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Prosopon

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617: 742:(essence), and stating: "the prosopon makes known the ousia". On several instances, he emphasized the relation of each of the two natures (divine and human) with their respective appearances, using the term prosopon both in plural forms, and also as a singular designation for the prosopic union. Such terminological complexities and inconsistencies proved to be challenging not only for his contemporary critiques or followers, but also for later commentators and scholars. 603:"It is not enough to count differences in the Persons (prosōpa). It is necessary also to confess that each Person (prosōpon) exists in a true hypostasis. The mirage of persons (prosōpa) without hypostaseis is not denied even by Sabellius, who said that the same God, though he is one subject, is transformed according to the need of each occasion and is thus spoken of now as Father, now as Son, and now as Holy Spirit.” 47: 726:. He accounts for two expressions of Christ – human and divine. Yet, he does not mean Christ achieved a unity of the two expressions through the formation of a third prosopon, but that one prosopon is produced by the Logos giving his own countenance to the assured man. He interprets the unity of God and man in Christ along the lines of the body- 599:, it can also indicate a role played in a theatre. Applied to the Trinity, it can indicate different roles played by a single Person. For that reason, the Sabellians accepted the term but Basil of Caesarea rejected it. Basil, insisted that each Person (Father, Son, and Spirit) must be described as a hypostasis. He wrote: 607:
As another example of the distinction, Jerome, writing in Latin, strongly opposed Basil's three hypostaseis and explained "the tri-unity as ‘one substance, three persons' (una substantia, tres personae)." In other words, for Jerome, there was a real and important distinction between hypostasis and
587:“The doctrinal difference between the Meletians and the old Nicenes consisted chiefly in this: that the latter acknowledged three hypostases in the divine trinity, the former only three prosopa; the one laying the stress on the triplicity of the divine essence, the other on its unity.” Philip Schaf 730:
unity. Prosopon plays a special part in his interpretation of Christ. He rejected the Hypostasis concept – believing it to be a contradiction of Christ's true nature. He espoused that, in Christ, both body and soul had to be assumed. Christ assumed a soul and by the grace of God brought it to
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uses the term when speaking of his direct apprehension in the heart of the face (prosopon) of Christ. In that sense, it was used in Greek theatre, since actors wore specific masks on stage, in order to reveal their character and emotional state to the audience.
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The very suggestion of prosopic duality was challenging enough to cause heated debates among Christian theologians in the first half of the 5th century, resulting in official condemnation of such views. The
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In Christian triadology, the study of the Trinity, three specific theological concepts have emerged throughout history, in reference to number and mutual relations of divine persons:
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originally designated one's "face" or "mask". Most of instances in the New Testament are translated as 'face' or as figurative application of 'face', such as appearance or presence.
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apostles. Jesus was viewed as a human being who shared the divine sonship of the Logos; the Logos united itself to Jesus from the moment of Jesus' conception. After the
2216: 1142:
in the traditional exegetical sense of 'character' or 'part' (almost as in a play) which God or Christ or others were supposed to have assumed.” (Hanson, p. 692)
700:. Since their views on hypostatic union were seen as controversial, additional questions arose regarding their teachings on the prosopic union. 2114: 1816: 1772: 759: 447: 1988:"Gregory of Nyssa's Trinitarian Theology in In Illud: Tunc et ipse filius. His Polemic against Arian Subordinationism and the ἀποκατάστασις" 2171: 1793: 1647: 2058: 1999: 1973: 1952: 1931: 1907: 1858: 1837: 1728: 1704: 1671: 1552: 1528: 1423: 762:" (having one person) clauses, and in the same time explicitly denying the validity of "dyoprosopic" (having two persons) views. 2206: 419: 677: 2191: 1001: 1068: 787: 704: 527:
may not have. Whether the Trinity should be described as three hypostases or three prosopa was a core issue in the
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which was not characteristic of Marcellus but was apparently used by Sabellius …” (Hanson, The Search ... p. 328)
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Nestorius furthered Theodore's views on the prosopic union, claiming that prosopon is the "appearance" of the
1870:"Theodore of Mopsuestia's Understanding of Two Hypostaseis and Two Prosopa Coinciding in One Common Prosopon" 2201: 1042: 1012: 755: 732: 301: 261: 112: 968: 681: 646: 202: 156: 126: 1636:"The Persons in God and the Person of Christ in Patristic Theology: An Argument for Parallel Development" 716: 516: 145: 579:. It was the subject of many theological debates and disputes, particularly through early centuries of 1681:
Greer, Rowan A. (1966). "The Image of God and the Prosopic Union in Nestorius' Bazaar of Heraclides".
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of 431 affirmed the teaching of "One Person" of Jesus Christ, condemning all other teachings. The
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and its later variants, including teachings of some modern Christian denominations, like those of
2148: 2089: 2033: 1619: 1586: 1505: 860: 747: 468: 46: 2167: 2110: 2054: 1995: 1969: 1948: 1927: 1903: 1854: 1833: 1812: 1789: 1768: 1757:"Single Subjectivity and the Prosopic Union in Cyril of Alexandria and Theodore of Mopsuestia" 1724: 1700: 1690: 1667: 1643: 1548: 1524: 1462: 1419: 672:
dyoprosopic concept (in Christology) advocates that Christ has two persons (divine and human).
580: 528: 502: 140: 132: 1050: 505:, related to theology, philosophy or history of religion. While it is commonly translated as 2140: 2081: 2025: 1881: 1714: 1611: 1578: 1497: 1452: 941: 935: 897: 865: 689: 662: 568: 494: 305: 256: 179: 174: 637:
triprosopic concept advocates that God has three persons (Father, Son and the Holy Spirit).
2124: 1893: 1562: 891: 661:, two specific theological concepts have emerged throughout history, in reference to the 583:. It was the core issue in the Meletian Schism; a dispute between two pro-Nicene groups. 511:, it is also translated as "role," or "character," like a character in a play. The term 2009: 1983: 1631: 808: 771: 538: 238: 66: 17: 1063: 2221: 2185: 1917: 1457: 1440: 712: 708: 620: 356: 340: 2129:"Prosopon and Hypostasis in Basil of Caesarea's "Against Eunomius" and the Epistles" 1031: 870: 754:
in 451 reaffirmed the notion of One Person of Jesus Christ, formulating the famous
642: 400: 395: 364: 351: 335: 324: 296: 291: 221: 2014:"Origen, Greek Philosophy, and the Birth of the Trinitarian Meaning of Hypostasis" 2161: 2102: 2046: 1987: 1963: 1942: 1921: 1897: 1848: 1829:
The Roles of Christ's Humanity in Salvation: Insights from Theodore of Mopsuestia
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Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God
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represents an indwelling of God different from the indwelling experienced by the
783: 779: 775: 719:, the human Jesus and the Logos reveal that they have always been one prosopon. 696:(divine and human) of Jesus, but accepted a more loosely defined concept of the 669:
monoprosopic concept (in Christology) advocates that Christ has only one person;
658: 487: 464: 382: 319: 286: 248: 162: 89: 38: 2029: 1992:
Gregory of Nyssa: The Minor Treatises on Trinitarian Theology and Apollinarism
840: 475: 377: 1615: 1466: 1538: 1016: 685: 369: 2085: 1885: 1809:
After God: Richard Kearney and the Religious Turn in Continental Philosophy
1740:"Is There Room for Two? Cyril's Single Subjectivity and the Prosopic Union" 1869: 836: 722:
Theodore addresses the prosopic union in applying prosopon to Christ the
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The most notable example of monoprosopic views is represented in ancient
311: 2103:"Zur Bedeutung der Begriffe Hypostase und Prosopon bei Babai dem Großen" 2093: 2069: 2037: 2013: 1720:
Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451)
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dyoprosopic concept advocates that God has two persons (Father and Son);
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icon representing three persons of the Trinity, Venice (16th century)
507: 72: 2144: 1739: 1582: 1501: 739: 615: 519:. Both terms are used to describe the Father, Son, and Spirit but 1723:(2nd revised ed.). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 1517:
Athanasopoulos, Constantinos; Schneider, Christoph, eds. (2013).
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as less appropriate, too close to Sabellianism.” (Ayres, p. 210)
727: 2047:"Then and Now: The Many Faces of Global Oneness Pentecostalism" 1899:
Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
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The Case Against Diodore and Theodore: Texts and their Contexts
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monoprosopic concept advocates that God has only one person;
2070:"Apollinarian Christology and the Anti-Marcellan Tradition" 959: 950: 915: 921: 909: 575:
The term prosopon was important in the development of the
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In the Bible, prosopon is mostly translated as 'face'. In
1390:"Dukhrana Analytical Lexicon of the Syriac New Testament" 2053:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–70. 1811:. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 279–298. 735:
and to a full dominion over the sufferings of the body.
1926:(2nd revised ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1805:"Prosopon and Icon: Two Premodern Ways of Thinking God" 1600:"The Two Prosopa in Nestorius' Bazaar of Heracleides" 1159:(prosopon, the face) as synonymous, but he also sees 956: 924: 912: 947: 944: 918: 906: 903: 786:
is referred to as the "Great Countenance of Glory" (
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Georgian Christian Thought and Its Cultural Context
953: 900: 1683:Lux in Lumine: Essays to Honor W. Norman Pittenger 1030: 541:term. The Latin equivalent, traditionally used in 1785:The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria 2109:. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2014. pp. 151–171. 1923:Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism 1163:as less appropriate, too close to Sabellianism. 1167:indicates a reality of existence that he feels 676:During the first half of the 5th century, some 2163:The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers 1902:Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 782:books 1 and 2.1), the face or countenance of 441: 8: 478:. The term has a particular significance in 1666:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 1234:(prosopon) as synonymous, but he also sees 1994:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 445–478. 1685:. New York: Seabury Press. pp. 46–61. 1642:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 323–350. 1376: 1352: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1292: 1192: 1180: 1117: 1105: 448: 434: 29: 2051:The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism 1696:The Eastern Fathers of the Fourth Century 1456: 463:originally meant 'face' but is used as a 1523:. Cambridge, UK: James Clarke & Co. 1445:Journal of the American Oriental Society 1081: 847:term is a borrowing from the Greek word 1364: 1256: 993: 882: 835:'countenance', attested in the 37: 1803:Manoussakis, John Panteleimon (2006). 1441:"Mandaic and the Palestinian Question" 1304: 1280: 1120:, p. 173, 190-192, 198, 287, 338. 523:indicates a reality of existence that 2217:New Testament Greek words and phrases 1567:"Modern Interpretations of Nestorius" 1093: 515:should not be confused with the term 7: 1968:. London & New York: Routledge. 1744:St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 1268: 1051:participating institution membership 816: 791: 471:as designation for the concept of a 1547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1138:Basil of Caesarea “can readily use 2074:The Journal of Theological Studies 1874:Journal of Early Christian Studies 1604:The Journal of Theological Studies 608:prosopon (Greek)/persona (Latin). 545:, and from which the English term 25: 1699:. Vaduz: Büchervertriebsanstalt. 1941:Norris, Richard A., ed. (1980). 1458:10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 940: 896: 612:Prosopon in Christian triadology 45: 1962:Pásztori-Kupán, István (2006). 2018:The Harvard Theological Review 1947:. Minneapolis: Fortess Press. 1944:The Christological Controversy 1788:. Leiden-Boston: Basil BRILL. 1640:God in Early Christian Thought 1439:Häberl, Charles (2021-09-19). 1418:. Sydney: Living Water Books. 1: 1868:McLeod, Frederick G. (2010). 1847:McLeod, Frederick G. (2009). 1826:McLeod, Frederick G. (2005). 1598:Chesnut, Roberta C. (1978). 824: 799: 688:, questioned the concept of 27:Person in Christian theology 1663:Essential Theological Terms 1484:Anastos, Milton V. (1962). 2238: 2101:Toepel, Alexander (2014). 2068:Spoerl, Kelley M. (1994). 1755:Kalantzis, George (2010). 1738:Kalantzis, George (2008). 1394:Dukhrana Biblical Research 1069:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 972: 2030:10.1017/S0017816012000120 1832:. Washington: COA Press. 1171:may not.” (Ayres, p. 210) 1038:Oxford English Dictionary 2166:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 1486:"Nestorius Was Orthodox" 1414:Gelbert, Carlos (2011). 281:Christological doctrines 2045:Reed, David A. (2014). 1782:Loon, Hans van (2009). 1043:Oxford University Press 1013:Oxford University Press 756:Chalcedonian Definition 703:Theodore believed that 653:Prosopon in Christology 577:Doctrine of the Trinity 18:Dyoprosopic Christology 2207:Nature of Jesus Christ 2160:Weedman, Mark (2007). 1886:10.1353/earl.2010.0011 1850:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1616:10.1093/jts/XXIX.2.392 682:Theodore of Mopsuestia 678:Antiochene theologians 647:Oneness Pentecostalism 624: 605: 589: 127:Communicatio idiomatum 1853:. London: Routledge. 1490:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 1247:Jerome, Epistle 15.4. 1009:UK English Dictionary 619: 601: 585: 2192:Christian philosophy 2133:Vigiliae Christianae 2086:10.1093/jts/45.2.545 811:; also cognate with 752:Council of Chalcedon 705:incarnation of Jesus 543:Western Christianity 480:Christian triadology 420:Lutheran Christology 1295:, p. 432, 463. 1217:Epistle 210.5.36–41 1041:(Online ed.). 800:parṣupa rba ḏ-ʿqara 684:, and his disciple 414:Extra calvinisticum 33:Part of a series on 1965:Theodoret of Cyrus 1691:Florovsky, Georges 1658:González, Justo L. 1379:, p. 177-178. 1367:, p. 392–409. 1331:, p. 424-427. 1283:, p. 545-568. 1108:, p. 501-519. 1096:, p. 342–345. 978:; plural: πρόσωπα 861:Divine countenance 792:ࡐࡀࡓࡑࡅࡐࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡏࡒࡀࡓࡀ 772:Mandaean scripture 748:Council of Ephesus 625: 501:is used mainly in 469:Christian theology 2116:978-90-04-26427-4 1818:978-0-8232-2532-3 1774:978-90-429-2374-4 1761:Studia Patristica 1715:Grillmeier, Aloys 1049:(Subscription or 834: 822: 797: 788:Classical Mandaic 581:Christian history 529:Arian Controversy 458: 457: 133:Consubstantiality 16:(Redirected from 2229: 2177: 2156: 2125:Turcescu, Lucian 2120: 2097: 2064: 2041: 2005: 1979: 1958: 1937: 1913: 1894:Meyendorff, John 1889: 1864: 1843: 1822: 1799: 1778: 1751: 1734: 1710: 1686: 1677: 1653: 1627: 1594: 1563:Braaten, Carl E. 1558: 1534: 1513: 1471: 1470: 1460: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1271:, p. 52–70. 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1034: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1015:. 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Index

Dyoprosopic Christology
Christology
Christ Pantocrator
Christ (Messiah)
Kyrios
Son of God
God the Son
Logos
Incarnation
Pre-existence
Active obedience
Communicatio idiomatum
Consubstantiality
Exaltation
Humiliation
God-man
Homoiōma
Hypostatic union
Person
Prosopon
Imitation
Intercession
Kenosis
Syncatabasis
Knowledge
Love
Perfection
Wisdom
Threefold office
Redeemer

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