Desertec - Knowledge (XXG)

1113:(also called concentrating solar power and CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator. Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. Since solar fields feed their heat energy into a conventional generation unit with a steam turbine, they can be combined without any problem with fossil fuel hybrid power plants. This hybridisation secures energy supply also in unfavourable weather and at night without the need of accelerating costly compensatory plants. A technical challenge is the cooling which is necessary for every heating power system. Dii is therefore reliant either on an adequate water supply, coastal facilities or improved cooling technology. 1157:

generator which produces electricity. The Sahara Desert is one of the windiest areas on the planet, especially on the western coast where lies the Atlantic coastal desert along Western Sahara and Mauritania. The annual average wind speed at the ground greatly exceeds 5 m/s in most of the desert, and even approach 8 m/s or 9 m/s along the western ocean coast. It's important to note that wind speed increases with height. The regularity and the constancy of winds in arid regions are major assets for wind energy, too. The winds blow nearly constantly over the desert and there are generally no windless days during throughout the year. Therefore, the desert of North Africa is also an ideal location to install large-scale

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also grow considerably by the middle of the century, thus heightening the demand for new jobs. Analysing the design of a power system built to include more than 90% renewables 40 years into the future is necessarily subject to major uncertainties on a range of assumptions. To address these uncertainties Dii analysed so-called sensitivities, or perspectives, to show how the results react to changed parameters. Dii has analysed a total of 18 perspectives on the EUMENA power supply in 2050. They cover a wide range of major impact factors on the attractiveness of power system integration. The main message of the study: grid integration across the Mediterranean is valuable under all foreseeable circumstances.

1125:(PV) as a technology suitable for desert power plants. Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. 822:

to develop suitable framework conditions for the deployment of renewables and to establish transnational cooperation in Greater East Asia. The aim is to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in Asia to provide secure and sustainable alternatives to fossil and nuclear power. As a part of its mission, JREF promotes the Asia Super Grid Initiative to facilitate an electricity system based fully on renewable energy. The DESERTEC Foundation sees such a grid as an important step towards the implementation of DESERTEC in Greater East Asia and has already conducted a feasibility study on potential grid corridors to make best use of the region's desert sun.

705: 666: 1307:. As a partner in a beginning partnership between Europe and MENA Morocco is especially well-suited since a grid connection from Morocco via Gibraltar to Spain already exists. Also the Moroccan government enacted a program to support renewable energies. In June 2011, Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN). MASEN will act as a project developer and will be responsible for all important project steps in Morocco. Dii will promote the project and its financing in the 438: 106: 522: 1238:(SGCC) in June 2010. The HVDC link is the most powerful and longest transmission of its kind to be implemented anywhere in the world; and at the time of commissioning, transmitted 6,400 MW of power over a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometres. This is longer than would be needed to link MENA and Europe. Siemens Energy has equipped the sending converter station Fulong for this link with ten DC converter transformers, including five rated at 800 kV. 1327:, STEG Énergies Renouvelables, a subsidiary of the Tunisian state utility company STEG, and Dii are currently working on a pre-feasibility study. The study focuses on substantial solar and wind energy projects in Tunisia. Research will address the technical and regulatory conditions for the supply of energy in local networks for the export of power to neighbouring countries as well as Europe. Besides financing of the project will be analysed. 1022:

benefits to all involved. The nations of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) could meet their expanding needs for power with renewable energy, while developing an export industry from their excess power which could reach an annual volume worth more than 60 billion euros, according to the study results. By importing up to 20 percent of its power from the deserts, Europe could save up to 30 euros for each megawatt-hour of desert power.

716: 462: 1030:. With its constant supply of wind and solar energy throughout the year, the MENA region can cover Europe's energy needs without the latter having to build costly excess capacities. A further benefit of the power network is the enhanced security of supply to all nations concerned. A renewables-based network would lead to mutual reliance among the countries involved, complemented by inexpensive imports from the south and the north. 4405: 321:: In March 2012, a year after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, the DESERTEC Foundation and the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation (JREF) have signed a Memorandum of understanding. The aim is to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in Asia to provide secure and sustainable alternatives to fossil and nuclear power by implementing the DESERTEC Concept in Greater East Asia (Asia Super Grid Initiative). 4415: 570: 474: 1088: 642: 1478: 1429:

significant amount of water is needed for cleaning and cooling, since alternative technologies can be used (dry cleaning, dry cooling). However, dry cooling is more expensive, technologically challenging and less efficient than the water cooling currently planned. Plans for water desalination for cooling purposes are not part of the DESERTEC business plan or cost estimates as proposed.

694: 618: 594: 558: 546: 534: 510: 486: 606: 36: 1412:, Inram Kada by EUMENA, is responsible for expediting the project. Cooperation between the states of Europe and the states of the Middle East and North Africa is also certain to be challenging. Large scale cooperation necessary between the EU and the North African nations the project may be delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and other factors such as expropriation of assets. 746: 654: 630: 582: 498: 450: 1174: 1101: 248: 1010:) region in 2050. Therefore, Dii researched from the viewpoint of technology and geography what is the optimal mix of renewable energies to provide the EUMENA region with sustainable energy. In July 2012 Dii presented the first part of its study "Desert Power 2050 – Perspectives on a Sustainable Power System for EUMENA. 1006:

policy-makers and civil society to enable two or three concrete reference projects to demonstrate the feasibility of the long-term vision. Dii developed a strategic framework for a fully integrated and decarbonized power system based on renewable energies for the entire North Africa, Middle East, and Europe (

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The second HVDC project which is also for SGCC with cooperation from ABB, is a new HVDC link of 3,000 MW over 920 kilometres from Hulunbeir, in Inner Mongolia, to Shenyang in the province of Liaoning in the North-Eastern part of China in 2010. Another project scheduled for 2014 commissioning – is the

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As also parts of the desert regions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) come with high wind potential, Dii is examining in which geographic regions the installation of wind farms is suitable. Wind turbines produce electricity by wind turning the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a

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limits". DESERTEC officials say the project could one day deliver 15 percent of Europe's electricity and a considerable part of MENA's electricity demand. According to the DESERTEC Foundation, the project has strong job creation potential and could improve the stability in the region. According

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The studies concluded that the extremely high solar radiation in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East outweighs the 10–15% transmission losses between the desert regions and Europe. This means that solar thermal power plants in the desert regions are more economical than the same kinds of

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There are also concerns that the water requirement for the solar plant to clean dust off panels and for turbine coolant may be detrimental to local populations in terms of the demand it will place on the local water supply. An EU innovation supported project however resulted in the development of a

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which is administered by Morocco. An official spokesperson of Dii made the following confirmation: "Our reference projects will not be located in the region. When looking for project sites, the DII will also take political, ecological or cultural issues into consideration. This procedure is in line

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More energy falls on the world's deserts in six hours than the world consumes in a year, and the Saharan desert is virtually uninhabited and is close to Europe. Supporters say that the project will keep Europe "at the forefront of the fight against climate change and help North African and European

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In March 2012, the DESERTEC Foundation started working in a further focus region. A year after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, the DESERTEC Foundation and the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation (JREF) have signed a MoU. They will exchange knowledge and know-how, and coordinate their work together

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region while also helping to power Europe, reduce carbon emissions across the EU-MENA region and power desalination plants to provide freshwater to the MENA region. Dii published a further study called Desert Power 2050 in June 2012. It found that the MENA region would be able to meet its needs for

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and the National Energy Research Center Jordan, made up of scientists and experts from across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (EU-MENA). It is from this network that the DESERTEC Foundation later emerged as a non-profit organisation and started to promote their solutions around the world.

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in Tunisia that is planned to have 2 GW of capacity. Creating up to 20,000 direct and indirect local jobs, its plants include dry-cooling systems that reduce water usage by up to 90%. Construction is planned to begin in 2014, and export power to Italy by 2016. A video on YouTube explains this

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presents the full perspective of the EUMENA region, which includes, for instance, the growing consumption of power in the MENA states. The power requirements of the MENA states are likely to more than quadruple by 2050, totalling more than 3000 terawatt hours. Unlike in Europe, the population will

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as it is exposed to bright sunshine nearly all the time, roughly between 80% and 97% of the daylight hours in the best cases. This is the sunniest year-round area on the planet. In the world's largest hot desert, there is an extremely vast area, covering almost the whole desert, that receives more

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solution based on harnessing sustainable power from the sites where renewable sources of energy are at their most abundant. These sites can be used thanks to low-loss High-Voltage Direct Current transmission. All kinds of renewables will be used in the DESERTEC Concept, but the sun-rich deserts of

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The DESERTEC concept originated from Dr Gerhard Knies, a German particle physicist and founder of the Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC) network of researchers. In 1986, in the wake of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, he was searching for a potential alternative source of clean

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structure on it. The film is fused on top of the solar panels and the nano-dendrite structure makes that sand, water, salt, bacteria, molds, etc. can't attach to the photovoltaic panels. Opposed to this, studies point out the generation of fresh water by the solar thermal plants. Furthermore, no

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Some experts – such as Professor Tony Day, director of the Centre for Efficient and Renewable Energy in Building at London South Bank University, Henry Wilkinson of Janusian Security Risk Management, and Wolfram Lacher of Control Risks consultancy – are concerned about political obstacles to the

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Dii announced it would introduce a roll-out-plan in late 2012 which included concrete recommendations on how to enable investments in renewable energy and interconnected power grids. Dii claims to work with all key stakeholders from the international scientific and business communities as well as

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The DESERTEC Concept was developed by an international network of politicians, academics and economists, called TREC. The research institutes for renewable sources of the governments of Morocco (CDER), Algeria (NEAL), Libya (CSES), Egypt (NREA), Jordan (NERC) and Yemen (Universities of Sana'a and

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cables. It would provide a considerable part of the electricity demand of the MENA countries and furthermore provide continental Europe with 15% of its electricity needs. Exported desert power would complement Europe's transition to renewables which would be based primarily on harnessing domestic

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in Brussels as well as in national governments. This reference project, with a total capacity of 500 MW, will be a combination of concentrated solar power plants (400 MW) and photovoltaics (100 MW). The first available power from the joint Dii/MASEN project could be fed into the

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demonstrates that the abundance of sun and wind in the EUMENA region will enable the creation of a joint power network that will entail more than 90 percent renewables. According to the study, such a joint power network involving North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (EUMENA) offers clear

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energy received on a given area and on a giver period, is about 2,500 kWh/(m year) over the region and this number can soar up to almost 3,000 kWh/(m year) in the best cases. The weather features of the Sahara Desert, especially the insolation, have a pronounced nature. The annual electricity

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region to Europe, while the next one focused on meeting the domestic demand. The project failed twice due to the problem of transportation and cost-inefficiency. The initiative was revived in 2020 with a focus on green hydrogen, catering to both domestic demand and exports to foreign markets.

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The north and south would become the powerhouses of this joint network, supported by wind and hydropower in Scandinavia, as well as wind and solar energy in the MENA region. Supply and demand would complement one other – both regionally and seasonally – according to the findings of

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The great African desert is relatively cloud-free all year long but it's important to note the harsh, desert climate also has some negative features such as extreme heat and sometimes dust or sand-laden winds which frequently blow over the desert and can even result in severe

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energy and arrived at a conclusion: in six hours, the world's deserts receive more energy from the sun than humankind consumes in a year. The DESERTEC concept was developed further by TREC – an international network of scientists, experts and politicians from the field of

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signed a joint declaration to support the effective and complete integration, in a single electricity market, of renewable energy from both large-scale and decentralised sources, which shall not be played out against each other in Europe and in its neighbouring regions.

840:(DLR) made significant contributions towards the development of the DESERTEC Concept. The basic studies relating to DESERTEC were led by DLR scientist Dr. Franz Trieb working for the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics at the DLR. The three studies were funded by the 1451:

Transmitting energy over long distances has been criticized, with questions raised over the cost of cabling compared to energy generation, and over electricity losses. However, the study and current operating technology show that electricity losses using

1943: 841: 1055:, will examine this topic in greater depth in the next few months, with discussions including political, scientific and industrial stakeholders. The objective is to formulate recommendations for the regulatory steps required in the years to come. 723:

and a number of partner companies stayed on board to drive the new mission of Dii: "To facilitate the rapid deployment of utility-scale renewable energy projects in desert areas, and to integrate them in the interconnected power systems"

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Desert energy could be a stimulus for growth and make an important contribution when it comes to coping with the social and economic challenges in North Africa and the Middle East. Dii announced that a second phase of Desert Power 2050,

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production reaches 1,300,000 TWh at maximum in this sun-drenched area if the whole desert is covered in solar panels. The desert is also extremely vast covering about some 9,000,000 km (3,474,920 sq mi), being almost as large as

814:(DLR), by 2050, investments into solar plants and transmission lines would be total €400 billion. An exact proposal how to realise this scenario, including technical and financial requirements, will be designed by 2012/2013 (see 2132: 380:

by encouraging the necessary technological, economic, political and market frameworks. This included the development of a long-term implementation perspective called Desert Power 2050 with guidance on investment and funding.

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on 30 October 2009. The other companies included Deutsche Bank, E.ON, RWE, Abengoa. Like the DESERTEC Foundation, Dii GmbH did not intend to build power plants itself. Instead it focused on four core objectives in EU-MENA:

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covers huge parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division.

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has calculated that if solar thermal power plants were to be constructed in large numbers in the coming years, the estimated cost of electricity would come down from 0.09 to 0.22 euro/kWh to about 0.04–0.05 euro/kWh.

1345:. The focus of this cooperation will be the strengthening and the exchange of technical expertise, joint efforts in market development and the progress of renewable energy in Algeria as well as in foreign countries. 236:

power with renewable energy, while exporting its excess power to create an export industry with an annual volume of more than €60 billion. Meanwhile, by importing desert power, Europe could save around 30 pounds/MW.

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The DESERTEC Foundation was founded on 20 January 2009 with the aim of promoting the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept for clean power from deserts all over the world. It is a non-profit organisation based in

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To help accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC idea in EU-MENA, the non-profit DESERTEC Foundation and a group of 12 European companies led by Munich Re founded an industrial initiative called Dii GmbH in

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region (European Union, Middle East and Northern Africa). The DESERTEC organisations promote the generation of electricity in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe using renewable sources, such as

295:. The founding members were the German Association of the Club of Rome, members of the TREC network of scientists as well as committed private supporters and long-time promoters of the DESERTEC idea. 927:

evaluate the anticipated water and power needs through 2050 in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the possibility to generate fresh water along with the electricity generation by the CSP

1223:(AC) transmission. Because of the higher solar radiation in MENA, the production of energy, even with the included transmissions losses, is still advantageous over the production in South Europe. 1278: 953:

than 3,600 h of yearly sunshine. There is also a very large area in excess of 4,000 h of sunshine annually. The highest solar radiation received on the planet is in the Sahara Desert, under the

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In 2011, the DESERTEC Foundation started to evaluate projects that could serve as models for the implementation of DESERTEC according to its sustainability criteria. The first of these is the

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initiated a unique project in 2011 dealing with Hybrid power generation which combines a 25 MW concentrating solar power array in conjunction with a 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant

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Schmitt, Thomas M. (3 July 2018). "(Why) did Desertec fail? An interim analysis of a large-scale renewable energy infrastructure project from a Social Studies of Technology perspective".

2136: 224:-based industrial initiative together with partners from the industrial and finance sectors. It aims to accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept in the focus region EU-MENA. 3967: 3951: 3935: 1463:". In response, one proposal is to cascade power between neighbouring states so that states draw on the power generation of neighbouring states rather than from distant desert sites. 1132:, a producer of thin film solar panels, joined Dii as associated partner. The US based company already has experience with huge PV installations, and has constructed the 550 megawatt 1076: 2278: 4439: 3882: 2840: 1312:

Moroccan and Spanish grids between 2014 and 2016, depending on the selected technology and market conditions. Based on the current estimate the total costs are €2 billion.

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One key question will be the cultural aspect, as Middle Eastern and African nations may need assurance that they will own the project rather than it being imposed from Europe.

1333:, which offers excellent conditions for renewable energy, is considered as a potential location for a further reference project. In December 2011, the Algerian energy supplier 220:, members of the network of scientists TREC as well as committed private supporters and long-time promoters of the DESERTEC idea. In 2009, the DESERTEC Foundation founded the 769:, primarily made up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cables. Despite its name, DESERTEC's proposal would see most of the power plants located outside of the 126:"To provide climate protection, energy security and development by generating sustainable power from the sites where renewable sources of energy are at their most abundant." 3759: 3928: 1396:

project. Generating so much of the electricity consumed in Europe and in Africa would create a political dependency on North African countries which had corruption before

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or grids of different frequencies. With HVDC energy can also be transported in both directions. For long-distance transmission HVDC suffers lower electrical losses than

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Sketch of possible infrastructure for a sustainable supply of power to Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (EU-MENA) (Source: DESERTEC Foundation, www.desertec.org)

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and is sparsely populated, making it possible to set up large solar farms without a negative impact on inhabitants of the region, too. Lastly, sand deserts can provide

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Also very long distance projects have already been realised with technological cooperation from ABB and Siemens – both shareholders of Dii; namely the 800 kV HVDC

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construction of an ±800 kV North-East UHVDC link from the North-Eastern and Eastern region of India to the city of Agra across a distance of 1,728 kilometres.

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plan based on the concept of harnessing sustainable powers, from sites where renewable sources of energy are more abundant, and transferring it through

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Since the Euro-Mediterranean projects, Medgrid and DESERTEC are both attempting to generate solar energy from deserts and complement each other, a

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http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energytrends/currentusage/renewable/solar/solar-systems-in-the-desert/Solar-Systems-in-the-Desert.pdf

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By taking into account land and water use, DESERTEC intends to offer an integrated and comprehensive solution to food and water shortages.

46: 3500: 2481: 2289: 1367:. The activities of Dii and Medgrid are covered by the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP), a political initiative within the framework of the 1359:

linking both projects. The plan is to build five interconnections at a cost of around 5 billion euros ($ 6.7 billion), including between

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is a non-profit foundation that focuses on the production of renewable energy in desert regions. The project aims to create a global

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and the Club of Rome, the project could create 240,000 German jobs and generate €2 trillion worth of electricity by 2050.

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grid connecting the three regions – Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the assessment of solar energy imports to Europe

83: 2051: 1880: 191:. Multiple types of renewable energy sources are envisioned, but their plan is centered around the natural climate of the deserts. 4002: 3164: 2625: 4354: 4020: 3828: 2077: 1766: 1400:

and a lack of cross-border coordination. Moreover, DESERTEC would require extensive economic and political cooperation between

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The DII evolved in several steps. The Foundation's first idea was to focus on the transmission of renewable power from the

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in Morocco for example, with the capacity of 500 MW, will be one of the largest concentrated solar plants in the world.

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and Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding on their future collaboration in the presence of EU Energy Commissioner

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GmbH has initiated selected reference projects to demonstrate overall feasibility and reduce system overall costs.

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and all its subdivisions. The generated electricity would be transmitted to European and African countries by a

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in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and availability of resources and demand for energy in the region

2250:"EU Commission welcomes DESERTEC and Medgrid cooperation on solar energy in North Africa and the Middle East" 1571: 1292: 360:

Development of a framework for feasible investments into renewable energy and interconnected grids in EU-MENA

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GmbH aimed to create a positive investment climate for renewable energies and interconnected power grid in

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Development of long term perspectives for the period up to 2050 providing investment and financing guidance

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Other countries like Morocco have set up ambitious plans on the implementation of renewable energy. The

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The red squares represent the area that would be enough for solar power plants to produce a quantity of

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sources of energy that would increase its energy independence. According to a scenario by the

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As of March 2014, Dii consisted of 20 shareholders (listed below) and 17 associate partners.

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The original and first region for the assessment and application of this concept is the EU-

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which has been described both as a "failure" and as a reorientation in project objectives.

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The company was formed by the DESERTEC foundation and a consortium of worldwide companies.

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and the National Energy Research Center Jordan. One of the most famous members was Prince

1793:"DESERTEC – Clean Power from Deserts, Presentation at MENAREC conference, 15–16 May 2012" 138:

Timo Bracht, Michael Schröder, Hubert Schwingshandl, Directors of the Desertec Foundation

2413: 2318: 2055: 392:(MoU) was signed between the Medgrid consortium and Dii to study, design and promote an 3784: 2762: 2675: 1433: 1409: 1353: 1352:

was signed on 24 November 2011 between Medgrid and Dii to study, design and promote an

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In April 2010, Dii emphasised that the power plant won't be installed in the region of

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transmission to consumption centers. The foundation also works on concepts involving

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German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety

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had been successful and the Dii confirmed their first reference project would be in

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German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety

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The foundation works to accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept by:

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projects. The Medgrid together with DESERTEC would serve as the backbone of the

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TRANS-CSP: Trans-Mediterranean interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power.

2195: 1473: 1441: 1227: 1141: 961: 949: 802: 794: 720: 466: 143: 3293: 3272:"ABB North-East Agra – ABB HVDC Reference Projects in Asia (HVDC References)" 2511: 2429: 1687:"Green Hydrogen from the Sahara – A bridge between Europe and North Africa?" 1477: 1460: 1437: 1273:

The first solar and wind power projects in North Africa have already begun.

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transmission amount to only 3% per 1,000 km (10% per 3,000 km).

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HVDC Madeira Transmission System – Planning Development and Final Design

2107: 1257: 1173: 3367: 2456:"Desertec-Initiatitve Dii Wüstenstromfreunde sammeln sich neu in Dubai" 1636: 1492: 1405: 1401: 1379: 1375: 1360: 1330: 1324: 1304: 1274: 978: 693: 617: 593: 569: 557: 545: 533: 509: 485: 478: 473: 400: 292: 797:

would be spread over the wide desert regions in North Africa like the

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Founding members of the foundation are the German Association of the

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itself but rather in the surrounding areas, in the more accessible

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Promoting the establishment of the necessary framework conditions:

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MED-CSP: Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region.

1383: 1208:

To export renewable energy produced in the MENA desert region, a

1935: 897:

study on trans-Mediterranean interconnection and infrastructure

754: 749:

DLR studies of existing and hypothetical HVDC transmission lines

514: 502: 408: 232: 195: 3924: 3501:"Morocco is key testing ground for DESERTEC solar-farm project" 3312:"Morocco to host first solar farm in €400bn renewables network" 2743:

AQUA-CSP: Concentrating Solar Power for Seawater Desalination.

1320:

with the funding policies of international development banks."

282:. In 2009, TREC emerged to the non-profit DESERTEC Foundation. 3190:"Microsoft Word - TRANS-CSP-Executive Summary_Final-Final.doc" 2182: 2180: 2133:"DESERTEC Foundation: Asian Super Grid for Renewable Energies" 698: 598: 29: 327:

Evaluating and initiating projects that could serve as models

309:

Fostering exchange & co-operation with the private sector

3624:"Tunisia still in running for DESERTEC role despite turmoil" 1661: 411:

technology are being assessed to reach the final goal – the

3910: 3672:"More interconnections are needed within and beyond the EU" 1523:

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

304:

Supporting knowledge transfer & scientific co-operation

168: 27:

Organization planning to install solar panels in the Sahara

3791:, TV contributions "Zukunftsstadt Masdar" and "DESERTEC", 3414:(Press release). DESERTEC. 24 January 2012. Archived from 1279:

Hassi R'Mel integrated solar combined cycle power station

261:

Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), 2005.

3438:"Solar project DESERTEC plans to add five partners: CEO" 3292:

Esmeraldo, P.C.V., Araujo, E.M.A., Carvalho, D.S. Jr.,

2769:. eu2007.de, the website of Germany's January–June 2007 981:, a raw material that is essential in the production of 211:(TREC), a voluntary organisation founded in 2003 by the 2961:(Press release). DESERTEC Foundation. 28 September 2011 1077:

Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy

53: 3126:"Page 5 | The grid – a key factor in the future power" 3004:"Microsoft Word - MED-CSP_Executive_Summary_Final.doc" 2982:"German study sees job boom from Sahara solar project" 1738:"Hydrogen : The bridge between Africa and Europe" 363:

Origination of reference projects to prove feasibility

3100:"550MW (AC) Desert Sunlight Solar Farm - First Solar" 3468:"Renewable energy turning Morocco into green future" 2672:"Siemens, Munich Re Start Developing Sahara Project" 2319:"Arab Spring a short-term problem for solar-Medgrid" 1881:"Study: Europe could save €30/MWh on DESERTEC power" 64:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 4368: 4332: 4296: 4219: 4111: 4104: 4011: 3958: 3883:"Economic and cultural aspects of DESERTEC Project" 3674:. europolitics.info. 3 January 2012. Archived from 2670:van Loon, Jeremy; von Schaper, Eva (13 July 2009). 164: 154: 142: 130: 122: 112: 2854:"DESERTEC and Medgrid: Competitive or compatible?" 2449: 2447: 2345:"DESERTEC and Medgrid: Competitive or compatible?" 3339:(Press release). 15 December 2011. Archived from 2934:"Europe's Saharan power plan: miracle or mirage?" 1249:a HVDC link of 2,375 kilometres (1,476 mi). 3701:. Medgrid-psm.com. 21 March 2012. Archived from 3646:"Dii and Sonelgaz agree to cooperate in Algeria" 3412:"Tunisian sun will light European homes by 2016" 2538:"How Africa's desert sun can bring Europe power" 1986: 1984: 1341:and the Algerian Minister for Energy and Mining 209:Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation 136:Gerhard Knies, Inventor of the Desertec Concept 2880:"Reference projects to demonstrate feasibility" 2127: 2125: 1459:Investment may be required within Europe in a " 1234:transmission system, which was commissioned by 3575:"Solar giant DESERTEC to avoid Western Sahara" 2221:"Huge medgrid joins giant solar DESERTEC plan" 1822:"First steps to bring Saharan solar to Europe" 3936: 3753:"Advanced Heller System – Technical_2005_feb" 2959:"Jobs and prospects for young North Africans" 2594:. DESERTEC.org. 31 March 2011. Archived from 8: 4440:Proposed electric power transmission systems 3725:"Solar power technology takes its next step" 2567:"European Solar Power From African Deserts?" 2046: 2044: 1849: 1847: 1761: 1759: 98: 2836: 2834: 2811:Sinclair, Thomas R.; Weiss, Albert (2010). 2645: 2643: 2531: 2529: 2482:"Bringing the DESERTEC vision into reality" 684:At the end of 2014, most shareholders left 4108: 3943: 3929: 3921: 3806:"Ultra HVDC Transmission System – Siemens" 3075:"First Solar joins DESERTEC solar project" 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2737: 2735: 846: 97: 3952:Renewable energy by country and territory 2814:Principles of Ecology in Plant Production 2312: 2310: 2273: 2271: 2244: 2242: 2215: 2213: 2159:"DESERTEC Foundation: Formation Dii Gmbh" 1930: 1928: 1566: 1564: 1146:biggest two PV installations of the world 903:evaluate the potential for an integrated 681:, a senior international energy manager. 203:Organizations, milestones, and activities 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 2901:"Executive Summary of Desert Power 2050" 2798:"DESERTEC – Solar power from the desert" 3601:"Tunisia: Nation and DESERTEC Sign MoU" 3549:"Could the desert sun power the world?" 3527:"Sahara wind and sun to power EU homes" 3337:"Germany supports Morocco's solar plan" 2023:"Could the desert sun power the world?" 1560: 964:, which represents the total amount of 677:Managing Director of Dii GmbH has been 4445:Renewable energy in the European Union 3058:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3051: 2696:DESERTEC – Solar power from the desert 1991:Gerhard Knies and Franz Trieb (2006). 1962:. Revised version 2008. Archived from 815: 357:Carrying out specific in-depth studies 45:contains content that is written like 3622:Stromsta, Karl-Erik (12 April 2011). 2510:. DESERTEC Foundation. Archived from 2454:P. Hoffmann, Kevin (5 October 2015). 2054:. DESERTEC Foundation. Archived from 1598:"The Team of the DESERTEC Foundation" 7: 3699:"No Transition without Transmission" 3102:. Desertsunlight.com. Archived from 2628:from the original on 15 January 2016 1245:Another project of this type is the 948:was chosen as an ideal location for 3300:session, Paris, 2010, Paper B4-306. 2317:Lewis, Barbara (24 November 2011). 2104:"DESERTEC Foundation: Organization" 1712:"MENA's chance at hydrogen exports" 1200:List of HVDC projects § Europe 765:, and develop a Euro-Mediterranean 3644:Kugyela, Tamás (9 December 2011). 3444:. 17 February 2010. Archived from 1637:"Technology | DESERTEC Foundation" 1169:High-voltage direct current (HVDC) 781:, as well as the relatively moist 25: 3547:Hickman, Leo (11 December 2012). 3525:Ebels, Philip (2 February 2012). 2852:Stancich, Rikki (11 March 2011). 2161:. 30 October 2009. Archived from 2078:"DESERTEC Foundation: Milestones" 1767:"DESERTEC Foundation: Milestones" 407:and the benefits of investing in 4413: 4404: 4403: 3968:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3310:Hickman, Leo (2 November 2011). 2980:Kirschbaum, Erik (2 July 2009). 2932:Pfeiffer, Tom (23 August 2009). 2800:. German Aerospace Agency (DLR). 2765:, BMU minister (19 April 2007). 2536:McKie, Robin (2 December 2007). 1907:"DESERTEC: Solar on Sahara Sand" 1612:"About Us | DESERTEC Foundation" 1476: 714: 703: 692: 664: 652: 640: 628: 616: 604: 592: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 496: 484: 472: 460: 448: 436: 104: 34: 3854:Gerry Wolff (16 January 2009). 3476:. 12 March 2010. Archived from 2351:. 11 March 2011. Archived from 2135:(Press release). Archived from 1236:State Grid Corporation of China 936:plants in southern Europe. The 785:. Under the DESERTEC proposal, 742:the world play a special role. 710:State Grid Corporation of China 671:State Grid Corporation of China 227:Scientific studies done by the 158: 4455:2009 establishments in Germany 3827:Nick Cook (15 November 2007). 2565:Kanter, James (18 June 2009). 1857:. 13 July 2009. Archived from 1828:. 22 July 2009. Archived from 1572:"DESERTEC Foundation: Concept" 1286:Ouarzazate solar power station 207:DESERTEC was developed by the 1: 3573:Maung, Zara (23 April 2010). 2422:10.1080/13549839.2018.1469119 2188:"Reformulated mission of Dii" 1165:with very good productivity. 319:Cooperation with JREF in Asia 4470:Foundations based in Germany 3727:. Reuters. 23 November 2009. 3363:"DESERTEC Foundation: TuNur" 3274:. Abb.com. 22 September 2011 3073:Ford, Dana (16 March 2010). 4460:Energy companies of Germany 3499:Yee, April (26 June 2011). 1942:(DLR) (ITT), funded by the 1518:Renewable energy in Morocco 1454:high-voltage direct current 1369:Union for the Mediterranean 1261:Arrays of parabolic troughs 1210:high-voltage direct current 905:electric power transmission 883:evaluate the potential for 807:high-voltage direct current 779:South steppes and woodlands 417:Union for the Mediterranean 390:memorandum of understanding 185:high-voltage direct current 4486: 3789:de:Stefan Schulze-Hausmann 2752:" DLR ITT, funded by BMU. 2660:" DLR ITT, funded by BMU. 2484:. Dii GmbH. Archived from 1503:Intermittent energy source 1384:Renewables Grid Initiative 1197: 1134:Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 1062: 4399: 3881:DESERTEC (16 July 2008). 3856:"The Cascading Principle" 2377:. EFETnet. Archived from 1070:economies to grow within 787:concentrating solar power 399:linking DESERTEC and the 270:– founded in 2003 by the 103: 3739:"Bluenergy AG Worldwide" 2656:21 February 2007 at the 2052:"From Vision to Reality" 1380:Friends of the supergrid 1187: Under construction 1111:Concentrated solar power 1096:Concentrated solar power 872:concentrated solar power 332:Informing about DESERTEC 2618:"Questions and Answers" 1940:German Aerospace Center 1513:North Sea Offshore Grid 1293:TuNur solar power plant 1247:Rio Madeira HVDC system 1072:greenhouse gas emission 938:German Aerospace Center 838:German Aerospace Center 812:German Aerospace Center 783:Atlantic Coastal Desert 587:Red Eléctrica de España 388:On 24 November 2011, a 229:German Aerospace Center 2288:. 2011. Archived from 1993:"Sun cheaper than Oil" 1885:Renewable Energy Focus 1528:Solar energy in Israel 1262: 1195: 1107: 1092: 826:Studies about DESERTEC 750: 262: 257:all energy consumption 2748:12 March 2007 at the 2592:"DESERTEC Foundation" 1997:franzalt.com Sun Page 1662:"DESERTEC Foundation" 1550:Australia - Singapore 1543:Wind power in Morocco 1508:List of HVDC projects 1260: 1176: 1103: 1090: 1065:Earth's energy budget 917:study on CSP for the 836:Aden) as well as the 748: 737:DESERTEC is a global 250: 66:neutral point of view 3889:on 25 September 2008 3808:. Energy.siemens.com 3795:, 3sat, 10. May 2010 2508:"Our Global Mission" 2165:on 19 September 2012 1957:"DESERTEC WhiteBook" 1181: Existing links 253:electricity consumed 3911:DESERTEC Foundation 3473:Global Arab Network 3170:on 15 December 2011 2771:European Presidency 2622:Desertec Foundation 2414:2018LoEnv..23..747S 2349:social.csptoday.com 2254:Europa (web portal) 1861:on 14 December 2012 1832:on 25 November 2010 1742:www.energynet.co.uk 1716:www.energyvoice.com 1578:on 14 December 2012 1498:European super grid 1374:In March 2012 Dii, 1301:Moroccan government 1221:alternating current 1121:Dii also considers 960:The annual average 876:Mediterranean Basin 767:electricity network 405:European super grid 286:DESERTEC Foundation 169:DESERTEC Foundation 149:DESERTEC Foundation 100: 58:promotional content 18:DESERTEC Foundation 2860:on 3 February 2012 2777:on 6 February 2012 2571:The New York Times 2514:on 6 December 2012 2462:. Der Tagesspiegel 2355:on 3 February 2012 2325:. 24 November 2011 2256:. 24 November 2011 2227:. 24 November 2011 2139:on 27 October 2012 2110:on 10 October 2012 2084:on 18 October 2012 2058:on 6 December 2012 2029:. 11 December 2011 2003:on 8 February 2012 1773:on 18 October 2012 1718:. 26 February 2020 1420:based film with a 1263: 1204:European Supergrid 1196: 1108: 1093: 759:solar power plants 751: 268:renewable energies 263: 60:and inappropriate 4465:Macro-engineering 4427: 4426: 4292: 4291: 3793:de:nano (Sendung) 3787:by correspondent 3705:on 3 January 2013 3603:. 5 November 2010 3480:on 8 October 2011 3226:on 27 August 2013 3214:"Siemens Website" 3158:"Siemens Website" 2402:Local Environment 2198:on 31 August 2016 1911:Solar Novus Today 1800:Hani El-Nokraschy 1446:being problematic 1339:Günther Oettinger 1075:to the report by 1039:Desert Power 2050 1028:Desert Power 2050 1019:Desert Power 2050 1001:Desert Power 2050 933: 932: 816:Desert Power 2050 174: 173: 94: 93: 86: 16:(Redirected from 4477: 4450:Energy in Africa 4417: 4407: 4406: 4350:French Polynesia 4109: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3922: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3885:. Archived from 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3862:on 20 April 2013 3858:. Archived from 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3831:. Archived from 3829:"DESERTEC Forum" 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3765:on 10 March 2012 3764: 3758:. Archived from 3757: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688:by Tamás Kugyela 3687: 3685: 3683: 3678:on 16 March 2012 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652:on 16 March 2012 3648:. 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