Digital Audio Broadcasting - Knowledge (XXG)

1851:(SFN) is such that the transmitters in a network must broadcast the same signal at the same time. To achieve synchronization, the broadcaster must counter any differences in propagation time incurred by the different methods and distances involved in carrying the signal from the multiplexer to the different transmitters. This is done by applying a delay to the incoming signal at the transmitter based on a timestamp generated at the multiplexer, created taking into account the maximum likely propagation time, with a generous added margin for safety. Delays in the audio encoder and the receiver due to digital processing (e.g. deinterleaving) add to the overall delay perceived by the listener. The signal is delayed, usually by around 1 to 4 seconds and can be considerably longer for DAB+. This has disadvantages: 2341:

and ever since the interest was low. It was only available in Bucharest, only public stations were available, although some private stations made some trials. DAB listeners were still in lower counts. Availability of DAB radios in stores was (and still is) low, and, despite the fact that some stores were offering DAB receivers, the interest remains limited (both because of lack of interest, higher price than an ordinary FM receiver and people are willing to pay the higher price for an internet device), most preferring internet radios or combined systems (devices with both FM and internet, although many such devices also have DAB capability, which is now rendered useless).

4662:"Minister of Media Benjamin Dalle: "I am convinced that the future of radio is exclusively digital". Radio, one of the oldest mass media, is still alive and kicking, Media Minister Benjamin Dalle (CD&V) told Business AM Radio. Yet the medium is not standing still. "I am convinced that the future of radio is exclusively digital," he echoed. In the news: More and more radio stations are choosing to go fully digital. Still, it will be some time before the obsolete FM technology is completely abandoned, Dalle thinks. In the coming years, more and more people will listen digitally. According to the minister, this will be a combination of internet and DAB+" 4844:"All current commercial radios, which broadcast in the analogue FM band, have a so-called transformation license, which obliges them to switch to digital broadcasting and leave the FM band in 2025 at the latest. But the parliamentary amendment sets a clear deadline: if the government does not present a clear plan for the transition to DAB+ by October 10, 2022, it will be possible to renew these analogue licenses again by radio with transformation licenses. Thus, there would be no transition to digital broadcasting as in television, but only the launch of simultaneous broadcasting in analogue and digital form" 2257: 4688:"The Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development has announced that the Republic of Moldova will also abandon FM radio stations, in favour of digital terrestrial sound broadcasting T-DAB/T-DAB+ in the 174-230 MHz band. The Ministry of Infrastructure estimates that the radio spectrum resources available to the Republic of Moldova are sufficient to implementation of 2-6 national multiplexes, which can provide national coverage for 30-90 radio stations (compared to 4-5 existing national broadcasters at the moment)" 1194:) and vice versa. However, the UEP scheme used on DAB results in a grey area in between the user experiencing good reception quality and no reception at all, as opposed to the situation with most other wireless digital communication systems that have a sharp "digital cliff", where the signal rapidly becomes unusable if the signal strength drops below a certain threshold. When DAB listeners receive a signal in this intermediate strength area they experience a "burbling" sound which interrupts the playback of the audio. 230: 1551:, measured in programmes per MHz and per transmitter site, than analogue systems. In many places, this has led to an increase in the number of stations available to listeners, especially outside of the major urban areas. This can be further improved with DAB+ which uses a much more efficient codec, allowing a lower bitrate per channel with little to no loss in quality. If some stations transmit in mono, their bitrate can be reduced compared to stereo broadcasts, further improving the efficiency. 783:, the government agreed with the Digital Radio and Audio Review's main conclusion that there should be no formal switch-off of analogue radio services before 2030 at the earliest, and notes that the ongoing decline of analogue listening makes it appropriate to consider updating elements of the legislative framework to support a smooth transition of services away from analogue in due course. Government also agreed that government and industry should look at this again in 2026. 706:, Switzerland's public-service broadcaster, will shut down its FM transmission infrastructure on 31 December 2024. The corporation concluded that maintaining FM broadcasts along with DAB+ and Internet streaming was no longer cost-effective, as due to widespread adoption of DAB+ the share of the public relying exclusively on FM was under ten percent and decreasing. All other FM broadcasters in the country must shut down or convert to DAB+ by 31 December 2026. 495: 744:, "the regulator MPRT has been commissioned by the Swedish government to review the conditions for commercial radio in the longer term (Ku 2021/01993). In dialogue with relevant actors, including the industry, the authority plans to analyse the need for any changes in the regulations for licensing with the aim of submitting a final report to the Ministry of Culture by December 2022." As of August 2023, DAB signals are only broadcast in the greater 550:, "the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) entered into force on 20 December 2018, with transposition into national legislation by Member States required by 21 December 2020. The Directive applies to all EU member states regardless of the status of DAB+ in each country. This means that since the end of 2020, across all EU countries, all radios in new cars must be capable of receiving and reproducing digital terrestrial radio." 384: 7421: 1576:) is typically 4 or 5, resulting in 1 / 4 / (0.26 MHz) = 0.96 programmes/transmitter/MHz. This is 3.2 times as efficient as analog FM for local stations. For single frequency network (SFN) transmission, for example of national programmes, the channel re-use factor is 1, resulting in 1/1/0.25 MHz = 3.85 programmes/transmitter/MHz, which is 12.7 times as efficient as FM for national and regional networks. 1273:

difficulties can arise, however, when the relative delay of multipaths exceeds the OFDM guard interval duration, and there are frequent reports of reception difficulties due to this issue when propagation conditions change, such as when there's high pressure, as signals travel farther than usual, and thus the signals are likely to arrive with a relative delay that is greater than the OFDM guard interval.

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analogue FM to audio conversion, meaning that portable receiving equipment will have a much shorter battery life, and require higher power (and hence more bulk). This means that they use more energy than analogue Band II VHF receivers. However, thanks to increased integration (radio-on-chip), DAB receiver power usage has been reduced dramatically, making portable receivers far more usable.

1865:, on the contrary, are not a problem in a well-defined network with a fixed delay. The DAB multiplexer adds the proper offset to the distributed time information. The time information is also independent from the (possibly varying) audio decoding delay in receivers since the time is not embedded inside the audio frames. This means that built in clocks in receivers can be precisely correct. 312:. In countries where DAB did not take off, efforts were made in later years to "re-launch" it using the newer DAB+ standard: it started gaining traction throughout the 2010s and finally took off in countries like France by 2019. DAB adoption in automobiles became increasingly common during this time, and by 2016 it was standard in most cars sold in the UK, Norway and Switzerland. 7410: 1874:

own FM transmitter on their own building the cost of DAB transmission will be much higher than analog. Operating a DAB transmitter for a single station is not an efficient use of spectrum or power. With that said, this can be solved to some degree by combining multiple local stations in one DAB/DAB+ mux, similar to what is done on DVB-T/DVB-T2 with local TV stations.

830:, radio stations with Levira's support started testing digital radio frequencies in November 2022. "One of our objectives for the coming year is to create the necessary technical conditions for the development of digital radio," said Oliver Gailan, head of the communications department of the country's consumer protection and technical regulatory authority, the TTJA. 59: 7441: 1269:), which means that a network of transmitters can provide coverage to a large area – up to the size of a country – where all transmitters use the same transmission frequency block. Transmitters that are part of an SFN need to be very accurately synchronised with other transmitters in the network, which requires the transmitters to use very accurate clocks. 40: 48: 1254:

bandwidth is 1.537 MHz. The OFDM guard interval for TM I is 0.246 ms, which means that the overall OFDM symbol duration is 1.246 ms. The guard interval duration also determines the maximum separation between transmitters that are part of the same single-frequency network (SFN), which is approximately 74 km for TM I.

1567:, i.e. cross-talk. Assuming a total availability of 102 FM channels at a bandwidth of 0.2 MHz over the Band II spectrum of 87.5 to 108.0 MHz, an average of 102/15 = 6.8 radio channels are possible on each transmitter site (plus lower-power local transmitters causing less interference). This results in a 2347:

The Swedish government postponed the transition to DAB in 2016, following a report from the National Audit Office which criticized the benefits for the listeners compared to continued FM-transmissions paired other digital transmission techniques (4G, Internet) and the strength of FM-radio as a simple

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from 192 kbit/s to 160 kbit/s, the resulting degradation of audio quality prompted a number of complaints to the corporation. The BBC later announced that following this testing of new equipment, it would resume the previous practice of transmitting Radio 3 at 192 kbit/s whenever there

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than in analogue FM radio. The improved sound quality is achieved by using CRC and FEC technology, which improves the transmission performance of digital signals. However, many countries in implementing DAB on stereo radio stations use compression to such a degree that it produces lower sound quality

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radio, and thus can offer more radio services for the same given bandwidth. The broadcaster can select any desired sound quality, from high-fidelity signals for music to low-fidelity signals for talk radio, in which case the sound quality can be noticeably inferior to analog FM. High-fidelity equates

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switched off DAB broadcast in September 2021 due to lack of interest both from broadcasters and listeners, low availability of receivers, low number of listeners and higher acceptance and interest in internet radio and FM. Romania started DAB broadcast in 2004, in the DAB format, did not adopt DAB+,

2324:'s multiplex, which was switched off in March 2021, after a survey showed 77% of adults listen to radio via FM, compared with 8% via digital means, of which 0.5% via DAB. RTÉ's service began in 2006, after trials in 1998 and 2001. A commercial multiplex was trialled in 2007–8 and licensed, including 1225:

The ECC used on DAB+ is far stronger than is used on DAB, which, with all else being equal (i.e., if the transmission powers remained the same), would translate into people who currently experience reception difficulties on DAB receiving a much more robust signal with DAB+ transmissions. It also has

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modulation consists of 1,536 subcarriers that are transmitted in parallel. The useful part of the OFDM symbol period is 1.0 ms, which results in the OFDM subcarriers each having a bandwidth of 1 kHz due to the inverse relationship between these two parameters, and the overall OFDM channel

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DAB+ broadcasts have launched in several countries like Australia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong (now terminated), Italy, Malta, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Belgium (October 2017), the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Malta was the first country to launch DAB+ in Europe in October

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DAB can provide savings for networks of several stations. The original development of DAB was driven by national network operators with a number of channels to transmit from multiple sites. However, for individual stations such as small community or local stations which traditionally operate their

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This efficiency originates from the ability a DAB network has in broadcasting more channels per transmitter/network. One network can broadcast 6–10 channels (with MP2 audio codec) or 10–18 channels (with HE AAC codec). Hence, it is thought that the replacement of FM-radios and FM-transmitters with

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DAB transmitters are inevitably more expensive than their FM counterparts. DAB uses higher frequencies than FM and therefore there may be a need to compensate with more transmitters to achieve the same coverage as a single FM transmitter. DAB is commonly transmitted by a different company from the

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Within an overall target bit rate for the DAB ensemble, individual stations can be allocated different bit rates. The number of channels within a DAB ensemble can be increased by lowering average bit rates, but at the expense of the quality of streams. Error correction under the DAB standard makes

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has stopped all sales of analogue radio receivers from 1 January 2023. Thus, consumers are no longer able to purchase AM or FM receivers for domestic use. "The obligation to incorporate DAB+ for new cars and domestic radio receivers is a nice step ahead in the digitisation of our radio landscape,"

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As DAB requires digital signal processing techniques to convert from the received digitally encoded signal to the analogue audio content, the complexity of the electronic circuitry required to do this is higher. This translates into needing more power to effect this conversion than compared to an

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has also expressed readiness to switch to DAB broadcasting: "Flemish Minister of Media Benjamin Dalle expects that the final shutdown of the FM frequencies, the so-called 'switch off', will take place between 2028 and 2031. According to him, the VRT must be a forerunner in the digitisation of the

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DAB is capable of providing metadata alongside the audio stream. Metadata allows visual information, text and graphics - such as the station name and logo, presenter, song title and album artwork - to be displayed while a station is playing. Radio stations can provide the metadata to augment the

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For various reasons such as high receiver costs and limited reception, adoption of DAB had initially been slow, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Denmark. In the UK, DAB radio receivers were high selling and 10% of households owned a DAB radio as of 2005, helped by local manufacturers

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A value of 256 kbit/s has been judged to provide a high quality stereo broadcast signal. However, a small reduction, to 224 kbit/s is often adequate, and in some cases it may be possible to accept a further reduction to 192 kbit/s, especially if redundancy in the stereo signal is

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One of the most important decisions regarding the design of a digital radio broadcasting system is the choice of which audio codec to use because the efficiency of the audio codec determines how many radio stations can be carried on a fixed capacity multiplex at a given level of audio quality.

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ECC as an "inner layer" of coding that is placed around the byte interleaved audio frame but inside the "outer layer" of convolutional coding used by the original DAB system, although on DAB+ the convolutional coding uses equal error protection (EEP) rather than UEP since each bit is equally

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launched with three DAB+ stations. In August 2021 the BBC started its first regular domestic broadcast of DAB+ in the Channel Islands and followed later with the start of local broadcasts in December 2021 in Cumbria and north Lancashire. Classic FM changed from DAB to DAB+ on 1 January 2024.

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When a receiver receives a signal that has been transmitted from the different transmitters that are part of an SFN, the signals from the different transmitters will typically have different delays, but to OFDM they will appear to simply be different multipaths of the same signal. Reception

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Norway was the first country to announce a complete switch-off of national FM radio stations. The switch-off started on 11 January 2017 and ended on 13 December 2017. The 2017 switch-off did not affect some local and regional radio stations. They can continue to transmit on FM until 2027.

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and WMV9 respectively as video codecs. However, a DMB video subchannel can easily be added to any DAB transmission, as it was designed to be carried on a DAB subchannel. DMB broadcasts in South Korea carry conventional MPEG 1 Layer II DAB audio services alongside their DMB video services.

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transmitters can be added to an SFN as and when desired in order to improve reception quality, although the way SFNs have been implemented in the UK up to now they have tended to consist of higher power transmitters being installed at main transmitter sites in order to keep costs down.

1509:(MP2) audio codec, which has less efficient compression than newer codecs. The typical bitrate for DAB stereo programs is only 128 kbit/s or less and as a result most radio stations on DAB have a lower sound quality than FM, prompting complaints from listeners. As with DAB+ or 1571:

of 1 / 15 / (0.2 MHz) = 0.30 programmes/transmitter/MHz. DAB with 192 kbit/s codec requires 1.536 MHz * 192 kbit/s / 1,136 kbit/s = 0.26 MHz per audio programme. The frequency reuse factor for local programmes and multi-frequency broadcasting networks

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As with other digital systems, when the signal is weak or suffers severe interference, it will not work at all. DAB reception may also be a problem for receivers when the wanted signal is adjacent to a stronger one. This was a particular issue for early and low cost receivers.

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for hilly terrain and for indoor communication. The number of transmitter sites or the transmission power required for full coverage of a country may be rather high at these frequencies, to avoid the system becoming noise limited rather than limited by co-channel interference.

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encoded stations are gone. Most new receivers are both DAB and DAB+ compatible; however, the issue is exacerbated by some manufacturers disabling the DAB+ features on otherwise compatible radios to save on licensing fees when sold in countries without current DAB+ broadcasts.

1814:, so that when there are a lot of errors with the received data not enough of the errors can be corrected and a "bubbling mud" sound occurs. In some cases a complete loss of signal can happen. This situation has been improved upon in the newer DAB+ version that uses stronger 1169:(MDCT) algorithm, and is approximately three times more efficient than MP2, which means that broadcasters using DAB+ are able to provide far higher audio quality or far more stations than they could with DAB, or a combination of both higher audio quality and more stations. 1882:

Although FM coverage still exceeds DAB coverage in most countries implementing any kind of DAB services, a number of countries moving to digital switchover have undergone significant DAB network rollouts; as of 2022 the following coverages were given by WorldDAB:

1717:(the average number of radio programmes per MHz and transmitter) is a factor three more efficient than analogue FM for local radio stations. For national and regional radio networks, the efficiency is improved by more than an order of magnitude due to the use of 1476:, and the radio had to be tuned into each frequency as needed. This used up a comparatively large amount of spectrum for a relatively small number of stations, limiting listening choice. DAB is a digital radio broadcasting system that, through the application of 1771:

Mono talk radio, news and weather channels and other non-music programs need significantly less bandwidth than a typical music radio station, which allows DAB to carry these programmes at lower bit rates, leaving more bandwidth to be used for other programs.

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that can be carried, but this depends on which error protection level is used. However, all DAB multiplexes can carry a total of 864 "capacity units". The number of capacity units, or CU, that a certain bit-rate level requires depends on the amount of

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new DAB-radios and DAB-transmitters will not cost any more compared with new FM facilities. It is also argued that the power consumption will be lower for stations transmitted on a single DAB multiplex compared with individual analog transmitters.

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factor in most countries is approximately 15 for stereo transmissions (with lesser factors for mono FM networks), meaning (in the case of stereo FM) that only one out of 15 transmitter sites can use the same channel frequency without problems with

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Error-correction coding (ECC) is an important technology for a digital communication system because it determines how robust the reception will be for a given signal strength – stronger ECC will provide a more robust reception than a weaker form.

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Also, as DAB transmits digital audio, there is no hiss with a weak signal, which can happen on FM. However, radios in the fringe of a DAB signal can experience a "bubbling mud" sound interrupting the audio or the audio cutting out altogether.

4818:"DF-Interview: Digital radio strategist Carsten Zorger on the future of DAB+: "A switch-off date is determined by the market participants, i.e. private and public broadcasters. This requires consensus. I don't see that at the moment."" 1624:

exploited by a process of 'joint stereo' encoding (i.e. some sounds appearing at the centre of the stereo image need not be sent twice). At 192 kbit/s, it is relatively easy to hear imperfections in critical audio material.

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for its ECC. The coding scheme uses unequal error protection (UEP), which means that parts of the audio bit-stream that are more susceptible to errors causing audible disturbances are provided with more protection (i.e. a lower

726:, Rai Radio is proposing the country to begin switching off FM transmitters starting in 2025 with the goal of being all digital and shuttering FM broadcasting entirely in 2030. In the northern region of Italy's South Tyrol - 1834:

Minimizing the bit-rate, to the lowest level of sound-quality that listeners are willing to tolerate, such as 112 kbit/s for stereo and even 48 kbit/s for mono speech radio (LBC 1152 and the Voice of Russia are

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2008. South Africa began a DAB+ technical pilot in November 2014 on channel 13F in Band 3. If DAB+ stations launch in established DAB countries, they can transmit alongside existing DAB stations that use the older

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adds its digital carriers to the traditional 270 kilohertz-wide analog channels, with capability of up to 300 kbit/s per station (pure digital mode). The full bandwidth of the hybrid mode approaches 400 kHz.

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with DAB+. Today the majority of DAB broadcasts around the world are using the upgraded DAB+ standard, with only the UK, Romania, Brunei, and the Philippines still using a significant number of legacy DAB broadcasts.

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DAB broadcasts a single multiplex that is approximately 1.5 MHz wide (≈1,000 kilobits per second). That multiplex is then subdivided into multiple digital streams of between 9 and 12 programs. In contrast, FM

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published a consultation for a new national multiplex containing a mix of DAB and DAB+ services, with the intention of moving all services to DAB+ in the long term. In February 2016, the new national network

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conducted trials of DAB in L-band in major cities. However the success of satellite digital radio and lack of L-band DAB receivers led to the analogue switch-off being abandoned. Canada subsequently adopted

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L-Band in the USA only, blocking its use for other purposes in America, and the United States has reached an agreement with Canada to restrict L-Band DAB to terrestrial broadcast to avoid interference.

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is the first country to have implemented a national FM radio switch-off, with others to follow in the next years. In recent years, DAB has become the most popular radio listening platform in Norway,

249:(IRT). The first DAB demonstrations were held in 1985 at the WARC-ORB in Geneva, and in 1988 the first DAB transmissions were made in Germany. Later, DAB was developed as a research project for the 3397: 304:(SR) launched their first broadcasts later in September while in Germany a pilot broadcast started in Bavaria in October 1995. In the UK, commercial stations started broadcasting in November 1999. 3229: 3785: 816:

has not yet reached an agreement for full digital terrestrial radio transition, instead the country intensely invests in DAB+ transmission sites development and simultaneous DAB+/FM broadcasting.

1682:, or DLS) from the station giving real-time information such as song titles, music type and news or traffic updates, of up to 128 characters in length. This is similar to a feature of FM called 391:

The term "DAB" most commonly refers both to a specific DAB standard using the MP2 audio codec, but can sometimes refer to a whole family of DAB-related standards, such as DAB+, DMB, and DAB-IP.

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In October 2018, the WorldDAB organisation introduced an all-new logo for DAB (specifically DAB+) to replace the previous logo that had been in use since before DAB's initial launch in 1995.

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adopted it for its deep-space missions. One slight difference between the concatenated coding used by the DAB+ system and that used on most other systems is that it uses a rectangular

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Note the above capacity improvement may not always be achieved at the L-band frequencies, since these are more sensitive to obstacles than the VHF band II frequencies, and may cause

4980: 2844: 365:. In 2006 there were approximately 1,000 DAB stations in operation worldwide. As of 2018, over 68 million devices have been sold worldwide, and over 2,270 DAB services are on air. 5235: 4817: 3428: 3887: 3861: 4743: 1810:

The reception quality during the early stage of deployment of DAB was poor even for people who live well within the coverage area. The reason for this is that DAB uses weak

5724:, pda.etsi.org (this will open ETSI document search engine; to find the latest version of the document enter a search string; free registration is required to download PDF) 2243:. Hardly any of the receivers made before 2008 support the newer codec, however, making them partially obsolete once DAB+ broadcasts begin and completely obsolete once all 3335: 790:, following consultations the KRRiT has adopted a position on the end of analogue radio broadcasting "no earlier than 31 December 2026 and no later than 31 December 2030". 5571: 4795: 4096: 5363: 5054: 2915: 1218:

in order to provide a greater interleaver depth, which increases the distance over which error bursts will be spread out in the bit-stream, which in turn will allow the

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radio landscape. For example, if the 'switch off' does not come on January 1, 2028, it may be an option, according to Dalle, to fully digitise one of the VRT channels."

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a far steeper "digital cliff", and listening tests have shown that people prefer this when the signal strength is low compared to the shallower digital cliff on DAB.

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started a DAB+ trial with transmitters broadcasting on Band III in Auckland and Wellington in 2006. Uptake for the service was very low, and the trial ended in 2018.

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Listeners using a combination of analogue (AM or FM) and DAB radios (e.g. in different rooms of a house) will hear a mixture when both receivers are within earshot.

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By 2019 some stations had upgraded to DAB+ but rather than improving sound quality, they instead reduced it to 32 kbit/s or 64 kbit/s, often in mono.

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broadcaster who then sells the capacity to a number of radio stations. This shared cost can work out cheaper than operating an individual FM transmitter.

7470: 5853: 5078: 5005: 3584: 3254: 3222: 2615: 269:(OFDM) modulation technique, which since then has become one of the most popular transmission schemes for modern wideband digital communication systems. 266: 3772: 1202:

important in DAB+. This combination of Reed–Solomon coding as the inner layer of coding, followed by an outer layer of convolutional coding – so-called

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By 2006, 500 million people worldwide were in the coverage area of DAB broadcasts, although by this time sales of receivers had only taken off in the

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Whilst many countries have expected a shift to digital audio broadcasting, a few have moved in the opposite direction following unsuccessful trials.

2695: 2317: 5770: 5396: 4947: 1763:, DAB reception range (but not audio quality) is reduced when travelling speeds of more than 120 to 200 km/h, depending on carrier frequency. 432:

with DAB+, older DAB receivers cannot receive DAB+ broadcasts. However, DAB receivers that were capable of receiving the new DAB+ standard after a

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for mobile listening, although DAB reception quality degrades rapidly when the signal strength falls below a critical threshold (as is normal for

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In certain areas – particularly rural areas – the introduction of DAB gives radio listeners a greater choice of radio stations. For instance, in

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will abandon FM radio and switch to digital radio, according to an announcement made by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development.

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Despite the above, a survey in 2007 of DAB listeners (including mobile) has shown most find DAB to have equal or better sound quality than FM.

1096: 845:, since 6 December 2022, the Groupement de radios associatives libres en Limousin (Gral), has swapped the traditional FM broadcasting for DAB+. 5456: 4070: 3976: 3454: 3160: 276:, modulation and error-correction coding schemes and first trial broadcasts were made in 1990. Public demonstrations were made in 1993 in the 7382: 7372: 7352: 7154: 6113: 5299: 5187: 5093: 4713: 190:), whereas FM reception quality degrades slowly with the decreasing signal, providing more effective coverage over a larger area. DAB+ is a " 4873: 3598: 1298:

added to the transmission, as described above. In the UK, most services transmit using 'protection level three', which provides an average

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and so a device may use this to automatically correct its internal clock when travelling between time zones and when changing to or from

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DAB devices perform band-scans over the entire frequency range, presenting all stations from a single list for the user to select from.

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audio format, and most existing DAB stations are expected to continue broadcasting until the vast majority of receivers support DAB+.

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DAB radios are out of step with live events, so the experience of listening to live commentaries on events being watched is impaired;

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was the first European country to roll out a DAB+ network and services have been on-air since 2008. It covers 100% of the population.

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Immunity to fading and inter-symbol interference (caused by multipath propagation) is achieved without equalization by means of the

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were being sold as early as July 2007. Generally, if a receiver is DAB+ compatible, there will be a sign on the product packaging.

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and compression, combines multiple audio streams onto a relatively narrow band centred on a single broadcast frequency called a

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Research & Development department states that at least 192 kbit/s is necessary for a high fidelity stereo broadcast:

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and reliable source for emergency/crisis information. Limited transmissions continue in Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö and Luleå

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were no other demands on bandwidth. (For comparison, BBC Radio 3 and all other BBC radio stations are streamed online using

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DAB is not more bandwidth efficient than analogue measured in programmes per MHz of a specific transmitter (the so-called

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Once applied, one operator has claimed that DAB transmission is as low as one-nineteenth of the cost of FM transmission.

397:, the organisation in charge of the DAB standards, announced DAB+, a major upgrade to the DAB standard in 2006, when the 7434: 7195: 7092: 6635: 6402: 6050: 5125: 2869: 2721: 2386: 1243: 2256: 1728:, radio listeners experienced an increase in available stations from 6 to 21 when DAB was introduced in November 2006. 7424: 6931: 6371: 6348: 5787: 5022: 3811: 2956: 2364: 90: 5604: 5181:"BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB:An introduction to the EUREKA DAB System and a guide to how it works" 2986:"Renaissance of the radio industry in Croatia: 'Broadcasting on digital radio would bring 85 percent energy savings'" 2463: 4213: 7283: 7205: 7144: 6851: 6321: 6290: 6035: 4661: 4136: 2103: 1714: 1568: 1118:, and dealing with the over-the-air transmission and reception of data. Some aspects of these are described below. 1830:

A common complaint by listeners is that broadcasters 'squeeze in' more stations per ensemble than recommended by:

1426: 972: 768:, with no known plans from any of the 3 broadcast licence companies to extend coverage to other regions. Parts of 7480: 7055: 7016: 6861: 6761: 6690: 6623: 6450: 4343: 3726: 3680: 2543: 1376: 120:

DAB was the result of a European research project and first publicly rolled out in 1995, with consumer-grade DAB

5656: 5422: 4002: 3269: 2518: 2485: 7414: 6656: 6591: 6544: 6430: 3647: 1848: 1718: 1706: 1387: 1347: 1266: 191: 128:

services would switch over to DAB, although the take up of DAB has been much slower than expected. As of 2023,

4118: 3630: 2605: 4925: 4375: 2314:

In Korea, the transmission of MBC 11FM was stopped in 2015 and the DAB channel was switched to T-DMB V-Radio.

1709:), but it is less susceptible to co-channel interference (cross talk), which makes it possible to reduce the 7253: 7238: 7082: 7033: 6956: 6856: 6534: 6420: 6415: 6300: 6199: 6152: 6060: 4557: 4531: 1815: 1811: 1573: 1564: 1371:, which may be synchronised with audio broadcasts. For example, a police appeal could be broadcast with the 1108: 532: 526: 414: 324: 114: 7465: 7175: 6961: 6776: 6721: 6716: 6529: 6494: 6194: 6108: 5950: 4317: 3357: 2375: 336: 214: 180: 83: 1215: 1051:

In January 2017, an updated DAB specification (2.1.1) removed Modes II, III and IV, leaving only Mode I.

7077: 6881: 6846: 6766: 6746: 6668: 6556: 6477: 6295: 6118: 6098: 5767: 5400: 2402: 2244: 1760: 1737: 1640: 1609: 1604: 1506: 1127: 1100: 737:

has proposed a closure of FM broadcasting two years after more than half of radio listening is digital."

441: 328: 258: 144: 4401: 1211: 6991: 6951: 6921: 6678: 6613: 6504: 5923: 5863: 5848: 5843: 5509: 5340: 3490: 2433: 2417: 1186: 1032: 187: 124:

appearing at the start of this millennium. Initially it was expected in many countries that existing

5743: 1710: 1608:

than that received from FM broadcasts. This is because of the bit rate levels being too low for the

229: 7001: 6941: 6700: 6662: 6519: 6460: 6445: 6030: 5901: 5682: 5448: 4062: 3524:

Cosine-/Sine-Modulated Filter Banks: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations

3450: 2439: 2428: 1548: 1299: 1087:

viewpoint, the technologies used on DAB inhabit the following layers: the audio codec inhabits the

1019:

DAB uses a wide-bandwidth broadcast technology and typically spectra have been allocated for it in

606: 536: 5180: 5097: 7228: 7185: 7116: 6986: 6916: 6891: 6826: 6673: 6394: 6167: 5764:(also known as "Wohnort", the main part of the site is a list of services currently transmitting) 4869: 3100: 1532: 1394: 1088: 838: 820: 661:

15 September in Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Rogaland and Agder (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

429: 160: 4532:"Digital radio and audio review Ensuring a robust and sustainable future for UK radio and audio" 595: 7268: 7190: 7104: 7087: 7050: 6936: 6896: 6726: 6695: 6561: 6455: 6280: 6157: 5478: 5072: 4999: 4584:"Government publishes response to Radio & Audio Review alongside broadcasting White Paper" 4427: 3944: 3831: 3578: 3528: 3522: 3248: 3190: 2945: 2328:, from 2010 to 2017, but the licensee did not renew because of lack of takeup by broadcasters. 1683: 1634:

When the BBC in July 2006 reduced the bit-rate of transmission of its classical music station

1150: 5220: 4265: 7273: 7233: 7213: 7180: 7109: 7067: 6981: 6836: 6821: 6796: 6771: 6731: 6581: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6316: 6260: 6074: 5885: 5810: 5700: 3498: 3092: 1295: 643: 494: 475: 823:, the situation is similar as in Germany - plans are for simultaneous DAB+/FM broadcasting. 447:

In the UK, DAB+ launched in January 2016 following a trial period starting September 2014.

262: 6901: 6756: 6524: 6487: 6285: 6255: 5891: 5774: 5449:"Government announces discontinuation of digital audio broadcasting services in Hong Kong" 4239: 3843: 3746: 3734: 3634: 3299: 2668: 2610: 2412: 1725: 1694: 1599:

The original objectives of converting to digital transmission were to enable higher audio

1559: 1473: 1469: 1092: 614: 316: 171: 125: 6499: 3567: 3130: 3108: 553:

Following the European Union's obligation in 2020 to include DAB+ receivers in new cars,

5779: 3494: 1775:

However, this led to the situation where some stations are being broadcast in mono; see

7099: 6971: 6946: 6906: 6876: 6751: 6586: 6472: 5895: 4453: 4188:"Radio industry to switch off FM transmitters at the end of 2024 as originally planned" 3697: 3332:"The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Pure Evoke-1 DAB Digital Radio - IEEE Spectrum" 1989: 1969: 1104: 1084: 890: 780: 547: 358: 309: 277: 250: 137: 121: 64: 30:

This article is about the DAB standard. For digital audio broadcasting in general, see

7459: 7248: 7021: 7011: 6926: 6816: 6811: 6801: 6786: 6608: 6467: 6270: 5995: 5875: 5814: 1756: 1745: 1675:

listening experience, particularly on car receivers which have large display panels.

1581: 1358: 559: 453: 410: 372: 301: 168: 93:

in many countries around the world, defined, supported, marketed and promoted by the

80: 31: 3104: 2637: 1027:(1.452–1.492 GHz), although the scheme allows for operation between 30 and 300 683:

8 December in Østfold, Vestfold, Oslo and Akershus (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

639:

16 June in Telemark, Buskerud, Hedmark and Oppland (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

383: 7126: 6966: 6911: 6841: 6806: 6741: 6640: 6630: 6482: 6342: 5817: 4687: 3937:"Millions of DAB radio listeners to be locked out of stations including Classic FM" 2808: 2579: 1741: 1481: 1477: 1331: 1327: 834: 797:, the expectations are about official switch off of FM radio between 2027 and 2032. 293: 175:

to a high bit rate and higher transmission cost. DAB is more robust with regard to

87: 4895: 2779: 2750: 2321: 773: 591: 5626: 5163: 4161: 17: 7326: 6976: 6886: 6871: 6831: 6791: 6650: 6265: 6090: 5881: 3970:"European Electronic Communications Code - digital terrestrial radio in the car" 2351: 2334:

announced the termination of DAB+ on 5 September 2020, 12 years after its start.

2019: 1999: 1949: 1862: 1690: 1635: 1415: 961: 794: 769: 753: 610: 273: 133: 2870:"DAB+ is confirmed as standard in new cars across Europe - RadioInfo Australia" 409:(MDCT) algorithm. The new standard, which is called DAB+, has also adopted the 7331: 7038: 6736: 6645: 6601: 6571: 6549: 6539: 6514: 6147: 6133: 5835: 5266: 2265: 2261: 2149: 1115: 727: 665: 479: 257:), which started in 1987 on an initiative by a consortium formed in 1986. The 3948: 3096: 1488:

the signal more robust but reduces the total bit rate available for streams.

539:, the bands that are allocated for public DAB services, are abbreviated with 486:

As of 2017, DMB is currently broadcast in Norway, South Korea, and Thailand.

319:

instructed its Technical Committee to carry out the work needed to adopt the

7316: 6781: 6596: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6219: 6210: 6069: 5479:"Mundo da Rádio - DAB em Portugal: ascensão e queda da tecnologia do futuro" 3502: 3030:"Digital Radio FM Insider: DAB+ Not the Future for Small-scale Broadcasters" 2422: 2302: 2009: 1736:

The DAB standard integrates features to reduce the negative consequences of

1468:

Traditionally, radio programmes were broadcast on different frequencies via

1368: 1191: 1081: 1063: 1028: 880: 745: 647: 599: 156: 102: 5029: 3815: 3727:

Press release: New High Efficiency Audio Option Added for DAB Digital Radio

2638:"BBC Will Keep Broadcasting in FM for "Foreseeable Future" - liGo Magazine" 151:; an upgraded version of the system was later developed and released named 140:, and has become a requirement for all new cars sold in the EU since 2021. 5596: 2460:"The DAB+ logo and branding kit are free to use for industry stakeholders" 2459: 1603:, more stations and more resistance to noise, co-channel interference and 58: 7311: 7301: 7218: 7043: 6866: 5960: 5913: 5871: 4714:"Government improves digital terrestrial sound broadcasting technologies" 2397: 2308: 2290: 2055: 1600: 1528: 1498: 1290: 1020: 765: 761: 757: 691: 677: 669: 651: 625: 621: 584: 433: 394: 351: 343: 206: 94: 5761: 5721: 5565:"A report on market structure, dynamics and developments in Irish media" 5300:"Make sure you look your best in the car, WorldDAB urges radio stations" 39: 7306: 7291: 6000: 5955: 5909: 5271: 5111: 3627: 2392: 2337: 2331: 2296: 2201: 2083: 2065: 1979: 1959: 1929: 1644: 1440: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1362: 986: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 920: 910: 900: 827: 813: 807: 800: 749: 734: 703: 633: 629: 554: 362: 320: 210: 4479: 2260:

Portable DAB/DAB+ and FM receiver, circa 2016. This unit requires two

280:. The protocol specification was finalized in 1993 and adopted by the 7336: 7296: 6618: 6410: 6363: 6224: 6040: 6014: 6009: 5968: 5919: 5905: 2514: 2381: 2344: 2285: 2236: 2211: 2139: 2129: 2093: 1939: 1919: 1899: 1594: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1318:, equating to a maximum bit rate per multiplex of 1,184 kbit/s. 1146: 1142: 1024: 930: 870: 842: 787: 741: 579:

The timetable for the closure of FM signals in 2017 were as follows:

402: 398: 254: 237:

The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project called

183: 129: 106: 98: 4792:"A German FM Switch-Off Plan Rejected by Broadcasters and Listeners" 2277:

Countries where FM to DAB(+) radio transition is cancelled/postponed

284:

standardization body in 1994, the European community in 1995 and by

47: 4003:"Belgium halts retail sales of analog radio receivers without DAB+" 3481:

Herre, J.; Dietz, M. (2008). "MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC coding ".

3451:"DAB radio in cars on the rise across Europe - RadioInfo Australia" 2325: 2240: 195: 7321: 7258: 6566: 6045: 5940: 5832: 4921: 4636:"Dialogic: Switching off FM between 2027 and 2032 still realistic" 4379: 4033:"Norway is first country to turn off FM radio and go digital-only" 3780: 3421:"2019 European Radio and Digital Audio Show Highlights innovation" 2255: 2175: 2045: 1909: 1647:

after a period when it was available at two different bit rates.)

1536: 1510: 1382: 1372: 1239: 940: 723: 716: 687: 655: 493: 448: 382: 347: 292:(NRK) launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995 ( 281: 228: 202: 176: 148: 57: 46: 38: 5126:"Why DMR Radio? Top 10 Benefits of DMR Technology Crunch Reviews" 3884:"Local DAB digital radio arrives in Cumbria and north Lancashire" 3858:"Channel Islands digital radio launches with an all DAB+ line-up" 2894:(i.e. DAB-only receivers are not able to receive DAB+ broadcasts) 7263: 5727:

Stott, J. H.; The How and Why of COFDM, BBC Research Development

4740:"Moldova will give up FM radio and switch to digital radio DAB+" 3012:"Why do digital radios use more electricity than analogue ones?" 2407: 1354: 1262: 1250: 1235: 1207: 1112: 673: 285: 159:(AAC+) audio codec and is more robust and efficient. DAB is not 110: 6367: 6180: 5783: 2696:"Norway becomes first country to end national radio broadcasts" 478:

are both suitable for mobile radio and TV because they support

241:

in the 1980s. DAB has been under development since 1981 at the

6509: 1721:. In that case, adjacent transmitters use the same frequency. 1713:, i.e. use the same radio frequency channel more densely. The 1616: 1409: 1135: 1068:

Mode III for frequencies below 3 GHz, Earth and satellite

955: 297: 289: 5737: 4505: 3812:"DAB Radio launches 18 new stations with Government support" 730:, the broadcaster RAS has started switching FM services off. 167:

DAB is generally more efficient in its use of spectrum than

4610:"Government response to the Digital Radio and Audio Review" 2946:"Digital Audio Broadcasting – radio now and for the future" 339:

algorithm. This work led to the launch of the DAB+ system.

3191:"Digital Audio Broadcasting– radio now and for the future" 5570:. Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. p. 77, fig.44. 5267:"Why DAB sounds so BAD - the UK's digital radio shambles" 3599:"DAB-IP receives the all clear ahead of UK summer launch" 2293:

as used in the neighbouring United States instead of DAB.

5756:

ETSI TS 102 563 V1.2.1 (2010-05) Technical Specification

4318:"Rai Radio Director Proposes 2030 FM Shutdown for Italy" 4292:"Rai Radio Director Proposes 2030 FM Shutdown for Italy" 1222:

error decoder to correct a higher proportion of errors.

4093:"Medieprofessor: – Et kritisk øyeblikk for radiomediet" 2606:"£21m analogue radio switch-off plan 'a waste of time'" 1539:

since 2016. DAB is an open standard deposited at ETSI.

1341:

Secondary services, like additional sports commentaries

4378:(in Italian). RAS.bz.it. 17 March 2021. Archived from 3773:"Broadcast Digital Radio Technical Codes and Guidance" 3270:"Digital radio IC makers wrestle with rival standards" 5627:"Antenna Hungária | Digitális rádió műsorszórás" 3081:"DAB Eureka-147: a European vision for digital radio" 2722:"Norway becomes first country to switch off FM radio" 520: DAB no longer used/switched to another standard 288:

in 1997. Pilot broadcasts were launched in 1995: the

198:

has been recommended for small scale transmissions).

1686:, which enables a radiotext of up to 64 characters. 1612:

audio codec to provide high fidelity audio quality.

7345: 7282: 7204: 7168: 7125: 7066: 7000: 6709: 6401: 6309: 6248: 6208: 6187: 6132: 6089: 6059: 6023: 5988: 5981: 5933: 5862: 5831: 5824: 5750:

ETSI EN 300 401 v1.4.1 – original DAB specification

5597:"T-DAB+ műsorszóró adóhálózat - Magyarország (HNG)" 2664:"Farewell DAB, the radio technology we didn't need" 1838:

Having few digital channels broadcasting in stereo.

1558:Analog FM requires 0.2 MHz per programme. The 1513:in Europe, FM HD Radio uses a codec based upon the 342:

Trials for DAB-IP were held in London in 2006, as "

4948:"Radio: the FM band soon obsolete in Haute-Vienne" 371:For other digital audio broadcasting systems, see 5017: 5015: 4214:"Swiss FM Shutdown Reverts to Original 2024 Date" 1326:Various different services are embedded into one 1249:Using values for Transmission Mode I (TM I), the 5510:"RTÉ to cease radio transmission on DAB network" 1206:– became a popular ECC scheme in the 1990s, and 5384:For us, DAB+ is 19 times more efficient than FM 2832: 2830: 2311:announced the termination of DAB in April 2011. 2305:announced the termination of DAB in March 2017. 1678:DAB can carry "radiotext" (in DAB terminology, 1621: 1543:Use of frequency spectrum and transmitter sites 423:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 5683:"New Zealand | Countries | WorldDAB" 5558: 5556: 2940: 2938: 2936: 6379: 5795: 5740:, the global industry forum for digital radio 5534:. Ipsos MRBI. February 2021. pp. 15–18. 5213:"Friends of Radio 3 (FoR3) BBC & R3 News" 5096:. Digitale Utgivelser ved UiO. Archived from 1265:allows the use of single-frequency networks ( 508: Countries with trials and/or regulation 265:project. DAB was the first standard based on 8: 4137:"Last extension of FM licenses by two years" 3810:Group, Andy Finney ATSF for the Digital TV. 2320:was confined from 2017 to state broadcaster 2235:In 2006 tests began using the much improved 1242:modulation techniques. For details, see the 242: 7394:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4766:"No Agreement For FM Switch-Off in Germany" 3516: 3514: 3512: 3131:"Digital Radio - The Eureka 147 DAB System" 2905:"EBU Viewpoint The future of digital radio" 1130:audio codec, which is often referred to as 605:21 April in Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal ( 7430: 6386: 6372: 6364: 6177: 5985: 5828: 5802: 5788: 5780: 5364:"Italy's South Tyrol Begins FM Switch off" 5236:"Ofcom reveals DAB sound quality opinions" 1885: 1818:and as additional transmitters are built. 1643:at 320 kbit/s, described as 'HD', on 1338:Primary services, like main radio stations 856: 308:creating affordable receivers such as the 267:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 97:organisation. The standard is dominant in 5657:"Riksrevisionens rapport om digitalradio" 5397:"Canada • Country Information • WorldDAB" 1629:BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003 1456:Learn how and when to remove this message 1002:Learn how and when to remove this message 261:("MP2") codec was created as part of the 4119:"News SRG schaltet UKW per Ende Jahr ab" 3476: 3474: 3472: 2774: 2772: 2745: 2743: 5768:An overview of DAB+ services in Germany 5529:"JNLR report: Radio in a Digital World" 4870:"Estonia steps closer to digital radio" 3521:Britanak, Vladimir; Rao, K. R. (2017). 3419:Pautler, Emmanuelle (28 January 2019). 2803: 2801: 2509: 2507: 2451: 1071:Mode IV for L-Band, Earth and satellite 5077:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5070: 5004:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4997: 3839: 3829: 3583:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3576: 3312:from the original on 16 September 2021 3253:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3246: 1689:The DAB transmission contains a local 1527:HD Radio is a proprietary system from 1185:The old version of DAB uses punctured 1097:statistical time-division multiplexing 421:coding. DAB+ has been standardised as 5429:from the original on 30 November 2020 5175: 5173: 4720:from the original on 20 December 2022 4694:from the original on 19 December 2022 4324:from the original on 25 December 2022 3909:Trebilcock, Oliver (5 January 2024). 3753:from the original on 3 September 2022 3654:from the original on 3 September 2022 2921:from the original on 28 November 2020 2676:from the original on 3 September 2022 2618:from the original on 3 September 2022 2586:from the original on 3 September 2022 2429:Spectral efficiency: comparison table 1535:since 2015, which is itself owned by 772:receives signals from Denmark, while 502: Countries with regular services 143:The original version of DAB used the 117:are actively running DAB broadcasts. 7: 7440: 5701:"MBIE calls time on DAB Radio trial" 5637:from the original on 11 January 2022 5607:from the original on 5 December 2021 5489:from the original on 23 January 2023 5459:from the original on 27 October 2018 5423:"YLE Closes Down DAB Radio Services" 4954:from the original on 3 February 2023 4876:from the original on 2 February 2023 4850:from the original on 31 January 2023 4824:from the original on 7 February 2023 4642:from the original on 4 February 2023 4564:from the original on 1 February 2023 4408:from the original on 22 October 2022 4356:from the original on 31 October 2018 4298:from the original on 27 January 2023 4272:from the original on 1 February 2023 4246:from the original on 7 February 2023 4220:from the original on 23 October 2022 4168:from the original on 21 October 2022 4162:"Switzerland FM switch off end 2024" 4099:from the original on 12 January 2017 4073:from the original on 11 January 2017 4043:from the original on 27 January 2017 4013:from the original on 2 February 2023 3935:Ross, Madeleine (25 November 2023). 3911:"Digital radio switchover explained" 3890:from the original on 2 December 2021 3864:from the original on 4 December 2021 3171:from the original on 16 January 2012 2992:from the original on 6 February 2023 2815:from the original on 21 October 2022 2786:from the original on 21 October 2022 2757:from the original on 21 October 2022 2702:from the original on 5 February 2023 2560:from the original on 31 October 2018 2538: 2536: 2521:from the original on 13 October 2022 2466:from the original on 23 October 2022 1438:adding citations to reliable sources 1141:The newer DAB+ standard adopted the 984:adding citations to reliable sources 850:Household receiver penetration rates 5746:- Canadian Communication Foundation 5705:NBR | The Authority since 1970 5663:from the original on 2 January 2023 5279:from the original on 7 January 2022 4746:from the original on 5 January 2023 3203:from the original on 11 August 2017 2966:from the original on 11 August 2017 533:regular or trial DAB(+) broadcasts. 5124:Belousov, Dima (4 February 2023). 5094:"Lydkvalitetet i DAB digitalradio" 4798:from the original on 30 March 2023 4616:from the original on 29 March 2023 4590:from the original on 28 March 2023 4538:from the original on 29 March 2023 3791:from the original on 13 April 2014 3609:from the original on 2 August 2021 3141:from the original on 2 August 2021 1777: 1547:DAB can give substantially higher 1505:The first generation DAB uses the 1330:(which is also typically called a 1167:modified discrete cosine transform 407:modified discrete cosine transform 333:modified discrete cosine transform 290:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 25: 7471:Audiovisual introductions in 1995 5720:ETSI specifications available at 5577:from the original on 2 March 2021 5541:from the original on 15 July 2021 5516:from the original on 2 March 2021 5316:from the original on 22 June 2023 5193:from the original on 4 March 2009 5136:from the original on 30 June 2023 4986:from the original on 26 June 2023 4928:from the original on 19 June 2023 4902:from the original on 19 June 2023 4668:from the original on 22 June 2023 4434:from the original on 19 June 2023 4194:from the original on 22 June 2023 3975:. 22 October 2022. Archived from 3648:"New international logo for DAB+" 3628:World DMB forums list of benefits 3457:from the original on 26 June 2023 3431:from the original on 26 June 2023 3400:from the original on 26 June 2023 3370:from the original on 26 June 2023 3338:from the original on 26 June 2023 3280:from the original on 26 June 2023 3235:from the original on 26 June 2023 3060:from the original on 22 June 2023 2876:from the original on 26 June 2023 2850:from the original on 26 June 2023 2492:from the original on 6 April 2023 7439: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7408: 7029:Free-space optical communication 6336: 5744:Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 5508:Crowley, Sinéad (2 March 2021). 5362:Davide Moro (12 December 2017). 4772:from the original on 1 June 2023 4240:"Switzerland prepares to cut FM" 4001:RedTech Staff (2 January 2023). 3708:from the original on 15 May 2009 3541:from the original on 1 July 2023 2728:from the original on 4 June 2023 2644:from the original on 1 July 2023 1414: 1153:audio codecs, commonly known as 960: 5722:ETSI Publications Download Area 3483:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 2370:Digital multimedia broadcasting 1425:needs additional citations for 1334:). These services can include: 1197:The DAB+ standard incorporates 971:needs additional citations for 472:Digital multimedia broadcasting 467:Digital multimedia broadcasting 354:which were also under testing. 6276:Error detection and correction 5337:"DAB 20 Times Greener Than FM" 4266:"Malta DAB+ current situation" 1062:Mode II for L-Band, Earth and 562:, the Flemish media minister. 401:v2 audio codec (also known as 1: 5234:James Welsh (17 April 2007). 4460:(in Swedish). 24 January 2022 3161:"St.meld. nr. 30 (2006-2007)" 3044:"HTTP Post Binding (Request)" 2838:"DAB digital radio worldwide" 2580:"DAB: A very British failure" 2544:"WorldDAB DAB Global Summary" 776:receives signals from Norway. 566:FM to DAB(+) radio transition 514: Countries with interest 233:Prototype DAB receiver (1993) 7415:Telecommunication portal 7196:Telecommunications equipment 5563:Mediatique (December 2017). 5298:WorldDAB (29 October 2023). 4349:. WorldDAB. 29 August 2018. 3747:"DAB+ services launch in UK" 3390:"Europe Dials into DAB/DAB+" 2515:"List of Countries with DAB" 2387:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio 1529:iBiquity Digital Corporation 1244:OFDM system comparison table 1126:DAB initially only used the 841:region in southwest-central 245:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 205:digital radio standards are 91:digital audio radio services 6932:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6349:Comparison of radio systems 5265:Techmoan (7 January 2022). 4402:"DAB+ Situation in Denmark" 2957:European Broadcasting Union 2365:Digital audio radio service 1667:Improved features for users 405:) was adopted. AAC+ uses a 7497: 6636:Telecommunications history 6322:International broadcasting 6291:FM extended band in Brazil 4428:"DAB+ Situation in Sweden" 1715:system spectral efficiency 1592: 1569:system spectral efficiency 1348:Electronic Programme Guide 1289:An ensemble has a maximum 1138:(MPEG-1 Audio Layer III). 1134:because of the ubiquitous 1047:Mode I for Band III, Earth 715:The small island country, 524: 464: 413:audio format and stronger 370: 73:Digital Audio Broadcasting 29: 7403: 7244:Public Switched Telephone 7056:telecommunication circuit 7017:Fiber-optic communication 6762:Francis Blake (telephone) 6557:Optical telecommunication 6330: 6176: 4558:"Regulation and Spectrum" 3527:. Springer. p. 478. 3394:www.strategyanalytics.com 1744:, which afflict existing 1258:Single-frequency networks 346:Movio". It competed with 323:audio codec and stronger 7155:Orbital angular-momentum 6592:Satellite communications 6431:Communications satellite 4063:"Slik slukkes FM-nettet" 3268:EETimes (5 April 2002). 3097:10.1177/1461444808099578 1849:single-frequency network 1707:link spectral efficiency 1657:Strengths and weaknesses 7034:Molecular communication 6857:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 6686:Undersea telegraph line 6421:Cable protection system 6301:Shortwave relay station 6200:Audio signal processing 5762:DAB Ensembles Worldwide 3698:"Settings and stations" 3633:17 October 2007 at the 3503:10.1109/MSP.2008.918684 3085:New Media & Society 3079:O'Neill, Brian (2009). 1816:error correction coding 1812:error correction coding 1565:co-channel interference 1177:Error-correction coding 1109:error-correction coding 1023:(174–240 MHz) and 527:Countries using DAB/DMB 415:error correction coding 325:error correction coding 225:History and development 7176:Communication protocol 6962:Charles Sumner Tainter 6777:Walter Houser Brattain 6722:Edwin Howard Armstrong 6530:Information revolution 6195:Audio data compression 2376:Digital Radio Mondiale 2299:abandoned DAB in 2005. 2269: 1755:Due to sensitivity to 1632: 1578: 1492:FM HD Radio versus DAB 1406:DAB and AM/FM compared 1322:Services and ensembles 1031:. The US military has 837:, a department in the 522: 388: 337:audio data compression 243: 234: 69: 55: 44: 27:Digital radio standard 7150:Polarization-division 6882:Narinder Singh Kapany 6847:Erna Schneider Hoover 6767:Jagadish Chandra Bose 6747:Alexander Graham Bell 6478:online video platform 6296:Multipath propagation 6119:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 5989:Frequency allocations 5864:Frequency allocations 5483:www.mundodaradio.info 5130:www.crunchreviews.com 5092:Holm, Sverre (2007). 4512:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 2959:: 2–27. Autumn 1995. 2403:Internet radio device 2259: 1761:multipath propagation 1680:Dynamic Label Segment 1553: 1507:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 1361:(known as 'broadcast 1204:"concatenated coding" 1128:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 1101:frame synchronization 531:55 countries provide 497: 442:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 386: 329:audio coding standard 315:In October 2005, the 259:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 232: 61: 50: 42: 7476:Norwegian inventions 6992:Vladimir K. Zworykin 6952:Almon Brown Strowger 6922:Charles Grafton Page 6577:Prepaid mobile phone 6505:Electrical telegraph 6249:Technical (emission) 5425:. 23 February 2005. 4924:. 25 December 2022. 4898:. 25 December 2022. 4872:. 25 December 2022. 4846:. 25 December 2022. 4794:. 25 December 2022. 4768:. 25 December 2022. 4716:. 19 December 2022. 4690:. 19 December 2022. 4638:. 28 November 2022. 4320:. 25 December 2022. 4294:. 25 December 2022. 4268:. 25 December 2022. 4242:. 28 December 2022. 3733:8 March 2008 at the 2953:EBU Technical Review 2434:Ultra high frequency 1801:Disadvantages of DAB 1778:§ Audio quality 1759:in combination with 1434:improve this article 1187:convolutional coding 1091:. Below that is the 980:improve this article 101:and is also used in 68:branded DAB receiver 6942:Johann Philipp Reis 6701:Wireless revolution 6663:The Telephone Cases 6520:Hydraulic telegraph 5773:1 June 2019 at the 5659:. 14 October 2015. 5403:on 10 November 2018 5374:on 16 December 2017 5035:on 28 November 2007 4896:"Estonia DAB+ News" 4820:. 14 January 2023. 4664:. 16 January 2023. 4612:. 24 October 2022. 4586:. 24 October 2022. 4560:. 24 October 2022. 4534:. 24 October 2022. 4430:. 22 October 2022. 4404:. 22 October 2022. 4216:. 23 October 2022. 4190:. 23 October 2022. 4164:. 23 October 2022. 4095:. 11 January 2017. 3749:. 28 January 2016. 3702:dab-digitalradio.ch 3650:. 18 October 2018. 3603:www.commsupdate.com 3573:on 18 October 2021. 3495:2008ISPM...25..137H 3300:"DAB digital radio" 2988:. 4 December 2022. 2811:. 21 October 2022. 2782:. 21 October 2022. 2753:. 21 October 2022. 2724:. 23 October 2022. 2698:. 23 October 2022. 2517:. 23 October 2022. 2488:. 23 October 2022. 2462:. 23 October 2022. 2440:Very high frequency 2262:"AA" size batteries 1549:spectral efficiency 1216:Forney interleaving 733:"The government of 537:spectrum management 490:Countries using DAB 425:(ETSI) TS 102 563. 7140:Frequency-division 7117:Telephone exchange 6987:Charles Wheatstone 6917:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 6892:Innocenzo Manzetti 6827:Reginald Fessenden 6562:Optical telegraphy 6395:Telecommunications 5343:on 13 October 2016 5223:on 6 October 2008. 5160:david.robinson.org 4950:. 9 January 2023. 4742:. 5 January 2023. 3982:on 19 January 2022 3842:has generic name ( 2553:. 29 August 2018. 2270: 2252:Power requirements 1894:(% of population) 1869:Transmission costs 1785:Transmission costs 1781:for more details. 1767:Variable bandwidth 1556:Numerical example: 1531:, a subsidiary of 1089:presentation layer 865:(% of households) 839:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 821:the Czech Republic 523: 430:forward compatible 389: 235: 217:, and the related 188:digital broadcasts 161:forward compatible 105:, and in parts of 70: 56: 51:Official DAB logo 45: 43:Official DAB+ logo 7453: 7452: 7191:Store and forward 7186:Data transmission 7100:Network switching 7051:Transmission line 6897:Guglielmo Marconi 6862:Internet pioneers 6727:Mohamed M. Atalla 6696:Whistled language 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6281:FM broadcast band 6188:Technical (audio) 6085: 6084: 5977: 5976: 5601:www.frekvencia.hu 5335:Garfors, Gunnar. 4382:on 27 August 2021 4069:. 20 April 2015. 3886:. December 2021. 3784:. 11 April 2014. 2640:. 20 March 2018. 2486:"DAB/DAB+ RADIOS" 2228: 2227: 1806:Reception quality 1732:Reception quality 1645:BBC Radio iPlayer 1537:Xperi Corporation 1466: 1465: 1458: 1302:of approximately 1012: 1011: 1004: 949: 948: 54: 18:DAB Digital Radio 16:(Redirected from 7488: 7481:Swiss inventions 7443: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7284:Notable networks 7274:Wireless network 7214:Cellular network 7206:Types of network 7181:Computer network 7068:Network topology 6982:Thomas A. Watson 6837:Oliver Heaviside 6822:Philo Farnsworth 6797:Daniel Davis Jr. 6772:Charles Bourseul 6732:John Logie Baird 6441:Data compression 6436:Computer network 6388: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6343:Radio portal 6341: 6340: 6339: 6317:History of radio 6261:AM expanded band 6178: 6061:Commercial radio 5986: 5829: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5709: 5708: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5687:www.worlddab.org 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5399:. Archived from 5393: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5370:. Archived from 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339:. Archived from 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5304: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242:. Archived from 5231: 5225: 5224: 5219:. Archived from 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5162:. Archived from 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5067:on 25 June 2022. 5066: 5060:. Archived from 5059: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5028:. Archived from 5027: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4344:"Global Summary" 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3818:on 18 March 2016 3814:. Archived from 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3686:on 27 June 2013. 3685: 3679:. Archived from 3678: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3638: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3572: 3566:. Archived from 3565: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3518: 3507: 3506: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3107:. Archived from 3091:(1–2): 261–278. 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3018:. 19 April 2017. 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2909: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2559: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2456: 1886: 1847:The nature of a 1630: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1418: 1410: 1375:of a suspect or 1317: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1296:error correction 1212:byte interleaver 1149:, including its 1007: 1000: 996: 993: 987: 964: 956: 857: 664:20 September in 644:Sogn og Fjordane 519: 513: 507: 501: 434:firmware upgrade 248: 52: 21: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7341: 7278: 7200: 7164: 7121: 7070: 7062: 7003: 6996: 6902:Robert Metcalfe 6757:Tim Berners-Lee 6705: 6525:Information Age 6397: 6392: 6362: 6353: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6305: 6286:FM broadcasting 6256:AM broadcasting 6244: 6204: 6183: 6172: 6128: 6081: 6055: 6024:Digital systems 6019: 6004: 5973: 5934:Digital systems 5929: 5858: 5820: 5808: 5775:Wayback Machine 5734: 5717: 5712: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5453:www.info.gov.hk 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5377: 5375: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5166:on 8 July 2008. 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5055:"Archived copy" 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5013: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974:"Archived copy" 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4480:"Radio dækning" 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3860:. August 2021. 3856: 3855: 3851: 3838: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3735:Wayback Machine 3729:, worlddab.org 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3674:"Press release" 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3635:Wayback Machine 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3561:"Archived copy" 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3535: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3480: 3479: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223:"Archived copy" 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3167:. 11 May 2007. 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2669:The Irish Times 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2614:. 2 July 2012. 2611:TheGuardian.com 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2425:satellite radio 2413:Satellite radio 2361: 2279: 2254: 2233: 1893: 1880: 1871: 1845: 1828: 1808: 1803: 1787: 1769: 1734: 1726:Southern Norway 1703: 1695:Daylight Saving 1669: 1664: 1662:Benefits of DAB 1659: 1631: 1628: 1597: 1591: 1560:frequency reuse 1545: 1494: 1462: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1431: 1419: 1408: 1353:Collections of 1324: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1287: 1260: 1232: 1179: 1124: 1103:. Finally, the 1095:, in charge of 1093:data link layer 1078: 1017: 1015:Bands and modes 1008: 997: 991: 988: 977: 965: 954: 864: 852: 712: 710:Other countries 701: 686:13 December in 596:Møre og Romsdal 573: 568: 529: 521: 517: 515: 511: 509: 505: 503: 499: 492: 469: 463: 417:in the form of 381: 376: 317:World DMB Forum 227: 155:which uses the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7494: 7492: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7427: 7417: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7135:Space-division 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7008: 7006: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Camille Tissot 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6947:Claude Shannon 6944: 6939: 6937:Tivadar Puskás 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6907:Antonio Meucci 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6877:Charles K. Kao 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852:Harold Hopkins 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Emile Berliner 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6691:Videotelephony 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6589: 6587:Radiotelephone 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:Internet video 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6235:Kahn-Hazeltine 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182:Related topics 6181: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6066: 6064: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5899: 5889: 5879: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5732:External links 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5707:. 4 June 2018. 5692: 5674: 5648: 5618: 5588: 5552: 5500: 5470: 5440: 5414: 5388: 5354: 5327: 5290: 5257: 5226: 5204: 5169: 5147: 5116: 5084: 5046: 5023:"Worlddab.org" 5011: 4965: 4939: 4913: 4887: 4861: 4835: 4809: 4783: 4757: 4731: 4705: 4679: 4653: 4627: 4601: 4575: 4549: 4523: 4497: 4471: 4445: 4419: 4393: 4367: 4335: 4309: 4283: 4257: 4231: 4205: 4179: 4153: 4128: 4110: 4084: 4054: 4024: 3993: 3961: 3927: 3901: 3875: 3849: 3802: 3764: 3738: 3719: 3689: 3665: 3639: 3637:, worlddab.org 3620: 3590: 3552: 3533: 3508: 3489:(3): 137–142. 3468: 3442: 3411: 3381: 3358:"Presentation" 3349: 3323: 3291: 3260: 3214: 3182: 3165:Regjeringen.no 3152: 3137:. April 1998. 3122: 3111:on 14 May 2010 3071: 3035: 3032:. 3 June 2014. 3021: 3003: 2977: 2932: 2896: 2887: 2861: 2826: 2797: 2768: 2739: 2713: 2687: 2655: 2629: 2597: 2571: 2532: 2503: 2477: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2318:DAB in Ireland 2315: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2278: 2275: 2253: 2250: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990:Czech Republic 1986: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1970:United Kingdom 1966: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1786: 1783: 1768: 1765: 1733: 1730: 1711:reuse distance 1702: 1699: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1626: 1590: 1587: 1544: 1541: 1493: 1490: 1464: 1463: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399:Other raw data 1397: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1366: 1359:digital images 1351: 1344:Data services 1342: 1339: 1323: 1320: 1286: 1283: 1259: 1256: 1231: 1228: 1178: 1175: 1165:. AAC+ uses a 1123: 1120: 1105:physical layer 1085:protocol stack 1077: 1076:Protocol stack 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 968: 966: 959: 953: 950: 947: 946: 943: 937: 936: 933: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 907: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 891:United Kingdom 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 861: 851: 848: 847: 846: 831: 824: 817: 811: 805: 798: 791: 784: 781:United Kingdom 777: 738: 731: 720: 711: 708: 700: 697: 696: 695: 684: 681: 662: 659: 640: 637: 618: 603: 590:8 February in 588: 583:11 January in 572: 569: 567: 564: 560:Benjamin Dalle 548:European Union 525:Main article: 516: 510: 504: 498: 491: 488: 465:Main article: 462: 459: 428:As DAB is not 380: 377: 359:United Kingdom 278:United Kingdom 251:European Union 226: 223: 113:; as of 2022, 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7493: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466:Digital radio 7464: 7463: 7461: 7446: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7416: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7160:Code-division 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Time-division 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071:and switching 7069: 7065: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7022:optical fiber 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012:Coaxial cable 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:Radia Perlman 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Lee de Forest 6815: 6813: 6812:Thomas Edison 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Donald Davies 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6787:Claude Chappe 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Smoke signals 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6609:Semiconductor 6607: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6468:Digital media 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:Digital radio 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815:digital audio 5812: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5537: 5530: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5501: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5355: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5246:on 9 May 2010 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5189: 5186:. BBC.co.uk. 5182: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5100:on 1 May 2008 5099: 5095: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4037:New Scientist 4034: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941:The Telegraph 3938: 3931: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3534:9783319610801 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2756: 2752: 2751:"Switzerland" 2746: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231:Compatibility 2230: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1826:Audio quality 1825: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:Doppler shift 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701:More stations 1700: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1589:Sound quality 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582:shadow fading 1577: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1423:This section 1421: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388:Java platform 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1301: 1300:ECC code rate 1297: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107:contains the 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1006: 1003: 995: 985: 981: 975: 974: 969:This section 967: 963: 958: 957: 951: 944: 942: 939: 938: 934: 932: 929: 928: 924: 922: 919: 918: 914: 912: 909: 908: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 868: 862: 859: 858: 855: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829: 825: 822: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 802: 799: 796: 792: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 718: 714: 713: 709: 707: 705: 698: 693: 689: 685: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 581: 580: 577: 570: 565: 563: 561: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 528: 496: 489: 487: 484: 481: 477: 473: 468: 460: 458: 455: 454:Sound Digital 450: 445: 443: 437: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411:MPEG Surround 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387:Old DAB+ logo 385: 378: 374: 373:Digital radio 369: 366: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 305: 303: 302:Swedish Radio 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 246: 240: 231: 224: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 173: 170: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81:digital radio 78: 74: 67: 66: 60: 49: 41: 37: 33: 32:Digital radio 19: 7127:Multiplexing 7002:Transmission 6967:Nikola Tesla 6957:Henry Sutton 6912:Samuel Morse 6842:Robert Hooke 6807:Amos Dolbear 6742:John Bardeen 6661: 6641:Telautograph 6545:Mobile phone 6500:Edholm's law 6483:social media 6416:Broadcasting 6334: 5945: 5818:broadcasting 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5665:. 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Retrieved 2454: 2280: 2271: 2234: 1881: 1872: 1863:Time signals 1861: 1846: 1843:Signal delay 1829: 1820: 1809: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1754: 1750: 1742:signal noise 1735: 1723: 1704: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1652: 1649: 1633: 1622: 1614: 1610:MPEG Layer 2 1598: 1579: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1526: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1482:DAB ensemble 1478:multiplexing 1467: 1452: 1443: 1432:Please help 1427:verification 1424: 1390:applications 1325: 1288: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1248: 1233: 1224: 1220:Reed–Solomon 1214:rather than 1199:Reed–Solomon 1196: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1079: 1055:Former modes 1050: 1040:Current mode 1018: 998: 989: 978:Please help 973:verification 970: 854:As of 2021: 853: 835:Haute-Vienne 702: 620:26 April in 578: 574: 552: 545: 540: 530: 485: 470: 446: 438: 427: 419:Reed–Solomon 393: 390: 367: 356: 341: 314: 306: 294:NRK Klassisk 272:A choice of 271: 238: 236: 200: 166: 152: 142: 119: 115:55 countries 88:broadcasting 76: 72: 71: 63: 53:(1990s—2018) 36: 7327:NPL network 7039:Radio waves 6977:Alfred Vail 6887:Hedy Lamarr 6872:Dawon Kahng 6832:Elisha Gray 6792:Yogen Dalal 6717:Nasir Ahmed 6651:Teleprinter 6515:Heliographs 6266:Cable radio 6209:Technical ( 5969:DVB-T2 Lite 5825:Terrestrial 5463:10 November 5407:10 November 5378:18 December 5368:Radio World 5250:26 November 5240:Digital Spy 5039:17 November 4486:(in Danish) 3840:|last= 3757:3 September 3658:3 September 3425:Radio World 3135:BBC R&D 3115:11 December 3051:tech.ebu.ch 2680:3 September 2648:3 September 2622:3 September 2590:3 September 2382:DVB-T2 Lite 2352:New Zealand 2268:not shown). 2167:Montenegro 2020:South Korea 2000:Netherlands 1950:Switzerland 1740:fading and 1691:time of day 1595:MP2 quality 1122:Audio codec 863:Penetration 795:Netherlands 770:Helsingborg 699:Switzerland 694:(all radio) 642:21 June in 615:local radio 611:Radio Norge 587:(all radio) 327:. The AAC+ 296:), and the 274:audio codec 203:terrestrial 134:Switzerland 7460:Categories 7373:Antarctica 7332:Toasternet 7254:Television 6737:Paul Baran 6669:Television 6653:(teletype) 6646:Telegraphy 6624:transistor 6602:Phryctoria 6572:Photophone 6550:Smartphone 6540:Mass media 6148:DirectBand 6134:Subcarrier 5836:modulation 5758:, etsi.org 5752:, etsi.org 5641:11 January 5611:11 January 4360:31 October 4172:21 October 4146:3 November 4103:11 January 4077:11 January 4047:11 January 3986:22 October 3954:15 January 3920:15 January 3894:5 December 3868:5 December 3712:6 December 3545:24 October 3207:14 January 2970:14 January 2819:21 October 2790:21 October 2761:21 October 2564:31 October 2525:16 October 2447:References 2266:headphones 2239:codec for 2221:Indonesia 2150:Azerbaijan 1835:examples). 1593:See also: 1524:standard. 1395:tunnelling 1369:Slideshows 1357:pages and 1278:gap-filler 1276:Low power 1230:Modulation 1116:modulation 952:Technology 728:Alto Adige 558:commented 480:MPEG 4 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6163:SCA/SCMO 6158:RDS/RBDS 5961:HD Radio 5951:DRM/DRM+ 5946:DAB/DAB+ 5771:Archived 5738:WorldDAB 5661:Archived 5635:Archived 5605:Archived 5572:Archived 5536:Archived 5514:Archived 5487:Archived 5457:Archived 5433:21 April 5427:Archived 5311:Archived 5277:Archived 5217:for3.org 5188:Archived 5134:Archived 5073:cite web 5000:cite web 4981:Archived 4952:Archived 4926:Archived 4900:Archived 4874:Archived 4848:Archived 4822:Archived 4796:Archived 4770:Archived 4744:Archived 4718:Archived 4692:Archived 4666:Archived 4640:Archived 4614:Archived 4588:Archived 4562:Archived 4536:Archived 4516:9 August 4510:Radio.no 4490:9 August 4464:9 August 4432:Archived 4406:Archived 4351:Archived 4322:Archived 4296:Archived 4270:Archived 4244:Archived 4218:Archived 4192:Archived 4166:Archived 4097:Archived 4071:Archived 4041:Archived 4011:Archived 3888:Archived 3862:Archived 3832:cite web 3822:26 March 3795:12 April 3786:Archived 3751:Archived 3731:Archived 3706:Archived 3652:Archived 3631:Archived 3613:2 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6411:Beacon 6230:Harris 6225:C-QUAM 6114:HE-AAC 6091:Codecs 6075:Canada 6041:DVB-SH 6015:S band 6010:L band 5996:C band 5920:L band 5811:Analog 5667:1 July 5493:1 July 5320:1 July 4990:1 July 4958:1 July 4932:1 July 4906:1 July 4880:1 July 4854:1 July 4828:1 July 4802:1 July 4776:1 July 4750:1 July 4724:1 July 4698:1 July 4672:1 July 4646:1 July 4620:1 July 4594:1 July 4568:1 July 4542:1 July 4438:1 July 4412:1 July 4328:1 July 4302:1 July 4276:1 July 4250:1 July 4224:1 July 4198:1 July 3947: 3915:Which? 3531: 3461:1 July 3374:1 July 3342:1 July 3316:1 July 3239:1 July 3175:22 May 3103: 3064:1 July 2996:1 July 2912:ebu.ch 2880:1 July 2854:1 July 2732:1 July 2706:1 July 2496:1 July 2470:1 July 2345:Sweden 2286:Canada 2237:HE-AAC 2212:Greece 2140:France 2130:Sweden 2094:Poland 2029:Qatar 1940:Norway 1920:Monaco 1900:Kuwait 1515:MPEG-4 1147:HE-AAC 1143:LC-AAC 1025:L band 931:France 871:Norway 843:France 788:Poland 764:, and 742:Sweden 571:Norway 518: 512: 506: 500: 476:DAB-IP 399:HE-AAC 255:EUREKA 184:fading 147:audio 130:Norway 107:Africa 99:Europe 7366:South 7361:North 7322:JANET 7259:Telex 7249:Radio 7088:Nodes 7083:Links 7004:media 6582:Radio 6567:Pager 6495:Drums 6461:video 6456:image 6446:audio 6220:Belar 6046:S-DMB 6036:DAB-S 5941:CAM-D 5854:COFDM 5833:Radio 5575:(PDF) 5568:(PDF) 5539:(PDF) 5532:(PDF) 5314:(PDF) 5303:(PDF) 5197:8 May 5191:(PDF) 5184:(PDF) 5065:(PDF) 5058:(PDF) 5033:(PDF) 5026:(PDF) 4984:(PDF) 4977:(PDF) 4454:"DAB" 4354:(PDF) 4347:(PDF) 3980:(PDF) 3973:(PDF) 3789:(PDF) 3781:Ofcom 3776:(PDF) 3684:(PDF) 3677:(PDF) 3571:(PDF) 3564:(PDF) 3368:(PDF) 3361:(PDF) 3310:(PDF) 3303:(PDF) 3233:(PDF) 3226:(PDF) 3201:(PDF) 3194:(PDF) 3101:S2CID 3058:(PDF) 3047:(PDF) 2964:(PDF) 2949:(PDF) 2919:(PDF) 2908:(PDF) 2848:(PDF) 2841:(PDF) 2558:(PDF) 2547:(PDF) 2442:(VHF) 2436:(UHF) 2389:(SDR) 2378:(DRM) 2372:(DMB) 2176:Spain 2046:Italy 1974:97.3 1954:99.5 1944:99.7 1934:99.9 1910:Malta 1511:T-DMB 1383:Video 1373:e-fit 1350:(EPG) 1240:DQPSK 941:Italy 885:68.5 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