls are roughly parallel, so that a dike is more or less constant in thickness. The thickness of different dikes can range from a few millimeters to hundreds of meters, but is most typically from about a meter
581:
Where there is rapid flow of molten magma through a fissure, the magma tends to erode the walls, either by melting the wall rock or by tearing off fragments of wall rock. This widens the fissure and increases flow. Where flow is less rapid, the magma may solidify next to the wall, narrowing the
770:
volcanism. These are distributed around a shallow magma chamber. Cone sheets form when magma is injected into a shallow magma chamber, which lifts and fractures the rock beds above it. The fractures take the form of a set of concentric cones dipping at a relatively shallow angle into the magma
697:
or intrusion. Though they appear to originate in the central intrusion, the dikes often have a different age and composition from the intrusion. These radial swarms may have formed over the intrusion and were later cut by the rising body of magma, or the crust was already experiencing regional
771:
chamber. When the caldera is subsequently emptied by explosive volcanic activity, the roof of the magma chamber collapses as a plug of rock surrounded by a ring fracture. Magma rising into the ring fracture produces a ring dike. Good examples of ring dikes and cone sheets are found in the
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176:
164:
to a few tens of meters. The lateral extent can be tens of kilometers, and dikes with a thickness of a few tens of meters or more commonly extend for over 100 km. Most dikes are steeply dipping; in other words, they are oriented nearly vertically. Subsequent
555:
dike 10 meters in thickness will extend about 3 km, while a dike of similar thickness at depth will extend about 30 km. This tendency of intruding magma to form shorter fissures at shallower depths has been put forward as an explanation of
653:
Sometimes dikes appear in swarms, consisting of several to hundreds of dikes emplaced more or less contemporaneously during a single intrusive event. Dike swarms are almost always composed of diabase and most often are associated with
281:
porous volcanic clinker, and little wall material breaks off into the molten magma. These fissures likely open as a result of bulging of the rock beds above a magma chamber that is being filled with magma from deeper in the crust.
413:
877:
is totally frozen. When cracks are formed in such rocks, they may fill up with sediments that fall in from above. The result is a vertical body of sediment that cuts through horizontal layers, a dike.
251:(frozen bubbles), but vesicles may be seen in the shallowest part of a dike. When vesicles are present, they tend to form bands parallel to walls and are elongated in direction of flow. Likewise,
892:
1198:
Re, Giuseppe; White, J.D.L.; Ort, M.H. (March 2015). "Dikes, sills, and stress-regime evolution during emplacement of the Jagged Rocks
Complex, Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Navajo Nation, USA".
196:
segments overlap, with the overlapping portions thinner, so that the combined thickness of the two overlapped portions is about the same as the thickness of a single segment. Other examples of
1139:
Cruden, A. R.; Weinberg, R. F. (2018-01-01). "Mechanisms of Magma
Transport and Storage in the Lower and Middle Crust—Magma Segregation, Ascent and Emplacement". In Burchardt, S. (ed.).
235:. The grain size varies systematically across the dike, with the coarsest grains normally at the center of the dike. Dikes formed at shallow depth commonly have a glassy or fine-grained
284:
However, open fractures can exist only near the surface. Magma deeper in the crust must force its way through the rock, always opening a path along a plane normal to the minimum
155:) are formed when the crust is pulled apart by tectonic forces. The dikes show the direction of extension, since they form at right angles to the direction of maximum extension.
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521:
563:
dikes have also been explained as a consequence of the direction of minimum principal stress changing as the magma ascends from deep to shallow levels in the crust.
485:
548:
1526:
736:. These sheeted dikes characteristically show a chilled margin on only one side, indicating that each dike was split in half by a subsequent eruption of magma.
455:
435:
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908:
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showing former segment overlaps. In ancient dikes in deformed rock, the bridges and horns are used by geologists to determine the direction of magma flow.
927:
615:
There may be more than one injection of magma along a given fissure. When multiple injections are all of similar composition, the dike is described as a
847:
Clastic dikes (also known as sedimentary dikes) are vertical bodies of sedimentary rock that cut off other rock layers. They can form in two ways:
320:
306:, in which the magma fractured and disintegrated the rock at its advancing tip rather than prying the rock apart. Other dikes may have formed by
1502:
1156:
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1 to 5 cm thick, formed where the magma was rapidly cooled by contact with the cold surrounding rock. Shallow dikes also typically show
144:
1235:"Dykes and structures of the NE rift of Tenerife, Canary Islands: a record of stabilisation and destabilisation of ocean island rift zones"
1826:
1233:
Delcamp, A.; Troll, V. R.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Carracedo, J. C.; Petronis, M. S.; PĂ©rez-Torrado, F. J.; Deegan, F. M. (2012-07-01).
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fissure and decreasing flow. This causes flow to become concentrated at a few points. At Hawaii, eruptions often begin with a
1549:
1078:
1040:
1611:
2249:
1569:
312:, in which fluids moving along a narrow fissure changed the chemical composition of the rock closest to the fissure.
143:
magma (fluid magma low in silica) reaches the surface. They are studied by geologists for the clues they provide on
2285:
2280:
663:
619:. However, subsequent injections are sometimes quite different in composition, and then the dike is described as a
315:
There is an approximate relationship between the width of a dike and its maximum extent, expressed by the formula:
2275:
1911:
1141:
Volcanic and
Igneous Plumbing Systems: Understanding Magma Transport, Storage, and Evolution in the Earth's Crust
834:
116:, that has resisted the erosion that removed some of the softer rock into which the dike was originally intruded
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1916:
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213:
1616:
37:
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fills a fracture in the older beds and then cools and solidifies. The dike rock is usually more resistant to
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1682:
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201:
2193:
1997:
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1756:
1736:
1636:
1606:
675:
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dikes, tending to be thicker in wider dikes. Larger columns are likely a consequence of slower cooling.
192:
148:
1429:
Pilkington, Mark; Roest, Walter R. (1998). "Removing varying directional trends in aeromagnetic data".
866:
overburden. Driven by the fluid pressure the sediment breaks through overlying layers and forms a dike.
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exposes the dike as a natural wall or ridge. It is from these natural walls that dikes get their name.
97:
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magma (fluid magma low in silica) usually reaches the surface through fissures, forming dikes.
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2122:
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is typically slightly coarser than basalt erupted at the surface, forming a rock type called
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255:(larger crystals) on the margins of the dike show an alignment in the direction of flow.
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This article is about the geological formation. For the flood control structure, see
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2017:
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When shallow unconsolidated sediment is composed of alternating coarse-grained and
842:
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811:
772:
655:
623:. The range of compositions in a composite dike can go all the way from diabase to
308:
121:
82:
41:
A magmatic dike (vertical) cross-cutting horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, in
2198:
2084:
2059:
2012:
2007:
1982:
1871:
1791:
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102:
1004: – Cracked dolerite dike in Sweden that was held to be a runic inscription
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1831:
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950:
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129:
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17:
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1341:
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183:
dike set at Jagged Rock, Arizona, US. The total dike length is about 1.45 km.
81:, either cutting across layers of rock or through a contiguous mass of rock.
2162:
2142:
2137:
2117:
2099:
2089:
1901:
1846:
1708:
1234:
995:
983:
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408:{\displaystyle {\frac {2w}{2b}}={\frac {2.25P_{ex}}{\rho _{host}V_{P}^{2}}}}
1492:
801:
in arctic Canada was fed by a large dike, with a thickness of 150 meters.
732:
that preserve the conduits through which magma reached the ocean floor at
2221:
2147:
224:
165:
106:
86:
1544:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1035:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 137–140.
27:
A sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
1954:
1906:
1851:
1103:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 28.
814:
plane, where rock beds were fractured and thrust up over younger beds.
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624:
232:
209:
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through which the dike propagates so that the dike becomes horizontal.
133:
50:
1450:
766:
Ring dikes and cone sheets are special types of dikes associated with
1821:
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1001:
966:
919:
600:
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293:
220:
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It is common for a set of dikes, each a few kilometers long, to form
169:
1031:
Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983).
266:
is a sheet intrusion that forms within and parallel to the bedding.
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638:
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274:
174:
140:
125:
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36:
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627:, as is observed in some dikes of Scotland and northern Ireland.
1876:
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1565:
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tension and the intrusion triggered formation of the fissures.
487:
is the excess pressure in the magma relative to the host rock;
1376:
1374:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
965:
Diorite dike intruding epidote amphibole schist in
Dalupirip,
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1122:
1120:
862:
inside the coarser layers may reach a critical value due to
139:
Dikes preserve a record of the fissures through which most
789:
is a dike that acted as a conduit for magma moving from a
1463:
1392:
1353:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1071:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
992: – Linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts
898:
Vertical basalt dikes cutting horizontal lava flows,
529:
493:
463:
443:
423:
323:
124:
that cuts across older rock beds. It is formed when
2212:
2179:
2161:
2108:
2036:
1973:
1930:
1706:
1665:
1599:
949:Sheeted clastic dike in Missoula flood slackwater
542:
515:
479:
449:
429:
407:
296:(a rising plug of magma) forms instead of a dike.
1540:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "sole injection".
1033:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii
65:of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1101:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1200:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1021:Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak
998: – Mass of igneous rock formed from magma
574:connecting the formerly separate segments and
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1478:
1416:
1404:
1380:
1365:
1332:
1309:
1290:
1193:
1191:
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1187:
1178:
1126:
8:
1494:The Alnö Carbonatite Complex, central Sweden
1099:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
728:erupted onto the sea floor is underlain by
258:In contrast to dikes, which cut across the
247:Dike rock is usually dense, with almost no
1584:
1570:
1562:
1525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
570:dike set may evolve into single dike with
693:Dikes often form as radial swarms from a
534:
528:
498:
492:
468:
462:
442:
422:
396:
391:
372:
357:
347:
324:
322:
1073:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1069:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
77:flows into a crack then solidifies as a
1014:
888:
168:deformation may rotate the sequence of
147:. They also record ancient episodes of
61:is a sheet of rock that is formed in a
1518:
1464:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983
1393:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983
1354:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983
523:is the density of the host rock; and
7:
986: – Large igneous rock intrusion
73:in origin. Magmatic dikes form when
1827:List of tectonic plate interactions
132:than the surrounding rock, so that
1149:10.1016/B978-0-12-809749-6.00002-9
25:
2245:
2244:
1220:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.01.009
958:
942:
926:
907:
891:
219:Dikes range in composition from
208:, US; the Jagged Rocks complex,
151:, since large numbers of dikes (
1491:Kresten, Peter (3 July 2018).
933:Magmatic dikes radiating from
724:In rock of the oceanic crust,
437:is the thickness of the dike;
191:. This pattern is seen in the
149:extension of the Earth's crust
120:A magmatic dike is a sheet of
1:
1143:. Elsevier. pp. 13–53 .
662:. They are characteristic of
227:, but most are basaltic. The
591:Multiple and composite dikes
516:{\displaystyle \rho _{host}}
89:fills a pre-existing crack.
810:is a dike injected along a
2307:
840:
829:(left of notebook) in the
755:
740:Ring dikes and cone sheets
717:
664:divergent plate boundaries
646:
29:
2240:
1912:Thick-skinned deformation
1479:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1417:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1405:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1381:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1366:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1333:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1310:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1291:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1259:10.1007/s00445-012-0577-1
1179:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1127:Philpotts & Ague 2009
835:Canyonlands National Park
681:Dike swarms (also called
214:oceanic spreading centers
145:volcanic plumbing systems
1917:Thin-skinned deformation
1693:Stereographic projection
1683:Orthographic projection
1666:Measurement conventions
1612:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
1239:Bulletin of Volcanology
969:, Benguet, Philippines.
775:peninsula of Scotland.
660:large igneous provinces
457:is its lateral extent;
212:, US; and the dikes of
206:Long Valley, California
838:
753:
730:sheeted dike complexes
715:
702:Sheeted dike complexes
644:
631:on the new injection.
612:
544:
517:
481:
480:{\displaystyle P_{ex}}
451:
431:
409:
184:
179:Simplified map of the
117:
46:
2194:Paleostress inversion
1887:Strike-slip tectonics
1757:Extensional tectonics
1737:Continental collision
1607:Deformation mechanism
1497:. Troll, V. R. Cham.
869:When a soil is under
825:
747:
710:Sheeted dikes of the
709:
676:Northwest Territories
642:
598:
545:
543:{\displaystyle V_{P}}
518:
482:
452:
432:
410:
178:
100:
40:
1772:Fold and thrust belt
720:Sheeted dyke complex
672:Mackenzie dike swarm
643:Mackenzie dike swarm
599:A composite dike in
527:
491:
461:
441:
421:
321:
2204:Section restoration
2080:Rock microstructure
1742:Convergent boundary
1642:Strain partitioning
1627:Overburden pressure
1617:Mohr–Coulomb theory
1542:Glossary of geology
1466:, pp. 143–144.
1443:1998Geop...63..446P
1356:, pp. 137–140.
1251:2012BVol...74..963D
1212:2015JVGR..295...65R
797:. For example, the
779:Other special types
714:, Cornwall, England
401:
262:of layered rock, a
2181:Kinematic analysis
1837:Mountain formation
1752:Divergent boundary
1717:Accretionary wedge
1593:Structural geology
937:, Colorado, U.S.A.
839:
754:
716:
645:
613:
540:
513:
477:
447:
427:
405:
387:
290:hydraulic fracture
185:
118:
47:
2286:Sedimentary rocks
2281:Subvolcanic rocks
2258:
2257:
2189:3D fold evolution
2075:Pressure solution
2070:Oblique foliation
1950:Exfoliation joint
1940:Columnar jointing
1600:Underlying theory
1504:978-3-319-90224-1
1481:, pp. 86–89.
1451:10.1190/1.1444345
1368:, pp. 81–82.
1312:, pp. 83–84.
1293:, pp. 80–81.
1158:978-0-12-809749-6
935:West Spanish Peak
748:Ring dike of the
603:, Scotland, with
450:{\displaystyle b}
430:{\displaystyle w}
403:
342:
241:columnar jointing
16:(Redirected from
2298:
2276:Sheet intrusions
2248:
2247:
1993:Detachment fault
1988:Cataclastic rock
1922:Thrust tectonics
1892:Structural basin
1867:Pull-apart basin
1807:Horst and graben
1586:
1579:
1572:
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1115:
1114:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1019:
962:
953:at Cecil, Oregon
946:
930:
911:
900:Lord Howe Island
895:
831:Chinle Formation
799:Muskox intrusion
752:, New Mexico, US
734:mid-ocean ridges
559:dikes. However,
549:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
522:
520:
519:
514:
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286:principal stress
85:are formed when
21:
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2295:
2271:Dikes (geology)
2261:
2260:
2259:
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2236:
2208:
2175:
2157:
2128:Detachment fold
2104:
2032:
2028:Transform fault
2003:Fault mechanics
1969:
1926:
1862:Plate tectonics
1812:Intra-arc basin
1702:
1673:Brunton compass
1661:
1595:
1590:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1517:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1339:
1331:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1050:
1043:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
980:
975:
974:
973:
970:
963:
954:
947:
938:
931:
922:
912:
903:
896:
884:
873:conditions the
845:
820:
793:to a localized
781:
764:
756:Main articles:
742:
722:
704:
695:central volcano
651:
637:
593:
584:curtain of fire
530:
525:
524:
494:
489:
488:
464:
459:
458:
439:
438:
419:
418:
368:
367:
353:
349:
334:
326:
319:
318:
272:
161:
95:
79:sheet intrusion
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2291:Plutonic rocks
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:Tectonic phase
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Passive margin
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Foreland basin
1779:
1777:Fold mountains
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Back-arc basin
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:Strike and dip
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Rock mechanics
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1503:
1483:
1468:
1456:
1437:(2): 446–453.
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 380.
1397:
1385:
1370:
1358:
1337:
1314:
1295:
1280:
1245:(5): 963–980.
1225:
1183:
1164:
1157:
1131:
1116:
1109:
1086:
1079:
1048:
1041:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
979:
976:
972:
971:
964:
957:
955:
948:
941:
939:
932:
925:
923:
916:Baranof Island
914:Dark dikes on
913:
906:
904:
897:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
867:
860:fluid pressure
841:Main article:
819:
816:
807:sole injection
780:
777:
750:Questa caldera
741:
738:
718:Main article:
712:Lizard complex
703:
700:
683:dike complexes
647:Main article:
636:
633:
621:composite dike
607:margins and a
592:
589:
537:
533:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
474:
471:
467:
446:
426:
399:
394:
390:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
363:
360:
356:
352:
346:
340:
337:
332:
329:
271:
268:
237:chilled margin
200:dikes are the
160:
157:
94:
93:Magmatic dikes
91:
43:Makhtesh Ramon
26:
24:
18:Dyke (geology)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Transfer zone
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Mohr's circle
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1419:, p. 81.
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:, p. 63.
1394:
1389:
1386:
1383:, p. 84.
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:, p. 85.
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:, p. 86.
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 80.
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:9780521880060
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
968:
961:
956:
952:
945:
940:
936:
929:
924:
921:
917:
910:
905:
901:
894:
889:
881:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
849:
848:
844:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:Clastic dikes
817:
815:
813:
809:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:magma chamber
788:
787:
778:
776:
774:
769:
763:
759:
751:
746:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
713:
708:
701:
699:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:flood basalts
650:
641:
634:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:multiple dike
610:
606:
602:
597:
590:
588:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
535:
531:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
472:
469:
465:
444:
424:
415:
397:
392:
388:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
361:
358:
354:
350:
344:
338:
335:
330:
327:
316:
313:
311:
310:
305:
304:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
276:
269:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
182:
177:
173:
171:
167:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
111:
110:volcanic plug
108:
104:
99:
92:
90:
88:
84:
83:Clastic dikes
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2018:Thrust fault
1944:
1707:Large-scale
1678:Inclinometer
1652:Stress field
1541:
1535:
1493:
1486:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1361:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1203:
1199:
1140:
1134:
1100:
1070:
1032:
1026:
1017:
990:Fissure vent
846:
843:Clastic dike
827:Clastic dike
812:thrust fault
806:
805:
803:
785:
784:
782:
773:Ardnamurchan
765:
729:
723:
692:
682:
680:
652:
629:
620:
616:
614:
583:
580:
575:
571:
567:
565:
560:
556:
416:
317:
314:
309:metasomatism
307:
301:
298:
289:
283:
279:
273:
257:
246:
218:
197:
188:
186:
180:
162:
152:
138:
122:igneous rock
119:
58:
54:
48:
2199:Paleostress
2085:Slickenside
2060:Crenulation
2013:Fault trace
2008:Fault scarp
1998:Disturbance
1983:Cataclasite
1872:Rift valley
1792:Half-graben
1762:Fault block
1747:DĂ©collement
902:, Australia
864:lithostatic
858:layers the
853:impermeable
786:feeder dike
726:pillow lava
635:Dike swarms
253:phenocrysts
159:Description
153:dike swarms
103:lamprophyre
71:sedimentary
2265:Categories
2227:Pure shear
2214:Shear zone
2171:Competence
2055:Compaction
1932:Fracturing
1727:Autochthon
1722:Allochthon
1551:0922152349
1513:1046460156
1431:Geophysics
1080:0716724383
1042:0824808320
1009:References
951:rhythmites
875:pore water
871:permafrost
762:Cone sheet
678:, Canada.
668:dike swarm
649:Dike swarm
609:camptonite
568:en echelon
561:en echelon
557:en echelon
198:en echelon
189:en echelon
181:en echelon
130:weathering
114:New Mexico
101:A dike of
2163:Boudinage
2143:Monocline
2138:Homocline
2118:Anticline
2100:Tectonite
2090:Stylolite
2065:Fissility
2042:lineation
2038:Foliation
1902:Syneclise
1847:Obduction
1817:Inversion
1709:tectonics
1521:cite book
1275:129673436
1267:1432-0819
1206:: 65–79.
996:Laccolith
984:Batholith
795:intrusion
758:Ring dike
605:bostonite
587:cooling.
496:ρ
370:ρ
270:Formation
225:rhyolitic
202:Inyo dike
105:near the
2250:Category
2222:Mylonite
2153:Vergence
2148:Syncline
2050:Cleavage
1975:Faulting
978:See also
249:vesicles
221:basaltic
193:Higganum
166:tectonic
107:Shiprock
87:sediment
67:magmatic
63:fracture
45:, Israel
2123:Chevron
2110:Folding
1955:Fissure
1907:Terrane
1852:Orogeny
1832:MĂ©lange
1767:Fenster
1657:Tension
1439:Bibcode
1247:Bibcode
1208:Bibcode
882:Gallery
768:caldera
674:in the
670:is the
625:granite
572:bridges
550:is the
303:stoping
260:bedding
233:diabase
229:texture
210:Arizona
134:erosion
51:geology
1897:Suture
1882:Saddle
1822:Klippe
1787:Graben
1647:Stress
1637:Strain
1548:
1511:
1501:
1273:
1265:
1155:
1107:
1077:
1039:
1002:Runamo
967:Itogon
920:Alaska
837:, Utah
687:stocks
611:center
601:Orkney
552:P-wave
294:diapir
170:strata
2232:Shear
1960:Joint
1842:Nappe
1802:Horst
1797:Horse
1271:S2CID
576:horns
417:Here
275:Mafic
141:mafic
126:magma
75:magma
32:Levee
2133:Dome
2040:and
1965:Vein
1945:Dike
1877:Rift
1688:Rake
1546:ISBN
1527:link
1509:OCLC
1499:ISBN
1263:ISSN
1153:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1037:ISBN
856:clay
760:and
351:2.25
264:sill
59:dyke
55:dike
53:, a
1447:doi
1255:doi
1216:doi
1204:295
1145:doi
833:in
658:of
566:An
300:by
223:to
204:of
69:or
57:or
49:In
2267::
1523:}}
1519:{{
1507:.
1471:^
1445:.
1435:63
1433:.
1373:^
1340:^
1317:^
1298:^
1283:^
1269:.
1261:.
1253:.
1243:74
1241:.
1237:.
1214:.
1202:.
1186:^
1167:^
1151:.
1119:^
1089:^
1051:^
918:,
804:A
783:A
216:.
112:,
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1554:.
1529:)
1515:.
1453:.
1449::
1441::
1277:.
1257::
1249::
1222:.
1218::
1210::
1161:.
1147::
1113:.
1083:.
1045:.
536:P
532:V
509:t
506:s
503:o
500:h
473:x
470:e
466:P
445:b
425:w
398:2
393:P
389:V
383:t
380:s
377:o
374:h
362:x
359:e
355:P
345:=
339:b
336:2
331:w
328:2
34:.
20:)
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