226:
189:
364:
83:
25:
548:
It appears, then, that in every case fissures formed and then fragmental materials are dropped, washed, or pressed into them, from above, below, or from the sides. This action has taken place in open fissures; under water in fissures on the bed of the sea or other bodies of water; and also far below
1383:
Strickland, H.E., 1838, Calcareous sandstone dikes in
Triassic shale at Ethie in Rossshire, Transactions of the Geological Society of London, v. V, 2nd series, p. 599-600. And Strickland, H.E., 1840, On some remarkable dikes of Calcareous Grit, at Ethie in Ross-shire, Transactions of the Geological
1360:
Murchison, R.I., 1827, Quartz sandstone veins in grit near
Kintradwell in Somersetshire, Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd series, v. ii, p. 304. And Murchison, R, 1829, On the coal-field of Brora in Sutherlandshire, and some other stratified deposits in the north of Scotland,
174:
Results from analytical modeling of clastic dike injection in soft rocks indicate propagation occurred at a rate of approximately 4 to 65 m/s at driving pressures of 1–2 MPa. Emplacement duration (<2 s) is similar to the speed with which acoustic energy (pressure waves) moves
881:
Huntoon, P.W., 2000, Upheaval Dome, Canyonlands, Utah: Strain indicators that reveal an impact origin, in
Sprinkel, D.A.; Chidsey, T.C.; Anderson, P.B. (editors), Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments, Utah Geological Association Publication, 28, p. 1-10, revised 2002:
1338:
Dana, J.D., 1849, Wide sandstone dikes in bluffs near
Astoria, OR, p. 654-656 in Geology, Volume 10 of the U.S. Navy Exploring Expedition 1838–1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, C. Sherman publisher, Philadelphia, 18 volume
1206:
Cooley, S.W.; Pidduck, B.K.; Pogue, K.R., 1995, Mechanism and timing of emplacement of clastic dikes in the
Touchet Beds of the Walla Walla Valley, Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section Abstracts with Programs, 28, p.
285:, at Roberts Rift, and elsewhere. Commonly, the fill is composed of angular grains, evidence that the injected material was lithified prior to impact and was crushed during injection into fractures (preexisting or impact-formed).
160:
A large variety of dikes are found in the geologic record. However, clastic dikes are typically produced by seismic disturbance and liquefaction of high water content sediments. Examples of this type are many. Clastic dikes are
920:
Wittmann, A.; Kenkamnn, T.; Schmitt, R.T.; Hecht, L.; Stöffler, D., 2004, Impact-related dike breccia lithologies in the ICDP drill core
Yaxcopoil-1, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico, Meteorics & Planetary Science, 39, p.
816:
Wheeler, R.L., 2002, Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: Criteria from seismic-hazard analysis, in
Ettensohn, F.R.; Rast, N.; Brett, C.E. (editors), Ancient Seismites, GSA Special Paper, 359, p.
120:
may play a role in the formation of some dikes. Clastic dikes are commonly vertical or near-vertical. Centimeter-scale widths are common, but thicknesses range from millimetres to metres. Length is usually many times width.
1258:
Smith, G.A.; Bjornstad, B.N.; Fecht, K.R., 1989, Neogene terrestrial sedimentation on and adjacent to the
Columbia Plateau; Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, in Reidel, S.P.; Hooper, P.R. (editors), GSA Special Paper, 239, p.
1117:
Niell, A.W.; Leckey, E.H.; Pogue, K.R., 1997, Pleistocene dikes in
Tertiary rocks – downward emplacement of Touchet Bed clastic dikes into co-seismic features, south-central Washington, GSA Abstracts with Programs, 29, p.
862:
Mashchak, M.S.; Ezersky, V.A., 1982, Clastic dikes in the impactites and allogenic breccias of the Kara astrobleme (northeast slope of the Pai-Khoi Range) (article in
Russian), Lithology and Economic Minerals, 1, p.
1318:
Beacom, L.E.; Anderson, T.B.; Holdsworth, R.E., 1999, Using basement-hosted clastic dykes as syn-rift palaeostress indicators; an example from the basal Stoer Group, northwest Scotland, Geological Magazine, 136, p.
339:
Though unusual, a significant number of reports describe sedimentary material intruding fractured crystalline bedrock, usually within fault zones. Some of the articles referenced here describe lithified clastic
826:
Obermeier, S.F.; Olson, S.M.; Green, R.A., 2005, Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking, Engineering Geology, 76, p. 209-234
1231:
Pogue, K.R., 1998, Earthquake-generated(?) structures in Missoula flood slackwater sediments (Touchet Beds) of southeastern Washington, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 30, p. A398
902:
Kenkmann, T., 2003, Dike formation, cataclastic flow, and rock fluidization during impact cratering: an example from the Upheaval Dome structure, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, p. 43-58
1419:
Wicander, R.; Wood, G.D.; Dreimanis, A.; Rappol, M., 1997, Late Wisconsin sub-glacial intrusive sheets along Lake Erie bluffs, at Bradtville, Ontario, Canada, Sedimentary Geology, 111, p. 225-248
1249:
Campbell, N.P., 1977, Geology of the Snipes Mountain area, Yakima County, Washington, Washington State Division of Geology & Earth Resources Open File Report, 77-8, 3 maps, 1:24,000 scale
1370:
Ransome, F.L., 1900, A peculiar clastic dike near Ouray, Colorado, and its associated deposit of silver ore, Transactions of the American Institute of Mineralogical Engineers, 30, p. 227-236
716:
Audemard, F.A.; de Santis, F., 1991, Survey of liquefaction structures induced by recent moderate earthquakes, Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 44, p. 5-16
1295:
Fecht, K.R.; Bjornstad, B.N.; Horton, D.G.; Last, G.V.; Reidel, S.P. Lindsey, K.A., 1998, Clastic injection dikes of the Pasco Basin and vicinity, Bechtel Hanford Inc Report, BHI-01-01103
681:
G. Neef, A clastic dike-sill assemblage in late Miocene (c. 6 Ma) strata, Annedale, Northern Wairarapa, New Zealand, 1991, New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, Vol. 34: 87–91
264:
steeply to the left and their tops face toward the right. The White Rim Sandstone, folded to vertical, lies just off the photo to the right. View is to the north. P.W. Huntoon Collection.
1328:
Crossen, K., 2009, Is till the only evidence of ice advance? What 15 year of post-surge retreat have revealed beneath Bering Glacier, Alaska, GSA Abstracts with Programs, Abstract #247-8
1063:
Boulton, G.S.; Caban, P., 1995, Groundwater flow beneath ice sheets: Part II — Its impact on glacier tectonic structures and moraine formation, Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, p. 563-587
1145:
Martel, A.T.; Gibling, M.R., 1993, Clastic dykes of the Devono-Carboniferous Horton Bluff Fm, Nova Scotia: Storm-related structures in shallow lakes, Sedimentary Geology, 87, p. 103-119
1136:
Alfaro, P.; Soria, M., 1998, Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites (Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, Spain), Terra Nova, 10, p. 145-150
807:
Greb, S.F.; Ettensohn, F.R.; Obermeier, S.F., 2002, Developing a classification scheme for seismites, GSA North-central & Southeastern Section Annual Meeting Abstracts with Programs
1367:
Prestwich, J., 1855, On the origin of the sand and gravel pipes in the chalk of the London Tertiary district, Quarterly(?) Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. ii, p. 64-84
1072:
Dreimanis, A,; Rappol, M., 1997, Late Wisconsinan sub-glacial clastic intrusive sheets along the Lake Erie bluffs, at Bradtville, Ontario, Canada, Sedimentary Geology, 111, p. 225-248
129:
clastic intrusion, sandstone dike, fissure fill, soft-sediment deformation, fluid escape structure, seismite, injectite, liquefaction feature, neptunian dike (passive fissure fills),
1380:
Strangeways, W.T.H.F., 1821, Dikes near Great Pulcovca near Saint Petersburg, Russia, Transactions of the Geological Society of London, v. V, p. 386, 407, 408 and Plates 25–28
1018:
Goldthwait, J.W.; Goldthwait, L.; Goldthwait, R.P., 1951, Geology of New Hampshire, Part 1: Surficial Geology, New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, 44 pgs.
1373:
Siddoway, C.S.; Gehrels, G.E., 2014, Basement-hosted sandstone injectites of Colorado: A vestige of the Neoproterozoic revealed through detrital zircon provenance analysis,
623:
Darwin, C., 1833–1834, Geological observations on the volcanic islands and parts of South America visited during the voyage of the H.M.S. “Beagle” (2nd Edition), p. 438
116:
Clastic dikes form rapidly by fluidized injection (mobilization of pressurized pore fluids) or passively by water, wind, and gravity (sediment swept into open cracks).
35:
949:
Levi, Tsafrir; Weinberger, Ram; AĂŻfa, Tahar; Eyal, Yehuda; Marco, Shmuel (2006). "Earthquake-induced clastic dikes detected by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility".
1342:
Gozdzik, J.; Van Loon, A.J., 2007, The origin of a giant downward directed clastic dyke in a kame (Belchatow mine, central Poland), Sedimentary Geology, 193, p. 71-79
1364:
Pavlow, A.P., 1896, On dikes of Oligocene sandstone in the Neocomian clays of the District of Altyr, in Russia, The Geological Magazine, New series, v. iii, p. 49-53
872:
Sturkell, E.F.F.; Ormo, J., 1997, Impact-related clastic injections in the marine Ordovician Lockne impact structure, central Sweden, Sedimentology, 44, p. 793-804
930:
Hudgins, J.A.; Spray, J.G., 2006, Lunar impact-fluidized dikes: Evidence from Apollo 17 Station 7, Taurus-Littrow Valley, Lunar and Planetary Science, 37, p. 1176
1433:
1194:
Spencer, P.K.; Jaffee, M.A., 2002, Pre-late Wisconsinan glacial outburst floods in southeastern Washington: The indirect record, Washington Geology, 30, p. 9-16
835:
Montenat, C.; Barrier, P.; d'Estevou, P.O.; Hibsch, C., 2007, Seismites: An attempt at critical analysis and classification, Sedimentary Geology, 196, p. 5-30
911:
Huntoon, P.W.; Shoemaker, E.M., 1995, Roberts Rift, Canyonlands, Utah, A natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid, Ground Water, 33, p. 561-569
1304:
Jenkins, O.P., 1925, Clastic dikes of Eastern Washington and their geologic significance, American Journal of Science, 5th series, v. X, No. 57, p. 234-246
1345:
Haluszczak, A., 2007, Dike-filled extensional structures in Cenozoic deposits of the Kleszczow Graben (Central Poland), Sedimentary Geology, 193, p. 81-92
414:
casts or features related to the melting of buried ice. Earthquake shaking and liquefaction is invoked by others to explain the dikes (i.e., sand blows).
354:
Cyclic stresses from large waves can cause wet sediments to fluidize, forming various types of soft sediment deformation features including clastic dikes.
1240:
Medley, E., 2012, Ancient cataclysmic floods in the Pacific Northwest: Ancestors to the Missoula Floods, MS Thesis, Portland State University, 174 pgs.
844:
Levi, T.; Weinberger, R.; Eyal, Y., in press 2010, A coupled fluid-fracture approach to propagation of clastic dikes during earthquakes, Tectonophysics
549:
the surface of the earth in consolidated rocks. The filling from below has come about by pressure of some sort, in some cases undoubtedly hydrostatic.
124:
Clastic dikes are found in sedimentary basin deposits worldwide. Formal geologic reports of clastic dikes began to emerge in the early 19th century.
1154:
Olson, S.M., 2007, Downward penetrating clastic dikes as indicators of tsunamis? GSA Southeastern Section Abstracts with Programs, 39, p. 25 (#14-5)
1322:
Chown and Gobeil, 1990, Clastic dykes of the Chibougamau Formation: distribution and origin, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.27, p. 1111-1114
1351:
Le Heron, D.P.; Etienne, J.L., 2005, A complex subglacial clastic dyke swarm, Solheimajokull, southern Iceland, Sedimentary Geology, 181, p. 25-37
1108:
Harms, J.C., 1965, Sandstone dikes in relation to Laramide faults and stress distribution in the southern Front Range, Colorado, GSA Bulletin, 76
939:
Marco, S.; Weinberger, R.; Agnon, A., 2002, Radial clastic dykes formed by a salt diapir in the Dead Sea Rift, Israel, Terra Nova, 14, p. 288-294
133:
indicator, pseudo ice wedge cast, sedimentary insertion, sheeted clastic dike, synsedimentary filling, tension fracture, hydraulic injection dike
1163:
Lupher, R.L., 1944, Clastic dikes of the Columbia Basin Region, Washington and Idaho, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 55, p. 1431-1462
589:
Davies, Richard J.; Huuse, Mads; Hirst, Philip; Cartwright, Joe; Yang, Yuesuo (2006). "Giant clastic intrusions primed by silica diagenesis".
386:
Tens of thousands of unusual clastic dikes (1 mm—350 cm wide, up to 50 m deep) penetrate sedimentary and bedrock units in the
1388:
Van Der Meer, Jaap J.M.; Kjær, K.H.; Krüger, J.; Rabassa, J.; Kilfeather, A.A. (2009). "Under pressure: Clastic dykes in glacial settings".
1348:
Kirkby, J.W., 1860, On the occurrences of "sand pipes" in the magnesian limestones of Durham, The Geologist (London), p. 293-298, 329–336
672:
Several c. 1850 references to dikes in Newsom, J.F., 1903, Clastic dikes, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 14, p. 227-268
886:
1090:
Birman, J.H., 1952, Pleistocene clastic dikes in weathered granite-gneiss, Rhode Island, American Journal of Science, 250, p. 721-734
69:
458:" outburst flood and flood-related deposits (includes the "ancient cataclysmic flood deposits" of Allen et al., 2009) in the
853:
Mashchak, M.S.; Ezersky, V.A., 1980, Clastic dikes of the Kara Crater Pai Khoi, Lunar and Planetary Sciences, 11, p. 680-682
707:
Peterson, C.D., 1997, Coseismic paleoliquefaction evidence in the central Cascadia margin, USA, Oregon Geology, 59, p. 51-74
325:
Sand injection features are reported to have formed under heavy loads and confining pressures beneath grounding glacial ice.
165:
indicators in certain geologic settings. Several qualitative, field-based systems have been developed to help distinguish
387:
1354:
Lyell, C., 1839, Sand pipes near Norwich, England, London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, 3rd series, v. XV, p. 257
1277:
Mabry, J.J., 2000, Field Trip Guidebook to the Natural History of Kittitas County, Central Washington University, 74 pgs.
641:
Case, E.C.; 1895, On the mud and sand dikes of the White River Miocene, Ithaca, N.Y., American Geologist, 24, p. 248-254
208:
Sandstone dikes formed by downward injection are found along Black Dragon wash upstream of the famous petroglyphs area,
1268:
Brown, D.J.; Brown, R.E., 1962, Touchet clastic dikes in the Ringold Fm, Hanford Operations Report, HW-SA-2851, p. 1-11
1127:
Dalrymple, R.W., 1979, Wave-induced liquefaction: A modern example from the Bay of Fundy, Sedimentology, 26, p. 835-844
1430:
520:
789:
Groshong, R.H., 1988, Low-temperature deformation mechanism and their interpretation, GSA Bulletin, 100, p. 1329-1360
683:
51:
1452:
1054:
Larsen, E.; Mangerud, J., 1992, Subglacially formed clastic dikes, Sveriges Geologisha Undersdhning, 81, p. 163-170
1286:
Williams, M., 1991, Stratigraphic column of Craig's Hill, unpublished illustration, Central Washington University
278:
234:
1457:
1185:
Bonnichsen and Breckenridge (editors), Cenozoic Geology of Idaho, Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 26
651:
1099:
Vitanage, P.W., 1954, Sandstone dikes in the South Platte Area, Colorado, Journal of Geology, 62, p. 493-500
375:
755:
Mills, Patrick C. (1983). "Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures—A review".
514:
499:
472:
Post-basalt basin fill sediments (Dalles Group, etc.) exposed in tributary stream valleys downstream of
433:
1357:
Monroe, J.N., 1950, Origin of the clastic dikes in the Rockwall area, Texas, Field & Laboratory, 18
421:(or the Touchet-equivalent Willamette Silt) and intrude downward into older geologic units, including:
1397:
993:
958:
764:
598:
569:
506:
467:
455:
442:
258:
449:
1416:
White, E.E., 1916, Analysis of slate and dike, Engineering & Mining Journal, v. 101, p. 433-434
486:
246:
225:
188:
537:
463:
459:
391:
103:
90:
sand, cuts lighter-colored horizontal beds composed of finer grained material. Quarter for scale.
798:
Allen, C.R., 1975, Geological criteria for evaluating seismicity, GSA Bulletin, 86, p. 1041-1057
1181:
Webster et al., 1982, Late Cenozoic gravels in Hells Canyon and the Lewiston Basin, WA and OR,
734:
564:
524:
492:
418:
47:
745:
Seilacher, A., 1969, Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites, Sedimentology, 13, p. 15-159
544:
In 1925, Olaf P. Jenkins described the clastic dikes of eastern Washington state as follows:
417:
The silt-, sand-, and gravel-filled dikes in the Columbia Basin are primarily sourced in the
1405:
1037:
1001:
966:
772:
606:
254:
250:
209:
197:
107:
883:
725:
Ettensohn, F.R.; Rast, N.; Brett, C.E. (editors), Ancient Seismites, GSA Special Paper, 359
363:
82:
1437:
1219:
Cooley, S.W., 1996, Timing and emplacement of clastic dikes..., BA Thesis, Whitman College
890:
533:
368:
1401:
997:
962:
768:
602:
559:
528:
403:
261:
1446:
776:
510:
379:
274:
230:
218:
1409:
253:
during the earliest part of the impact crater excavation stage. The dike is made of
162:
130:
1081:
Cross, W., 1894, Intrusive sandstone dikes in granite, GSA Bulletin, 5, p. 225-230
632:
Hay, R., 1892, Sandstone dikes in northwestern Nebraska, GSA Bulletin, 3, p. 50-55
192:
Red-colored clastic dikes injected downward into light-colored sediment beneath a
257:
broken sand grains derived from the White Rim Sandstone. The slightly overturned
1374:
687:
473:
438:
425:
371:
193:
181:
99:
1041:
1005:
367:
Vertically sheeted clastic dike typical of those found in rhythmically bedded
346:
300:
152:
117:
411:
291:
242:
166:
402:. Their origin remains in question. The dikes may be related to loading by
269:
Sandstone dikes with cataclastically deformed sand grains, sourced in the
482:
407:
308:
169:
from soft sediment deformation features formed by non-seismic processes.
1325:
Buckland, 1839, Transactions of the British Association for 1839, p. 76
478:
429:
406:. Other evidence suggests they are sediment-filled desiccation cracks (
331:
317:
270:
110:
610:
1028:Ă…mark, Max (1986). "Clastic dikes formed beneath an active glacier".
970:
395:
304:
87:
1361:
Transactions of the Geological Society, Second Series, 2, p. 293-326
650:
Crosby, W.O., 1897, Sandstone dikes accompanying the great fault of
1331:
Cuvier & Brongniart, 1822, Sandstone pipes near Paris, France (
399:
362:
224:
187:
81:
663:
Diller, J.S., 1890, Sandstone dikes, GSA Bulletin, 1, p. 411-442
282:
238:
201:
229:
Clastic dike exposed on the east flank of the central peak of
18:
16:
Body of sedimentary rock cutting vertically across rock layers
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
735:
http://www.unc.edu/~kgstewar/web_pages/paleoseismology.html
498:
Miocene-Pliocene Ellensburg Formation at Craig's Hill near
984:
Kruger, F. C. (1938). "A clastic dike of glacial origin".
884:
http://www.utahgeology.org/Topical_papers_2003_UGA28.htm
43:
378:. Yellow field book for scale. Willow Creek Valley at
485:
Snipes Mountain Conglomerate in the Yakima Valley at
654:, Colorado, Essex Institute Bulletin, 27, p. 113-147
1333:Description geognostiques des Environs de Paris
1030:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
546:
175:through partially lithified sedimentary rock.
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
127:Terms synonymous with clastic dike include:
86:Vertical clastic dike, filled with coarse
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1227:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1202:
1200:
581:
441:landslide deposits along Hwy 14 in the
245:dike was injected downsection from the
448:Pleistocene Clearwater Gravels in the
273:White Rim Sandstone, are found within
1384:Society, Second Series, 5, p. 599-600
410:). Some have suggested the dikes are
7:
513:(WDFW Foster Ck Wildlife Area) near
432:horizons in the Umatilla Basin near
428:hillslope colluvium with developed
359:Clastic dikes in the Columbia Basin
147:Clastic dike environments include:
14:
113:or layering in other rock types.
684:"Neef - Clastic dike, Wairarapa"
23:
1410:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.017
502:(outside Missoula flood track)
316:Clastic dikes associated with
290:Clastic dikes associated with
217:Clastic dikes associated with
180:Clastic dikes associated with
151:Clastic dikes associated with
1:
1431:Sandstone dikes photo gallery
777:10.1016/0037-0738(83)90046-5
536:(interbeds in CRBs) west of
102:material that fills an open
986:American Journal of Science
540:along Hwy 397 and elsewhere
330:Clastic dikes in resistant
46:, discuss the issue on the
1474:
1390:Quaternary Science Reviews
303:associated with salt dome
1042:10.1080/11035898609453740
1006:10.2475/ajs.s5-35.208.305
279:Canyonlands National Park
143:Environments of formation
565:Igneous intrusion#Dikes
1172:Garwood and Bush, 2005
551:
515:Bridgeport, Washington
500:Ellensburg, Washington
383:
307:are reported from the
265:
204:
91:
521:Columbia River Basalt
434:Alderdale, Washington
366:
228:
196:. Black Dragon Wash,
191:
85:
570:Sheeted dyke complex
507:Ellensburg Formation
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1402:2009QSRv...28..708V
998:1938AmJS...35..305K
963:2006Geo....34...69L
769:1983SedG...35...83M
757:Sedimentary Geology
603:2006Geo....34..917D
527:and Pasco Basin at
487:Granger, Washington
247:White Rim Sandstone
106:in and cuts across
1436:2016-08-06 at the
1335:), p. 76, 134, 141
889:2011-07-28 at the
538:Finley, Washington
525:Walla Walla Valley
495:in the Pasco Basin
460:Walla Walla Valley
384:
266:
205:
92:
1453:Sedimentary rocks
893:, s2cid 150387489
611:10.1130/G22937A.1
505:Miocene-Pliocene
493:Ringold Formation
491:Miocene-Pliocene
419:Touchet Formation
345:Clastic dikes in
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
1465:
1413:
1396:(7–8): 708–720.
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
992:(208): 305–307.
981:
975:
974:
971:10.1130/G22001.1
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
879:
873:
870:
864:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
818:
814:
808:
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
780:
752:
746:
743:
737:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
686:. Archived from
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
655:
648:
642:
639:
633:
630:
624:
621:
615:
614:
586:
445:(Umatilla Basin)
374:deposits of the
251:Organ Rock Shale
210:San Rafael Swell
198:San Rafael Swell
108:sedimentary rock
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1458:Dikes (geology)
1443:
1442:
1438:Wayback Machine
1427:
1422:
1387:
1377:, 6, p. 403-408
1314:
1312:Further reading
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
983:
982:
978:
948:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
891:Wayback Machine
880:
876:
871:
867:
861:
857:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
821:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
754:
753:
749:
744:
740:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
693:
691:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
658:
649:
645:
640:
636:
631:
627:
622:
618:
588:
587:
583:
578:
556:
534:Latah Formation
404:outburst floods
369:Missoula floods
361:
259:Organ Rock beds
255:cataclastically
145:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1425:External links
1423:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1020:
1011:
976:
941:
932:
923:
913:
904:
895:
874:
865:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
809:
800:
791:
782:
747:
738:
727:
718:
709:
700:
674:
665:
656:
643:
634:
625:
616:
580:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
560:Dike (geology)
555:
552:
542:
541:
531:
529:Gable Mountain
517:
503:
496:
489:
476:
470:
468:Columbia Gorge
452:
450:Lewiston Basin
446:
443:Columbia Gorge
436:
388:Columbia Basin
380:Cecil (Oregon)
376:Columbia Basin
360:
357:
356:
355:
351:
350:
347:storm deposits
342:
341:
336:
335:
327:
326:
322:
321:
313:
312:
296:
295:
287:
286:
223:
222:
219:impact craters
214:
213:
186:
185:
177:
176:
171:
170:
157:
156:
144:
141:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
892:
888:
885:
878:
875:
869:
866:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:(2): 83–104.
762:
758:
751:
748:
742:
739:
736:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
704:
701:
690:on 2007-07-29
689:
685:
678:
675:
669:
666:
660:
657:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
629:
626:
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
545:
539:
535:
532:
530:
526:
523:(CRB) in the
522:
518:
516:
512:
511:Foster Coulee
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
431:
427:
424:
423:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
377:
373:
370:
365:
358:
353:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
323:
319:
315:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Upheaval Dome
272:
268:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Upheaval Dome
227:
220:
216:
215:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
195:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
168:
164:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
148:
142:
140:
138:
134:
132:
125:
122:
119:
114:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:is a seam of
97:
89:
84:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
1393:
1389:
1332:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1014:
989:
985:
979:
954:
950:
944:
935:
926:
916:
907:
898:
877:
868:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
812:
803:
794:
785:
760:
756:
750:
741:
730:
721:
712:
703:
692:. Retrieved
688:the original
677:
668:
659:
646:
637:
628:
619:
594:
590:
584:
547:
543:
416:
385:
182:debris flows
163:paleoseismic
146:
136:
131:paleoseismic
128:
126:
123:
115:
96:clastic dike
95:
93:
66:
57:
33:
1375:Lithosphere
597:(11): 917.
474:Wallula Gap
464:Pasco Basin
439:Pleistocene
426:Pleistocene
301:dike swarms
235:Canyonlands
194:debris flow
153:earthquakes
100:sedimentary
1447:Categories
694:2007-03-06
576:References
454:"Pre-late
392:Washington
372:slackwater
292:salt domes
137:tempestite
118:Diagenesis
60:April 2016
1036:: 13–20.
957:(2): 69.
456:Wisconsin
412:ice wedge
408:mudcracks
305:diapirism
249:into the
243:sandstone
167:seismites
48:talk page
1434:Archived
887:Archived
652:Ute Pass
554:See also
519:Miocene
483:Pliocene
318:glaciers
309:Dead Sea
299:Clastic
104:fracture
88:basaltic
42:You may
1398:Bibcode
1319:301-310
1259:187-198
994:Bibcode
959:Bibcode
951:Geology
921:931-954
863:130-136
765:Bibcode
599:Bibcode
591:Geology
479:Miocene
430:caliche
332:bedrock
311:region.
271:Permian
212:, Utah.
396:Oregon
340:dikes.
241:. The
135:, and
111:strata
400:Idaho
50:, or
817:1-11
466:and
398:and
283:Utah
239:Utah
202:Utah
1406:doi
1339:set
1038:doi
1034:108
1002:doi
967:doi
773:doi
607:doi
509:at
390:of
262:dip
1449::
1404:.
1394:28
1392:.
1224:^
1212:^
1207:57
1199:^
1183:in
1118:55
1032:.
1000:.
990:35
988:.
965:.
955:34
953:.
771:.
761:35
759:.
605:.
595:34
593:.
394:,
281:,
277:,
237:,
233:,
200:,
139:.
94:A
1412:.
1408::
1400::
1044:.
1040::
1008:.
1004::
996::
973:.
969::
961::
779:.
775::
767::
697:.
613:.
609::
601::
481:-
462:/
382:.
349:–
334:–
320:–
294:–
221:–
184:–
155:–
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
