552:. UHMWPE rope does not develop kinks that can cause weak spots, and any frayed areas that may develop along the surface of the rope cannot pierce the skin like broken steel wire strands can. UHMWPE rope is less dense than water, making water recoveries easier as the recovery cable is easier to locate than wire rope. The bright colours available also aid with visibility should the rope become submerged or dirty. Another advantage in automotive applications is the reduced weight of UHMWPE rope over steel cables. A typical 11 mm (0.43 in) UHMWPE rope of 30 m (98 ft) can weigh around 2 kg (4.4 lb), the equivalent steel wire rope would weigh around 13 kg (29 lb). One notable drawback of UHMWPE rope is its susceptibility to UV damage, so many users will fit winch covers in order to protect the cable when not in use. It is also vulnerable to heat damage from contact with hot components.
681:, being lighter and less bulky. UHMWPE has excellent strength and wear-resistance, but is not dimensionally stable (i.e. shrinks) when exposed to heat, which leads to gradual and uneven shrinkage of different lines as they are subject to differing amounts of friction during canopy deployment, necessitating periodic line replacement. It is also almost completely inelastic, which can exacerbate the opening shock. For that reason, Dacron lines continue to be used in student and some tandem systems, where the added bulk is less of a concern than the potential for an injurious opening. In turn, in high-performance parachutes used for
744:(a-tocopherol) is the most common anti-oxidant used in radiation-cross-linked UHMWPE for medical applications. The anti-oxidant helps quench free radicals that are introduced during the irradiation process, imparting improved oxidation resistance to the UHMWPE without the need for thermal treatment. Several companies have been selling antioxidant-stabilized joint replacement technologies since 2007, using both synthetic vitamin E as well as hindered phenol-based antioxidants.
726:
to virgin UHMWPE. Today, the poor clinical history of
Hylamer is largely attributed to its sterilization method, and there has been a resurgence of interest in studying this material (at least among certain research circles). Hylamer fell out of favor in the United States in the late 1990s with the development of highly cross-linked UHMWPE materials, however negative clinical reports from Europe about Hylamer continue to surface in the literature.
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655:(DCF) is a laminated material consisting of a grid of Dyneema threads sandwiched between two thin transparent polyester membranes. This material is very strong for its weight, and was originally developed for use in racing yacht sails under the name 'Cuben Fiber'. More recently it has found new applications, most notably in the manufacture of lightweight and
376:
733:, at least in the United States. These new materials are cross-linked with gamma or electron beam radiation (50–105 kGy) and then thermally processed to improve their oxidation resistance. Five-year clinical data, from several centers, are now available demonstrating their superiority relative to conventional UHMWPE for total hip replacement (see
151:. Processed UHMWPE is available commercially either as fibers or in consolidated form, such as sheets or rods. Because of its resistance to wear and impact, UHMWPE continues to find increasing industrial applications, including the automotive and bottling sectors. Since the 1960s, UHMWPE has also been the material of choice for total joint
725:
A second attempt to modify UHMWPE was by high-pressure recrystallization. This recrystallized UHMWPE was released clinically as "Hylamer" by DePuy in the late 1980s. When gamma irradiated in air, this material exhibited susceptibility to oxidation, resulting in inferior clinical performance relative
721:
One unsuccessful attempt to modify UHMWPE was by blending the powder with carbon fibers. This reinforced UHMWPE was released clinically as "Poly Two" by Zimmer in the 1970s. The carbon fibers had poor compatibility with the UHMWPE matrix and its clinical performance was inferior to virgin UHMWPE.
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between the molecules are relatively weak for each atom of overlap between the molecules, but because the molecules are very long, large overlaps can exist, adding up to the ability to carry larger shear forces from molecule to molecule. Each chain is attracted to the others with so many van der
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UHMWPE is used in marine structures for the mooring of ships and floating structures in general. The UHMWPE forms the contact surface between the floating structure and the fixed one. Timber was and is used for this application also. UHMWPE is chosen as facing of fender systems for berthing
705:
Joint replacement components have historically been made from "GUR" resins. These powder materials are produced by Ticona, typically converted into semi-forms by companies such as
Quadrant and Orthoplastics, and then machined into implant components and sterilized by device manufacturers.
685:, UHMWPE is replaced with Vectran and HMA (high-modulus aramid), which are even thinner and dimensionally stable, but exhibit greater wear and require much more frequent maintenance to prevent catastrophic failure. UHMWPE are also used for reserve parachute closing loops when used with
462:
as low as 0.97 g/cm (0.087 oz/in) (for
Dyneema SK75). High-strength steels have comparable yield strengths, and low-carbon steels have yield strengths much lower (around 0.5 GPa (73,000 psi)). Since steel has a specific gravity of roughly 7.8, these materials have a
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from the ground, as, in comparison with steel cable, its superior abrasion resistance results in less wear when running along the ground and into the winch, increasing the time between failures. The lower weight on the mile-long cables used also results in higher winch launches.
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UHMWPE is also used in the manufacture of hydraulic seals and bearings. It is best suited for medium mechanical duties in water, oil hydraulics, pneumatics, and unlubricated applications. It has a good abrasion resistance but is better suited to soft mating surfaces.
1189:
Monty Phan; Lou
Dolinar (February 27, 2003). "Outfitting the Army of One – Technology has given today's troops better vision, tougher body armour, global tracking systems – and more comfortable underwear" (Nassau and Queens ed.). Newsday.
349:. The extrudate is drawn through the air, the oil extracted with a solvent which does not affect the UHMWPE, and then dried removing the solvent. The end-result is a fiber with a high degree of molecular orientation, and therefore exceptional
767:(vinyl) windows and doors, as it can endure the heat required to soften the PVC-based materials and is used as a form/chamber filler for the various PVC shape profiles in order for those materials to be 'bent' or shaped around a template.
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and emerged as the dominant bearing material for total hip and knee replacements in the 1970s. Throughout its history, there were unsuccessful attempts to modify UHMWPE to improve its clinical performance until the development of highly
170:, and as Spectra, commercialized by Honeywell (then AlliedSignal), are widely used in ballistic protection, defense applications, and increasingly in medical devices, sailing, hiking equipment, climbing, and many other industries.
548:. The key reason for changing to UHMWPE rope is improved safety. The lower mass of UHMWPE rope, coupled with significantly lower elongation at breaking, carries far less energy than steel or nylon, which leads to almost no
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It is also used in lifting applications, for manufacturing low weight, and heavy duty lifting slings. Due to its extreme abrasion resistance it is also used as an excellent corner protection for synthetic lifting slings.
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is around 130 to 136 °C (266 to 277 °F), and, according to DSM, it is not advisable to use UHMWPE fibres at temperatures exceeding 80 to 100 °C (176 to 212 °F) for long periods of time. It becomes
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causes poor knot-holding ability, and it is mostly used in pre-sewn 'slings' (loops of webbing)—relying on knots to join sections of UHMWPE is generally not recommended, and if necessary it is recommended to use the
213:
The weak bonding between olefin molecules allows local thermal excitations to disrupt the crystalline order of a given chain piece-by-piece, giving it much poorer heat resistance than other high-strength fibers. Its
911:
Wong, D. W. S.; Camirand, W. M.; Pavlath, A. E.; Krochta, J. M.; Baldwin, E. A. and
Nisperos-Carriedo, M. O. (eds.) (1994) "Development of edible coatings for minimally processed fruits and vegetables" pp. 65–88 in
282:. The material is then cooled down at a rate of 5 °C/h (2.5 °F/ks) to 65 °C (149 °F) or less. Finally, the material is wrapped in an insulating blanket for 24 hours to bring to room temperature.
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for use in hip, knee, and (since the 1980s), for spine implants. An online repository of information and review articles related to medical grade UHMWPE, known as the UHMWPE Lexicon, was started online in 2000.
787:. Following the primary layer is an HMWPE insulation layer, which provides pliable strength and allows considerable abuse during installation. The HMWPE jacketing provides mechanical protection as well.
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made from the fiber (0.97 specific gravity) float on sea water. "Spectra wires" as they are called in the towing boat community are commonly used for face wires as a lighter alternative to steel wires.
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composite material, adding stiffness and improving its flex characteristics. The UHMWPE is often used as the base layer, which contacts the snow, and includes abrasives to absorb and retain wax.
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easily, which makes bonding it to other polymers difficult. For the same reasons, skin does not interact with it strongly, making the UHMWPE fiber surface feel slippery. In a similar manner,
666:(PET). Besides pure UHMWPE fibers, most manufacturers use blends to further reduce the creep and stretch of the material. In these blends, the UHMWPE fibers are blended with, for example,
400:
467:. The high qualities of UHMWPE filament were discovered by Albert Pennings in 1968, but commercially viable products were made available by DSM in 1990 and Southern Ropes soon after.
537:, designed to offer arm and leg protection, are said to utilize a form of UHMWPE fabric. A multitude of UHMWPE woven fabrics are available in the market and are used as shoe liners,
190:. It is made up of extremely long chains of polyethylene, which all align in the same direction. It derives its strength largely from the length of each individual molecule (chain).
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338:. Several European companies began compression molding UHMWPE in the early 1960s. Gel-spinning arrived much later and was intended for different applications.
833:
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groups) that are susceptible to attack from aggressive agents, it is very resistant to water, moisture, most chemicals, UV radiation, and micro-organisms.
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779:
Fluoropolymer / HMWPE insulation cathodic protection cable is typically made with dual insulation. It features a primary layer of a fluoropolymer such as
64:. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. This results in a very
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AG, which has changed names over the years. Today UHMWPE powder materials, which may be directly molded into a product's final shape, are produced by
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have gained popularity for their low weight and bulk. They exhibit very low elasticity compared to their nylon counterparts, which translates to low
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The simple structure of the molecule also gives rise to surface and chemical properties that are rare in high-performance polymers. For example, the
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Tong, Jin; Ma, Yunhai; Arnell, R. D.; Ren, Luquan (2006). "Free abrasive wear behaviour of UHMWPE composites filled with wollastonite fibres".
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For personal armor, the fibers are, in general, aligned and bonded into sheets, which are then layered at various angles to give the resulting
396:
Currently in a disorderly list format without bullet points. Maybe organize by how the fibers are used (rope, sheet, composite, single-strand)?
319:, resulting in UHMWPE molecules typically having 100,000 to 250,000 monomer units per molecule each compared to HDPE's 700 to 1,800 monomers.
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Southern et al., The
Properties of Polyethylene Crystallized Under the Orientation and Pressure Effects of a Pressure Capillary Viscometer,
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strength-to-weight ratios eight times that of high-strength steels. Strength-to-weight ratios for UHMWPE are about 40% higher than for
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are made of UHMWPE, due to their low stretch, high strength, and low weight. Similarly, UHMWPE is often used for winch-launching
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In archery, UHMWPE is widely used as a material for bowstrings because of its low creep and stretch compared to, for example,
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groups in most polymers easily bond to water. Because olefins have no such groups, UHMWPE does not absorb water readily, nor
274:, the material is heated to between 135 °C (275 °F) and 138 °C (280 °F) in an oven or a liquid bath of
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737:). Clinical studies are still underway to investigate the performance of highly cross-linked UHMWPE for knee replacement.
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Highly cross-linked UHMWPE materials were clinically introduced in 1998 and have rapidly become the standard of care for
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689:, where their extremely low coefficient of friction is critical for proper operation in the event of cutter activation.
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UHMWPE was used for the 30 km (19 mi) long, 0.6 mm (0.024 in) thick space tether in the ESA/Russian
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In 2007, manufacturers started incorporating anti-oxidants into UHMWPE for hip and knee arthroplasty bearing surfaces.
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Stein, H. L. (1998). Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes (uhmwpe). Engineered
Materials Handbook, 2, 167–171.
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Another important medical advancement for UHMWPE in the past decade has been the increase in use of fibers for
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are minimal. Entanglements make chain orientation more difficult, and lower the strength of the final product.
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When formed into fibers, the polymer chains can attain a parallel orientation greater than 95% and a level of
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US Patent 5342567 Process for producing high tenacity and high modulus polyethylene fibers, issued 1994-08-30
677:, UHMWPE is one of the most common materials used for suspension lines, largely supplanting the earlier-used
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Kanamoto, On Ultra-High
Tensile by Drawing Single Crystal Mats of High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,
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Under tensile load, UHMWPE will deform continually as long as the stress is present—an effect called
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The use of UHMWPE rope for automotive winching offers several advantages over the more common steel
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loads are not limited as much by the comparative weakness of each localized van der Waals force.
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UHMWPE fibers branded as
Dyneema, commercialized in the late 1970s by the Dutch chemical company
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fibers for surgical applications are produced by DSM under the "Dyneema Purity" trade name.
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polymers like UHMWPE are immune to. Since UHMWPE does not contain chemical groups (such as
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Pennings, A.J.; van der Hooft, R.J.; Postema, A.R.; Hoogsteen, W.; ten Brinke, G. (1986).
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1443:"DSM introduces Dyneema Purity® Black fiber, the first black medical-grade UHMWPE fiber"
1411:"A new method of stabilising irradiated UHMWPE using Vitamin E and mechanical annealing"
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The UHMWPE handbook: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total joint replacement
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Waals forces that the whole of the inter-molecular strength is high. In this way, large
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482:. Civil applications containing UHMWPE fibers are cut-resistant gloves, tear-resistant
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In gel spinning a precisely heated gel (of a low concentration of UHMWPE in an oil) is
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camping and backpacking equipment such as tents, backpacks, and bear-proof food bags.
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Budinski, Kenneth G. (1997). "Resistance to particle abrasion of selected plastics".
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UHMWPE is odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic. It embodies all the characteristics of
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Crouch, Ian. 2016. The
Science of Armour Materials. P229. Woodhead Publishing.
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Spun UHMWPE fibers excel as fishing line, as they have less stretch, are more
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strength in all directions. Recently developed additions to the US Military's
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Wannomae, K. K., Micheli, B. R.; Lozynsky, A. J. and Muratoglu, O. K. (2010)
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541:, fencing clothing, stab-resistant vests, and composite liners for vehicles.
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derives its strength from strong bonding between relatively short molecules.
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Patent application 20070148452 High strength polyethylene fiber, 2007-06-28
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Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications
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Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology Volume3: High Technology Fibers
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1074:"High-speed gel-spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene"
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119:(PTFE, Teflon), but UHMWPE has better abrasion resistance than PTFE.
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Die Aktivitäten der Ruhrchemie AG auf dem Gebiet der Kohlevergasung
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107:. Its coefficient of friction is significantly lower than that of
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Analytical techniques to characterize radiation effects on UHMWPE
935:"PE Material: Porex Porous Polyethylene for Plastic Filter Media"
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of lightweight high-strength oriented-strand gels spun through a
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1425:"UHMWPE for total joint arthroplasty: Past, present, and future"
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Low friction (wet and dry conditions): self-lubricating material
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79:(HDPE) with the added traits of being resistant to concentrated
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Polyethylene UHMWPE HDPE LDPE LLDPE – What are the differences?
1413:. 56th Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society, 2290.
103:, in some forms being 15 times more resistant to abrasion than
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which is chemically resistant to chlorine, sulfuric acid, and
369:
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It is used in skis and snowboards, often in combination with
1219:
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Polymerization of UHMWPE was commercialized in the 1950s by
1276:
Smith Maritime Ocean Towing & Salvage Services (2024).
470:
Derivatives of UHMWPE yarn are used in composite plates in
238:
polymers are often susceptible to aromatic solvents due to
2738:
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Highly crosslinked VE-UHMWPE for hip and knee replacements
1611:
1583:
UHMWPE Characteristics, Processing Methods, Applications
1385:
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Moyer, Tom; Tusting, Paul & Harmston, Chris (2000).
803:
Impact resistance: best among plastics, similar to steel
800:
Wear resistance: best among plastics, better than steel
91:; has extremely low moisture absorption and a very low
27:
Very long-chain polyethylene with high impact strength
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structures because of the following characteristics:
960:
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
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1202:"Sheertex creates world's toughest sheer pantyhose"
223:at temperatures below −150 °C (−240 °F).
1062:Hoechst: Annealing (Stress Relief) of Hostalen GUR
914:Edible coatings and films to improve food quality
1559:Next generation orthopedic implants using UHMWPE
1024:ultra high molecular weight polyethylene; UHMWPE
709:UHMWPE was first used clinically in 1962 by Sir
559:-resistant, and are thinner than the equivalent
182:Structure of UHMWPE, with n greater than 100,000
916:, Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA.
458:as high as 2.4 GPa (350,000 psi) and
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2183:
1627:
1274:A cable used to secure a barge to a towboat
8:
1303:"Spectra® and Dyneema® | Bally Ribbon Mills"
834:IPX Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1235:"Comparative Testing of High Strength Cord"
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312:(HDPE) due to a synthesis process based on
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863:
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859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
526:, kites, and kite lines for kites sports.
1353:
1208:. Inside Textiles Ltd. 20 September 2019.
574:made of combinations of UHMWPE and nylon
419:Learn how and when to remove this message
1520:vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 327–329 (1983).
291:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
56:), it has extremely long chains, with a
31:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
845:
1388:. Uhmwpe.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-30.
763:UHMWPE is used in the manufacture of
72:of any thermoplastic presently made.
7:
2152:
60:usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million
1513:vol. 14, pp. 2305–2317 (1970).
697:UHMWPE has a clinical history as a
1510:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1326:Katharine Sanderson (2007-09-26).
25:
972:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.023
322:UHMWPE is processed variously by
3958:
3957:
3949:
2657:Body armor performance standards
2151:
2142:
2141:
625:High-performance lines (such as
374:
1284:from the original on 2019-12-26
1484:"UHMWPE for marine structures"
308:longer than those of familiar
240:aromatic stacking interactions
206:from 39% to 75%. In contrast,
99:); and is highly resistant to
1:
2443:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli)
2418:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
1538:Christine A. Odero, MIT, 1994
1014:, Jg. 44 (1983), pp. 140–145.
995:10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07346-2
115:and is comparable to that of
1607:HMPE Fibre – How is it made?
1536:Polymer Gel Spinning Machine
1328:"Dropping a line from space"
687:automatic activation devices
647:Young Engineers' Satellite 2
591:rather than the traditional
510:, suspension lines on sport
3328:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
1172:. Honeywell International.
1168:Bhatnagar, A. (ed.) (2006)
823:Medium-density polyethylene
394:. The specific problem is:
95:; is self-lubricating (see
68:material, with the highest
4020:
3464:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
1423:Spiegelberg, S.H. (2012).
718:UHMWPE in the late 1990s.
390:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
3945:
2736:
2206:
2137:
1471:Performance of XLPE cable
1158:. Tote Systems Australia.
876:Kurtz, Steven M. (2004).
310:high-density polyethylene
77:high-density polyethylene
50:high-modulus polyethylene
2562:Armour of the Kelly gang
2408:Karuta (Japanese armour)
1012:Glückauf-Forschungshefte
817:Low-density polyethylene
653:Dyneema Composite Fabric
582:. The fiber's very high
174:Structure and properties
2460:Bullet-resistant armour
2413:Kikko (Japanese armour)
2230:Historical armour types
1138:"The story of Dyneema®"
593:double fisherman's knot
589:triple fisherman's knot
117:polytetrafluoroethylene
93:coefficient of friction
3666:Advanced Combat Helmet
2711:Fictional armour types
1398:GHR HMW-PE and VHMW-PE
731:total hip replacements
535:Interceptor body armor
436:
183:
3758:Boxing / Martial Arts
2309:Mail and plate armour
1460:"Cathodic Protection"
791:Marine infrastructure
434:
181:
41:) is a subset of the
3984:Brand name materials
3308:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
2567:Brewster Body Shield
1036:Lewin (1996-07-09).
989:. 203–204: 302–309.
649:of September, 2007.
435:LIROS Dyneema hollow
401:improve this section
324:compression moulding
192:Van der Waals forces
186:UHMWPE is a type of
97:boundary lubrication
3479:Romanian M73 helmet
3433:M1918 (Switzerland)
3353:Mk II talker helmet
3318:Stahlhelm (Germany)
2873:Henry VIII's Horned
2452:Modern armour types
2391:Gothic plate armour
2381:Kasten-brust armour
2304:Transitional armour
1346:2007Natur.449..387S
1278:"Glossary of Terms"
506:, high-performance
478:and on occasion as
306:orders of magnitude
3716:Lightweight Helmet
3191:Lobster-tailed pot
2629:Osprey body armour
1600:2021-05-15 at the
1588:2019-07-05 at the
1576:2014-04-24 at the
1564:2014-04-24 at the
1552:2014-04-24 at the
1465:2021-08-02 at the
1307:Bally Ribbon Mills
1093:10.1007/BF00955487
882:. Academic Press.
614:, reinforcing the
531:composite material
502:, spear lines for
492:climbing equipment
437:
184:
3971:
3970:
3939:
3938:
3778:Gridiron football
3734:
3733:
3388:SSh-39 and SSh-40
3323:M1934/39 (Greece)
2670:
2669:
2652:
2651:
2584:Ranger Body Armor
2550:
2549:
2496:Ballistic fabrics
2396:Maximilian armour
2252:Lorica segmentata
2165:
2164:
2133:
2132:
1909:
1908:
1206:Knitting Industry
889:978-0-12-429851-4
785:hydrochloric acid
561:monofilament line
474:, in particular,
429:
428:
421:
392:quality standards
383:This section may
16:(Redirected from
4011:
4004:Synthetic fibers
3961:
3960:
3953:
3373:M1940 (Portugal)
3048:Late Roman ridge
2983:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2552:
2465:
2456:
2371:Greenwich armour
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2144:
1920:
1656:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1495:
1494:
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1474:
1457:
1451:
1450:
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1395:
1389:
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1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:. Akiro Protech.
1220:"UHMWPE Fabrics"
1216:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:Dyneema® Project
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1103:. Archived from
1087:(2–3): 167–174.
1081:Polymer Bulletin
1078:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1005:
999:
998:
982:
976:
975:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
931:
925:
909:
903:
900:
894:
893:
873:
424:
417:
413:
410:
404:
378:
377:
370:
351:tensile strength
48:. Also known as
21:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3963:Category:Armour
3941:
3940:
3935:
3865:
3856:Riot protection
3824:
3730:
3681:ECH (Australia)
3649:
3573:
3442:
3438:Type 92 Tetsubo
3363:Netherlands M34
3313:M1923 (Denmark)
3281:
3277:Tarleton helmet
3250:
3083:
3077:
2972:
2828:Coventry Sallet
2780:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2732:
2706:
2692:
2666:
2648:
2546:
2542:Ballistic nylon
2491:
2469:Ballistic plate
2447:
2366:Munition armour
2279:Lamellar armour
2274:Lorica squamata
2225:
2202:
2196:
2166:
2161:
2129:
2022:
1989:
1941:
1932:Artificial silk
1905:
1887:
1774:
1645:
1640:
1602:Wayback Machine
1590:Wayback Machine
1578:Wayback Machine
1566:Wayback Machine
1554:Wayback Machine
1527:
1518:Polymer Journal
1504:
1502:Further reading
1499:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:Wayback Machine
1458:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1371:
1355:10.1038/449387a
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
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1275:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1237:
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1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
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1199:
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1188:
1187:
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1126:
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1071:
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1002:
984:
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943:
941:
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928:
910:
906:
901:
897:
890:
875:
874:
847:
842:
813:
793:
777:
761:
695:
456:yield strengths
425:
414:
408:
405:
398:
379:
375:
368:
363:
288:
270:When UHMWPE is
176:
125:
89:oxidizing acids
70:impact strength
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:American fiber
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
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3797:
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3760:
3755:
3754:
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3742:
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3561:
3556:
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3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Bangtan Helmet
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:M1937 (Sweden)
3420:
3418:M1926 (Sweden)
3415:
3410:
3408:M1942 Modelo Z
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:M36 (Bulgaria)
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Witcham Gravel
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Guilden Morden
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Crosby Garrett
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:Spectra Shield
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:Muscle cuirass
2351:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:Coat of plates
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Laminar armour
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Lorica plumata
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:Vehicle armour
2213:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:Semi-synthetic
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
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1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
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1790:
1784:
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1776:
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1773:
1772:
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1624:
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1610:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1525:External links
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1475:
1452:
1434:
1415:
1402:
1390:
1386:UHMWPE Lexicon
1369:
1318:
1294:
1267:
1252:"Cord testing"
1243:
1225:
1211:
1193:
1190:pp. B.06.
1181:
1161:
1147:
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1120:
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1016:
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826:
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809:
808:
807:
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792:
789:
776:
775:Wire and cable
773:
760:
757:
694:
691:
476:personal armor
427:
426:
382:
380:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
287:
284:
175:
172:
124:
121:
58:molecular mass
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3964:
3956:
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3932:
3929:
3927:
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3892:
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3874:
3872:
3868:
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3859:
3857:
3854:
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3849:
3847:
3846:Firefighter's
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
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3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Hełm wz. 2005
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
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3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
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3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Hełm wz. 2000
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
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3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3507:
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3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Hungarian M70
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:L'Eplattenier
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:M1934 (Spain)
3401:
3399:
3398:M1926 (Spain)
3396:
3394:
3393:M1921 (Spain)
3391:
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3149:
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3146:Germanic boar
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3136:Falling buffe
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2555:Armor systems
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2500:
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2477:Ceramic plate
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2334:Mirror armour
2332:
2330:
2329:Splint armour
2327:
2325:
2324:Jack of plate
2322:
2320:
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2315:
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2264:Lorica hamata
2262:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
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1340:(7161): 387.
1339:
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1124:
1121:
1110:on 2019-02-17
1106:
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1098:
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1086:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1049:9780824794705
1045:
1042:. CRC Press.
1041:
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786:
782:
774:
772:
768:
766:
759:Manufacturing
758:
756:
754:
753:Medical-grade
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
717:
712:
711:John Charnley
707:
703:
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692:
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684:
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676:
671:
669:
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527:
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521:
517:
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509:
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497:
494:, automotive
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:vehicle armor
477:
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466:
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445:
441:
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423:
420:
412:
402:
397:
393:
389:
388:
381:
372:
371:
365:
360:
358:
356:
355:entanglements
352:
348:
344:
339:
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333:
329:
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320:
318:
315:
311:
307:
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296:
292:
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268:
266:
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259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
216:melting point
211:
209:
205:
204:crystallinity
200:
198:
193:
189:
180:
173:
171:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
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142:
138:
134:
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98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
43:thermoplastic
40:
36:
32:
19:
3894:Heraldic use
3882:Helmet cover
3654:2001–present
3484:Mº 44 E.T.A.
3338:M42 Duperite
3236:Takula tofao
3186:Lamellenhelm
3084:Early Modern
3082:Medieval and
3053:Montefortino
2798:Benty Grange
2529:
2403:Lame (armor)
2386:White armour
2376:Almain rivet
2361:Plate armour
2289:Scale armour
2097:
2093:Polyethylene
1517:
1508:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1470:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1405:
1400:. ticona.com
1393:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1286:. Retrieved
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1246:
1228:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1164:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1084:
1080:
1067:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1026:. chemyq.com
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
986:
980:
966:(1): 38–45.
963:
959:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
913:
907:
898:
878:
794:
778:
769:
762:
746:
739:
735:arthroplasty
728:
724:
720:
716:cross-linked
708:
704:
696:
672:
661:
651:
644:
624:
620:
612:carbon fiber
609:
597:
565:
554:
543:
528:
500:fishing line
469:
454:. They have
443:
439:
438:
415:
406:
399:Please help
395:
384:
361:Applications
340:
332:gel spinning
321:
293:(UHMWPE) is
290:
289:
276:silicone oil
269:
262:
260:
242:, an effect
225:
212:
201:
185:
165:
153:arthroplasty
126:
105:carbon steel
74:
53:
49:
46:polyethylene
38:
34:
30:
29:
3994:Polyolefins
3671:BK-3 helmet
3625:Hełm wz. 93
3549:Paratrooper
3534:Modèle 1978
3529:Modèle 1951
3504:Hełm wz. 67
3499:Hełm wz. 63
3494:Hełm wz. 50
3368:Hełm wz. 31
3333:M33 (Italy)
3272:Pith helmet
3267:Pickelhaube
3255:Late Modern
3231:Spangenhelm
3216:Pickelhaube
3116:Cervelliere
2998:Boar's tusk
2858:Guisborough
2823:Coțofenești
2728:Power armor
2723:Ring armour
2718:Banded mail
2674:Flak jacket
2604:FSBE AAV QR
2594:Dragon Skin
2530:UHMWPE/HPPE
2487:Steel plate
2482:Doron plate
2344:Breastplate
1924:Regenerated
1868:Spider silk
699:biomaterial
635:parasailing
570:, cord and
516:paragliders
403:if you can.
314:metallocene
295:synthesized
143:(Endumax),
123:Development
3989:Body armor
3978:Categories
3805:Motorcycle
3788:Revolution
3773:Equestrian
3600:M90 (Iraq)
3181:Kulah khud
3141:Frog-mouth
3018:Corinthian
3008:Chalcidian
2938:Sutton Hoo
2923:Ribchester
2883:Iron Gates
2878:Horncastle
2848:Gjermundbu
2818:Coppergate
2808:Canterbury
2779:historical
2777:Individual
2697:Components
2518:Kevlar KM2
2319:Brigandine
2294:Chain mail
2237:Linothorax
2211:Body armor
2073:Modacrylic
2068:Microfiber
1985:Triacetate
1937:Milk fiber
1803:Camel hair
1735:Lotus silk
1312:2016-06-07
1288:2024-04-23
1178:1855739410
1114:2019-07-13
944:2017-02-14
922:1566761131
840:References
657:ultralight
616:fiberglass
512:parachutes
409:April 2023
345:through a
286:Production
256:hydroxylic
188:polyolefin
163:implants.
157:orthopedic
129:Ruhrchemie
3931:Zuckerman
3887:Mitznefet
3836:Custodian
3815:Scrum cap
3783:Eyeshield
3661:A2 Helmet
3578:1980–2000
3564:Swiss M71
3447:1945–1980
3286:1914–1945
3156:Hounskull
3038:Kegelhelm
2689:Stab vest
2684:Bomb suit
2679:Riot gear
2572:Steel Bib
2503:Gold Flex
2339:Klivanion
2247:Buff coat
2088:Polyester
1960:Diacetate
1915:Synthetic
1818:Chiengora
1156:"Dyneema"
1101:137384856
939:porex.com
742:Vitamin E
675:skydiving
627:backstays
584:lubricity
580:toughness
550:snap-back
546:wire rope
539:pantyhose
504:spearguns
490:strings,
452:spinneret
347:spinneret
336:sintering
328:extrusion
317:catalysts
297:from its
280:glycerine
244:aliphatic
3999:Plastics
3909:Tarnhelm
3851:Hard hat
3800:Lacrosse
3739:Athletic
3711:KH-B2000
3686:ECH (US)
3514:M76 Para
3459:CABAL II
3131:Enclosed
3111:Burgonet
3106:Bascinet
3096:Aventail
3073:Shmarjet
3063:Phrygian
3033:Imperial
3028:Illyrian
3003:Boeotian
2958:Waterloo
2953:Venetian
2928:Shorwell
2908:Nijmegen
2903:Newstead
2863:Hallaton
2843:Gevninge
2813:Ciumeşti
2788:Agighiol
2703:Medieval
2619:MTV/IMTV
2433:Haramaki
2242:Gambeson
2147:Category
2056:Technora
2018:Metallic
1901:Asbestos
1843:Pashmina
1808:Cashmere
1598:Archived
1586:Archived
1574:Archived
1562:Archived
1550:Archived
1463:Archived
1429:Bonezone
1364:17898730
1282:Archived
811:See also
683:swooping
568:climbing
557:abrasion
524:yachting
496:winching
385:require
343:extruded
302:ethylene
272:annealed
236:aromatic
145:Celanese
101:abrasion
3904:Mahiole
3861:Welding
3768:Cricket
3763:Bicycle
3751:Coolflo
3746:Batting
3640:SPECTRA
3569:Type 66
3262:Dragoon
3226:Secrete
3161:Jingasa
3126:Dragoon
3101:Barbute
2986:Ancient
2918:Pioneer
2893:Meyrick
2888:Lokrume
2781:helmets
2770:Helmets
2662:BA 9000
2589:IBA/OTV
2428:Dō-maru
2423:Ō-yoroi
2349:Cuirass
2299:Hauberk
2221:Barding
2157:Commons
2115:Vinylon
2110:Vectran
2105:Spandex
2036:Acrylic
2028:Polymer
1995:Mineral
1975:Piñatex
1965:Lyocell
1955:Acetate
1893:Mineral
1823:Guanaco
1673:Bagasse
1651:Natural
1449:. 2017.
1342:Bibcode
749:sutures
693:Medical
668:Vectran
639:gliders
631:sailing
600:hawsers
598:Ships'
572:webbing
520:rigging
484:hosiery
460:density
444:Spectra
440:Dyneema
387:cleanup
299:monomer
221:brittle
197:tensile
137:Braskem
85:alkalis
18:Dyneema
3954:Portal
3926:Winged
3899:Horned
3877:Flight
3841:Diving
3810:Racing
3795:Hockey
3676:QGF-03
3610:M59/85
3559:SSh-68
3554:SSh-60
3544:OR-201
3489:M59/85
3413:SSK 90
3383:SSh-36
3358:Mk III
3298:Brodie
3293:Adrian
3246:Viking
3241:Turban
3221:Sallet
3211:Paseki
3201:Morion
3176:Kettle
3171:Katapu
3166:Kabuto
3013:Coolus
2978:Combat
2913:Peretu
2898:Nemiya
2868:Hellvi
2624:PRU-70
2523:Twaron
2513:Kevlar
2508:Aramid
2438:Tatami
2257:Manica
2199:Armour
2120:Vinyon
2098:UHMWPE
2083:Olefin
2051:Kevlar
2046:Twaron
2041:Aramid
2013:Basalt
2008:Carbon
1878:Vicuña
1863:Tendon
1853:Rabbit
1848:Qiviut
1838:Mohair
1813:Catgut
1798:Byssus
1793:Angora
1788:Alpaca
1780:Animal
1760:Rattan
1750:Raffia
1693:Cotton
1678:Bamboo
1643:Fibers
1489:May 7,
1362:
1333:Nature
1260:May 7,
1176:
1099:
1046:
1010:. In:
920:
886:
829:Twaron
825:(MDPE)
819:(LDPE)
679:Dacron
664:Dacron
629:) for
604:cables
465:aramid
448:brands
334:, and
326:, ram
252:amides
248:esters
208:Kevlar
149:Mitsui
147:, and
141:Teijin
133:Ticona
113:acetal
35:UHMWPE
3870:Other
3635:Sfera
3620:PASGT
3605:JK 96
3595:GOLFO
3585:CG634
3539:MPC-1
3519:Mk IV
3206:Nasal
3196:Mempo
3151:Great
3121:Close
3091:Armet
3068:Pilos
3058:Negau
3043:Konos
3023:Galea
2993:Attic
2948:Veksø
2943:Tjele
2838:Emesa
2793:Agris
2599:CIRAS
2579:PASGT
2201:types
2125:Zylon
2078:Nylon
2061:Nomex
2003:Glass
1980:Rayon
1970:Modal
1833:Llama
1765:Sisal
1755:Ramie
1730:Kenaf
1725:Kapok
1708:Linen
1698:Fique
1683:Bashō
1668:Abacá
1660:Plant
1255:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1097:S2CID
1077:(PDF)
781:ECTFE
508:sails
472:armor
366:Fiber
264:creep
254:, or
228:polar
161:spine
109:nylon
81:acids
66:tough
3914:Pith
3829:Work
3726:Mk 7
3721:MICH
3706:IHPS
3696:6B47
3691:FAST
3524:Mk 6
3469:GK80
2968:Yarm
2803:Broe
2634:SPCS
2614:IOTV
1873:Wool
1858:Silk
1828:Hair
1770:Wood
1745:Pine
1740:Piña
1720:Jute
1715:Hemp
1703:Flax
1688:Coir
1491:2020
1360:PMID
1262:2020
1174:ISBN
1044:ISBN
987:Wear
918:ISBN
884:ISBN
633:and
602:and
576:yarn
514:and
446:are
442:and
159:and
111:and
83:and
54:HMPE
39:UHMW
3820:Ski
3645:6B7
3615:M87
3590:M92
3509:M63
3378:RAC
3348:M1C
2644:MSV
2639:SPC
2609:HRM
1883:Yak
1447:DSM
1350:doi
1338:449
1089:doi
991:doi
968:doi
765:PVC
673:In
566:In
522:in
488:bow
278:or
232:wet
168:DSM
155:in
62:amu
3980::
3343:M1
1469:.
1445:.
1427:.
1372:^
1358:.
1348:.
1336:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:.
1204:.
1140:.
1095:.
1085:16
1083:.
1079:.
964:37
962:.
937:.
848:^
751:.
670:.
595:.
563:.
518:,
498:,
486:,
330:,
267:.
250:,
139:,
135:,
37:,
2762:e
2755:t
2748:v
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1493:.
1473:.
1431:.
1366:.
1352::
1344::
1315:.
1291:.
1264:.
1240:.
1144:.
1117:.
1091::
1052:.
997:.
993::
974:.
970::
947:.
924:.
892:.
422:)
416:(
411:)
407:(
52:(
33:(
20:)
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