Improvised explosive device

2471: 2479: 2116: 2287: 2896: 207: 77: 1904: 2418: 2326:, 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs. A French study showed that in Iraq, from March 2003 to November 2006, on a global 3,070 deaths in the US-led invading coalition soldiers, 1,257 were caused by IEDs, i.e. 41%. That is to say more than in the "normal fights" (1027 dead, 34%). Insurgents now use the bombs to target not only invading coalition vehicles but Iraqi police as well. 2063: 1083: 226: 2774:, socket bombs, pipe bombs, bucket bombs, etc. The devices were used more for the act of terrorizing the urban population rather than for fatal causes, placed in front of governmental offices, street corners or road sides. Mainly, the home-made IEDs were responsible for destruction of majority of structures targeted by the Maoists and assisted greatly in spreading terror among the public. 2708:, made extensive use of IEDs to resist Israeli forces after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel withdrew from Beirut, Northern Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon in 1985, whilst maintaining its occupation of Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah frequently used IEDs to attack Israeli military forces in this area up until the Israeli withdrawal, and the end of the invasion of Lebanon in May 2000. 1343: 2374:, IEDs are killing military personnel and civilians with greater frequency. May 2007 was the deadliest month for IED attacks thus far, with a reported 89 of the 129 invading coalition casualties coming from an IED attack. According to the Pentagon, 250,000 tons (out of 650,000 tons total) of Iraqi heavy ordnance were looted, providing a large supply of ammunition for the insurgents. 140: 36: 1136: 1892: 1367:

a rifle. Without this stabilization the trajectory can not be accurately determined beyond 50 meters. An EFP is essentially a cylindrical shaped charge with a machined concave metal disc (often copper) in front, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug, capable of penetrating the armor of most vehicles in Iraq.

1848:, are designed to function upon contact with a victim. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED), improvised 1609:, and will use a timer or some other trigger to detonate the explosives. The logic behind such attacks is the belief that an IED delivered by a human has a greater chance of achieving success than any other method of attack. In addition, there is the psychological impact of child soldiers prepared to deliberately sacrifice themselves for their cause. 2840: 2143:. The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using 1376:

metal. When made for fragmentation, the contents of the charge are usually nuts, bolts, ball bearings and other similar shrapnel products and explosive. If it only consists of the flat metal plate, it is known as a platter charge, serving a similar role as an EFP with reduced effect but easier construction.

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According to Newsweek, US intelligence officials report that al Qaeda's explosives expert Ibrahim al-Asiri and medical doctors have been designing bombs to be surgically implanted into the bodies of suicide bombers. The idea is that the technique would somehow foil airport scanners. Gives a whole new

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Beyond this, as the stakes increase and IEDs are emplaced not only to achieve the direct effect, but to deliberately target IEDD operators and cordon personnel, the IEDD operator needs to have a deep understanding of tactics to ensure they are neither setting up any of their team or the cordon troops

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Newsweek has learned that U.S. intelligence officials circulated a secret report that laid out in vivid detail how doctors working for al-Asiri had developed the surgical technique. An American government source familiar with the report described it as 15 to 20 pages, single spaced, and replete with

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On August 27, 2023, Israeli security forces successfully foiled an attempt to smuggle Iranian-made explosives into Israel from Jordan. The thwarted smuggling operation in the Jordan Valley aimed to supply terror groups in the West Bank with explosives. Counter-smuggling efforts along the border have

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are the most reliable way of detecting IEDs. However, statistical evidence gathered by the US Army Maneuver Support Center at Fort Leonard Wood, MO shows that the dogs are not the most effective means of detecting IEDs. The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce explosive

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light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods. In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using uninterruptible means, such

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improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance. A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that

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A speculative device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material for the purpose of area denial and economic damage, and/or for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological

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A device incorporating biological materials designed to result in the dispersal of vector borne biological material for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger

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that is effective at long standoffs from the target (50 meters or more), however they are not accurate at long distances. This is because of how they are produced. The large "slug" projected from the explosion has no stabilization because it has no tail fins and it does not spin like a bullet from

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Experts and intelligence sources say the terrorists could use the powerful explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate, known as PETN and insert it in the bodies of would-be suicide bombers. According to reports they would then be able to detonate the implanted explosives via injections. The bombs would

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In November 2013 one of the largest IEDs constructed was intercepted near Gardez City in Eastern Afghanistan. The 61,000 pounds of explosives was hidden under what appeared to be piles of wood. By comparison, the truck bomb that all but razed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City

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Because the components of these devices are being used in a manner not intended by their manufacturer, and because the method of producing the explosion is limited only by the science and imagination of the perpetrator, it is not possible to follow a step-by-step guide to detect and disarm a device

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A device making use of exothermic chemical reactions designed to result in the rapid spread of fire for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population or it may

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and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack. IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be

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On 16 November 2021, suicide bombers set off two powerful explosions in the center of Uganda's capital Kampala during rush hour in an attack later claimed by Islamic State. There have been a number of bomb explosions in 2021. In October, a 20-year-old waitress was killed after a device, left in a

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Military forces and law enforcement from India, Canada, United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, and the United States are at the forefront of counter-IED efforts, as all have direct experience in dealing with IEDs used against them in conflict or terrorist attacks. From the research and development side,

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Directionally focused charges (also known as directionally focused fragmentary charges depending on the construction) are very similar to EFPs, with the main difference being that the top plate is usually flat and not concave. It also is not made with machined copper but much cheaper cast or cut

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Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could. In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially

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responding to the initial bombing. Both propane bombs and both car bombs failed to detonate correctly. They then went on to shoot and kill 13 people before committing suicide. If all bombs detonated, there could have been hundreds killed in the massacre, but nobody was injured by any of the

1485:. Distinguishing features are low-riding vehicles with excessive weight, vehicles with only one passenger, and ones where the interior of the vehicles look as if they have been stripped down and built back up. Car bombs can carry thousands of pounds of explosives and may be augmented with 2004:

systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods. These are physical connections between the detonator and explosive device and cannot be jammed. However, these types of IEDs are more difficult to emplace quickly, and are more readily detected.

1325:. That leaves chemical, biological and radiological undefined. Four definitions have been created to build on the structure of the JCS definition. Terms have been created to standardize the language of first responders and members of the military and to correlate the operational picture. 2551:) an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden, which is what happened in the 2150:

Afghan insurgents operating far from the border with Pakistan did not have a ready supply of foreign anti-tank mines. They preferred to make IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance. The devices were rarely triggered by pressure fuses. They were almost always remotely detonated. Since the

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A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components.

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A device incorporating the toxic attributes of chemical materials designed to result in the dispersal of toxic chemical materials for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and

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An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a

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unit tasked with rendering safe IEDs, 321 EOD, sustained significant casualties while engaged in bomb disposal operations. This mortality rate was far higher than other high risk occupations such as deep sea diving, and a careful review was made of how men were selected for

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officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices. The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by X-rays.

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Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military, law enforcement, diplomatic, financial, and intelligence communities and involve a comprehensive approach to countering the threat networks that employ IEDs, not just efforts to defeat the devices themselves.

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effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing nuclear weapon. Also called a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) or "

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Of increasing popularity among insurgent forces in Iraq is the house-borne IED, or HBIED, from the common military practice of clearing houses; insurgents rig an entire house to detonate and collapse shortly after a clearing squad has entered.

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Roadside bombs were extensively used by the IRA. Typically, a roadside bomb was placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing, as with the case of the 1979

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or Victim Operated IEDs (VOIEDs), became commonplace. The IRA engaged in an ongoing battle to gain the upper hand in electronic warfare with remote controlled devices. The rapid changes in development led 321 EOD to employ specialists from

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technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early 1990s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against the invading coalition forces in

2657:. This approach by the British army to fighting the IRA in Northern Ireland led to the development and use of most of the modern weapons, equipment and techniques now used by EOD Operators throughout the rest of the world today. 2617:. Between 1970 and 2005, the IRA detonated 19,000 IEDs in the Northern Ireland and Britain, an average of one every 17 hours for three and a half decades, arguably making it "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history". 3041:

intended to disperse coloured powder, and an incident in 2019 where an IED similarly designed to release powder exploded in a manner similar to a pipe bomb, killing a 56-year-old woman after shrapnel struck her in the head.

2000:(RSPs) to deal with IEDs. RSPs may be developed as a result of direct experience with devices or by applied research designed to counter the threat. The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle- and 2178:, showed up in Afghanistan. By 2021 there was at least one sticky bomb attack a day in Kabul. They are used in both traditional assassinations and targeted killings and as terror weapons against the population at large. 1514:. The boats were filled with explosives and attempted to ram Allied ships, sometimes successfully, having sunk or severely damaged several American ships by war's end. Suicide bombers used a boat-borne IED to attack the 5047: 2238:

On 17 April 2013, two kilos of explosives used in Bangalore bomb blast at Malleshwaram area, leaving 16 injured and no fatalities. Intelligence sources have said the bomb was an Improvised Explosive Device or IED.

5660: 4605: 3074:. Thirty-three percent of U.S. casualties in Vietnam and twenty-eight percent of deaths were officially attributed to mines; these figures include losses caused by both IEDs and commercially manufactured mines. 1882:

were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA. The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.

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be used with the intent of gaining a tactical advantage. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A common type of this is the

1208:, and in some cases, they detonate on either the maker or the placer of the device. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional 3451: 4113: 1993:) material in an IED requires additional precautions. As with other missions, the EOD operator provides the area commander with an assessment of the situation and of support needed to complete the mission. 1285:, and can carry a relatively large payload. They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an 1196:

IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a

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operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched

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usually refers to an individual wearing explosives and detonating them to kill others including themselves, the bomber will conceal explosives on and around their person, commonly using a

6622: 4938: 4783: 2808:, where Russian forces were engaged in fighting with rebel elements. While no concrete statistics are available on this matter, bombs have accounted for many Russian deaths in both the 2189:

ISAF troops stationed in Afghanistan and other IED prone areas of operation would commonly "BIP" (blow in place) IED's and other explosives that were considered too dangerous to defuse.

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A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a mobile phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Mobile phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with

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and lower body mutilation. This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.

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Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.

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were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians introduced devices that required a sequence of

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were deployed in those areas to deal with the IED threat. The IRA also used secondary devices to catch British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in the

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programs such as the new Canadian Unmanned Systems Challenge will bring student groups together to invent an unmanned device to both locate IEDs and pinpoint the insurgents.

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as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these "advanced" IEDs were actually old

3067: 5668: 4987: 1555:" were developed during World War II. In recent times, a two-year-old child and seven other people were killed by explosives strapped to a horse in the town of Chita in 4957: 4264: 2478: 2163:

and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year.

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Many IED-related arrests are made each year in circumstances where the plot was foiled before the device was deployed, or the device exploded but no one was injured.

1220:, washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers. The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and the tools and materials available. 6115: 5244: 4446: 1242:) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. 6184: 5995: 3455: 2863:

to attack targets in cities and other areas. Such barrel bombs consist of barrels filled with high explosives, oil, and shrapnel, and are dropped from helicopters.

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of 1984. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire. Later, bombs could be detonated by radio control. Initially, simple servos from

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paramilitaries have also utilized less sophisticated devices, such as homemade grenades crudely thrown at the target. These are sometimes called "blast bombs".

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not be detectable to airport body scanner, increasing risks of attacks similar to the 2011 September attack on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon.

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was killed in 2003 by an explosive fastened to his neck, purportedly under duress from the maker of the bomb. In 2011 a schoolgirl in Sydney, Australia had a

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mortars and remote-controlled IEDs. Members of the IRA developed and counter-developed devices and tactics. IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring

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were targeted by opponents using over half a dozen crude "country-made bombs". It was further reported that there had been at least four similar bombings in

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officer assigned to the nearby FOB Lightning analyzed the potential blast damage, which resulted in closing FOB Goode due to its proximity to the highway.

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Since the detonation of the first IED in Iraq in 2003, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred in the country, killing and wounding 21,200 Americans.

1039: 441: 6068: 4091: 2367:. Early during the Iraq war, the bulk explosives were often obtained from stored munitions bunkers to include stripping landmines of their explosives. 5280: 2147:. After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to continue the attack. 1389:) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. 4858: 4383: 3119:

follows an Iraq War Explosive Ordnance Disposal team who are targeted by insurgents and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat.

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shopping bag, detonated in a bar in the city. Days later several people were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up in a bus near Kampala.

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IEDs strapped to the necks of farmers have been used on at least three occasions by guerrillas in Colombia, as a way of extortion. American

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made with homemade explosives (HME). An HME lab refers to a Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted.

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Water-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED), i.e. boats carrying explosives, can be used against ships and areas connected to water.

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against land- and river-borne vehicles as well as personnel. They were commonly constructed using materials from unexploded American

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detection dogs in southern Afghanistan. In less than two years the dogs discovered 15 tons of illegal munitions, IED's, and weapons.

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explosives during the massacre. The pair had planned to exceed the death count during the Oklahoma City bombing four years earlier.

2931: 2505: 2457: 2214: 2102: 1836:(BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit. 1122: 787: 191: 121: 63: 6526: 1031: 6417: 5958: 5930: 3990: 3662: 3614: 3480: 1481:). On occasion the driver of the car bomb may have been coerced into delivery of the vehicle under duress, a situation known as a 6252: 3051: 2751: 1734: 1050: 99: 55: 4662: 2989:, packed with fishing weights covered in rat poison, and may have been racially motivated. No one was injured during the event. 2578:. As a result of the use of these bombs, the British military stopped transport by road in areas such as South Armagh, and used 2389: 1171:. IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads. 1035: 5295:"Pulwama terror attack: Suicide bomber drives SUV packed with 300 kg explosives into CRPF bus, 44 men martyred – indiatoday.in" 2871: 2221: 4881: 3694: 234: 5810: 4965: 4290: 4254: 3867: 2942: 2439: 2243: 2084: 1104: 846: 690: 2139:

were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of

6132: 5110: 4456: 2985:. The FBI said that the bomb was specifically designed to cause maximum harm as the explosive device was, according to the 5254: 4518: 2938: 1359: 1351: 1168: 6544: 6507: 6469: 6094: 6032: 5999: 4496: 4408: 3842: 3824: 3272: 6597: 5400: 4259: 2974: 2669: 2115: 1821: 475: 5872: 5850: 5834: 5607: 2341:. Typically, they explode underneath or to the side of the vehicle to cause the maximum amount of damage. However, as 1473:

A vehicle may be laden with explosives, set to explode by remote control or by a passenger/driver, commonly known as a

6627: 5033: 3939: 2824: 2770:, ranging from those bought from illicit groups in India and China, to self-made devices. Typically used devices were 2626: 2317: 1645: 1560: 1034:

used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces, and by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of

555: 484: 273: 103: 4332: 6612: 5140: 2855:, militant insurgents were using IEDs to attack buses, cars, trucks, tanks and military convoys. Additionally, the 900: 388: 373: 2633:

testing of soldiers to ensure those chosen had the correct mental preparation for high risk bomb disposal duties.

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bombs that were placed in the cafeteria, powerful enough to kill or injure everyone inside the room, along with

2049:. Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944. 5977: 4559: 1833: 1741:

mortars. New types of IRAMs including Volcano IRAM and Elephant Rockets, are used during the Syrian Civil War.

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MI6 chiefs believe doctors have been trained to plant explosives inside the breasts of female suicide bombers.

3232: 3019:. The sources of the explosions were all found to be IEDs of various types, such as pressure cooker bombs and 6318: 6072: 4481: 4345:

Security has been beefed up after intelligence al-Qaeda is plotting attacks on airlines flying out of London.

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U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) destroy an improvised explosive device cache in southern

5804: 4255:"Al-Qaida's 'Body Bombs' increase Fears of Global Attacks by Master Bomb-Maker Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Asiri" 3520:"Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study" 2997: 2286: 2235:. The bombs exploded in Dilsukhnagar, a crowded shopping area of the city, within 150 metres of each other. 1648:

asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard

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Most IEDs used commercial or homemade explosives made in the Republic of Ireland, with ingredients such as

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by an attacker in her home. The device was removed by police after a ten-hour operation and proved to be a

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as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. These injuries were reported in

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schematics and pictures. "It was almost like something you'd see in Scientific American," the source said.

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Explosives accounted for over two thirds of the casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, mostly caused by IEDs.

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In July 2012 it was reported that "sticky bombs", magnetically adhesive IED's that were prevalent in the

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by the military, came to be employed in numbers against U.S. forces in Iraq. They have been described as

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IEDs have been used in many attacks by Palestinian militants and continue to be used in recent attacks.

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On 28 December 2014, a minor explosion took place near the Coconut Grove restaurant at Church Street in

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Improvised mortars have been used by many insurgent groups including during the civil war in Syria and

1309:(JCS Pub 1-02) includes two definitions for improvised devices: improvised explosive devices (IED) and 1660:

Robots could also be used to carry explosives. First such documented case was during the aftermath of

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and other insurgent groups use IEDs against police, military, security forces, and civilian targets.

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which was struck by an approximately 90–136 kg (198–300 lb) directed charge IED during the

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either stolen in construction sites or provided for by supporters in the South, although the use of

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used to concentrate the explosive force in the desired direction. McVeigh detonated it next to the

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was improved on military vehicles, insurgents began placing IEDs in elevated positions such as on

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and by the end of 2007 they have been responsible for at least 64% of Coalition deaths in Iraq.

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charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. However, the threat exists that

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deaths in Iraq. They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of

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the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork

2018: 1911: 1793: 1681: 1632: 1624: 1286: 1155: 1152: 1066: 1027: 1019: 890: 653: 633: 431: 363: 6369: 6304: 3633: 5519:"ISIS Forcing Children and Disabled People to Drive VBIEDs, Says Isler – Qasion News Agency" 4582: 4328: 4291:"Breast bombers: Doctors trained to plant explosives inside chest of female suicide bombers" 3580: 3539: 3531: 3452:"Cameroon Says Separatists Relaunch Attacks, IED Use After Death of Self Proclaimed General" 3129: 2919: 2856: 2852: 2828: 2723: 2202: 1974: 1587: 1515: 1408: 1231: 648: 510: 206: 6275:"Sheriff: Gender reveal party explosion was a stunt gone awry | Iowa | lacrossetribune.com" 5017:. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Techniques: 477–486. 3569:"Dismounted Complex Blast Injuries: A Comprehensive Review of the Modern Combat Experience" 3033:

have been caused by the detonation of improvised explosive devices. These include the 2017

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or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey (

6395: 5879: 5857: 5838: 5352: 5217: 5080: 4325:"Breast implants suicide bomb threat: Heathrow on high alert over "credible" intelligence" 4187: 3149: 3116: 2993: 2962: 2911: 2567: 2357: 2307: 1874: 1602: 1466: 767: 678: 658: 436: 358: 5785: 4704: 2026: 6530: 4737: 4359:"Use of police robot to kill Dallas shooting suspect believed to be first in US history" 3899:

Jean-Pierre Steinhoffer : " Irak : les pertes de la Coalition par EEI ", in

3000:

seconds apart close to the finish line. Initial FBI response indicated suspicion of IED

1996:

Military and law enforcement personnel from around the world have developed a number of

1903: 6602: 6421: 5962: 5611: 4447:"U.S. Troops in Iraq Face A Powerful New Weapon: Use of Rocket-Propelled Bombs Spreads" 3954:"1 INTERIM INDUSTRY TRANSIT ADVICE, SOUTHERN RED SEA, AND GULF OF ADEN – NOVEMBER 2023" 3669: 3618: 3544: 3519: 3493: 3174: 2715:

Erez Gerstein on 28 February 1999, the highest-ranking Israeli to die in Lebanon since

2537: 2525: 2517: 2342: 2334: 2140: 1754: 1738: 1700: 1649: 1631:

Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bombers' "

1579: 1290: 962:

military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an

695: 613: 546: 480: 378: 313: 6245:"Officials release video from gender reveal party that ignited a 47,000-acre wildfire" 6165: 6146: 5182:"Bangalore blast: Two kilos of explosives used, say police; CCTV footage offers clues" 4674: 3584: 2257:

on Sunday around 8:30 pm. One woman was killed and another injured in the blast.

1559:. The carcasses of certain animals were also used to conceal explosive devices by the 1289:. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED 6591: 5781: 5448: 5422: 5249: 5010: 3639: 3144: 3139: 2966: 2915: 2754:, mostly in the city of Benghazi against police stations, cars or foreign embassies. 2716: 2661: 2650: 2602: 2382: 2144: 1986: 1982: 1954: 1797: 1788: 1673: 1652:. The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger. 1548: 1363: 1164: 1012: 673: 408: 230: 5277:"Pathankot operation continues; 2 terrorists still holed up – Rediff.com India News" 4673:, Ministry of Justice, Department of Archives and Records Management. Archived from 1796:

that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals or

6449: 6346: 5860: 5630: 4885: 4363: 4294: 3701: 2923: 2673: 2630: 2621: 2501: 2490: 2346: 2167: 2046: 1640: 1606: 1511: 978: 683: 608: 218: 4848:"Billions Have Been Spent on Technology to Find IEDs, but Dogs Still Do It Better" 4534:"Syria: Innovations for freedom #3 more DIY trebuchets, pipe weapons and vehicles" 4038: 4012: 3875: 3220:

van Rij, Armida; Bryce, Hannah; Wilkinson, Benedict; Vining, Maxine (April 2017).

3179: 2274:

On 29 October 2023, a series of IED explosions were used to kill 2 attendees at a

6489:"Yemen war 2016– Houthis fighters destroyed Saudi M1 Abrams Tank by IED in Jizan" 6202: 5944: 5911: 4064: 6014:"KDF soldier killed, five injured in al Shabaab attack near Kenya-Somali border" 5589: 4636:"Messenger, Scott (2009-03-01). "The Unmanned Mission". Retrieved on 2009-03-26" 4220: 3535: 3063: 2860: 2529: 2417: 2120: 2062: 2038: 1853: 1762: 1347: 1213: 1148: 1082: 596: 591: 495: 225: 4114:"'Bomb' device attached to Mosman schoolgirl was a 'very, very elaborate hoax'" 1204:

IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to

1147:

fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious,

6554: 6511: 6488: 6473: 6301:"NATO: IEDs: NEUTRALIZED: 49000 IEDs in Ukraine – Soldier of Fortune Magazine" 6102: 6036: 5556:"Israel says it foiled bid to smuggle Iran-made explosives over Jordan border" 4537: 4500: 4431: 4412: 3852: 3828: 3809: 3134: 3016: 2950: 2782: 2637: 2636:

The IRA came up with ever more sophisticated designs and deployments of IEDs.

2579: 2360: 2247: 2136: 2030: 1962: 1958: 1926: 1845: 1750: 1519: 1482: 1421: 1239: 1205: 1190: 986: 643: 638: 601: 210: 6445:"Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% in five years" 5831: 5325: 6185:"ISIS Used This Huge Crudely Modified Truck To Attack A Key Syrian Air Base" 6116:

Syrian security forces set off Damascus bombs blamed on al-Qaida – defectors

5945:"Nigeria: Troops Destroy Boko Haram IED factory, Rescue 4 Women, 6 Children" 5537:"ISIS Releases Photos of Militants Using U.S. M113s as VBIEDS – Defensetech" 5075: 4815:"Military Protection Dogs Save Lives By Sniffing Out IEDs In War-Torn Areas" 3913: 3424: 3169: 3038: 3020: 3012: 2958: 2735: 2705: 2586: 2544: 2541: 2364: 2353: 2254: 2022: 1865: 1474: 1278: 1186: 1176: 1135: 1062: 1054: 1016: 1001: 963: 253: 4729:

Dokszyc-Parafianow Memorial Book – Belarus (Sefer Dokshitz-Parafianov)

3843:"+18 – "Islamic State" jihadists' VBIED attacks – March 2017 – Mosul, Iraq" 3663:"JP 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" 3592: 3553: 1891: 5927:"Just In: Boko Haram kills four people as Buhari marks one year in office" 5585:

Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian

3868:"Inside The Kamikaze, The Last-Ditch Suicide Attacks Of World War 2 Japan" 3742:"Improvised explosive device Background, Counterefforts, Historical Usage" 3381:

More than two thirds of combat deaths in Iraq by 2007 were caused by IEDs.

2385:

IEDs. Both Iranian and Iraqi government officials denied the allegations.

1462: 5699:

A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980

5680: 5652: 4733: 2805: 2548: 2533: 2303: 2175: 2001: 1869: 1849: 1712: 1696: 1556: 1552: 1518:; US and UK troops have also been killed by boat-borne IEDs in Iraq. The 1457: 1268: 1259: 1251: 1243: 1228: 1209: 1181: 1023: 994: 576: 286: 6392:"American Experience | Vietnam Online | Transcript | PBS" 6342:"Prominent rebel warlord Arseny 'Motorola' Pavlov dies in Donetsk blast" 5368:

Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives

6549: 5800: 5136: 4428:"Al Nusra Tunnel Bomb Collapses Syrian Intelligence Building in Aleppo" 3847: 3082: 2946: 2927: 2793: 2727: 2606: 2442: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2330: 2291: 2197:

IEDs are being used by insurgents against government forces during the

2156: 2087: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2041:. Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the 1730: 1544: 1107: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 628: 566: 214: 6054: 5661:"Frank O'Reilly, the catholic RUC officer killed by loyalists in 1998" 4988:"Afghan forces discover truck loaded with 61,000 pounds of explosives" 3825:"ISIS Using Suicide Trucks To Destroy Iraqi Tanks (Mosul Battlefield)" 3321: 2839: 2329:

Common locations for placing these bombs on the ground include animal

6527:"Ambush against a #Saudi military vehicle in Alhgelh site in #Najran" 6470:"Yemen: Houthi IED Ambush on Pro-Hadi Convoy near al-Ba'aqa Crossing" 4917:"Sticky bombs, like those used in Iraq, now appearing in Afghanistan" 4573:

Harkin, Greg; Elliott, Francis; Whitaker, Raymond (16 October 2005).

2742:

servicemen on board, the first of two IEDs to damage a Merkava tank.

2594: 1813: 966:

shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as

663: 17: 5981: 5786:"Divine Victory for Whom? Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War" 5768:

The Essence of Longing: General Erez Gerstein and the War in Lebanon

4384:"Venezuelan President survives apparent drone assassination attempt" 3085:

are using IEDs against Saudi-led coalition and Hadi's forces during

1965:, to try and deduce what the perpetrator has done, and only then to 1844:

Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED), also known as

5770:(in Hebrew). Miskal – Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books. 1469:

and gasoline cans discovered in the back of a pick-up truck in Iraq

6326: 4606:"Kevin Myers: The death of the tank took place around Crossmaglen" 2894: 2838: 2598: 2477: 2469: 2397: 2371: 2285: 2114: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1805: 1461: 1341: 1134: 224: 205: 4726:

Stockfish, David; Yariv Eldar; Daniella HarPaz Mechnikov (1970).

3983:"In Ancient Rome flaming war pigs were used to counter elephants" 2762:

IEDs were also widely used in the 10-years long civil war of the

2381:

was supplying insurgents with the technological know-how to make

5608:"Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims" 5106: 3104: 2731: 2646: 2590: 2393: 2378: 2295: 2182:

and killed 168 people in 1995 weighed less than 5,000 pounds. A

2160: 2132: 2021:

was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made

1990: 1973:

for an attack, nor walking into one themselves. The presence of

1879: 1692: 1591: 1492: 1282: 1144: 955: 6222:"Suspect in Would-Be Airport Bombing Nabbed With Help From REI" 1676:. As well, drones carrying explosives were used in a suspected 5048:"A dozen Egyptian security personnel killed in Sinai fighting" 4388: 2411: 2338: 2320:

used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. According to

2056: 1076: 133: 70: 29: 6051:"Bomb hits AMISOM convoy near Leego district – idalenews.com" 2045:

launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during

1547:

were used as incendiaries around 1000 AD. More famously the "

4958:"Sticky Bombs Latest Weapon in Afghanistan's Arsenal of War" 4092:""Brian Wells" Erie bombing 'victim' was in on bank robbery" 2404:

led to increased seizures of weapons and explosive devices.

1571:"Collar bomb" redirects here. For the 2021 Indian film, see 5873:

IED explodes in front of Benghazi police station, injures 3

4575:"Revealed: IRA bombs killed eight British soldiers in Iraq" 2926:, and stolen commercial explosives in a rental truck, with 2620:

In the early 1970s, at the height of the IRA campaign, the

1201:

to attack a convoy of vehicles spread out along a roadway.

5912:"Nigeria: Boko Haram IED Kills Another Lieutenant Colonel" 3802:"Drone View Of New ISIS Car Bombs in the Battle For Mosul" 2029:

mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and

6495:

from the original on 31 October 2021 – via YouTube.

5133:"Blasts: ATS claims good leads, suicide bomber ruled out" 3338:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives

2899:

The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the

1953:

that an individual has only recently developed. As such,

6569:"National C-IED initiatives: Middle East – Yemen – AOAV" 6203:"Kampala blasts: Suicide bombers target Ugandan capital" 6129:"Like Afghan Counterparts, Syrian Rebels Now Using IEDs" 5996:"Majority of IEDs are traced to Pakistan - USATODAY.com" 5841:

Embassy of the United States, Tripoli-Libya, 6 June 2012

3029:

A number of deaths and property damage occurring during

2601:

in the 1980s was also common from the mid-1980s onward.

2485:

counter-IED robot on streets of Northern Ireland in 1978

2349:, utility poles, or trees, to hit less protected areas. 2242:

On 21 May 2014, Indinthakarai village supporters of the

4468: 4466: 4177: 4175: 95: 5213:"Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports" 5071:"Troop fatality figures show changing Maoist strategy" 4065:"AMERICAS | 'Necklace' bomb halts Colombia talks" 3273:"The Evolution of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)" 6508:"Houthis ambush a convoy of Saudi Vehicles in Najran" 6069:"Somalia: Huge Blast Targets Amisom Convoy, Two Dead" 5449:"Middle East | Blair warns Iran over Iraq bombs" 5423:"Middle East | Iran 'behind attacks on British'" 4784:"Military working dogs participate in C-IED Training" 4248: 4246: 2271:, several casualties were reported due to IED blast. 2231:

On 21 February 2013, two IEDs were used to carry out

6545:"When Houthis attack IV – March 2017 – Saudi Arabia" 3726:"Superbomb Mystery: The Herrhaussen Assassination". 3299:

ESIC STENO PHASE – I 2020 | 12 Full Length Mock Test

2563:

to arm and detonate them. These were harder to jam.

1139:

X-ray of a suitcase showing a pipe bomb and a laptop

6033:"AMISOM Calls for Support against Al Shabab's IEDs" 5978:"Why IEDs are weapon of choice for militants in KP" 5475:"British Official Warns Iran Not to Meddle in Iraq" 5103:"Three blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured" 4515:"'Elephant rockets' kill dozens in Damascus suburb" 4182:Daniel Klaidman, Christopher Dickey (14 May 2012). 3454:. Voice of America. 3 February 2023. Archived from 3037:, which was started by the detonation of a mass of 4882:"Reliable Explosives Detection Dogs – Patriot K-9" 4857: 4497:"Syrian Army Elephant Rockets Used Against Rebels" 3940:"Water Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED)" 3054:and have also been used there for assassinations. 2474:Oil-drum roadside IED removed from culvert in 1984 2400:, often driven by children, elderly and disabled. 1766:are used by rebel forces during Syrian Civil War. 5011:"Blast Modeling for Facility Security Management" 4013:"Americas | 'Horse bomb' hits Colombia town" 2294:lies on its side following a buried IED blast in 5959:"Pakistan, IEDs and the law: an overview – AOAV" 4217:"You da bomb! (surgically-implanted explosives)" 2934:, killing 168 people, 19 of whom were children. 2704:, other resistance groups in Lebanon, and later 2377:In October 2005, the UK government charged that 1804:, car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, 1338:Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs) 993:, and entered common use in the U.S. during the 5245:"Minor explosion at Church Street in Bengaluru" 4753:"Taliban make 'undetectable' bombs out of wood" 4474:"A new type of Volcano rocket spotted in Idlib" 3428:. Chennai, India. 13 April 2006. Archived from 2629:operations. The review recommended bringing in 1753:insurgency. IRA used improvised mortars called 1522:have also been known to use SWBIEDs during the 1506:An early example of this type was the Japanese 1495:has used truck bombs with devastating effects. 958:constructed and deployed in ways other than in 5893:"Boko Haram IED kills three soldiers in Borno" 4039:"Americas | Experts defuse necklace bomb" 3482:NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP-6) 2843:Captured IEDs from a cache left behind by the 2750:Homemade IEDs are used extensively during the 1223:IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional 5015:International Society of Explosives Engineers 3895: 3893: 3312: 3310: 3308: 2702:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2220:On 13 July 2011, three IEDs were used by the 2033:to cover the retreat of German troops at the 927: 84:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3914:"UK | Iraq boat attack personnel named" 3823:Non Mirage Truth Vision (22 November 2016). 3772:"ISIS is dropping bombs with drones in Iraq" 3165:List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts 2876:Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war 2870:also used VBIEDs in Syria, including during 2363:or with varying amounts of bulk or homemade 1733:tanks packed with explosives and powered by 1672:, who was hiding in a place inaccessible to 6623:Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) 5477:. Nyjtimes.com. 8 June 2004. Archived from 2228:, killing 19 people and injuring 130 more. 1737:. They are similar to some Provisional IRA 1307:Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5501:"Why ISIS Is Building Mad Max Truck Bombs" 2306:, IEDs have been used extensively against 2159:and its supporters have used IEDs against 934: 920: 752: 291: 240: 6166:"Barrel bombs a sign of brutal Syria war" 5371:. Taylor and Francis. 2011. p. 578. 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 3543: 3420:"13 killed in blasts, arson in Sri Lanka" 2458:Learn how and when to remove this message 2103:Learn how and when to remove this message 1346:Improvised explosive device in Iraq. The 1123:Learn how and when to remove this message 192:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 6476:on 27 November 2016 – via YouTube. 6443:Norton-Taylor, Richard (26 April 2016). 5851:UK experts help Libya with IED detection 5578: 5576: 5030:"Egypt's Escalating Islamist Insurgency" 4939:"Sticky bombs showing up in Afghanistan" 4846:Deluca, Asheleigh N. (9 November 2014). 4697:"Belarus during the Great Patriotic War" 4184:"Ibrahim al-Asiri: The Body Bomb Menace" 3615:"Insane IED Daisy Chain Attack in Syria" 3475: 3473: 2785:are using IEDs during their insurgency. 2233:bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad 2226:coordinated attack on the city of Mumbai 1477:or vehicle-borne IED (VBIED, pronounced 389:Special-interest / Single-issue 153:: vague phrasing that often accompanies 4638:. Unlimitedmagazine.com. Archived from 3212: 3192:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook 3091:Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2582:transport instead to avoid the danger. 1812:, including those designed for the UHF 1717:In 2008, rocket-propelled IEDs, dubbed 1668:was used to deliver explosives to kill 1662:2016 shooting of Dallas police officers 1358:IEDs have been deployed in the form of 1277:), etc. They are typically employed by 801: 766: 422: 387: 332: 252: 6147:"US condemns Aleppo barrel bomb raids" 6039:on 17 August 2017 – via YouTube. 5976:Yousafzai, Salman (7 September 2016). 5947:. 24 March 2017 – via AllAfrica. 5601: 5599: 5348: 5338: 3492:. 2010. pp. 2–1–2. Archived from 3260:from the original on 13 February 2011. 2945:on 20 April 1999, including two large 2672:from 321 EOD, and were trained at the 2495:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 1969:and dispose of or exploit the device. 1529:WBIEDs have been used in the Red Sea. 1049:IEDs were also used frequently by the 737:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 6220:Domonoske, Camila (13 October 2017). 6164:Marcus, Jonathan (20 December 2013). 5312:Bureau, The Hindu (29 October 2023). 4426:World Conflict Films (5 March 2015). 4409:"New tunnel bomb footage from Aleppo" 4382:Brocchetto, Marilia (5 August 2018). 4238:meaning to the phrase, "You da bomb!" 3367:Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century 3242:from the original on 28 January 2022. 3107:in Yemen are also known to use IEDs. 2264:, several casualties came from IEDs. 2184:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1619:Surgically implanted explosive device 1588:suspected collar bomb attached to her 1313:(IND). These definitions address the 7: 6533:on 6 April 2017 – via YouTube. 5676:Blast bomb defused at police station 4552:"Bomb Making Skills Spread Globally" 4495:World Conflict Films (15 May 2015). 4415:on 15 July 2016 – via YouTube. 3831:on 5 April 2017 – via YouTube. 3621:on 5 April 2017 – via YouTube. 3394:"Suicide Terrorism: A Global Threat" 3271:Singer, Peter W. (7 February 2012). 2996:race was concluding, two bombs were 2845:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2508:made extensive use of IEDs in their 2440:adding citations to reliable sources 2213:IEDs are increasingly being used by 2085:adding citations to reliable sources 1802:handheld remote control transmitters 1719:Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions 1185:to be far worse with IEDs than with 1105:adding citations to reliable sources 6514:on 10 May 2016 – via YouTube. 5910:Sawab, Ibrahim (14 December 2016). 5697:Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). 5399:. 30 September 2007. Archived from 5393:"More Attacks, Mounting Casualties" 4941:. UPI. 23 July 2012. Archived from 4788:United States Marine Corps Flagship 4782:Loofe, Cpl. Jenna (16 March 2022). 4751:Johnson, Andrew (10 January 2010). 4540:on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube. 4434:on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube. 3989:. 15 September 2016. Archived from 1899:used for disposal of buried devices 1895:A U.S. Marine in Iraq shown with a 1216:components, such as mobile phones, 6506:Al-Masdar News (26 January 2016). 6368:. History.navy.mil. Archived from 6031:NBS TV Uganda (3 September 2016). 5882:Tavernkeepers.com, 5 November 2012 5808:Air Education and Training Command 5554:Fabian, Emanuel (27 August 2023). 5503:. 23 February 2016. Archived from 5297:. 14 February 2019. Archived from 5253:. 28 December 2014. Archived from 5165:. 22 February 2013. Archived from 4503:on 6 May 2016 – via YouTube. 3490:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 3318:"iCasualties: OIF – Deaths by IED" 3256:. Defence Industry Reports. 2009. 2698:Lebanese National Resistance Front 2396:has made extensive use of suicide 2199:insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 1868:of teaching Iraqi fighters to use 1723:Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars 1175:replaced conventional or military 25: 6487:News Of Yemen (8 February 2016). 6340:Walker, Shaun (17 October 2016). 6277:. 30 October 2019. Archived from 6183:Rogoway, Tyler (24 August 2015). 5624:Parry, Gareth; Pallister, David. 5539:. 30 October 2014. Archived from 4827:from the original on 23 July 2021 4445:Londoño, Ernesto (10 July 2008). 4267:from the original on 10 June 2012 3866:Oliver, Mark (4 September 2021). 3778:. 17 January 2017. Archived from 3585:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.07.009 3101:Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 2932:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building 2512:, much of which were made in the 2506:Provisional Irish Republican Army 977:The term "IED" was coined by the 45:This article has multiple issues. 6243:Andrea Diaz (28 November 2018). 5079:. Chennai, India. Archived from 5028:Awad, Mokhtar; Hashem, Mostafa. 4301:from the original on 14 May 2012 4227:from the original on 17 May 2012 3052:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2992:On 15 April 2013, as the annual 2752:post-civil war violence in Libya 2416: 2135:on 27 December 1979, the Afghan 2061: 1081: 1051:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 213:rigged for an IED discovered in 138: 75: 34: 6366:"Mine Warfare in South Vietnam" 5895:. 21 April 2017. Archived from 5741:"Wave of terror (October 2015)" 5667:. 11 March 2009. Archived from 5054:. 23 March 2017. Archived from 4906:government contract GSO7F-5391P 4813:Ahlgrimm, Perry (27 May 2016). 4215:David Pescovitz (14 May 2012). 4120:. 4 August 2011. Archived from 4090:Caniglia, John (11 July 2007). 3638:, Country Travel Guide Series, 3567:Cannon JW, et al. (2016). 3087:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 2975:shaped pipe bomb was discovered 2872:2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing 2804:IEDs have also been popular in 2427:needs additional citations for 2222:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 2127:Starting six months before the 2072:needs additional citations for 1760:Improvised artillery including 1350:copper shape on top defines an 1092:needs additional citations for 1030:. In the Iraq War (2003–2011), 1000:IEDs are generally utilized in 53:or discuss these issues on the 6131:. 25 July 2012. Archived from 6071:. 23 July 2016. Archived from 5961:. 5 March 2016. Archived from 5925:Buari, Jasmine (29 May 2016). 5626:Timer clue to Brighton bombing 4964:. The Diplomat. Archived from 4323:Lines, Andy (16 August 2013). 4253:Anissa Haddadi (14 May 2012). 3254:"IEDS – Learning from History" 2943:Columbine High School massacre 2941:used multiple IEDs during the 2408:Ireland and the United Kingdom 2352:IEDs in Iraq may be made with 2276:Jehovah's Witnesses Convention 2244:Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant 2166:A brigade commander said that 1360:explosively formed projectiles 27:Unconventionally produced bomb 1: 6571:. 1 June 2017. Archived from 5701:. Merrion Press. p. 54. 5009:Kemper, Bart (January 2019). 4604:Myers, Kevin (9 April 2010). 4480:. 4 June 2015. Archived from 4455:. p. A01. Archived from 4357:Thielman, Sam (8 July 2016). 3518:Smith S, et al. (2017). 3335:Joseph, Paul (15 June 2016). 2939:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold 2711:One such bomb killed Israeli 2670:Ammunition Technical Officers 2649:, an agency of the MOD), the 1864:The British accused Iran and 1699:have used bombs detonated in 1680:against Venezuelan president 1371:Directionally focused charges 1352:explosively formed penetrator 1218:consumer-grade two-way radios 1169:explosively formed penetrator 6618:Improvised explosive devices 5606:John Manley (6 April 2019). 5180:NDTV, NDTV (17 April 2013). 5069:Sethi, Aman (4 April 2010). 4703:. belarus.by. Archived from 4260:International Business Times 4154:Hunter, Major Chris (2008). 3095:Saudi–Yemeni border conflict 2734:was hit by a pre-positioned 2316:Beginning in July 2003, the 2153:2001 invasion of Afghanistan 6525:YEMEN WAR (11 March 2017). 5793:Strategic Studies Quarterly 4558:. June 2007. Archived from 3613:genel bakış (30 May 2013). 3536:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697 2866:Along with mines and IEDs, 2390:Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) 2250:during the preceding year. 1955:explosive ordnance disposal 1489:to increase fragmentation. 1267:, is a military term for a 1189:resulting in multiple limb 1065:separatists in the ongoing 948:improvised explosive device 732:Designated terrorist groups 98:, discuss the issue on the 6644: 3961:maritimeglobalsecurity.org 3365:Combs, Cynthia C. (2017). 3062:IEDs were used during the 2553:Brighton hotel bomb attack 1932: 1710: 1616: 1570: 1536: 1455: 901:Anti-terrorism legislation 165:Such statements should be 6468:Ram_Z (14 October 2016). 6420:. Hrw.org. Archived from 6394:. pbs.org. Archived from 3396:. Pbs.org. Archived from 3007:On 17–19 September 2016, 2847:, Syria, 26 January 2019. 2827:is using IEDs during the 2678:Army School of Ammunition 2557:radio-controlled aircraft 1948:Detection and disarmament 1701:tunnels dug under targets 1644:UK security officials at 1539:Animal-borne bomb attacks 1433:Improvised nuclear device 1362:(EFP), a special type of 1311:improvised nuclear device 1044:2001–2021 Afghanistan War 983:Northern Ireland conflict 896:International conventions 803:State-sponsored terrorism 5766:Eiran, Ehud (May 2007). 4661:State Archival Service. 4581:. London. Archived from 1919:Combat Engineering Corps 1834:base transceiver station 759:Violent non-state actors 6319:"Ukraine IED Incidents" 5805:United States Air Force 5648:UVF 'behind blast bomb' 4663:"Historical background" 4532:lisa ann (4 May 2013). 4407:Raw Leak (4 May 2016). 4158:. London: Corgi Books. 3050:IEDs are in use in the 2664:operations were led by 2278:in Kalamassery, India. 2267:On 14 February 2019 in 1914:, which is used by the 1810:portable two-way radios 1520:Tamil Tigers Sea Tigers 501:Clandestine cell system 221:during November of 2005 6323:nato-project.github.io 5914:– via AllAfrica. 5878:5 January 2016 at the 5832:IED Attack in Benghazi 5797:Maxwell Air Force Base 3872:All That's Interesting 3632:Clammer, Paul (2007), 3369:. Taylor and Francis. 3199:The Anarchist Cookbook 2979:Martin Luther King Jr. 2903: 2848: 2666:Ammunition Technicians 2611:Ammunition Technicians 2532:. These devices would 2486: 2475: 2370:Despite the increased 2299: 2131:of Afghanistan by the 2124: 1998:render-safe procedures 1930: 1900: 1470: 1355: 1250:, producing clouds of 1212:and standard consumer 1140: 1009:unconventional warfare 669:Propaganda of the deed 238: 222: 6118:Guardian, 18 May 2012 5984:on 24 September 2022. 3341:. SAGE Publications. 3233:King's College London 3186:Time bomb (explosive) 3031:gender reveal parties 3002:pressure cooker bombs 2961:, designed to attack 2937:High school students 2908:Oklahoma City bombing 2901:Oklahoma City bombing 2898: 2842: 2772:pressure cooker bombs 2655:Military Intelligence 2522:anti-handling devices 2493:utilised IEDs in the 2481: 2473: 2289: 2262:2016 Pathankot attack 2118: 1939:Counter-IED equipment 1906: 1894: 1678:assassination attempt 1623:In May 2012 American 1510:suicide boats during 1465: 1447:By delivery mechanism 1387:behavior modification 1345: 1248:added to IEDs in Iraq 1138: 1028:theatre of operations 885:Response to terrorism 506:Leaderless resistance 228: 209: 6575:on 13 November 2022. 6398:on 12 September 2005 6232:on 25 December 2022. 6135:on 26 November 2022. 5856:May 6, 2022, at the 5837:3 March 2016 at the 5169:on 25 February 2013. 4888:on 29 September 2015 4459:on 5 September 2008. 2812:(1994–1996) and the 2597:-H smuggled in from 2489:From 1912-1913, the 2436:improve this article 2081:improve this article 1770:By trigger mechanism 1670:Micah Xavier Johnson 1613:Surgically implanted 1524:Sri Lankan Civil War 1101:improve this article 1059:Sri Lankan Civil War 324:Right-wing/Far-right 167:clarified or removed 104:create a new article 96:improve this article 86:may not represent a 6598:Area denial weapons 6457:on 27 October 2022. 6354:on 2 February 2023. 6209:. 16 November 2021. 5560:The Times of Israel 5543:on 5 November 2014. 5525:on 18 October 2017. 5507:on 2 November 2022. 5397:The Washington Post 5113:on 2 September 2011 5036:on 8 December 2022. 4853:National Geographic 4671:Republic of Belarus 4484:on 13 January 2023. 4452:The Washington Post 4396:on 13 January 2023. 4102:on 13 January 2023. 4019:. 11 September 2003 3812:on 10 October 2017. 3695:"CBRNe World pages" 3675:on 23 November 2008 3400:on 31 December 2022 3324:on 13 January 2009. 2983:Spokane, Washington 2973:In January 2011, a 2738:IED, killing all 4 2724:2006 War in Lebanon 2566:The IRA as well as 2526:mercury tilt switch 2514:Republic of Ireland 2323:The Washington Post 2269:2019 Pulwama attack 2043:Belarusian Rail War 1935:Counter-IED efforts 1921:for clearing heavy 1666:bomb disposal robot 1584:Brian Douglas Wells 906:Terrorism insurance 707:Rockets and mortars 447:Resistance movement 6628:Improvised weapons 6418:"In Its Own Words" 6281:on 30 October 2019 6153:. 5 February 2014. 6075:on 18 October 2017 5684:, 14 February 2003 5351:has generic name ( 5083:on 11 October 2011 4820:CC Protection Dogs 4707:on 7 February 2008 4677:on 1 February 2009 4562:on 14 August 2007. 4124:on 4 February 2023 3993:on 13 January 2023 3963:. 24 November 2023 3920:. 14 November 2006 3499:on 17 October 2015 3155:Improvised firearm 3111:In popular culture 3009:several explosions 2981:memorial march in 2918:built an IED with 2904: 2849: 2719:'s death in 1982. 2615:Warrenpoint Ambush 2576:Warrenpoint ambush 2561:pulsed radio codes 2487: 2476: 2300: 2125: 2002:personally-mounted 1931: 1909:IDF Caterpillar D9 1901: 1787:The trigger for a 1573:Collar Bomb (film) 1471: 1356: 1238:, or radioactive ( 1141: 1042:casualties in the 552:Aircraft hijacking 309:Left-wing/Far-left 239: 223: 6613:Explosive weapons 6557:on 14 April 2017. 6424:on 15 August 2022 6307:on 15 March 2016. 6105:on 28 March 2015. 6057:on 22 April 2017. 6020:on 22 April 2017. 5782:Arkin, William M. 5708:978-1-7853-7245-2 5671:on 19 March 2023. 5634:; 10 May 10, 1986 5481:on 8 January 2009 5192:on 12 August 2022 4927:on 4 August 2022. 4921:Stars and Stripes 4371:on 22 March 2023. 4335:on 19 August 2013 4165:978-0-552-15571-7 3855:on 19 March 2017. 3752:on 9 January 2022 2987:Los Angeles Times 2977:and defused at a 2955:Molotov cocktails 2810:First Chechen War 2713:Brigadier General 2468: 2467: 2460: 2302:In the 2003–2011 2113: 2112: 2105: 1912:armored bulldozer 1745:Improvised mortar 1707:Improvised rocket 1638:According to the 1625:counter-terrorism 1287:incendiary weapon 1260:vehicle-borne IED 1133: 1132: 1125: 1067:Anglophone Crisis 1004:operations or in 944: 943: 891:Counter-terrorism 876: 875: 634:Individual terror 455: 454: 432:Violent extremism 202: 201: 194: 184: 183: 132: 131: 124: 106:, as appropriate. 68: 16:(Redirected from 6635: 6577: 6576: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6553:. 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Archived from 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3782:on 21 March 2023 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3748:. Archived from 3738: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3707:on 25 March 2009 3706: 3700:. Archived from 3699: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3668:. Archived from 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3617:. Archived from 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3487: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3458:on 27 March 2023 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432:on 14 April 2006 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3320:. Archived from 3314: 3303: 3302: 3297:Manglik, Rohit. 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3226: 3217: 3130:Acetone peroxide 2963:first responders 2920:ammonium nitrate 2857:Syrian Air Force 2853:Syrian Civil War 2829:Somali Civil War 2510:1969–97 campaign 2463: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2420: 2412: 2318:Iraqi insurgency 2308:Coalition forces 2203:Sinai insurgency 2108: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2065: 2057: 1789:radio-controlled 1561:Iraqi insurgency 1467:Artillery shells 1409:Molotov cocktail 1281:, in particular 1276: 1275: 1246:liquid has been 1167:that creates an 1128: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1085: 1077: 936: 929: 922: 753: 726:Terrorist groups 708: 442:Militia movement 409:Green/Ecological 314:Narcotics-driven 292: 241: 197: 190: 179: 176: 170: 142: 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6255:on 3 March 2021 6242: 6241: 6237: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5965:on 23 May 2022. 5957: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5933:on 18 May 2017. 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5899:on 16 May 2022. 5891: 5890: 5886: 5880:Wayback Machine 5871: 5867: 5858:Wayback Machine 5849: 5845: 5839:Wayback Machine 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5795:. Winter 2007. 5788: 5784:(August 2007). 5780: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5659: 5642: 5638: 5623: 5619: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5347: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5257:on 22 June 2015 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5218:Hindustan Times 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5143:on 17 July 2011 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4962:thediplomat.com 4956:Gannon, Kathy. 4955: 4954: 4950: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 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2453: 2447: 2444: 2433: 2421: 2410: 2335:soft drink cans 2284: 2224:to carry out a 2211: 2195: 2141:anti-tank mines 2109: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2078: 2066: 2055: 2015: 1950: 1941: 1933:Main articles: 1889: 1862: 1842: 1840:Victim-operated 1830: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1755:barrack busters 1747: 1715: 1709: 1690: 1658: 1650:breast implants 1621: 1615: 1603:Suicide bombing 1600: 1576: 1569: 1541: 1535: 1501: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1435:of most likely 1430: 1417: 1404: 1395: 1382: 1373: 1340: 1331: 1303: 1273: 1272: 1129: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1098: 1086: 1075: 940: 911: 910: 886: 878: 877: 872: 797: 768:State terrorism 750: 742: 741: 727: 719: 718: 717: 713:Vehicle-ramming 706: 541: 539: 522: 521: 520: 465: 457: 456: 451: 437:Ethnic violence 418: 383: 328: 289: 278: 198: 187: 186: 185: 180: 174: 171: 164: 143: 139: 128: 117: 111: 108: 93: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6641: 6639: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6584:External links 6582: 6579: 6578: 6560: 6536: 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1708: 1705: 1689: 1686: 1682:Nicolás Maduro 1674:police snipers 1657: 1654: 1617:Main article: 1614: 1611: 1599: 1596: 1580:pizza delivery 1568: 1565: 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1500: 1497: 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441:implosion-type 1429: 1426: 1416: 1413: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1302: 1299: 1225:high-explosive 1131: 1130: 1089: 1087: 1080: 1074: 1071: 972:homemade bombs 968:roadside bombs 942: 941: 939: 938: 931: 924: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 873: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 809: 806: 805: 799: 798: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 771: 770: 764: 763: 762: 761: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 716: 715: 710: 703: 696:Suicide attack 693: 688: 687: 686: 681: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 629:Hostage-taking 626: 621: 616: 614:Cyberterrorism 611: 606: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 574: 564: 559: 549: 547:Agro-terrorism 543: 542: 538: 537: 534: 530: 528: 527: 524: 523: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 481:Radicalization 478: 473: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 452: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 428: 425: 424: 423:Related topics 420: 419: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 385: 384: 382: 381: 376: 371: 368:Salafi-Wahhabi 361: 356: 346: 340: 337: 336: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 295: 290: 284: 283: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 266: 260: 257: 256: 250: 249: 235:Anbar campaign 200: 199: 182: 181: 146: 144: 137: 130: 129: 90:of the subject 88:worldwide view 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6640: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6436: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6397: 6393: 6387: 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4778: 4775: 4763:on 6 May 2022 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667:World War Two 4664: 4657: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4616:on 6 May 2022 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4071:. 16 May 2000 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4045:. 1 July 2003 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3903:January 2007. 3902: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3649:9781740596428 3645: 3641: 3640:Lonely Planet 3637: 3636: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3376:9781317206798 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3348:9781483359915 3344: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3206: 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2663: 2662:bomb disposal 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:Royal Signals 2648: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Bomb Disposal 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:microswitches 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2462: 2459: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2425:This section 2423: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2383:shaped charge 2380: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123:in June 2010. 2122: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2093:December 2009 2086: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2070:This section 2068: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1927:booby-trapped 1924: 1923:belly charges 1920: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:coding system 1790: 1782: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:anti-tank dog 1546: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 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834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 808: 807: 804: 800: 794: 791: 789: 788:United States 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 773: 772: 769: 765: 760: 757: 756: 755: 754: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 723: 722: 714: 711: 709: 704: 701: 697: 694: 692: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 624:Environmental 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 565: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 540: 535: 532: 531: 526: 525: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 491:Training camp 489: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 461: 460: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 427: 426: 421: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 404:Anti-abortion 402: 400: 397: 396: 394: 393: 390: 386: 380: 377: 375: 372: 369: 365: 362: 360: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 339: 338: 335: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 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