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36:
1913:
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1265:. In this case, the circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time.
1427:
was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often the metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit. Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used
1301:
In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will
1297:
In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g. a battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the
1495:
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses.
1289:
part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have a DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor.
1109:
Brush
Electric Company's central power plant with dynamos generating direct current to power arc lamps for public lighting in New York. Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty-Fifth Street, the high voltages it operated at allowed it to power a 2-mile (3.2 km) long
1432:, there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on the vehicle), and provides the power for the
1153:(a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3,000 volts) direct current or alternating current. This was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor
1298:
negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow.
1221:
voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time.
1225:
Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in the raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line.
247:
Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in smelting of
1293:
In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered.
1276:
is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking, a DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in
1700:
1165:
to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s,
1926:
1169:
transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as
1481:
to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).
845:
2627:
240:
elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an
818:
830:
1205:
of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC
2227:
1971:
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1081:
1778:
850:
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from those suitable for alternating current. This is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of
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860:
1728:
1571:
1621:
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in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed the loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an
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143:
Direct current (DC) (red line). The vertical axis shows current or voltage and the horizontal 't' axis measures time and shows the zero value.
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depositions. Telephone installations have a battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions.
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provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others. The
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is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.
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1508:(mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with a catalyst to produce electricity and water as byproducts) also produce only DC.
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1436:. Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency.
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conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker
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communication equipment uses standard â48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by
1142:, a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current.
1846:"Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"
1845:
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1161:" in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using
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Light aircraft electrical systems are typically 12 V or 24 V DC similar to automobiles.
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to produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally 12
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It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a
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use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original
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1330:(â) is found on many electronic devices that either require or produce direct current.
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1779:"Pixii Machine invented by Hippolyte Pixii, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory"
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power systems, alternating current is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a
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1701:"Charles F. Brush and the First Public Electric Street Lighting System in America"
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Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a
139:
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1804:"The First Form of Electric Light History of the Carbon Arc Lamp (1800â1980s)"
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systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with
186:. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from
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1178:
1122:. The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist
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Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a
1145:
The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at
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1729:"Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta â grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu"
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1949:
1285:. The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or
166:
is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a
1314:
1217:
is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. Any
1188:
1104:
132:"DC power" redirects here. For the association football club, see
1412:
1381:
2609:
1953:
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2645:
29:
1364:
Domestic DC installations usually have different types of
1114:
Direct current was produced in 1800 by
Italian physicist
1885:"Tesla Model 3 & Chevy Bolt Battery Packs Examined"
1817:
Roger S. Amos, Geoffrey
William Arnold Dummer (1999).
1451:
the positive terminal of power supply system and the
2228:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
1342:
applications, especially where these are powered by
1201:
is used to refer to power systems that use only one
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2477:
2416:
2390:
2345:
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2117:
2094:
2019:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1620:Andrew J. Robinson, Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007).
1281:. Such a circuit is represented by a system of
1209:is constant as is the current through a direct
1157:launched his incandescent bulb based electric "
1844:Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (2022-07-01).
1651:N. N. Bhargava and D. C. Kulshrishtha (1984).
1138:. At AmpĂšre's suggestion, Pixii later added a
2621:
1965:
1253:that consists of any combination of constant
1229:Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a
1075:
8:
1682:National Electric Light Association (1915).
2697:Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices
2628:
2614:
2606:
1972:
1958:
1950:
1350:systems (since both can produce only DC).
1319:This symbol which can be represented with
1237:, but may still have variations in output
1082:
1068:
286:
270:
170:such as a wire, but can also flow through
1428:in some wheeled or marine vehicles. In a
1302:result in the load not working properly.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1399:Most automotive applications use DC. An
1181:to convert the power to direct current.
138:
2702:DC Power supply for notebook computer (
1654:Basic Electronics & Linear Circuits
1612:
1572:Neutral direct-current telegraph system
1149:. These were initially set up to power
831:Electromagnetism and special relativity
278:
1101:History of electric power transmission
27:Unidirectional flow of electric charge
851:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
1823:(4th ed.). Newnes. p. 83.
256:processes. It is also used for some
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1757:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 175.
1466:to provide any convenient voltage.
1883:Arcus, Christopher (8 July 2018).
25:
1628:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1357:circuits or devices require a DC
1311:Domestic and commercial buildings
1911:
1535:
1521:
34:
1820:Newnes Dictionary of Electronic
1485:High-voltage power transmission
1249:A direct current circuit is an
1233:) have almost no variations in
45:needs additional citations for
2357:Timeline of the electric motor
1685:Electrical meterman's handbook
1455:bank. This is done to prevent
209:are often used to mean simply
1:
2142:Dahlander pole changing motor
1924:AC/DC: What's the Difference?
1407:is an AC device which uses a
1334:DC is commonly found in many
856:Relativistic electromagnetism
194:for this type of current was
2655:Common external power supply
2186:Brushless DC electric motor
1715:Kent State University Press
1566:High-voltage direct current
1491:High-voltage direct current
1425:42 V electrical system
1167:high-voltage direct current
266:High-voltage direct current
2752:
1659:Tata McGraw-Hill Education
1488:
1098:
581:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
131:
2203:Switched reluctance (SRM)
2181:Brushed DC electric motor
1987:
1862:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427
1850:Journal of Energy Storage
1688:. Trow Press. p. 81.
1602:Battery management system
1421:classic Volkswagen Beetle
1324:
1132:dynamo electric generator
846:Mathematical descriptions
556:Electromagnetic radiation
546:Electromagnetic induction
486:Magnetic vector potential
481:Magnetic scalar potential
2391:Experimental, futuristic
2308:Variable-frequency drive
1753:Breithaupt, Jim (2010).
1430:battery electric vehicle
1213:. The DC solution of an
2408:Superconducting machine
2046:Coil winding technology
1193:Types of direct current
396:Electrostatic induction
391:Electrostatic discharge
2726:Electrical engineering
1338:applications and some
1331:
1283:differential equations
1194:
1111:
826:Electromagnetic tensor
217:, as when they modify
144:
2687:Computer power supply
2449:Power-to-weight ratio
2313:Direct torque control
1391:to correct for this.
1318:
1192:
1108:
1099:Further information:
819:Covariant formulation
611:Synchrotron radiation
551:Electromagnetic pulse
541:Electromagnetic field
184:electron or ion beams
154:) is one-directional
142:
2444:Open-loop controller
2337:Ward Leonard control
2061:DC injection braking
1933:â PBS Learning Media
1920:at Wikimedia Commons
1477:of wires, and use a
861:Stressâenergy tensor
786:Reluctance (complex)
531:Displacement current
178:, or even through a
164:electrochemical cell
54:improve this article
2657:(for mobile phones)
2347:History, education,
1993:Alternating current
1568:power transmission.
1504:Applications using
1203:electrical polarity
1185:Various definitions
1136:alternating current
776:Magnetomotive force
661:Electromotive force
631:Alternating current
566:Jefimenko equations
526:Cyclotron radiation
188:alternating current
2661:USB Power Delivery
2510:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
2469:Voltage controller
2424:Blocked-rotor test
2362:Ball bearing motor
2332:Motor soft starter
2286:AC-to-AC converter
2147:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
2109:Electric generator
1942:2016-12-28 at the
1937:DC And AC Supplies
1929:2017-08-26 at the
1529:Electronics portal
1445:Telephone exchange
1401:automotive battery
1332:
1257:sources, constant
1251:electrical circuit
1195:
1124:André-Marie AmpÚre
1112:
624:Electrical network
461:Gauss magnetic law
426:Static electricity
386:Electric potential
201:The abbreviations
192:term formerly used
145:
2713:
2712:
2603:
2602:
2439:Open-circuit test
2278:Motor controllers
2159:Synchronous motor
1981:Electric machines
1916:Media related to
1668:978-0-07-451965-3
1637:978-0-7817-4484-3
1440:Telecommunication
1423:. At one point a
1336:extra-low voltage
1231:voltage regulator
1092:
1091:
791:Reluctance (real)
761:Gyratorâcapacitor
706:Resonant cavities
596:Maxwell equations
236:, which contains
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2743:
2731:Electric current
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2454:Two-phase system
2434:Electromagnetism
2382:Mouse mill motor
2349:recreational use
2223:Permanent magnet
2152:Linear induction
2005:Permanent magnet
1974:
1967:
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1781:. Archived from
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1740:
1731:. Archived from
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1719:
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1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1626:(3rd ed.).
1617:
1577:Polarity symbols
1561:Electric current
1545:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1329:
1215:electric circuit
1130:built the first
1118:'s battery, his
1116:Alessandro Volta
1084:
1077:
1070:
751:Electric machine
734:Magnetic circuit
696:Parallel circuit
686:Network analysis
651:Electric current
586:London equations
431:Triboelectricity
421:Potential energy
290:
280:Electromagnetism
271:
260:, especially in
196:galvanic current
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Direct current"
62:
38:
30:
21:
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2473:
2412:
2386:
2377:Mendocino motor
2350:
2348:
2341:
2272:
2132:Induction motor
2113:
2090:
2036:Braking chopper
2024:
2022:
2015:
1983:
1978:
1944:Wayback Machine
1931:Wayback Machine
1908:
1903:
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1592:State of charge
1587:State of health
1541:
1534:
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1520:
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1502:
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1464:DC-DC converter
1442:
1434:traction motors
1397:
1313:
1308:
1279:DC steady state
1247:
1187:
1128:Hippolyte Pixii
1103:
1097:
1088:
1059:
1058:
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866:
865:
821:
811:
810:
766:Induction motor
736:
726:
725:
641:Current density
626:
616:
615:
606:Poynting vector
516:
514:Electrodynamics
506:
505:
501:Right-hand rule
466:Magnetic dipole
456:BiotâSavart law
446:
436:
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371:Electric dipole
366:Electric charge
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254:electrochemical
160:electric charge
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2459:Inchworm motor
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2429:Circle diagram
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2417:Related topics
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2017:
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1918:Direct current
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1661:. p. 90.
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708:
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681:Kirchhoff laws
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346:Charge density
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339:Electrostatics
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172:semiconductors
148:Direct current
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2675:Not USB based
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1889:CleanTechnica
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1837:
1832:
1830:0-7506-4331-5
1826:
1822:
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1813:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1785:on 2008-09-07
1784:
1780:
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1764:9780230231924
1760:
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1749:
1746:
1735:on 2017-08-28
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1597:Smart battery
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1543:Energy portal
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1261:sources, and
1260:
1256:
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1244:
1242:
1241:and current.
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1155:Thomas Edison
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676:Joule heating
674:
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591:Lorentz force
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491:Magnetization
489:
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476:Magnetic flux
474:
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381:Electric flux
379:
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354:
352:
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318:Computational
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74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2699:(IEEE P1823)
2636:
1998:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1819:
1812:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1773:
1754:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1723:
1710:
1706:Ohio History
1704:
1699:Mel Gorman.
1694:
1684:
1677:
1653:
1646:
1622:
1615:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1475:twisted pair
1468:
1461:
1457:electrolysis
1443:
1398:
1389:diode bridge
1386:
1363:
1359:power supply
1352:
1333:
1306:Applications
1300:
1296:
1292:
1267:
1248:
1228:
1224:
1198:
1196:
1163:transformers
1151:arc lighting
1144:
1120:Voltaic pile
1113:
836:Four-current
771:Linear motor
656:Electrolysis
645:
536:Eddy current
496:Permeability
416:Polarization
411:Permittivity
246:
231:
224:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
200:
195:
151:
147:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2372:Lynch motor
2137:Shaded-pole
2023:accessories
1582:Solar panel
1348:solar power
1340:low-voltage
806:Transformer
636:Capacitance
561:Faraday law
356:Coulomb law
298:Electricity
262:urban areas
211:alternating
134:DC Power FC
2720:Categories
2682:AC adapter
2666:PoweredUSB
2268:Axial flux
2258:Ultrasonic
2233:Servomotor
2213:Doubly fed
2208:Reluctance
2104:Alternator
2096:Generators
2066:Field coil
2051:Commutator
2011:commutated
2009:SC - Self-
1856:: 104427.
1789:2008-06-12
1739:2017-05-29
1608:References
1506:fuel cells
1471:telephones
1405:alternator
1395:Automotive
1370:connectors
1355:electronic
1323:character
1219:stationary
1175:third rail
1140:commutator
873:Scientists
721:Waveguides
701:Resistance
671:Inductance
451:AmpĂšre law
252:and other
238:electronic
176:insulators
80:newspapers
18:DC current
2704:IEC 62700
2585:Steinmetz
2500:Davenport
2298:Amplidyne
2198:Universal
2176:Homopolar
2164:Repulsion
2076:Slip ring
1870:2352-152X
1449:grounding
1409:rectifier
1344:batteries
1287:transient
1270:capacitor
1263:resistors
1197:The term
1179:rectifier
1029:Steinmetz
959:Kirchhoff
944:Jefimenko
939:Hopkinson
924:Helmholtz
919:Heaviside
781:Permeance
666:Impedance
406:Insulator
401:Gauss law
351:Conductor
328:Phenomena
323:Textbooks
303:Magnetism
234:rectifier
168:conductor
110:June 2009
2639:delivery
2637:DC power
2590:Sturgeon
2520:Ferraris
2505:Davidson
2327:Metadyne
2243:Traction
2191:Unipolar
2171:DC motor
2127:AC motor
2031:Armature
1940:Archived
1927:Archived
1515:See also
1479:bias tee
1378:fixtures
1374:switches
1274:inductor
1245:Circuits
1110:circuit.
1054:Wiechert
1009:Poynting
899:Einstein
746:DC motor
741:AC motor
576:Lenz law
361:Electret
258:railways
250:aluminum
242:inverter
190:(AC). A
2580:Sprague
2575:Siemens
2550:Maxwell
2515:Faraday
2464:Starter
2403:Railgun
2398:Coilgun
2238:Stepper
2086:Winding
1946:â ITACA
1755:Physics
1556:DC bias
1453:battery
1366:sockets
1321:Unicode
1259:current
1255:voltage
1235:voltage
1159:utility
1095:History
1039:Thomson
1014:Ritchie
1004:Poisson
989:Neumann
984:Maxwell
979:Lorentz
974:Liénard
904:Faraday
889:Coulomb
716:Voltage
691:Ohm law
313:History
226:voltage
220:current
94:scholar
2570:Saxton
2555:Ărsted
2540:Jedlik
2535:Jacobi
2525:Gramme
2490:Barlow
2478:People
2303:Drives
2218:Linear
2119:Motors
2081:Stator
1894:6 June
1868:
1827:
1761:
1717:: 142.
1665:
1634:
1376:, and
1171:NorNed
1024:Singer
1019:Savart
999:Ărsted
964:Larmor
954:Kelvin
909:Fizeau
879:AmpĂšre
801:Stator
308:Optics
215:direct
182:as in
180:vacuum
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2648:based
2595:Tesla
2565:Pixii
2530:Henry
2495:Botto
2485:Arago
2071:Rotor
2041:Brush
2003:PM -
1997:DC -
1991:AC -
1500:Other
1469:Many
1382:power
1353:Most
1268:If a
1239:power
1049:Weber
1044:Volta
1034:Tesla
949:Joule
934:Hertz
929:Henry
914:Gauss
796:Rotor
162:. An
101:JSTOR
87:books
2560:Park
2545:Lenz
2263:TEFC
1896:2022
1866:ISSN
1825:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1328:2393
969:Lenz
894:Davy
884:Biot
213:and
205:and
156:flow
73:news
2691:ATX
2646:USB
1858:doi
1551:CCS
1346:or
1272:or
994:Ohm
223:or
158:of
56:by
2722::
1887:.
1864:.
1854:51
1852:.
1848:.
1713:.
1711:70
1709:.
1703:.
1657:.
1384:.
1372:,
1368:,
1361:.
1326:U+
1199:DC
264:.
244:.
229:.
207:DC
203:AC
198:.
174:,
152:DC
2706:)
2693:)
2689:(
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
1973:e
1966:t
1959:v
1898:.
1872:.
1860::
1833:.
1806:.
1792:.
1767:.
1742:.
1671:.
1640:.
1413:V
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
150:(
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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