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track record in servicing submarines and did not have the financial capability to support the contract. Investigations have also revealed that a Hong Kong-based company called
Terasasi Ltd in which the directors are Razak Baginda and his father, sold classified Malaysian navy defence documents to DCNS. Also under scrutiny are allegations of extortion and the
722:
1589:
733:, Armaris, a former subsidiary that was equally shared between DCN and Thales, and MOPA2, the company in charge of the project to build a second aircraft carrier. To stress its new identity, the resulting group was named DCNS. Thales acquired a 25% stake in the group's capital. In 2011, Thales increased its share of DCNS' capital to 35%.
973:, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and floating wind turbines. Naval created Naval Energies in 2017. Since it gained control of the Irish company OpenHydro in 2013, Naval Group has been able to progress from the research and development phase to industrial production. In 2021, Naval Group stopped the Naval Energies activities.
669:, despite the diversification of the DCAN activities, which now included maintaining the electric power network and clearing mines from the coastline. Some sites also specialised in civilian projects: Brest built trucks, Guérigny made agricultural machinery and Toulon produced civilian vessels (yachts, liners).
1627:
that a 22,000-page report leak has taken place regarding the unrelated Scorpène-class submarine currently being built by India as a part of a 3.5 billion dollar deal. The suspected leak of sensitive information for the Scorpène was claimed to contain information regarding stealth, sensors, the noise
768:
Naval Group designs, develops and manages the operational readiness of surface and underwater naval systems, and their associated systems and infrastructures. As a project manager and integrator of armed vessels, Naval Group intervenes all along the value chain, from strategic programme planning, to
680:
In 1992, the DCN's activities for the state were attached to the Naval
Programmes department (SPN), which was the contracting authority for vessels for the French navy. Since then, the DCN has only been responsible for industrial activities, while remaining part of the DGA. This change of status has
957:
in the construction of EPR power plants and the maintenance of nuclear power plants. Naval Group also builds thermal electric power plants and naval bases. The group designed the electric power plants in
Mayotte, La Réunion and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Since 2008, they have been studying a concept
519:
port to commercial vessels. In 1898, after specialising in the building of vessels with propellers rather than sails, the shipyards in
Cherbourg were tasked exclusively with the construction of submarines. Finally, in 1927, a decree definitively laid out the missions of the various naval dockyards:
676:
This transformation occurred in several stages. In 1991, the DCAN was christened the DCN (Direction des
Construction Navales). In the same year, DCN International was created. The mission of this PLC was to promote the activities of the DCN on an international scale and to facilitate the export of
420:
Naval Group has a heritage of almost 400 years. Major shipyards were built in France in Brest (1631), Nantes-Indret (1771), Lorient (1778) and, subsequently, Cherbourg (1813). Others were to follow. As early as 1926, what we know as the Naval Group today already had all the facilities now owned by
1609:
whose company
Primekar was alleged to be paid a huge commission during the purchase of two Scorpène submarines. French investigators are interested in the fact that Primekar was formed only a few months before the contract was signed with the Malaysian government and DCNS and that Primekar had no
708:
In 1999, the DCN became an agency with national authority (SCN), reporting directly to the
Ministry of Defence. Finally, in 2001, the French government decided to transform the DCN into a fully state-owned private limited company. The change of status came into effect in 2003. The DCN became just
580:
was tasked with the production and repair of large vessels, Lorient with the construction of medium-sized vessels, Cherbourg with submarines and Toulon with repairing and maintaining the fleet. Amongst the inland sites, Indret took over the vessel propulsion activities, Ruelle the construction of
1632:
passed the blame for the data leak onto unnamed overseas sources, possibly from the hacking of sensitive data. Naval Group filed a complaint against the newspaper with the
Supreme Court of the State of New South Wales in Australia for having illegally published documents containing old technical
1310:
Naval Group owns representative offices in
Australia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Chile, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, India, Indonesia, Malaysia. The group is also represented all over the world by its subsidiaries and joint ventures, which are wholly owned or operated in association with other
1596:
Apart from the issues surrounding the sale of ships to Taiwan mentioned above, French prosecutors started investigating a wide range of corruption charges in 2010 involving different submarine sales, with possible bribery and kickbacks to top officials in France. In particular interest by the
514:
During the 19th century, the naval dockyards underwent a transformation as the fleet of sailing ships and were replaced by motorised vessels. The sites were industrialised and gradually specialised. In 1865, the naval dockyards in Brest became exclusively military, with the closure of the
744:
landed on the deck of a frigate at sea for the first time in history. In 2013, the group set up DCNS Research to promote its research activities. DCNS India, today Naval Group India was founded in 2008, thanks to two contracts signed in 2005 and 2008 for the delivery of six conventional
1580:
The DCN / DCNS plays a major role in "one of France's biggest political and financial scandals of the last generation a trail of eight unexplained deaths, nearly half a billion dollars in missing cash and troubling allegations of government complicity" connected to a
1617:
On 15 December 2015, French courts indicted
Bernard Baiocco, former president of Thales International Asia for paying kickbacks to Abdul Razak Baginda. At the same time director of shipbuilder DCN International was indicted for misuse of corporate assets.
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2567:
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But, looking beyond the order books, it was the public status of the DCAN that was gradually called into question, and it came to be considered as an administrative obstacle to the development of the potential of France's naval dockyards.
3425:
1526:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
950:
2355:
The submarine deal was crafted during the tenure of the then-Defence Minister Najib Tun Razak, now prime minister, in 2002. As a result of the pact, RM3.7 billion in commission went to Najib's closest associate Abdul Razak
531:
This rationalisation of the roles of the naval dockyards was accompanied by technical and military innovations and the production of vessels at a higher pace, against the backdrop of an arms race and colonisation. In 1858,
1964:
3552:
544:
in 1863. The technical problems experienced by this first-ever motorised submarine meant that it remained a prototype rather than an operational war vessel. But it did open the way for the construction of
1512:
2405:
918:(SMX) series explores advanced concepts for submarine warfare. One in the series—the SMX-25—was designed to arrive in theatre rapidly through high surface speed and then operate as normal underwater.
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506:
was opened on the former site of the company Schneider, which specialised in torpedoes. By this time, most of the Naval Group's French sites already existed, and they have not changed since then.
2455:
633:(DGA). The purpose of this reform was to centralise all the armed forces' design and construction capacities in a single inter-armed forces delegation operating under the government's authority.
985:, which fosters relations between large companies and smaller enterprises and sets up partnerships with leading universities and academic institutions. Between 2006 and 2013, DCNS organised the
3430:
433:'s Prime Minister, devised a policy meant to expand France's maritime capabilities. This policy was put into practice from 1631, with the creation of the Ponant fleet in the Atlantic and the
2527:
2346:
745:
Scorpène-class submarines. Similarly, in 2013, a submarine construction site was opened in Brazil. The group created the DCNS University in 2013 to deliver internal and external training.
3451:
644:
538:, the first ocean-going battleship in the world sailed out of the dockyards in Toulon. The 1860s saw the arrival of the first torpedo boats and military submarines, with the launch of
1259:
Brest: services, operational readiness of vessels and submarines, maintenance of the Navy's industrial port infrastructures, renewable marine energies. The site is located in the
1003:
DCNS has also been involved in the world of yachting for many years by sharing its technologies and through its sponsoring and mentoring activities. The group is a partner of the
992:
Between 2008 and 2014, Naval Group also ran a professional integration programme for both persons with technical qualifications and persons without any qualifications, called the
2368:
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1972:
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The international economic climate and decolonisation in the 1970s lead the DCAN to venture into new markets. The loss of the overseas naval dockyards was compounded by the
3354:
3011:
2431:
2714:
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The DCN has also won contracts in the field of off-shore drilling for oil. In 1997, the Brest site modernised the Sedco 707 platform and now builds SFX type oil rigs.
2288:
2618:
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prosecutors are sales of Scorpène-class submarines to countries like India and Malaysia. The investigation in Malaysia has been prompted by human rights group
813:
2409:
1935:
456:'s Navy Minister, who developed several major dockyards. He extended the dockyards in Toulon, ordered the excavation of the docks in Brest and founded the
1323:
Sirehna, a 100% owned subsidiary: naval hydrodynamics, navigation solutions for ships and landing solutions for marine, land or aerial vehicles and drones
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allowed DCN International to provide the DCN with commercial and legal support in the development of its international trade since the end of the 1990s.
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790:
391:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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division. At this time, the dockyards broke away from the Navy, creating the opportunity for the diversification of their activities in the 1970s.
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Yves FREVILLE, "La réorganisation du MCO et la création du service de soutien de la flotte", Information report by the French Senate n°426, 2005
3653:
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workers. The group is present in 18 countries and has entered several partnerships outside France through its subsidiaries and joint ventures.
1038:
Today, Naval Group also shared its technical expertise in composites for hulls and in navigation systems by building the experimental trimaran
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and other navies, for conventional products, and with the authorisation of the French government. It also offers its military expertise to the
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information about the Scorpene. The Australian court ruled in favour of Naval Group on 29 August and confirmed its decision on 1 September.
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of the French military nuclear programme and deterrent policy prompted the restructuring of the defence industry and defence technology.
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113:
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760:, operational readiness management of the forces). In 2021, Naval Group stops its activities in the area of maritime renewable energy.
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1073:. At the end of 2016, Naval Group employed 12,771 people, more than half of whom are private sector workers, while the other half are
922:
648:
209:
3633:
3179:
3121:
1919:
893:
665:'s reduced need for vessels and the increased difficulty in obtaining funding. This trend gathered more pace after the end of the
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2012:
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The production of heavy surface vessels was also stepped up in the 1910s. Several battleships were built before the start of the
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Défense Environnement Services, a 49%-owned subsidiary, in partnership with Veolia Environnement: multi-service infrastructures
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holds a 62.49% stake. The Thales groups holds 35% of the capital, and the remaining 2.51% is made up of company & employee
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for students in engineering schools, which rewarded student projects in the fields of innovation and the maritime environment.
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Naval Group's activities can be broken down into two main sectors: naval defence, the group's historical core business (ships,
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In 1946, a review of the French naval dockyards completed the attributions of the various sites announced in the 1927 decree.
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Boustead Naval Group Naval Company, a 40% owned subsidiary, in partnership with Boustead: operational readiness of submarines
858:
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2258:"Australia to acquire nuclear submarine fleet as part of historic partnership with US and UK to counter China's influence"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The development strategy pursued by DCN International resulted in the signing of several major contracts. In 1994, three
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to Singapore. In 2007, a contract was signed with Malaysia for two Scorpène submarines, through the subsidiary Armaris.
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Brest and Lorient were tasked with the construction of large vessels, Cherbourg with building submarines, while Toulon,
457:
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Naval Group India, a 100% owned subsidiary: support for technical and research activities in the local naval shipyards
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Prosin, a 100% owned subsidiary of Naval Group do Brasil: The responsibility for naval systems engineering in Brazil
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Naval Group Support, a 100% owned subsidiary: assistance for the Naval Group group's operational readiness missions
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Naval Group operates several programmes to promote training and professional integration. The group has signed the
886:
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Nantes-Indret and Technocampus Ocean: submarines, research and development, nuclear propulsion. Co-founder of the
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Naval Group Australia, a 100% owned subsidiary: awarded SEA1000 contract in 2016 as DCNS Australia by the
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Naval Group Far East, a 100% owned subsidiary: logistics and maintenance for naval and air and sea systems
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The French Royal Navy's network of dockyards was further strengthened in the 18th century. In 1750, the
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2548:"Over 20,000 pages of top-secret data about India's mega submarine project leaked, says The Australian"
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1010:, a regatta that has been held near the Crozon peninsula since 2001. It has also been a partner of the
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Decree of 22 avril 1927 on the Navy's organization, Journal Officiel de la République Française, 1927
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Naval Group Malaysia, a 100% owned subsidiary: assistance for the Naval Group in its local activities
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in Brest since 2007, and works for the professional integration of former sportsmen and sportswomen.
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608:(DCAN) in the naval dockyards. The engineers working in the DCANs were officers in the French navy's
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Suffren class: Nuclear submarines: nuclear attack submarines Rubis class and Barracuda class :
409:
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1936:"Французские корабли будущего: SMX-25 и ADVANSEA (French ships of the future: SMX-25 and ADVANSEA)"
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Naval Group Technologies Canada Inc, a 100% owned subsidiary: the group's sales office in Canada
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Naval Group operates 10 sites in France. Each site is specialised in a particular activity.
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1965:"Le réacteur sous-marin, nouveau fleuron de l'industrie nucléaire française? - LeMonde.fr"
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Naval Group BV Den Haag, Naval Group Far East is a wholly owned subsidiary of Naval Group.
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Kership, a 45%-owned partnership, with Piriou: medium-tonnage vessels for the French state
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Toulon: services, maintenance of submarines and the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier
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A single DCAN covered all the mainland and overseas naval dockyards, reporting to the
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The naval dockyards in Rochefort were closed in 1926. In 1937, the establishment in
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2528:"Contract-winning French sub builder DCNS tied up in deadly Malaysian bribery saga"
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level of the submarine at different sea depths, acoustic information and more. The
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Senior Executive Vice President, Finance, Legal & Purchasing: Frank Le Rebeller
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Naval Group do Brasil, a 100% owned subsidiary: the group's sales office in Brazil
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Until 1961, the French navy maintained and repaired its fleet itself, through the
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guns, large parts and electronics, Saint-Tropez the production of torpedoes and
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the construction of naval chains and anchors. Five sites are located overseas:
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1021:, a yacht designed for round-the-world races, which featured in the 2013 film
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Naval Group was investing in four renewable marine technologies: wave energy,
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1453:: construction of submarines as part of the contract signed by DCNS with the
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to design automated navigation and combat systems, and to renovate aircraft.
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OpenHydro, a 62% owned subsidiary of Naval Energies: marine current turbines
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Egypt: Naval Group Alexandria is a wholly owned subsidiary of Naval Group.
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in 2007. The Naval Group industrial site in Toulon has been a partner of
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in 1899, which were the first operational torpedo submarines in history.
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Groupement des scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
843:
598:
521:
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492:
172:
1809:"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS"
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Ruelle-sur-Touvre: submarines, automated systems, simulators, training
483:'s Navy Minister, opened a cannon foundry near the naval shipyards in
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La véritable histoire des bateaux sous-marins, de 1945 à nos jours.
2568:"'A Case of Hacking': Parrikar on Indian Navy's Submarine Data Leak"
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were built for Chile. A contract was also won in 2000 to supply six
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design, construction and the management of operational readiness.
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2321:"Asia Sentinel - Malaysia's Submarine Scandal Surfaces in France"
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Naval Group Belgium is a wholly owned subsidiary of Naval Group.
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converted a former paper mill into a forge producing cannons at
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Malaysians allege graft in French submarine deal - BusinessWeek
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2508:"France opens probe into 'bribery' of Malaysia's Najib Razak"
1797:- Global developments spur French contracting business, 1998
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In 2007, DCN acquired the French naval activities branch of
2013:"DCNS reçoit le Trophée National de l'Entreprise Citoyenne"
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Senior Executive Vice President, Development: Alain Guillou
3362:(Bollène, Lapalud, Pierrelatte, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux)
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Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory (Andra)
1705:"ASNOM - Association Amicale Santé Navale et d'Outre Mer"
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Nuclear submarines: ballistic missile nuclear submarines
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submarines were delivered to Pakistan, and, in 1997, two
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The Cœlacanthe project brought together the DTCN and the
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French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission
464:, who succeeded him in 1683, followed in his footsteps.
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Heir to the French naval dockyards initiated in 1631 by
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On 28 June 2017, DCNS changed its name to Naval Group.
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Naval Group employs 14,182 people across 18 countries.
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Toulon-Ollioules: information and surveillance systems
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Naval Group is a private limited company in which the
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Construction of the stealthy multi-function frigates (
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On 24 August 2016, it was reported by the newspaper
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Scorpène-class submarine before delivery to Malaysia
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1777:"France Submarine Import and Export Behavior - NTI"
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a machine-translated version of the French article.
562:, and the fleet was strengthened by the 35,000-ton
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717:The development and continuation of the DCNS group
2347:"French legal team in Malaysia to probe sub deal"
2482:"Scorpene scandal resurfaces, Suaram vindicated"
2256:Jennett, Greg; Evans, Jake (16 September 2021).
1556:{{Translated|fr|Affaire des frégates de Taïwan}}
619:(DTCN). In turn, the DTCN was answerable to the
1830:"Les frégates de défense et intervention (FDI)"
1425:. The contract was cancelled in September 2021.
998:Trophée national 2010 de l’entreprise citoyenne
2369:"France probes corruption in arms to Malaysia"
1544:accompanying your translation by providing an
1506:Click for important translation instructions.
1493:expand this article with text translated from
1449:, a 41% owned subsidiary, in partnership with
996:. In 2010, this programme was rewarded by the
901:Nuclear submarines: nuclear attack submarines
3005:
2691:
1256:Bagneux: information and surveillance systems
617:Direction Technique des Constructions Navales
606:Directions des Constructions et Armes Navales
528:took charge of the maintenance of the fleet.
8:
2635:On the corruption scandal involving Taiwan:
1605:when he was defence minister and his friend
1298:Saint-Tropez: underwater weapons (torpedoes)
491:, which was completed in 1813. In 1778, the
437:in the Mediterranean, the foundation of the
368:Direction des Constructions et Armes Navales
32:
2617:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
510:Industrialisation and technical innovations
390:in 2017. Its two main shareholders are the
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3031:
3012:
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497:La Compagnie des Indes du port de L’Orient
441:dockyards as well as the extension of the
429:In 1624, Cardinal Richelieu, who was King
38:
31:
1100:
621:Délégation Ministérielle pour l’Armement
1908:"Developments in French Naval Industry"
1654:
1614:, a translator who worked on the deal.
1086:Chairman and CEO: Pierre Eric Pommellet
966:. The project was put on hold in 2014.
3503:1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood
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2069:"l'Hydroptère DCNS Hydrofoil Sailboat"
1861:
1860:
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1282:Lorient: surface naval defence systems
740:) started in 2007. In 2008, an aerial
2840:Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle
452:The policy was continued by Colbert,
27:Naval defence company based in France
7:
3644:Government-owned companies of France
2432:"French judges begins bribery probe"
1995:"DCNS prend le contrôle d'Openhydro"
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1017:In 2008, DCNS built the single-hull
814:Frégate de défense et d'intervention
1940:Армейский Вестник (Army Newsletter)
1725:- Extension on the French dockyards
1643:Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa
1612:murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa
1276:Cherbourg: production of submarines
711:Direction des Constructions Navales
386:in 2007, the company was rebranded
376:Direction des Constructions Navales
114:Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
86:Direction des Constructions Navales
3600:List of nuclear reactors in France
2289:"Book delves into frigate scandal"
1934:Ryabov, Kirill (10 January 2012),
1263:, on the Froutven zone and on the
822:Multi-mission frigates: Design of
355:. Its headquarters are located in
25:
941:Energy and marine infrastructures
866:Submarines and underwater weapons
630:Délégation Générale de l’Armement
3629:Installations of the French Navy
3619:Shipbuilding companies of France
3584:Nuclear power stations in France
2974:
2973:
2850:Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod
2755:Thales Training & Simulation
2750:Thales Rail Signalling Solutions
2570:. 23 August 2016. Archived from
1882:"SMX - Sous-Marine Experimental"
1480:
1417:. Responsible for the design of
636:In 1958, the official launch by
425:The birth of the naval dockyards
321:Naval Energies, Sirehna, Kership
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196:
195:
3498:Anti-nuclear movement in France
2349:. 28 April 2010. Archived from
1292:Paris: head office of the group
914:Hybrid concepts: the company's
824:Second Generation Patrol Vessel
709:DCN, which no longer stood for
3476:(formerly COGEMA and Areva NC)
1906:Barreira, Victor M.S. (2011),
1738:"French Shipbuilding Industry"
1601:as it involved Prime Minister
1554:You may also add the template
421:the group in mainland France.
301:Company & employees: 2.51%
1:
3654:1631 establishments in France
2637:Jean-Pierre, Thierry (2003).
791:French aircraft carrier
657:Transformation into a company
627:. In 1977, la DMA became the
340:is a major French industrial
3589:Nuclear technology in France
2440:. 7 May 2012. Archived from
2019:(in French). 6 December 2010
1942:(in Russian), archived from
1195:Operating profit (million €)
1045:, and it partnered with the
945:The group collaborates with
572:Reorganisation of activities
96:; 393 years ago
3624:Defence companies of France
3129:(Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux)
2101:(in French). Archived from
1880:Pike, John (5 April 2017).
1567:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
1049:team that took part in the
816:-class frigates (planned);
725:DCNS Logo from 2007 to 2017
445:dockyards built under King
3670:
2227:"History - DCNS Australia"
1910:, in Verma, Bharat (ed.),
1583:sale of warships to Taiwan
1518:Machine translation, like
1447:Itaguaí Construções Navais
495:naval dockyards succeeded
3597:
2969:
2760:Thales Underwater Systems
2533:The Sydney Morning Herald
1495:the corresponding article
1267:. It is a stakeholder in
923:Barracuda (class Suffren)
871:Conventional submarines:
772:The group works with the
693:Scorpène-class submarines
283:1.598 billion (2022)
263:6.711 billion (2022)
243:327.8 million (2022)
223:542.9 million (2022)
203:4.007 billion (2022)
187:marine renewable energies
37:
3634:Companies based in Paris
3508:Death of Sébastien Briat
1419:twelve future submarines
977:Corporate responsibility
848:Medium-tonnage vessels:
818:La Fayette-class frigate
808:Multi-mission frigates:
351:design, development and
112:French government under
3579:Nuclear power in France
3493:Accidents and incidents
3346:(Marcoule, Pierrelatte)
3237:Research, experimental,
3021:Nuclear power in France
2175:"Financial report 2021"
2150:"Financial report 2020"
2125:"Financial report 2019"
1914:, Lancer, p. 188,
1835:https://defense.gouv.fr
1680:"Financial report 2022"
1565:For more guidance, see
1149:Firm orders (billion €)
971:marine current turbines
916:Sous-Marin Experimental
857:Construction of aerial
469:Marquis de Montalembert
3360:Tricastin Nuclear Site
3338:Institut Laue–Langevin
3328:CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses
1593:
1218:Net profit (million €)
1172:Order book (billion €)
962:(50 to 250 MWe) named
936:light-weight torpedoes
930:heavy-weight torpedoes
839:Air defence frigates:
812:-class frigates &
726:
417:
3457:Électricité de France
3180:Saint-Laurent (A1/A2)
2956:Thomson Marconi Sonar
2808:ThalesRaytheonSystems
2735:Thales Communications
1912:Indian Defense Review
1591:
1538:copyright attribution
1423:Royal Australian Navy
1415:Australian Government
1029:Christophe Offenstein
798:Helicopter carriers:
784:Surface naval systems
724:
412:
158:Pierre-Eric Pommellet
3293:(under construction)
3287:(under construction)
3229:(under construction)
3200:Power plant reactors
2456:"Thank You Malaysia"
2406:"Thank You Malaysia"
2105:on 24 September 2014
1451:Brazilian Government
1289:centre of excellence
1126:Turnover (billion €)
828:Royal Malaysian Navy
460:dockyards. His son,
431:Louis XIII of France
416:(1585-1642), founder
181:offshore engineering
3563:Sortir du nucléaire
3465:(formerly Areva NP)
2802:Thales Alenia Space
2486:Free Malaysia Today
2287:(1 December 2003).
1607:Abdul Razak Baginda
960:nuclear power plant
789:Aircraft carriers:
382:) in 1991 and then
330:www.naval-group.com
307:Number of employees
185:nuclear engineering
34:
3649:Submarine builders
3572:Related categories
3316:Research locations
3239:prototype reactors
3212:CP0, CP1, CP2, CPY
3164:Creys-Malville SPX
2725:Thales Air Defence
2516:. 4 February 2016.
2237:on 4 December 2015
2095:"Partenariat DCNS"
2001:(in French). 2013.
1975:on 31 January 2011
1886:GlobalSecurity.org
1594:
1546:interlanguage link
1315:Europe-Middle East
994:Filières du Talent
727:
477:Antoine de Sartine
418:
414:Cardinal Richelieu
364:Cardinal Richelieu
311:14,182 (2022)
3606:
3605:
3311:
3310:
3188:
3187:
3154:Chinon (A1/A2/A3)
2987:
2986:
2925:Ground Master 200
2920:Watchkeeper WK450
2652:978-2-221-10082-0
2639:Taïwan connection
2604:978-2-36497-046-5
2574:on 26 August 2016
2556:. 23 August 2016.
2488:. 29 January 2016
2375:on 14 August 2014
2207:on 6 October 2014
2049:on 6 October 2014
1859:External link in
1578:
1577:
1507:
1503:
1334:The Netherlands:
1270:Pôle Mer Bretagne
1240:
1239:
1055:Toulon rugby club
1012:Pôle France Voile
793:Charles de Gaulle
638:General de Gaulle
623:(DMA), set up by
473:Ruelle-sur-Touvre
335:
334:
177:shipboard weapons
16:(Redirected from
3661:
3538:Dominique Voynet
3484:Public discourse
3265:EL-4 (Brennilis)
3254:CEA Paris-Saclay
3197:
3032:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2977:
2976:
2745:Thales Optronics
2740:Thales Nederland
2730:Thales Australia
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2669:Official website
2656:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2544:
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2524:
2518:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:. Archived from
2452:
2446:
2445:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:. Archived from
2402:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:. Archived from
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2203:. Archived from
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1946:on 24 March 2013
1931:
1925:
1924:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
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1755:
1749:
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1744:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1557:
1551:
1524:Google Translate
1505:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1101:
1005:Grand-Prix de l'
987:Trophée Poséidon
778:French Air Force
374:), which became
344:specializing in
279:
278:
272:
259:
258:
252:
239:
238:
219:
218:
210:Operating income
199:
198:
104:
102:
97:
42:
35:
21:
3669:
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3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3567:
3528:Mycle Schneider
3523:Stéphane Lhomme
3513:André Larivière
3485:
3479:
3443:(formerly DCNS)
3414:
3365:
3307:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3184:
3132:
3023:
3018:
2988:
2983:
2965:
2934:
2860:Goalkeeper CIWS
2813:
2764:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2653:
2636:
2632:
2630:Further reading
2627:
2626:
2609:
2605:
2597:. p. 235.
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2513:Financial Times
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2462:on 3 March 2016
2454:
2453:
2449:
2444:on 13 May 2012.
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2412:on 4 March 2016
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:on 1 May 2010.
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2301:on 14 July 2019
2285:Schofield, Hugh
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
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2198:
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2193:
2183:
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2173:
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2168:
2158:
2156:
2148:
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2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2073:Ship Technology
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
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1928:
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1698:
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1656:
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1639:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1555:
1549:
1508:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1434:
1380:
1317:
1308:
1261:Brest dockyards
1250:
1245:
1099:
1083:
1063:
1047:Areva Challenge
1033:François Cluzet
979:
943:
910:Barracuda class
868:
830:, based on the
786:
766:
754:
719:
700:-class frigates
659:
647:, and in 1971,
574:
560:First World War
512:
427:
407:
308:
300:
295:
268:
248:
232:
212:
154:
144:
137:
131:
100:
98:
95:
59:société anonyme
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3667:
3665:
3657:
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3651:
3646:
3641:
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3621:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3595:
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3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Solange Fernex
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Corinne Lepage
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3486:and opposition
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
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3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3367:
3366:
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3363:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3282:
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3257:
3250:
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3209:
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3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
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3177:
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3156:
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3146:
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3124:
3119:
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3099:
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2897:
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2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2770:Joint ventures
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2661:External links
2659:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2643:Robert Laffont
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2603:
2595:Eric Genevelle
2585:
2559:
2539:
2536:. 23 May 2016.
2519:
2499:
2473:
2447:
2423:
2397:
2386:
2360:
2338:
2327:on 6 July 2011
2312:
2276:
2248:
2231:DCNS Australia
2218:
2199:Astrid APERT.
2191:
2166:
2141:
2116:
2086:
2060:
2030:
2004:
1986:
1969:www.lemonde.fr
1956:
1926:
1920:
1898:
1872:
1838:. 6 April 2019
1821:
1800:
1789:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1728:
1717:
1696:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1624:The Australian
1585:in the 1990s.
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1530:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1502:(January 2015)
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:Brazilian Navy
1444:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
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1395:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1376:
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1374:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1358:Saudi Arabia:
1356:
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1104:
1098:
1097:Financial data
1095:
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1082:
1079:
1062:
1059:
978:
975:
942:
939:
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925:
919:
912:
899:
883:
877:Andrasta class
873:Scorpène class
867:
864:
863:
862:
855:
846:
837:
820:
806:
796:
785:
782:
765:
762:
753:
750:
718:
715:
677:its products.
658:
655:
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511:
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66:
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56:
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51:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:DCNS (company)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3666:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:French brands
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
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3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Yves Marignac
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
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3458:
3455:
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3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:Organisations
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
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3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:CEA Cadarache
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
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3273:
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3268:
3266:
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3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
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3246:
3245:
3243:
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3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:Reactor types
3191:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:(Superphénix)
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Saint-Laurent
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
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3080:
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3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2929:Multi Mission
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Protector RWS
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
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2738:
2736:
2733:
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2726:
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2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:Divisions and
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2641:(in French).
2640:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:Vancouver Sun
2433:
2427:
2424:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2364:
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2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2018:
2017:Mer et Marine
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1999:Mer et Marine
1996:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1921:9788170621829
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
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1853:
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1531:
1528:
1525:
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1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1491:You can help
1487:
1478:
1477:
1472:Controversies
1471:
1464:
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1456:
1452:
1448:
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1371:
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1197:
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1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
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1160:
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1134:
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1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1075:public sector
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
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1020:
1015:
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1009:
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984:
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917:
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878:
874:
870:
869:
865:
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854:
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845:
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841:Horizon-class
838:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
802:
797:
795:
794:
788:
787:
783:
781:
779:
775:
770:
764:Naval defence
763:
761:
759:
751:
749:
746:
743:
739:
734:
732:
723:
716:
714:
712:
706:
703:
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694:
690:
688:
682:
678:
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670:
668:
664:
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652:
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646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Mers el-Kébir
584:
579:
571:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
549:
543:
542:
537:
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529:
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455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
415:
411:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:(62.25%) and
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
331:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
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304:
298:
293:
290:
286:
282:
274:
271:
266:
262:
254:
251:
246:
242:
234:
231:
226:
222:
214:
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206:
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194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
150:
146:
140:
136:
130:
129:Île-de-France
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3533:Monique Sené
3440:
3344:CEA Marcoule
3333:CEA Grenoble
3252:EL-2, EL-3 (
3241:and concepts
3028:Power plants
2939:Predecessors
2783:
2717:subsidiaries
2707:Thales Group
2638:
2594:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2562:
2551:
2542:
2531:
2522:
2511:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2450:
2442:the original
2435:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2400:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2363:
2354:
2351:the original
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2292:
2279:
2269:17 September
2267:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2109:18 September
2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2098:
2089:
2079:18 September
2077:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2053:18 September
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2042:
2033:
2023:18 September
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1959:
1948:, retrieved
1944:the original
1939:
1929:
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1840:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1803:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1595:
1579:
1542:edit summary
1533:
1500:
1492:
1378:Asia-Pacific
1367:
1366:
1309:
1268:
1251:
1067:French state
1064:
1061:Organisation
1057:since 2005.
1051:Americas Cup
1039:
1037:
1024:En Solitaire
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:École Navale
1004:
1002:
997:
993:
991:
986:
982:
980:
968:
944:
915:
903:
894:
887:
881:Attack class
861:for the navy
850:Gowind-class
832:Gowind-class
800:
792:
771:
767:
755:
747:
735:
728:
710:
707:
704:
697:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
660:
649:
642:
635:
628:
625:Michel Debré
620:
616:
614:
605:
603:
595:Diego-Suarez
575:
564:
557:
552:
551:in 1886 and
547:
540:
534:
530:
513:
504:Saint-Tropez
501:
496:
466:
451:
435:Levant fleet
428:
419:
400:
396:Thales Group
392:French State
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
353:construction
337:
336:
317:Subsidiaries
292:French state
270:Total equity
250:Total assets
120:Headquarters
73:Shipbuilding
55:Company type
29:
3474:Orano Cycle
3441:Naval Group
3280:Superphénix
3117:Saint-Alban
3087:Flamanville
2951:Thomson-CSF
2790:OEMServices
2784:Naval Group
2331:12 December
2179:Naval Group
2154:Naval Group
2129:Naval Group
2075:(in French)
1862:|work=
1736:John Pike.
1684:Naval Group
1630:Indian Navy
1603:Najib Razak
1402:Singapore:
1311:companies.
1031:, starring
958:of a small
774:French navy
663:French Navy
610:engineering
589:, Bizerte,
475:. In 1777,
388:Naval Group
366:and to the
338:Naval Group
143:Area served
83:Predecessor
77:Engineering
33:Naval Group
3613:Categories
3371:Fuel cycle
3350:CEA Saclay
3340:(Grenoble)
3248:EL-1 (Zoé)
3170:Fessenheim
3097:Gravelines
3042:Belleville
2910:Starstreak
2905:Sonar 2087
2900:Sonar 2076
2825:AN/PRC-148
2796:Telespazio
2305:29 January
2184:9 December
2159:9 December
2134:9 December
2039:"Partners"
1689:9 December
1649:References
1410:Australia
1391:Malaysia:
1265:Île Longue
1081:Governance
1042:Hydroptère
895:Redoutable
888:Triomphant
758:submarines
752:Activities
698:Formidable
650:Redoutable
230:Net income
153:Key people
3463:Framatome
3385:Tricastin
3373:locations
3304:(concept)
3144:Brennilis
3127:Tricastin
3082:Dampierre
2613:cite book
2578:24 August
2099:RC Toulon
1560:talk page
1497:in French
1350:Ireland:
1342:Belgium:
1306:Worldwide
1248:In France
1019:DCNS 1000
983:Pacte PME
853:corvettes
568:in 1939.
565:Richelieu
553:Le Narval
489:Cherbourg
481:Louis XVI
462:Seignelay
458:Rochefort
454:Louis XIV
147:Worldwide
3405:La Hague
3302:Flexblue
3270:Rapsodie
3175:Marcoule
3057:Cattenom
2979:Category
2835:Blowpipe
2818:Products
2492:27 April
2466:27 April
2416:27 April
2379:27 April
2356:Baginda.
2294:BBC News
2263:ABC News
2211:27 April
1950:18 April
1891:18 April
1852:cite web
1814:27 April
1782:27 April
1743:27 April
1710:27 April
1637:See also
1536:provide
1462:Canada:
1437:Brazil:
1432:Americas
1421:for the
1320:France:
964:Flexblue
844:frigates
835:corvette
826:for the
667:Cold War
583:Guérigny
541:Plongeur
447:Henri IV
294:: 62.49%
173:Warships
169:Products
65:Industry
47:Formerly
3553:CRIIRAD
3390:Eurodif
3380:Malvési
3217:P4, P'4
3159:Chooz A
3149:Bugey 1
3092:Golfech
3047:Blayais
2895:SMART-L
2890:SelTrac
2870:Martlet
2865:Javelin
2855:Eurocat
2778:Eurosam
2241:4 March
1842:12 July
1558:to the
1540:in the
1499:.
1383:India:
801:Mistral
599:Papeete
548:Gymnote
522:Bizerte
517:Penfeld
493:Lorient
405:History
398:(35%).
349:defense
326:Website
192:Revenue
109:Founder
99: (
91:Founded
69:Defence
3426:ANCCLI
3410:Manche
3395:Romans
3297:ASTRID
3275:Phénix
3137:Closed
3107:Paluel
3102:Nogent
3072:Civaux
3062:Chinon
3035:Active
2961:LiveTV
2885:S1850M
2845:Hawkei
2649:
2601:
2553:Quartz
2201:"DCNS"
1979:22 May
1918:
1599:Suaram
1368:Africa
1236:327.8
1233:192.5
1230:-56.3
1210:232.7
1071:shares
949:, the
859:drones
803:-class
731:Thales
689:-class
687:Agosta
535:Gloire
526:Saigon
485:Indret
443:Toulon
297:Thales
135:France
3469:Orano
3459:(EDF)
3436:Areva
3431:Andra
3112:Penly
3077:Cruas
3067:Chooz
3052:Bugey
2946:Racal
2915:SWARM
2830:ASTAC
2810:(50%)
2804:(67%)
2798:(33%)
2792:(25%)
2786:(25%)
2780:(33%)
1520:DeepL
1243:Sites
1227:145.2
1224:104.1
1221:163.7
1213:96.8
1204:261.6
1201:166.4
1198:208.5
1190:15.3
1187:14.0
1184:15.2
1181:15.01
1178:13.22
1175:14.46
1121:2022
1118:2021
1115:2020
1027:, by
955:AREVA
906:class
904:Rubis
897:class
890:class
810:FREMM
742:drone
738:FREMM
591:Dakar
578:Brest
439:Brest
357:Paris
346:naval
342:group
299:: 35%
288:Owner
125:Paris
3291:ITER
3207:UNGG
2875:MW08
2647:ISBN
2619:link
2599:ISBN
2580:2016
2494:2016
2468:2016
2418:2016
2381:2016
2333:2011
2307:2015
2271:2021
2243:2017
2213:2016
2186:2023
2161:2023
2136:2023
2111:2014
2081:2014
2055:2014
2043:GPEN
2025:2014
1981:2022
1952:2017
1916:ISBN
1893:2017
1867:help
1844:2021
1816:2016
1784:2016
1745:2016
1712:2016
1691:2023
1534:must
1532:You
1513:View
1207:3.3
1167:5.6
1164:3.0
1161:3.4
1155:2.27
1152:2.53
1144:4.0
1141:4.0
1138:3.3
1132:2.93
1129:3.36
1112:2019
1109:2013
1106:2012
953:and
934:MU90
908:and
892:and
879:and
597:and
524:and
384:DCNS
372:DCAN
101:1631
94:1631
50:DCNS
3452:CEA
3447:ASN
3285:JHR
3260:TFR
3227:EPR
1522:or
1287:EMC
1158:5.3
1135:3.6
951:CEA
947:EDF
928:F21
805:LHD
380:DCN
162:CEO
3615::
3399:fr
3222:N4
2645:.
2615:}}
2611:{{
2550:.
2530:.
2510:.
2484:.
2434:.
2291:.
2260:.
2229:.
2177:.
2152:.
2127:.
2097:.
2071:.
2041:.
2015:.
1997:.
1967:.
1938:,
1884:.
1856::
1854:}}
1850:{{
1832:.
1682:.
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1035:.
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