198:
as "DICOM 3.0" to distinguish it from its predecessors. DICOM has been constantly updated and extended since 1993, with the intent that changes are backward compatible, except in rare cases where the earlier specification was incorrect or ambiguous. Officially there is no "version" of the standard except the current standard, hence the "3.0" version number is no longer used. There are no "minor" versions to the standard (e.g., no such thing as "DICOM 3.1") and there are no current plans to develop a new, incompatible, version of the standard (i.e., no "DICOM 4.0"). The standard should be referenced without specification of the date of release of a particular published edition, except when specific conformance requirements are invoked that depend on a retired feature that is no longer documented in the current standard.
186:). The first demonstration of ACR/NEMA V2.0 interconnectivity technology was held at Georgetown University, May 21–23, 1990. Six companies participated in this event, DeJarnette Research Systems, General Electric Medical Systems, Merge Technologies, Siemens Medical Systems, Vortech (acquired by Kodak that same year) and 3M. Commercial equipment supporting ACR/NEMA 2.0 was presented at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) in 1990 by these same vendors. Many soon realized that the second version also needed improvement. Several extensions to ACR/NEMA 2.0 were created, like Papyrus (developed by the University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland) and SPI (Standard Product Interconnect), driven by Siemens Medical Systems and Philips Medical Systems.
351:
can have only one attribute containing pixel data. For many modalities, this corresponds to a single image. However, the attribute may contain multiple "frames", allowing storage of cine loops or other multi-frame data. Another example is NM data, where an NM image, by definition, is a multi-dimensional multi-frame image. In these cases, three- or four-dimensional data can be encapsulated in a single DICOM object. Pixel data can be compressed using a variety of standards, including
501:
specifications carefully. This is a historical requirement to maintain compatibility with older existing systems. It also mandates the presence of a media directory, the DICOMDIR file, which provides index and summary information for all the DICOM files on the media. The DICOMDIR information provides substantially greater information about each file than any filename could, so there is less need for meaningful file names.
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194:(Picture Archiving and Communications System) at all major Army and Air Force medical treatment facilities and teleradiology nodes at a large number of US military clinics. DeJarnette Research Systems and Merge Technologies provided the modality gateway interfaces from third party imaging modalities to the Siemens SPI network. The Veterans Administration and the Navy also purchased systems from this contract.
534:
imaging acquisition, confirming successful archiving of images, encrypting datasets, removing patient identifying information from datasets, organizing layouts of images for review, saving image manipulations and annotations, calibrating image displays, encoding ECGs, encoding CAD results, encoding structured measurement data, and storing acquisition protocols.
585:(picture archiving and communication systems), image viewers and display stations, CAD (computer-aided detection/diagnosis systems), 3D visualization systems, clinical analysis applications, image printers, Film scanners, media burners (that export DICOM files onto CDs, DVDs, etc.), media importers (that import DICOM files from CDs, DVDs, USBs, etc.),
806:
regulations. Techniques for de-identification involve stripping out or masking identifiable data elements within the DICOM metadata, such as patient names, birth dates, and other unique identifiers. Ensuring thorough de-identification is crucial to balance the benefits of data sharing with the obligation to maintain patient confidentiality.
684:(SNOMED) is a systematic, computer-processable collection of medical terms, in human and veterinary medicine, to provide codes, terms, synonyms and definitions which cover anatomy, diseases, findings, procedures, microorganisms, substances, etc. DICOM data makes use of SNOMED to encode relevant concepts.
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A weakness in the DICOM image format enables malware to infect patient data by directly inserting itself into medical imaging files. These hybrid files are both fully-executable malware binaries and fully-functioning, standards-compliant DICOM images that preserve the original patient data and can be
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Ensuring the security of patient data within DICOM is critical, as these files often contain sensitive personal health information (PHI). Security measures for DICOM data include encryption, access control, and auditing mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure of patient
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DICOM restricts the filenames on DICOM media to 8 characters (some systems wrongly use 8.3, but this does not conform to the standard). No information must be extracted from these names (PS3.10 Section 6.2.3.2). This is a common source of problems with media created by developers who did not read the
179:. ACR and NEMA collaborated and formed a standard committee in 1983. Their first standard, ACR/NEMA 300, entitled "Digital Imaging and Communications", was released in 1985. Very soon after its release, it became clear that improvements were needed. The text was vague and had internal contradictions.
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A DICOM data object consists of a number of attributes, including items such as name, ID, etc., and also one special attribute containing the image pixel data (i.e. logically, the main object has no "header" as such, being merely a list of attributes, including the pixel data). A single DICOM object
197:
In 1993 the third version of the standard was released. Its name was then changed to "Digital
Imaging and Communications in Medicine", abbreviated DICOM. New service classes were defined, network support added and the Conformance Statement was introduced. Initially the DICOM standard was referred to
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According to a paper presented at an international symposium in 2008, the DICOM standard has problems related to data entry. "A major disadvantage of the DICOM Standard is the possibility for entering probably too many optional fields. This disadvantage is mostly showing in inconsistency of filling
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Many fields of medicine have a dedicated
Working Group within DICOM, and DICOM is applicable to any field of medicine in which imaging is prevalent, including:, radiology, cardiology, oncology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, neurology, orthopedics, obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, dentistry,
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DICOM uses three different data element encoding schemes. With explicit value representation (VR) data elements, for VRs that are not OB, OW, OF, SQ, UT, or UN, the format for each data element is: GROUP (2 bytes) ELEMENT (2 bytes) VR (2 bytes) LengthInByte (2 bytes) Data (variable length). For the
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The first large-scale deployment of ACR/NEMA technology was made in 1992 by the US Army and Air Force, as part of the MDIS (Medical
Diagnostic Imaging Support) program based at Ft. Detrick, Maryland. Loral Aerospace and Siemens Medical Systems led a consortium of companies in deploying the first US
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De-identification of DICOM refers to the process of removing or anonymizing personal health information (PHI) from medical images to protect patient privacy. This process is vital for sharing medical data for research, educational purposes, or public health activities while complying with privacy
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The core application of the DICOM standard is to capture, store and distribute medical images. The standard also provides services related to imaging such as managing imaging procedure worklists, printing images on film or digital media like DVDs, reporting procedure status like completion of an
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The DICOM modality worklist service provides a list of imaging procedures that have been scheduled for performance by an image acquisition device (sometimes referred to as a modality system). The items in the worklist include relevant details about the subject of the procedure (patient ID, name,
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A complementary service to modality worklist, this enables the modality to send a report about a performed examination including data about the images acquired, beginning time, end time, and duration of a study, dose delivered, etc. It helps give the radiology department a more precise handle on
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While the DICOM standard has achieved a near universal level of acceptance among medical imaging equipment vendors and healthcare IT organizations, the standard has its limitations. DICOM is a standard directed at addressing technical interoperability issues in medical imaging. It is not a
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is a non-profit organization involved in the development of international healthcare informatics interoperability standards. HL7 and DICOM manage a joint
Working Group to harmonize areas where the two standards overlap and address imaging integration in the electronic medical record.
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The DICOM print service is used to send images to a DICOM printer, normally to print an "X-Ray" film. There is a standard calibration (defined in DICOM Part 14) to help ensure consistency between various display devices, including hard copy printout.
785:, demonstrated the potential for malicious actors to manipulate existing series of medical images. Yazdanmehr's research highlighted the alarming capability of attackers to destroy a series of images or introduce misleading indicators of illness.
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Prior to the use of the DICOM modality worklist service, the scanner operator was required to manually enter all the relevant details. Manual entry is slower and introduces the risk of misspelled patient names, and other data entry errors.
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The same basic format is used for all applications, including network and file usage, but when written to a file, usually a true "header" (containing copies of a few key attributes and details of the application that wrote it) is added.
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to indicate the number of data elements contained in the attribute. For character string value representations, if more than one data element is being encoded, the successive data elements are separated by the backslash character "\".
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resource (acquisition station) use. Also known as MPPS, this service allows a modality to better coordinate with image storage servers by giving the server a list of objects to send before or while actually sending such objects.
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To promote identical grayscale image display on different monitors and consistent hard-copy images from various printers, the DICOM committee developed a lookup table to display digitally assigned pixel values. To use the
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The DICOM storage commitment service is used to confirm that an image has been permanently stored by a device (either on redundant disks or on backup media, e.g. burnt to a CD). The
Service Class User (SCU: similar to a
339:. For example, a file of a chest x-ray image may contain the patient ID within the file, so that the image can never be separated from this information by mistake. This is similar to the way that image formats such as
1080:
Best, David E.; Horii, Steven C.; Bennett, William C.; Parisot, Charles R. (1 July 1992). Jost, R. Gilbert (ed.). "Update of the ACR-NEMA digital imaging and communications in medicine standard".
140:(MRI), and radiation therapy. DICOM includes protocols for image exchange (e.g., via portable media such as DVDs), image compression, 3-D visualization, image presentation, and results reporting.
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is an industry sponsored non-profit organization that profiles the use of standards to address specific healthcare use cases. DICOM is incorporated in a variety of imaging related IHE profiles.
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638:(TLS) over TCP or UDP; 11112 registered port for DICOM using standard, open communication over TCP or UDP. The standard recommends but does not require the use of these port numbers.
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is an Open Source project for testing, validating and diagnosing communication protocols and scenarios in medical environments. It supports DICOM, HL7 and IHE integration profiles.
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web services have been defined to allow mobile device friendly access to DICOM objects and services, which include WADO-RS, STOW-RS and QIDO-RS, which together constitute the
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In 1988 the second version was released. This version gained more acceptance among vendors. The image transmission was specified as over a dedicated 2 pair cable (
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108:(NEMA) holds the copyright to the published standard, which was developed by the DICOM Standards Committee (which includes some NEMA members. It is also known as
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1209:"ASTM E2767-21 Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Test Methods"
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DICOM consists of services, most of which involve transmission of data over a network. The file format for offline media is a later addition to the standard.
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Kahn, Charles E.; Carrino, John A.; Flynn, Michael J.; Peck, Donald J.; Horii, Steven C. (September 2007). "DICOM and
Radiology: Past, Present, and Future".
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1195:"ASTM E2699-20 Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital Radiographic (DR) Test Methods"
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In
December 2023, cybersecurity researcher Sina Yazdanmehr unveiled a critical security issue within the Store service. This revelation, presented at
467:, to get this information which is then presented to the system operator and is used by the imaging device to populate details in the image metadata.
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Smith, D. V.; Smith, S.; Bender, G. N.; Carter, J. R.; Kim, Y.; Cawthon, M. A.; Leckie, R. G.; Weiser, J. C.; Romlein, J.; Goeringer, F. (May 1995).
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818:– a free, open source software package for image analysis and scientific visualization, with the integrated support of components of DICOM standard.
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all the fields with the data. Some image objects are often incomplete because some fields are left blank and some are filled with incorrect data."
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This enables a workstation to find lists of images or other such objects and then retrieve them from a picture archiving and communication system.
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1808:
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1237:"ASTM E2934-23 Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods"
1181:"ASTM E2738-18 Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Computed Radiography (CR) Test"
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210:) defines profiles to select features from these standards to implement transactions for specific medical imaging interoperability use cases.
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devices to decode the images that the machines generated. Radiologists and medical physicists wanted to use the images for dose-planning for
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The format for offline media files is specified in Part 10 of the DICOM Standard. Such files are sometimes referred to as "Part 10 files".
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sex, and age), the type of procedure (equipment type, procedure description, procedure code) and the procedure order (referring physician,
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1223:"ASTM E2663-23 Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods"
589:(radiology information systems), VNA (vendor-neutral archives), EMR (electronic medical record) systems, and radiology reporting systems
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862:– free, open source software that can be used to view DICOM images and transform DICOM image stacks to 3D models and export them to .STL
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DICOM Makes use of the OSI network model. It uses the 2 network protocols on which the
Internet is based and which allow data transfer,
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392:, images must be viewed (or printed) on devices that have this lookup curve or on devices that have been calibrated to the GSDF curve.
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DICOM files typically have a .dcm file extension if they are not part of a DICOM media (which requires them to be without extension).
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There is also an ongoing media exchange test and "connectathon" process for CD media and network operation that is organized by the
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578:(single-photon emission computed tomography), Endoscopy, microscopy, nd whole slide imaging, OCT (optical coherence tomography).
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The DICOM information object definitions encode the data produced by a wide variety of imaging device types, including,
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maxillofacial surgery, dermatology, pathology, clinical trials, veterinary medicine, and medical/clinical photography
371:(zip) compression can be used for the whole data set (not just the pixel data), but this has rarely been implemented.
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136:: DICOM incorporates standards for imaging modalities such as radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT),
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118:"Health informatics – Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) including workflow and data management"
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to communicate between systems. The primary purpose of the standard is to facilitate communication between the
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626:(UDP). Since 104 is in the reserved subset, many operating systems require special privileges to use it; 2761
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463:, reason for exam). An image acquisition device, such as a CT scanner, queries a service provider, such as a
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The DICOM Store service is used to send images or other persistent objects (structured reports, etc.) to a
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information. Compliance with regulations such as the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (
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909:– free, non-commercial Open Science client/server-based Medical Imaging Processing (MIP) online framework
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other explicit data elements or implicit data elements, see section 7.1 of Part 5 of the DICOM Standard.
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Flanders, A.E., Carrino, J.A., 2003. Understanding DICOM and IHE. Seminars in
Roentgenology 38, 270–281.
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797:) in Europe is essential for protecting patient privacy and ensuring the integrity of medical records.
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The DICOM standard is used in a wide variety of resources (IHE, HL7 ... a) that are related to images.
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industry, and is sometimes used in smaller-scale applications, such as dentists' and doctors' offices.
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Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) – Application/dicom MIME Sub-type Registration
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1041:"Evaluation of the Medical Diagnostic Imaging Support system based on 2 years of clinical experience"
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1567:"Millions of patient scans and health records spilling online thanks to decades-old protocol bug"
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442:), an archive station for instance, to make sure that it is safe to delete the images locally.
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There are some derivations from the DICOM standard into other application areas. These include
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In the beginning of the 1980s, it was very difficult for anyone other than manufacturers of
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DICOM is also implemented by devices associated with images or imaging workflow including,
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1585:"DICOM De-identification/Anonymization: Protecting Patient Privacy in Medical Imaging"
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In the case of breast images, use is made of other types of structured files known as
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transport to make use easier within the web browser. Most recently, a family of DICOM
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Another disadvantage is that the file format admits executable code and may contain
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1420:"HIPAA-Protected Malware? Exploiting DICOM Flaw to Embed Malware in CT/MRI Imagery"
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1398:. ELMAR, 2008. 50th International Symposium. Zadar, Croatia. pp. 39–44.
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DICOM PS3.12 2023b - Media Formats and Physical Media for Media Interchange
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framework or architecture for achieving a useful clinical workflow. The
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The ISO12052: 2017 and CEN 12052 standards refer to the DICOM standard.
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1546:"Millions of Patient Records at Risk: The Perils of Legacy Protocols"
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253:
manufacturers and users to share image data. DICONDE can be used for
1251:"http://www.nema.org: Industrial Imaging and Communications Section"
893:– commercial image processing application dedicated to DICOM images.
148:
4303:
793:) in the United States and the General Data Protection Regulation (
152:
Front page of ACR/NEMA 300, version 1.0, which was released in 1985
4850:
4825:
4547:
4432:
3949:
3821:
3796:
3791:
3771:
3145:
3115:
3110:
2831:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2322:
2291:
2281:
2199:
2194:
2164:
1864:
1752:
1737:
1309:
Shiroma, Jonathan T. (December 2006). "An introduction to DICOM".
751:
555:
511:
type for DICOM files is defined by RFC 3240 as application/dicom.
147:
1527:
400:
In addition to a value representation, each attribute also has a
217:, over time there has been an increasing need to support port 80
4497:
4360:
4353:
4019:
3964:
3564:
3175:
2468:
2327:
2263:
2220:
1389:
Mustra, Mario; Delac, Kresimir; Grgic, Mislav (September 2008).
837:
737:
730:
726:
699:
662:
508:
352:
340:
2738:
1868:
1611:
280:) that was established in 2009 to be used for image sharing in
4984:
4674:
3726:
668:
547:
243:
Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation
213:
Though always Internet compatible and based on transport over
207:
883:– free DICOM importer and exporter with 3D visualization for
634:(ISCL) over TCP or UDP; 2762 registered port for DICOM using
729:
hypertext transfer protocol. Additionally DICOM has its own
713:
The best known standards and protocols used by DICOM are:
128:
DICOM is used worldwide to store, exchange, and transmit
1769:
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics
4967:
4693:
3845:
2794:
2701:
2678:
2656:
2649:
2576:
2546:
2503:
2477:
2445:
2434:
2400:
2345:
2300:
2114:
2103:
2076:
2052:
2028:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1918:
1900:
1817:
1761:
1723:
1645:
323:
311:
304:
297:
64:picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)
390:DICOM grayscale standard display function (GSDF)
1849:List of medical and health informatics journals
132:. DICOM has been central to the development of
38:definition, which specifies the structure of a
16:Open standard from the medical computer science
1441:used by clinicians without arousing suspicion.
1298:http://medical.nema.org/Dicom/2011/11_14pu.pdf
1082:Medical Imaging VI: Pacs Design and Evaluation
347:to identify and otherwise describe the image.
93:The DICOM standard has been widely adopted by
20:Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
2750:
1880:
1623:
278:Digital Imaging and Communication in Security
162:National Electrical Manufacturers Association
106:National Electrical Manufacturers Association
8:
1480:Clunie, D.; Cordonnier, K. (February 2002).
1006:Journal of the American College of Radiology
747:that is based on medical and clinical terms.
292:
676:Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
204:Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
2757:
2743:
2735:
2653:
2442:
2111:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1275:
1273:
1271:
958:"Members of the DICOM Standards Committee"
743:DICOM makes use of a coding system called
423:picture archiving and communication system
1495:
1056:
750:DICOM uses an external alphabet known as
1774:American Medical Informatics Association
518:type for DICOM files is org.nema.dicom.
206:initiative layered on top of DICOM (and
5089:Standards for electronic health records
2709:List of biomedical cybernetics software
1809:American College of Medical Informatics
1522:
1520:
919:
34:and related information. It includes a
824:– offers a free web-based DICOM Viewer
291:
72:radiological information systems (RIS)
1662:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
682:Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine
632:Integrated Secure Communication Layer
7:
2719:List of open-source health software
851:– often used to view medical images
736:DICOM uses other protocols such as
612:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1910:Bar code medication administration
1116:"7 Referencing The DICOM Standard"
928:"1 Scope and Field of Application"
606:DICOM have reserved the following
325:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
245:) that was established in 2004 by
14:
475:Modality performed procedure step
156:DICOM is a standard developed by
5048:
5047:
2714:List of freeware health software
1359:"C.7.3 Common Series IE Modules"
1426:. 16 April 2019. Archived from
907:Studierfenster (StudierFenster)
1392:Overview of the DICOM Standard
1134:"1.4.2 Continuous Maintenance"
845:– cross-platform DICOM viewer.
570:, breast tomosynthesis, PET (
550:(magnetic resonance imaging),
335:DICOM groups information into
32:transmission of medical images
1:
1710:Health information management
1695:health information technology
620:Transmission Control Protocol
158:American College of Radiology
68:imaging machines (modalities)
5079:Computing in medical imaging
1685:Translational bioinformatics
572:positron emission tomography
30:for the digital storage and
5074:Application layer protocols
1715:Consumer health informatics
134:modern radiological imaging
5105:
1762:Professional organizations
1045:Journal of Digital Imaging
1018:10.1016/j.jacr.2007.06.004
801:De-identification of DICOM
658:Related standards and SDOs
173:magnetic resonance imaging
138:magnetic resonance imaging
5043:
2776:
2237:NHS Connecting for Health
1804:International Association
1733:Continuity of Care Record
1705:Public health informatics
1373:"DICOM Strategy Document"
365:run-length encoding (RLE)
2724:Category:Health software
2232:NHS Care Records Service
2216:Microtest Open Evolution
1825:Electronic health record
873:– free DICOM viewer for
766:Standards that use DICOM
636:Transport Layer Security
546:(computed tomography),
313:Internet media type
2602:Psychtoolbox for MATLAB
1653:Medical image computing
1152:"ASTM DICONDE Standard"
709:Standards used by DICOM
516:Uniform Type Identifier
425:(PACS) or workstation.
42:, as well as a network
1725:Medical classification
1690:Translational medicine
624:User Datagram Protocol
251:nondestructive testing
153:
44:communication protocol
1840:Personalized medicine
1679:Computational biology
1454:"Profiles – IHE Wiki"
1333:Table 6.2-1 of PS 3.5
976:"NEMA Members – NEMA"
493:Offline media (files)
396:Value representations
151:
112:standard PS3, and as
58:entities involved in
1785:(to merge from 2020)
1783:Australasian College
1673:Behavior informatics
602:Port numbers over IP
271:Eddy-current testing
255:computed radiography
2460:Practice Management
2269:Summary Care Record
2144:Certify HealthLogix
1794:European Federation
1657:imaging informatics
1311:Veterinary Medicine
1281:"K.1.2: DICOM File"
1094:1992SPIE.1654..356B
783:Black Hat Briefings
294:
263:computed tomography
259:digital radiography
169:computed tomography
88:networking hardware
2770:by standard number
2547:Patient engagement
2415:athenaCommunicator
2227:NextGen Healthcare
1844:precision medicine
1835:Remote manipulator
1799:Indian Association
1779:Australian Society
1639:Health informatics
1058:10.1007/BF03168130
593:Fields of medicine
538:Types of equipment
429:Storage commitment
402:value multiplicity
299:Filename extension
267:ultrasonic testing
247:ASTM International
154:
28:technical standard
5061:
5060:
2784:ISO romanizations
2732:
2731:
2674:
2673:
2572:
2571:
2341:
2340:
2099:
2098:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
1862:
1861:
1789:Brazilian Society
1405:978-1-4244-3364-3
704:application/dicom
529:Application areas
454:Modality worklist
333:
332:
318:application/dicom
177:radiation therapy
84:computing servers
5096:
5051:
5050:
2771:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2688:Microsoft Amalga
2654:
2443:
2112:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1667:Neuroinformatics
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1497:10.17487/RFC3240
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1430:on 23 April 2019
1416:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1253:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1158:. Archived from
1148:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:10.1117/12.60322
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
982:. Archived from
971:
965:
964:
962:
954:
948:
942:
936:
935:
924:
705:
697:
693:
630:for DICOM using
608:TCP and UDP port
461:accession number
306:
295:
282:airport security
99:medical software
5104:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5039:
4963:
4689:
3841:
2790:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2733:
2728:
2697:
2670:
2645:
2634:Clinical trials
2568:
2542:
2499:
2473:
2437:
2430:
2402:Patient portals
2396:
2348:
2337:
2296:
2254:Practice Fusion
2133:athenaClinicals
2106:
2095:
2072:
2040:
2024:
1945:
1914:
1896:
1895:Health software
1893:
1863:
1858:
1813:
1757:
1719:
1641:
1636:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1433:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1003:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
973:
972:
968:
960:
956:
955:
951:
943:
939:
926:
925:
921:
916:
899:– lightweight,
812:
803:
779:
768:
711:
703:
695:
691:
660:
644:
628:registered port
618:for DICOM over
616:well-known port
610:numbers by the
604:
595:
540:
531:
495:
486:
477:
456:
448:
431:
419:
411:
398:
385:
319:
307:
290:
235:
146:
126:
60:medical imaging
17:
12:
11:
5:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5084:DICOM software
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:Patient Portal
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:Sapio Sciences
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2107:health records
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1837:
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1818:Other concepts
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1012:(9): 652–657.
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343:can also have
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2205:INPS Vision
2078:Odontologic
1995:Ginkgo CADx
1950:Diagnostics
1424:Cylera Labs
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947:, nema.org.
843:Ginkgo CADx
568:mammography
564:angiography
560:fluoroscopy
288:Data format
233:Derivations
36:file format
5068:Categories
4473:16949 (TS)
4070:11941 (TR)
2768:standards
2505:Scheduling
2438:management
2349:management
2347:Laboratory
2138:Centricity
2105:Electronic
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2000:InVesalius
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990:2016-09-15
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2308:Read code
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2059:Bestbets
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1931:Lexicomp
1434:23 April
1315:ProQuest
1026:17845973
816:3DSlicer
810:See also
777:Security
409:Services
227:DICOMweb
164:(NEMA).
97:and the
80:printers
76:scanners
56:hardware
52:software
4954:29199-2
4826:23094-2
4821:23094-1
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2029:Servers
1985:Drishti
1973:General
1854:openEHR
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1528:"DICOM"
1345:"PS3.3"
1090:Bibcode
1067:7612705
901:RESTful
897:Orthanc
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875:Windows
759:BI-RADS
652:malware
276:DICOS (
239:DICONDE
223:RESTful
184:EIA-485
144:History
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